TECHNICAL DATAS USEFUL FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS:

UNIT WEIGHT OF MATERIALS: Material Cement Steel Dry sand clean Moist sand Dry Earth(vegetable) Moist Earth(vegetable) Wet Earth(vegetable) Dry consolidated earth Gravel (clean) Bricks Rubble stone Timber Dry clay Damp plastic clay Earth loose and dry Earth packed Solid blocks Coal ashes A.C.sheets Concrete Bitumen Lime freshly burnt Limestone crushed Lime slaked Cement mortar Lime mortar Plaster of Paris Plastics Unit weight in kg/m 1440 7850 1550-1600 1600-1750 1750-2000 1600 1600-1750 1750-1920 1600-2000 1600-1920 2100 720-750 1440 1760 1280 1550 Approx 1400-1500 640 17kg/m 2306 1040 960 1280-1440 640 2080 1760 800 1100-1600

APPROX MATERIAL NEEDED FOR 1CUM OF SIZE STONE MASONRY WORK WITH DIFFERENT CEMENT MORTAR: Proportion by volume 1:4:8 1:3:6 1:2:4 1:1.5:3 1:1:2 Grade of concrete M 7.5 M 10 M 15 M 20 M 25 Cement in cubic meter 0.12 0.15 0.22 0.28 0.38 Sand in cubic meter 0.48 0. 45 0.44 0.42 0.38 Coarse aggregate in cubic meter 0.96 0.90 0.88 0.84 0.76

Note: the volume of one cement bag is 0.0345 mor 1.25 cft.

APPROXIMATE MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR 1 CUM OF SIZE STONE MASONRY Cement mortar 1:4 1:6 1:8 Size stone in cum 1.25 1.25 1.25 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.32 0.36 0.32 Cement in cum Sand in cum Boulders in cum 0.17 0.17 0.17

Note: 40% of dry mortar is used for size stone masonry.

APPROXIMATE MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR 1CUM OF 8 SOLID WALL BLOCKWORK Cement mortar 1:6 1:5 1:4 1:3 1:2 Cement in cft 0.25 0.29 0.35 0.40 0.55 Sand in cft 1.50 1.45 1.40 1.20 1.10

APPROXIMATE MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR 1 CUM OF 4 SOLID WALL BLOCKWORK Cement mortar 1:6 1:5 1:4 1:3 1:2 Cement in cft 0.33 0.36 0.45 0.55 0.75 Sand in cft 2.00 1.80 1.8 1.65 1.50

APPROXIMATE MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR 1CUM OF BRICKWORK WITH CEMENT MORTAR OF DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS: Cement mortar 1:2 1:3 1:4 1:6 Bricks 500 500 500 500 Cement in cum 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 Sand in cum 0.2 0.24 0.24 0.24

Size of standard brick is taken as 200mm*100mm*100mmwith mortar joint less than 10mm thick and dry mortar is used. APPROXIMATE MATERIAL NEEDE FOR PLASTERING OF 100 SQUARE METRE AREA USING DIFFERENT PROPORTION OF CEMENT MORTAR: Cement mortar 1:2 1:3 1:4 1:5 1::6 Cement in cum 0.6 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 Sand in cum 1.2 1.135 1.6 1.75 1.8

Thickness of plastering is taken as 12mm.

APPROXIMATE MATERIAL NEEDED FOR PLASTERING OF 100SQM AREA USING DIFFERENT PROPORTION OF CEMENT MORTAR THICKNESS OF PLASTERING IS 20MM: Cement mortar 1:2 1:3 1:4 1.5 1:6 Cement in cum 1 0.78 0.65 0.54 0.46 Sand in cum 2 2.34 2.6 2.7 2.76

xWEIGHT OF STEEL RODS: Diameter of rod 6mm 8mm 10mm 12mm 16mm 20mm 25mm 32mm Weight in kg/m 0.2218 0.3943 0.6162 0.8874 1.5771 2.4649 3.8514 6.3101 Lap length in mm 300 400 500 600 800 1000 1250 1800

The length of one rod which is available is site is 36 feet or 11 meter.

CONVERSIONS:
1cent=435.6 square feet 1acre=100 cent 1meter=3.281 feet 1square meter= 10.76 square feet. 1cubic meter= 35.31 cubic feet 1kg=9.81N 1kg/cm=1Nmm 1kg=1litre 1cubic meter=1000 litres

1cubic feet=28.3 litres. 1acre=43560 square feet 1inch=2.54 cm 12 inch= 1feet 1feet= 30 cm. 1 gunter chain=66 feet. 1 gunta=1089 square feet. LABOUR OUTPUT: Work Earthwork Back filling Shuttering Steel Concrete Block work Plastering Dadooing(wall tiling) Floor tiling Granite dadooing Granite flooring Water proofing Painting Window finish Laying reinforced concrete Size stone masonry Brickwork 2.83 cubic meter 2.83 cubic meter Labours used 100cft 28.3 cubic meter 7square meter 170 kg 120 cubic meter pumping 7 square meter 10 square meter 6 square meter 8 square meter 4 square meter 8 square meter 7 square meter 10 square meter 1 no 100 cubic feet Output per day 2 M/c 5 M/c+0.5F/c 1carpenter and 2 helper. 1fitter and 1 helper 6 mason and 6 helper 1mason and 2 helper 1mason and 1.5 helper 1mason and 1.5 helper 1mason and 2 helper 1mason , 1 helper,0.5 cutter and 0.5 polisher 1mason, 1 helper,0.5 cutter and 0.5 polisher. 1mason and 1 helper 1 painter and 1 helper 1mason +1 helper 0.5 mason+6helpers+1.33 F/c 3 masons ,5 helpers and 0.25 F/c 2.25 masons and 5 helpers

APPROXIMATE MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR WHITE WASHING, DISTEMPERING, AND PAINTING OF 100 SQUARE METER AREA: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Lime for white washing ( 1 coat) Dry distemper 1st coat Dry distemper 2nd coat Snow cem for 1 coat Snow cem for 2 coat Paint ready mixed for one coat Paint stiff for one coat 10 kgs
nd st

10 kgs 6.5 kgs 5.0 kgs 30.0 kgs 20.0 kgs 10 litres

BINDING WIRE CONSUMPTION: Binding wire used for tieing one tonnage reinforcement 6 to 7 kgs

GENERAL POINTS FOR CALCULATIONS OF REINFORCEMENT: 1. For beam hook= (beam depth-both side covers)/2 for example if it is a 450mm depth beam then hook is (450-50)/2=200 where cover for beam is taken as 25 mm 2. For stirrups the hook=4d as per is codes but according to site conditions it is 50 mm per hook while doing bar bending schedule. 3. For slab the rod the crank length is l/5. 4. For beam the bottom extra is at l/6. 5. For slab the top extra extends till upto l/3. 6. For beam the top extra bar extends till l/3. 7. The column capitals extends tilll/4. 8. Where l is effective length of the beam. It is taken as center to center of the beam.

9. The crank length is 1.41d, where d is (depth of slab or beam- two side covers) Component Slab Beam Column Footing Cover in mm 15 25 40 50

Note: cover is given for the aggregates of concrete to pass through the reinforcement and to prevent the reinforcement from exposing to surface. HOW TO FIND THE WEIGHT OF THE STEEL: d/162 d- diameter of the steel in mm where as this formula gives the weight of steel in kg per running meter of that dia steel how is it achieved: (pi*d*d/4)*7850 will give the weight of steel of that dia in kg/m as pi=3.14 and d is in mm but unit weight of steel is in kg/m the area of steel should be converted into m for that the area of steel is divided by 1000000 now keeping d in the top and bringing 3.14*7850 to the bottom we will get d/162 as the formula. WATER CEMENT RATIO: Normally the water cement ratio is the ratio between water and cement, it is the water content at which the concrete will give a good workability. BULKAGE OF SAND: It is the moisture content in the sand due to which the volume of the sand increases than its original volume, so when it dries its volume will be reduced, so when sand is mixed for mortar or concrete 16 to 20% extra is taken to get the original volume of the sand. The permissible bulkage is 16 to 20%.

SETIING TIME OF CEMENT: 1. Initial setting time of cement is 30 minutes so any concrete or mortar should be used before 30 minutes of stime. 2. Final setting time of cement is 10 hours. STRUCTURES: Load bearing structures: It is the structure in which the load is transferred directly from slab to the wall and from wall to the foundation. Framed structure: It is the structure in which the load is transferred from slab to beams and from beams to columns and from columns to footings and from footings to the soil. Difference between 43 grade cement and 53 grade cement: 43 grade attains a strength of 43n/mm2 in 28 days 53 grade cement attains a strength of 53n/mm2 in 28 days. The setting time of 43 grade cement is less. The setting time of 53 grade cement is high 43 grade cement is used for plastering and 53 grade cement is used for concreting and marking. ANGLE OF REPOSE: It is the slope above which that concerned material tends to fall. Material Bituminous coal Anthracite coal Slaked coal Ashes Soft iron ore Earth(loam) Sand(dry) Sand (wet) 27 37.5 to 45 35 35 30 to 45 30 to 35 0 to 30 Angle of repose in degree

Clay Gravel Cinders Coke Wheat Maize Barley Oats Cement FOUNDATION: Shallow foundation and deep foundation:

25 to 45 30 to 45 25 to 40 30 to 45 25 27 to 30 25 28 10

Shallow foundation is the foundation in which the length of the footing is equal to the depth of the foundation whereas in deep foundation depth is not equal to length.

LEVELLING:
Leveling is very important in the civil engineering practical field to know about a site. Height of the instrument= R.L+Back sight Where R.L- reduced level is taken as the road level( as 100) If we want the level of a point first the dumpy level is set at some point and the R.L is taken as the back sight and the staff measurement at the concerned point is taken it is known as foresight or intermediate sight LEVEL OF THAT POINT= R.L+BACKSIGHT-FORESIGHT BM- benchmark(a known r.l) R.L-reduced level (normally 100) B.S-backsight F.S-foresight

PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN CONCRETE:

Grade of concrete Permissible Permissible

stresses in concrete bending M10 M 15 M 20 M 25 M 30 M 35 M 40 3.0 5.0 7.0 8.5 10.0 11.5 13.0

stresses in compression direct 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

TABLE OF PAINTING COEFFICIENT:

Sl no 1. 2. Description of work Paneled or framed and braced door, windows etc. Ledged and battened or ledged, battened and braced, doors, windows etc 3. 4, Flush doors Party paneled and party glazed or gauged doors, windows etc. 5. 6. Fully glazed or gauged doors ,windows etc Fully venetianed or louvered doors windows etc. 7. 8. Treills work one way or two way Carved or enriched work 2 for each side 2 for painting allover 1.80 for each side. 0.80 (for each side) 1.2 (for each side) 1.00(for each side) 1.30(for each side ) Multiplying coefficient 1.30(for each side)

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Weather boarding Wood single roofing Boarding with cover fillets and match boarding Plain sheeted steel doors and windows Fully glazed or gauged steel doors and windows Partly paneled and partly glazed or steel gauged doors and windows

1.2 for each side 1.10 for each side 1.05 for each side 1.10 for each side 0.50 ( for each side) 0.80 for each side

15. 16. 17.

Corrugated sheeted steel doors or windows Collapsible gates rolling shutters interlocked lathes

1.50 for each side 1.50 for painting allover 1.10 for each side

WEIGHT OF MS PLATES: Thickness in mm 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 55 Weight in kg per square meter 39.25 47.10 62.80 78.5 94.2 109.90 125.60 141.30 157.00 172.70 196.25

SQUARE BARS: 0.7843 kg/square meter Diameter or width in mm 5 5.5 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10 11 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 32 36 40 45 50 56 63 71 80 Sectional area in square cm. 25 0.3 0.36 0.49 0.64 0.81 1.00 1.21 1.44 1.96 2.56 3.24 4.00 4.84 6.25 7.84 10.24 12.96 16.00 20.25 25.00 31.36 39.69 50.41 64.00 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.6 6.4 7.2 8.0 8.8 10.0 11.2 12.8 14.4 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.4 25.2 28.4 32.0 Perimeter in cm

WEIGHT OF MILD STEEL FLATS: Width 3mm 4mm 5mm 6mm 8mm 10mm 12mm 16mm 18mm 20mm 25

in mm 10 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 75 100

thick thick thick thick thick thick 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.91 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.6 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 0.9 1.2 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.4 3.5 4.7 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.4 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.7 6.3 1.6 2.0 2.2 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.9 5.9 7.8

thick

thick

thick

thick

mm thick

2.4 2.8 3.3 3.8 4.2 4.7 7.1 9.4 3.8 4.4 5.0 5.6 6.3 9.4 12.6 5.0 5.6 6.4 7.1 10..6 14.1 5.5 6.3 7.1 7.8 11.8 15.7 9.8 14.7 19.6

1.20 1.4