2.5 Narrowband Channel & Wideband channel Models 2.5.1.NARROWBAND MODELS 2.5.1.1.

Modeling of Small-Scale and Large-Scale Fading For a narrowband channel, the impulse response is a delta function with a time-varying attenuation, so that for slowly time-varying channels h(t, ) = (t)( ) The variations in amplitude over a small area are typically designed as a random process, with an autocorrelation function that is determined by the Doppler spectrum. The spatial autocorrelation function of lognormal shadowing is usually a double-sided exponential, with correlation distances between 5 and 100 m, depending on the environment. 2.5.1.2 Path Loss Models In this model, the path loss depends not only on distance but also on some additional external parameters like building height, measurement environment. Some of path loss models are i.The OkumuraHata Model The OkumuraHata model is the most popular model in that category. Path loss (in dB) is written as PL = A + B log(d) + C where A, B, and C are factors that depend on frequency and antenna height. Factor A increases with carrier frequency and decreases with increasing height of the BS and Mobile Station (MS). Also, the path loss exponent (proportional to B) decreases with increasing height of the BS. The model is only intended for large cells, with the BS being placed higher than the surrounding rooftops. ii. The COST2 231WalfishIkegami Model The COST 231WalfishIkegami model is also suitable for microcells and small macrocells, as it has fewer restrictions on the distance between the BS and MS and the antenna height. In this model, total path loss consists of the free space path loss PL0, multiscreen loss Lmsd along the propagation path, and attenuation from the last roof-edge to the MS, Lrts (rooftop-tostreet diffraction and scatter loss)

iii. The MotleyKeenan Model It is a site-specific model, i.e it requires knowledge of the location of the BS and MS, and the building plan. For indoor environments, wall attenuation plays an important role. The path loss is given by PL = PL0 + 10n log(d /d0) + Fwall + Ffloor where , Fwall = sum of attenuations by the walls that a Multi Path Component (MPC) has to penetrate on its way from the transmitter (TX) to the receiver (RX) Ffloor =summed-up attenuation of the floors that are located between the BS and MS.

2.5.2.Wideband Models 2.5.2.1 Tapped Delay Line Models The most commonly used wideband model is an N-tap Rayleigh-fading model. This is a fairly generic structure, and is basically just the tapped delay line structure, with the added restriction that the amplitudes of all taps are subject to Rayleigh fading. The impulse response is given by

where the LOS component a0 does not vary with time, while the ci (t ) are zero-mean complex Gaussian random processes, whose autocorrelation function is determined by their associated Doppler spectra.

2.5.2.2. Models for the Power Delay Profile The Power Delay Profile (PDP) can be approximated by a one-sided exponential function and it is given by

The delay spread is a function of the distance BSMS, increasing with distance approximately as d, where = 0.5 in urban and suburban environments, and = 1 in mountainous regions.

2.5.2.3The SalehValenzuela model The SV model takes a different approach. It assumes a prior existence of cluster. Within each cluster, the MPCs are arriving according to a Poisson distribution, and the arrival times of the clusters themselves are Poisson distributed. The powers of the MPCs within a cluster decrease exponentially with delay, and the power of the clusters follows a exponential distribution. The discrete time impulse response is:

Figure 2: SV MODEL