Socio political :

Structural functionalism: Emile Durkhiem : society is a system of interlocking and functional parts Auguste Comte : Godfather of sociology - maintain a good order in society. - Associated with positivist methodology Positive methodology : social scientists both should and can remain objective and value free while observing recording and measuring external social facts. AIMS : Discover and explain the impact of social facts on human behavior, attitudes and feelings Social factors are real and external to human actions and determine human behavior Social factors are seen in the social structures as the norms that guide society Sociology is a science that seeks to describe the world in a series of universal causal laws.

Conflict theory : Karl Marx documents in justices within society ( has to do with class) Symbolic interaction: Max Weber - This theory analyzes society by addressing the subjective meanings that people impose on objects, events and behaviors. Feminist and critical race theories : Dorothy smith gender and George sefa-dei uses race to explain the inequalities in society. Morbidity and morality are inversely realated to income Instriutional relationships between the medical system and illness.

Talcott Parsons sick role behavior: Used to describe : the relationship between the individual and society The processes that maintain societal institutions 2 rights : the sick person is exempt from normal social roles and is not responsible for her condition.

Two duties : the sick person should want to get well and seek technically competent help and cooperate with the physician. Illness is viewed as a form of deviance and is a potential threat to the social system unless it is managed for the benefit of the social system. Lack of attention to differences in the degree of legitimacy given to patents of differing age, gender, class or ethnic background. Today positivitsts folloing Durkheim assume that the social structure contrains individuals. Health status, medical care utilization and mortality is dependant on age, sex, gender, martial status, family status, povery etc Summary of structural functionalism : To discover and explain the role of social facts in human behavior, attitudes, or feelings Through scientific methods seek to uncover universal casual laws based upon quantitative analysis of objective social phenomena. Empirical analysis is a part of the theoretical analysis that concerns the functions performed by various parts of the social system in order to maintain that social sysem/ Conflict theory : Karl Marx : All social arragements, sociological theories and sociological methods have political and economic bases and consiquences. focuses on calss, or economic based power relations and dynamics. Marx believed that human though and behavior were the result of socioeconomic relations, and that both were alterable. This alteration betters both individuals and society as a whole. class struggle is related to the means of productions. The level of analysis is the social system because it is the system that needs to be changed and a new one established.

3 distinguishing characteristics of CT research are:

to discover and document injjustic ( class, race, gender, power) all knowledge is rooted n social, material, and historical contet. Research methods must acknowledge social econpmic and historical context. The primary subject of study is social classes because they are the meants to effect change. Vincentre Navarro conflict theory Analysis focuses on recurrent patterns and the dynamics of power relations between social classes or between the sexes. Ill health was related to the living conditions of the working class and the material conditions of capitalism. Navarro believes that there are 2 major goals of contemporary capitalism: The concentration of capital, the growth of the state Conflict theory : Hillary graham Health care work in the home : Provision of health y conditions in the home, nursing the sick, teaching about health, mediating with doctors and hospitals, making vists to clinics talking to a social or public worker. -principles of the conlifct theory : knowledge is never objective but dependent upon its social, material and historical context. Understanding conflicting social and economic factors is essential for an understading of other conditions of social life. Symbolic interactionist theory: MAX weber : Action to which the invididual attaches subjective meaning. Causual explanantion is directed to interpret the meaning of a situation from the viewpoint of the subject. It is impossible to gather objective data. All social reality is subjectively defined and experienced. -

The level of analysis is no the system but the individual interaction with others, oneself, the mind and its meaning. This is a micro-analyriss. Structural functuional and conflict theory are macro analyses. Disease vs illness: Disease sis deicned as the pathology of the uman body. Illness id defined as the meaning of the experience associated with a given pathology. Medicine attempts to understand the nature, cause of disease and treatmet. Sociologists describe the impact of disease and diagnosis on the individuals perception of self and his or her relationships with others. Summary : paying close attention to the meaningful interaction of social actors. Understandings the subjects of study have of their own situations become the object of investigations. Portraying the world views of the participats intheir own language is the desired outcome of the research.

Chapter 2 : disease and death 3 distinct stages in patterns of diease: the age of the pestilence and faminethe age of the receding pandemicsthe age of the degenerative and man-made diseases improved nutrition and hygiene, contrl of disease cuasing microorganisms and birth control. Study of 1900-1971 Improved nutrtion : 50%, better hyegene : 15% and immunization and medical therapy : 10% SES indicators : GNP/energy consumption/daily caloric supply per capita. % of population in secondary education. Urbanization/safe water supply. 3. socioeconomic resources : infant mortality rate ( 117countries) 4. political economy perspective : considers place of workers in global economy. Occupational conditions ( pay, security, and health)

prime determinants of equality, living conditions and health. 5. Dependency Theory : global economic order & processes : prime determinants ofhealth, multinational expansion maintains underdevelopment. Three types of economic actors : core countries, periphery countries, semi periphery countries.

Each year : 8.5 million children under five years of age die, and 4 million die in the firs month of life. Childhood malnutrition is a significant factor in the deaths of more than half of the child mortality Prime determinant of health : the absolute ability of individuals and families to meet their basic human needs. Social factors that affect health and longevity. The greater the relative inequality in societies, the higher the rate of disease and death,. Cuba vs Dominican Republic. Canada vs us. Socioecomonic, political and cultural factors affect health and longevity around the world. UNs millennium declaration : Eradicate poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, romote eneder equaity, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, reduce HIV.AIDS, malaria and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability. Develop global paternerships to achieve these goals. Food security : 852 million people lack adequate nutrients for daily life. More than half of the deaths occurring each year in the developing world are associated with malnutrition Food insecurity results from war, poverty, natural disasters, epidemics and political and economic crisis. Physical and social environemt: Availability of clean drinking water : critical factor in health. Critical afactor in health. Many fatal land debilitating chronic illnesses are spread by unsanitary water.

More than 1 million people or 1/6 lack safe drinking water. Prevention depends on changes in watersupply, hyegene, sanitation. In some parts of sub sahara Africa, women have 1 in 6 chance of dying in childbirth as compared to 1 in 8700 in North America. Efficetive birth control is an important cause of the decline in the mortality rate around the world. Pregnancy : too many too closely together are a threat to the health fo the mother and the child. Half a million women die annually in childbirth 3 levels of prevention: primary via cimmunity development andeducation. Secondary : disease treatment via hospitals Tertiary : via teaching hospitcals and hP Immunization : Mckinaly and Mckinlay - most of the decline in mortality from the infectious diseases prevalent in the 1900 (40% of deaths) was the result of public health measures such as water purification and improvement in nutrition and birth control. In the developing world, only 10% of children revieve protection from measles tuber culosis, whopping cough, polio, teanus. 5 million children still die from these diseases each year. Another 5 mil are disabled annuarlly. 3 of the most significant health problems globally : HIV/AIDS stries the poor ad socially marganizaled hardest. Sub-saharan Africa . 12 mil children lost one of both parents. 2 mil are hiv + mental disorders related to poverty, economic insecurity and low levels of education. Wars and natural disasters: 1988. 5 mil people displaced. New infectious disease : 1918 spanish flu killed 40-50 millions. 1957 Asian flu 1968 hong kong flu

concerns aboutnew strains are increased due to travel and the poteintial for exponential spread of new infectious dises. Newest being h5n1. Environmental and occupational health and illness. 3 parts of the environment upon which health depends : water, air and land. Important environmental threats. Occupational health and safety issues are significant causes of morbidity and morality in candaa. Gender differences I, traffic sports, and other accidents and violence as important challenges tohealth. Major envioronemntal issues: Three fundamental components : wair wter and land. 60-90 of cancers are envronemntally cuaes. There is a correlation between employment in lower status, lower social class jobs and an increased risk of developing a world related cancr. Overexploitation n: a theat to water and ocean resources. Great llakes : 1/5 of the world fresh water. Water useage. 94% industry and agriculre. ^% household, school and hispitals. Rainforests comprise only 7& of the earths surface, they are home to almost half of the living species of the planet. Food bourne disease . . OECD ; 76 million illnesses, 325 000 hospitalizations. US 5000 deaths. As a result, many peole turn to organic food. Perceived as healther, no pesticaled. N HMO>, hypo alltergic. 2.2 mil work related deaths each year. To attacrt multinational companies : poor countries will compete with one another aby lowering labour costs, reducing enirionemtnal standard and creating free trade industrial zone. SOCIAL inequality, disease and death.

( ranked) Hierarchical in structure : invisible ladder. Variables associated with social structure include : economic, educational, gender, social status. Cross-cutting indicators influence one another. Examples : women, poverty, aboriginal. Men education, social status. Materialist approach - health is linked with the provision of basic material goods and servies. It depends on aviable accesaible, good quality. Food and water, transportation system and infrastructure, employment and housing. - income is central to health, must bestable. - Income inequity perpetuates itself trough generations and leads to poorer health Neo-materialist approach Acknowledges the importance of a basic level of material adequacy, but centers its attention on the significance of the relative distribution of material and social goods in society. Once a certain degree of maerial adequacy has been reachted, equity and percied equity become essential to the overall health of apopulaton. - redistribute policies . Social-psychological approach - focuses attention on impact of inequity. - Highlights importance of social inclusion/exclusion Social capital enhance inclusion. Access to and presence of social benefits. Social , cultural and economic capita work together. Provides resources via social network and community inclusion. Ascendancy Life-course-approach. Democratic mortality rate is lower than liberal or ex fascist.