Ansys Fluent Intro 12.0 1st-Edition - Workshops

Workshop Supplement
Introductory FLUENT Training

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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April 28, 2009 Inventory #002601
Table of Contents
Inventory Number: 002601 1st Edition ANSYS Release: 12.0 Published Date: April 28, 2009 Registered Trademarks:
Workshop Supplement
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Copyright 2009 SAS IP, Inc. Proprietary data. Unauthorized use, distribution, or duplication is prohibited. All Rights Reserved.
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Table of Contents
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Workshop 1: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing Tee Workshop 2: Transonic Flow over a NACA 0012 Airfoil Workshop 3: Room Temperature Study (Parts 1 and 2) Workshop 4: Electronics Cooling with Natural Convection and Radiation Workshop 5: Centrifugal Pump Workshop 6: Modeling of Catalytic Convertor Workshop 7: Tank Flushing
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Workshop 1 Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing Tee

WS1-1
WS1: Mixing Tee
Welcome!
Introductory tutorial for FLUENT
starting from existing mesh (generated in earlier tutorial) model set-up, solution and post-processing
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Mixing of cold and hot water in a T-piece

how well do the fluids mix? what are the pressure drops?
Its a good idea to identify the key simulation outcomes from the start. You can use these to monitor progress of solution.
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Start in Workbench
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If starting from a ready-made mesh file (*.meshdat), start Workbench and import the file (see screenshot below)
and save the project
Alternatively, start in the Workbench project that generated the mesh
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Start a FLUENT case

Drag a FLUENT analysis into the project
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You can see that the mesh needs to be updated, because its status icon changes.
Drag the existing mesh into the FLUENT analysis

then Update the mesh (via Right-click) to convert the mesh format
Double-click on Setup to launch FLUENT

click OK on the FLUENT Launcher screen
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WS1: Mixing Tee
FLUENT interface
The main commands are reached from the navigation pane Each item in the navigation pane brings up a new task page. A typical workflow will tackle these in order One or more graphics windows will be available (shown here with reduced size)
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The console window displays text, and can accept TUI (Text User Interface) commands
Some useful commands have toolbar buttons
The Help button brings up contextsensitive help pages

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WS1: Mixing Tee
Mesh scale and check

In the General task page, press Scale
select Mesh Was Created In to be in (inches) press the Scale button (once only!) and Close
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The mesh check ensures that each cell is in a correct format, connected to other cells as expected. It is recommended to check every mesh immediately after reading it. Failure of any check indicates a badly-formed or corrupted mesh, which will need repairs.
Press Check and Report quality

review the text output
Mesh quality is very important to getting a converged, accurate solution. The User Guide suggests that maximum cell squish and skewness should be below 0.95, which the mesh here obeys. The maximum aspect ratio is 34, which is high, but acceptable in inflation layers. If the mesh quality is unacceptable, it is best to remesh the problem before proceeding. There are other possible remedies in FLUENT, such as conversion to polyhedral cells.
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Display geometry
Press Display
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select Edge Type to be Feature, and press Display and then Close mesh has scaled, so press Fit to Window
Adjust the view if you like

in rotation mode:
drag left-mouse-button rotates drag middle-mouse-button zooms (to zoom in, drag down and right) (to zoom out, drag up and left) click middle-mouse-button centre on click
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Change units of temperature

Click Units
select Temperature to be c (Celsius) press Close
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FLUENT stores values in SI units. Most postprocessing can be converted to other units.
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Activate models
Double-click (or click and press Edit...) these models:
Energy Equation: On Viscous model: k-epsilon, Realizable
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Activating the Energy equation simply says that temperature changes should be simulated in the model.
Turbulence modeling is a complicated area. The choice of model depends on the application. Here, the Realizable k-epsilon model is used. This is an improvement on the well-established Standard k-epsilon model. Accept the remaining default settings.
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Define a new material

In Materials, click Create/Edit...
press FLUENT Database... select water-liquid, press Copy, then close both windows
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Cell Zone Conditions

change the material it contains to water-liquid accept all other settings
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In Cell Zone Conditions, double-click the zone called fluid
Alternatively, click once on fluid to highlight it, and then click Edit....
Throughout the problem setup, there are many options and default settings that will not be investigated in this tutorial.
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Boundary Conditions
Velocity Magnitude 5m/s Hydraulic Diameter 0.15m Turbulent Intensity 5% Temperature 10C
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In Boundary Conditions, double-click the zone called inlet-y
Inlet flows bring turbulence with them. The quantities depend on the upstream conditions, so they are user inputs. For flow in pipes, turbulent intensity is typically 5% to 10%, and the lengthscale of the turbulence can be deduced from the pipe diameter.
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Boundary Conditions
Still in Boundary Conditions: Double-click the zone called inlet-z
Velocity Magnitude 3m/s Hydraulic Diameter 0.10m Turbulent Intensity 5% Temperature 90C
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Double-click the zone called outlet

for backflow: Hydraulic Diameter 0.15m Turbulent Intensity 5% Temperature 30C
The simulation may predict that flow enters the model through parts of the outlet. This backflow will bring turbulence and energy back into the model, but the model cannot predict how much (because the flow is coming from outside of the model). So, it is necessary to specify backflow conditions. Ideally, the geometry should be selected such that flow enters the model only at well-defined inlets. The backflow settings then do not affect the final solution (although they may be used in intermediate iterations).
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Second-order discretization
In Solution methods
Discretization Second Order for pressure Discretization Third Order MUSCL for all other quantities
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Discretization schemes define how the solver calculates gradients and interpolates variables to non-stored locations. The default schemes are First Order generally more stable but less accurate than other schemes. Often, users run First Order discretization initially and switch to higher-order schemes for the final solution. This case is simple enough to use higherorder schemes from the start.
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Monitors
In Monitors, press Create... for a Surface Monitor
Name p-inlet-y Area-Weighted Average Plot in window 2 Pressure inlet-y
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Accept Static pressure in the sub-category menu.
By default, FLUENT reports values of the residuals, which are indications of the errors in the current solution. These should decrease during calculation. There are guidelines on the reductions that indicate a solution is converged. It is also recommended to observe other quantities, chosen to be important in the simulation. In the current case, we will look at pressure drops and temperature as monitors.
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Monitors
Name p-inlet-z Area-Weighted Average Plot in window 2 Pressure inlet-z
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Not the default, 3 (which puts the new monitor in a new window).

Name tmax-outlet Vertex maximum Plot in window 3 Temperature outlet
Accept Static pressure and Static temperature in the sub-menu.
Here is an instance where FLUENT does not convert units. Click OK.
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Initialization
In Solution Initialization
select Compute from to be inlet-y press Initialize
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This computes a value for each variable, based on average conditions in the select zone. This value is used in every cell when you press Initialize.
Initialization creates the initial solution that the solver will iteratively improve. Generally, the same converged solution is reached whatever the initialization, though convergence is easier if they are similar. Basic initialization imposes the same values in all cells. You can improve on this in various ways for example, by patching different values into different zones. Several features, including patching and post-processing, are not available until after initialization.
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WS1: Mixing Tee
FMG initialization
Click in the console window, then:
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press RETURN to see the TUI (Text User Interface) command menu
to enter the solve sub-menu, type solve and RETURN to go up a level, type q and RETURN to issue a command starting from top level, start the command with / many abbreviations are allowed (try it!)
type /solve/initialization/fmg-initialization and RETURN

override the default by typing yes and RETURN
Here we use an advanced feature to improve on the basic initialization: Full Multi-Grid (FMG) initialization. This solves a very simplified set of flow equations, initially considering the geometry at a crude level and then building up detail.
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Calculate
In Run Calculation
press Check Case...
see No recommendations to make at this time
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set Number of Iterations to 200 press Calculate

OK to Continue after replacing settings file
Problem setup has changed the mesh for example, the coordinates changed by scaling. There are many other changes that FLUENT can make for example, adapting the mesh to increase the number of cells where the solution requires it. The link from Mesh to FLUENT in Workbench needs care are you starting a new Problem Setup with a new mesh, or are you finding a new Solution on the old mesh?
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Calculating
While calculating, review residuals and monitors
change graphic windows using the drop-down box
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An alternative way to stop calculation is to press CTRL-C. In this case, 200 iterations (or fewer) are enough to reach low residuals and stable values of monitors. Most cases require many more.
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Preliminary post-processing
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In Graphics and Animations, select Contours, press Set Up...

select Filled contours of Turbulence...Wall Yplus on wall-fluid press Display note almost all values are between 30 and 200
Yplus is a measure of whether mesh near the walls captures the turbulent effects. This range is acceptable.
The plot appears in the last active graphics window if you dont see it, check the list.
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Check mass and heat balance

In Reports, select Fluxes and press Set Up...
compute Mass Flow Rate and Total Heat Transfer Rate for inlets and outlets check that Net Results are small
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Checking that mass and energy are conserved (to acceptable accuracy) is simple and important.
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Exit FLUENT
Exit FLUENT
accept the default, Continue without saving
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In Workbench, double-click Results to launch CFD-Post

in the FLUENT session, we have completed Setup and Solution
To adjust conditions in FLUENT, double-click on Solution. If you re-open Setup, the link with the old, unscaled mesh is loaded back in a window will warn you of this.
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WS1: Mixing Tee
CFD-Post
The results are loaded CFD-Post displays the outline (wireframe) of the model
viewer toolbar buttons allow you to manipulate the view
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Temperature contour plot

Press the contour button
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accept the default name Contour 1 select Location to be wall fluid, and Variable to be Temperature press Apply
Try changing the view by rotate, zoom and pan tools.

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WS1: Mixing Tee
Create a plane
Hide the contour plot by unchecking it in the tree view In the Location menu, select Plane
accept the default name Plane 1 select Method to be YZ Plane, accept X as 0.0, and press Apply
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Velocity vector plot

Hide the plane by unchecking it in the tree view Press the Vector button
select Locations to be Plane 1, and press Apply
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The plane is used only as a location for the vector plot.
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Predefined Camera views and shortcuts

click with the right mouse-button in the view window select Predefined Camera then View Towards +X
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Since the vector plot is on a YZ-plane, select a normal view

Alternatively, press x. Keyboard shortcuts are listed by pressing here.
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Streamline plot
Hide the vector plot by unchecking it in the tree view Press the Streamline button
select Start from to be inlet y and inlet z in the Symbol tab, select Stream Type to be Ribbon
To select multiple locations, press the Location editor button, and press CTRL while clicking.
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Ribbons give a 3-D representation of the flow direction. In the current plot, the colour depends on the flow velocity.
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Velocity isosurface
Hide the streamline plot by unchecking it in the tree view In the Location menu, select Isosurface
in the Geometry tab, select Variable to be Velocity and Value to be 7.7 [m s^-1]
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This is just one example you can try other values.
The velocity magnitude is greater than 7.7m/s inside the isosurface , and less than that outside it.
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Velocity isosurface
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By default, the isosurface is colored by velocity magnitude In the Colour tab

select Mode to be Variable, Variable to be Temperature, Range to be Local, and press Apply
This is the end of the tutorial. To be able to revisit this problem, quit CFD-Post and save changes to the project in Workbench.
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WS1: Mixing Tee
Further work
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There are many ways the simulation in this tutorial could be extended Better inlet profiles
current boundary conditions (velocity inlets) assume uniform profiles specify profiles (of velocity, turbulence, etc), or extend the geometry so that inlets and outlets are further from junction
Mesh independence
check that results do not depend on mesh re-run simulations with finer mesh(es)
generated in Meshing application, or from adaptive meshing in FLUENT
Actually, the current mesh is probably not fine enough one indication of this is that low-order discretization gives different answers. Note that, by default, there is no gravity in the model this is a setting in the General task page.
Temperature-dependent physical properties

density
differences could lead to buoyant forces (with gravity turned on) quite small effects in this case
viscosity, etc
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Workshop 2 Transonic Flow over a NACA 0012 Airfoil

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WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Goals
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The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce the user to good techniques for modelling flow in high speed external aerodynamic applications. Transonic flow will be modelled over a NACA 0012 airfoil for which experimental data has been published, so that a comparison can be made. The flow to be considered is compressible and turbulent. The solver used is the density based implicit solver, which gives good results for high speed compressible flows. The tutorial is carried out using FLUENT and CFD Post from within Workbench, but it could also be completed in standalone mode.
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. April 28, 2009 Inventory #002601
WS2-2
Start a workbench project
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Launch Workbench and save the new project as naca0012 in your working directory. Double-click or drag a FLUENT module from the component systems. Add a results module double click or drag. Drag the mouse from cell A3 (Solution) to B2 (Results) to couple the modules.
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Import a mesh that was generated in Gambit

Import the FLUENT mesh file (naca0012.msh).
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Right click on cell A2 (setup) and select import FLUENT case file Change the Files of type to FLUENT mesh file Select the mesh file naca0012.msh
The FLUENT launcher will start.

Keep the default options. Note that 2D has automatically been selected
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Mesh
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FLUENT will launch in a new window. The mesh will read in and display, and the zones will be written out for the Workbench project.
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Mesh
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The mesh needs scaling, since it was created with lengths in mm. Select General > Scale and observe the current domain extents.
Select Mesh was created in mm. Press Scale Check that the domain extents are as expected. Close the scale panel and select General > Check
Review the text window and check there are no errors. Finally use Report Quality to print out cell quality statistics.
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Mesh
Zoom in and examine the mesh.
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The maximum aspect ratio in this mesh is quite high (around 7000) This is acceptable because these cells are close to the airfoil wall surfaces. This is needed for the turbulence model being used, since it ensures the first grid point is in the viscous sublayer.
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Solver
Select the steady-state density-based solver:
From General in the tree select Type: Density-Based Check time is steady
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Turn on the energy equation.

This is needed because the flow is compressible and we will be using the ideal gas equation. From Models in the tree, select Energy > Edit > and check box
Select the turbulence model to be used:

From Models in the tree, select Viscous and Edit Choose the one-equation Spalart-Allmaras model. Select strain/vorticity based production, then OK This is a relatively simple turbulence model that has been shown to give good results for boundary layers subjected to adverse pressure gradients, particularly where there is no or only mild separation.
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Materials

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The properties to be used for the material air need to be set.

Select Materials from the model tree Highlight Air then Create/Edit For Density, select Ideal Gas For Viscosity, select Sutherland, and accept the default settings for the 3 Coefficient method.
The Sutherland law for viscosity is well suited for high-speed compressible flow. For simplicity, we will leave Cp and Thermal Conductivity as constants. Ideally, in high speed compressible flow modeling, these should be temperature dependent as well.
Select Change/Create
Assign the material air to the grid cells:

Select Cell Zone Conditions Highlight fluid then Edit Observe air is already selected.
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Operating Conditions
Set the Operating Pressure to Zero:
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Absolute pressure is the gauge pressure plus the operating pressure. Setting zero operating pressure means that all pressures set in FLUENT will be absolute. This is the most common practice for compressible flows. Select Cell Zone Conditions > Operating Conditions Set the Operating Pressure to Zero, then OK
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Boundary Conditions
Set the upstream boundary conditions:
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Select Boundary Conditions > pressure-far-field-1 > edit The pressure-far-field boundary type is applicable only when the density is calculated using the ideal-gas law. It is important to place the far-field boundary far enough from the object of interest. For example, in lifting airfoil calculations, it is not uncommon for the far-field boundary to be a circle with a radius of 20 chord lengths. On the Momentum tab, set the gauge static pressure to 73048 Pa po 1 2 1 = 1 + M We need to input static pressure for a far-field p 2 boundary. We can calculate this from the total pressure, which was atmospheric at 101325 Pa where for the wind-tunnel test. po = total pressure = 101325 Pa In the case of a real external aerodynamic simulation, rather than a wind tunnel, the static pressure (at a p = static pressure given altitude) would actually be the same as the total = 1.4 for air pressure in the far field, because the air in the far field M = Mach No. = 0.7 would be stationary. We have already set the operating pressure to zero, so po = 1.3871 we are now working in absolute pressure values. Hence p p = 73048 Pa the gauge static pressure input will be equal to the absolute static pressure value, which we will calculate to be 73048 Pa.
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Boundary Conditions
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Set the Mach Number to 0.7 and flow direction components as shown. The angle of attack () in this numerical case is 1.53 deg. The x-component of the flow is cos and the y-component is sin .
It is common practice to adjust the numerical from the experimental in order to match the lift obtained in the wind tunnel, and then to determine the drag associated with this lift. This adjustment of is carried out to counter the effects of the wind tunnel enclosure.
Set a reasonable boundary condition for the far field turbulence:

In reality the far-field air would be stationary. Wind tunnels attempt to replicate this by using filters and grids to obtain a low turbulence intensity at the inlet.
Select Intensity and Length Scale Set an intensity of 0.01% Choose a length scale proportional to the boundary layer thickness. Based on an estimated maximum boundary layer thickness of 50mm*, a suitable length scale is 0.4 x 0.05m = 0.02m
* taken from a previous simulation
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Boundary Conditions
Select the thermal tab.
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The wind tunnel operating conditions for validation test data give the total temperature as T0 = 311 K We can therefore calculate the static temperature to be 283.24 K
T0 1 2 = 1+ M T 2 where T0 = total temperatur e = 311 K T = static temperatur e = 1.4 for air M = Mach number = 0.7 T0 = 1.098 and so T = 283.24 K T
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Boundary Conditions
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For both walls representing the airfoil, leave the default settings which correspond to a no-slip condition for momentum and adiabatic for thermal.
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Reference Values
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Set the reference values: These are not used in the actual solution, but are used for reporting coefficients, such as Cp.
Use the freestream conditions as a reference, so choose compute from then select pressure-far-field-1 in the drop down list. Note the reference values for density, enthalpy, pressure, temperature, etc. will update from the freestream values you specified in the pressure-far-field-1 boundary. Set the reference length (which is not updated from the far field boundary values). In this 2D case, we will use the airfoil chord length, of 1m.
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Solution Methods
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The CFD computation is now defined. However the solver settings need to be modified. These dictate how fast, stable and accurate (within the mesh and BC constraints) the solution will be. Select Solution Methods in the LHS tree.
Keep the default settings for the implicit formulation and Roe-FDS flux type.
The explicit formulation is only normally used for cases where the characteristic time scale is of the same order as the acoustic time scale, for example the propagation of high Mach number shock waves. The implicit formulation is more stable and can be driven much harder to reach a converged solution in less time.
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Solution Methods
Change the gradient method to Green-Gauss Node Based.
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This is slightly more computationally expensive than the other methods but is more accurate.
Select Second Order Upwind for flow and turbulence discretization.

To accurately predict drag, select the Second Order Upwind schemes.
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Solution Controls
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The Courant number (CFL) determines the internal time step and affects the solution speed and stability.
The default CFL for the density-based implicit formulation is 5.0. It is often possible to increase the CFL to 10, 20, 100, or even higher, depending on the complexity of your problem. You may find that a lower CFL is required during startup (when changes in the solution are highly nonlinear), but it can be increased as the solution progresses.
As we will be using automatic solution steering, the choice of CFL at this stage is not important for this case. Keep the default under-relaxation factors (URFs) for the uncoupled parameters.
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Solution Monitors
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Set up residual monitors so the convergence can be monitored

Monitors > Residuals > Edit Make sure plot is on Turn off convergence checks by setting the criterion to none. This means that the calculation will not stop based on the residual plots convergence, but you can still see their progress.
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Solution Monitors
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Set up a monitor for the drag coefficient on the airfoil. Select both wall zones and toggle on Print, Plot and Write. Remember that is 1.53 so we need to use the force vector as shown. -Lift and drag are defined relative to the wind, not the airfoil.
You can specify which window FLUENT uses to display plots. For now, accept the defaults.
Press OK, then follow the same process to setup a monitor for Lift.
The settings are identical except for the File Name (cl-history instead of cd-history) and the Force Vectors defined as shown here:
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Solution Initialization
Initialize the flow field based on the far-field boundary:
Select Solution Initialization from the model tree Compute from > pressure-far-field-1 Press Initialize.
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Solution Steering enables the robust first order discretization in the early-stages of the computation, then blends to the more accurate second order schemes as the solution stabilizes.
Select Run Calculation, and toggle on Solution Steering Change the flow type to transonic and keep default options
Full-Multi-Grid Initialization will compute a quick, simplified solution based on a number of coarse sub-grids. This will then be used as a starting point for the main calculation. FMG can help to get a stable starting point.
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Case Check
Use Run Calculation > Check Case
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Check the case file and make sure there are no reported issues.
Any potential problems with the case setup will be raised in the case check panel if there are no problems this panel will not appear. In this case there is a recommendation to check the reference values for the force monitors. Since we have already set these we can ignore this warning.
Save the case file.

File > Save Project (if running under workbench)
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Run Calculation
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Although the calculation is ready to compute, It is good practice (but not strictly necessary) to run the FMG and then check the coarse FMG solution before starting the main calculation iterations. Set the number of requested iterations to zero, and press Calculate.
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Run Calculation
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Check the pressure and velocity contours to make sure that no spurious values are predicted. Go to Graphics and Animations in the LHS tree, choose Contours and Set Up
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Run Calculation

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Choose Contours of Pressure > Static Pressure and Filled Display. If you need to autoscale the display press <control> A Zoom in as required. Examine the min and max reported values. Repeat for Contours of Velocity> Mach Number.
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Run Calculation
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There are no spurious results from the FMG, so proceed to the main calculation. Return to Run Calculation in the LHS tree. Change the number of windows to three (for the residual, drag and lift monitors that we set up earlier). Request 900 iterations. Calculate
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Run Calculation
After 900 iterations the calculation has fully converged.
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Note that the CFL has been updated during the calculation in a number of stages, ramping up from 5 to 200 as we requested. This can be seen in the CFL window and the effect on the residuals is also evident. By the end of the calculation the residuals have converged well and are no longer changing. The drag and lift monitors are also stable.
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Post Processing [FLUENT]

Select Graphics and Animations in the LHS menu Examine the contours of static pressure.
Turn off Filled to just display the contour lines. Adjust the Levels to increase the number of contour lines.
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The contour will display in the active window (click a window to activate). Alternatively, use the drop down menu to return the display to a single window as shown here
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Plot contours of Velocity > Mach Number and notice that the flow is now locally supersonic.
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Select Plots in the LHS menu. Plot Pressure Coefficient along the top and bottom airfoil surfaces.
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Compare experimental pressure coefficient plots which we can import and plot here alongside the numerical prediction. Click on Load File and browse for the files in your directory.
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Once loaded, plot the CFD and experimental Cp plots together. A good agreement can be seen.
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In order to obtain a good drag prediction, and for the turbulence model to work effectively, we need to have a mesh that is well resolved near to the wall, such that the first grid point is in the viscous sub-layer. Ideally we want a Y+ value of 1 or less. Plot Turbulence > Y+, along both of the airfoil walls.
Deselect the Pressure Coefficient File Data.
We can see that this is achieved here, the max Y+ is 0.75
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Compare the predicted Cl and Cd against the experimental values. From Reference 1
Cl = 0.241 and Cd = 0.0079
From the console window, we have predicted

Cl = 0.241 and Cd = 0.0083
Again, good agreement can be seen.

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Post Processing
Save the project from the FLUENT file menu .
Take the middle option Continue after replacing settings file)
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Close FLUENT (File > Close FLUENT) Additional post-processing will now be performed in CFD Post. Return to the Workbench Project window. Click on Update Project and notice the Results panel update. Right click on cell B2 (Results) and select edit. This will launch CFD Post.
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Post Processing
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Note that CFD Post works in 3D, so a unit thickness will be added to the 2D airfoil, with symmetry side boundaries.
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Post Processing
Top menu > Insert > Contour
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Insert a new Contour and accept the default name Contour 1 Choose the location as symmetry-1 Choose the variable to be pressure and Apply (zoom in)
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Post Processing
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A useful feature in CFD Post is the ability to compare two different sets of CFD data.
Verify that the file NACA0012-mach-0.5-conv.dat.gz is in your working directory. File > Load Results Browse to your working directory. Under Case options make sure keep current cases loaded is checked. Open the File NACA0012-mach-0.5-conv.dat.gz.
Click OK if an Information/Warning dialog box appears.
We now have two data sets loaded and can do a case comparison.
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Post Processing
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Make sure that two windows are open, and select the respective cases in a different window. Lock the views so they are synchronised.
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Post Processing
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Toggle on location Symmetry 1 in each case. Select Contour 1 and apply. We can compare the two pressure plots.
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Post Processing

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Finally, we can plot the difference between the two. In the Outline view, double-click Case Comparison. The Case Comparison details view appears. Select Case Comparison Active and click Apply. A third viewport opens that displays the pressure difference between the two cases.
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Summary
Workshop Supplement
In this tutorial we have used FLUENT within a Workbench project to compute the transonic, compressible flow over a naca0012 airfoil. We have imported a mesh that was generated in Gambit. We have used the density based solver with solution steering. We have compared the results to published experimental data and seen good agreement. We have seen how FLUENT can be linked to CFD Post in a Workbench project, and we have explored some of the features within CFD Post.
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References
Workshop Supplement
T.J. Coakley, Numerical Simulation of Viscous Transonic Airfoil Flows, NASA Ames Research Center, AIAA-87-0416, 1987. C.D. Harris, Two-Dimensional Aerodynamic Characteristics of the NACA 0012 Airfoil in the Langley 8-foot Transonic Pressure Tunnel, NASA Ames Research Center, NASA TM 81927, 1981.
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Workshop 3 Room Temperature Study (Part 1)

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WS3: Room Temperature Study
Introduction
Workshop Supplement
In this introductory workshop you will be analyzing the effect of computers and workers on the temperature distribution in an office. In the first stage, the simulation of airflow through the duct will be carried out and then the outlet conditions for the duct will be saved and provided as the profile data for the inlet condition(s) of the room
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Duct Simulation: Description

The operating and boundary conditions for the flow are: The working fluid is Air Fluid Temperature = 294 K Inlet: 0.45 kg/s @ 294 K Outlet: 0.225 kg/s (per vent)
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Inlet Vent 2
Vent 1
Inlet
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Starting FLUENT in Workbench
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1. Open the Workbench (Start > Programs > ANSYS 12.0 > ANSYS Workbench) 2. Drag FLUENT into the project schematic 3. Change the name to Duct 4. Double click on Setup 5. Choose 3D and Double Precision under Options and retain the other default settings
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Import Mesh
Workshop Supplement
This starts a new FLUENT session and the first step is to import the mesh that has already been created: 1. Under the File menu select Import> Mesh 2. Select the file duct.msh and click OK to import the mesh 3. After reading the mesh, check the grid using Mesh>Check option or by using Check under Problem Setup>General
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Setting up the Models
Workshop Supplement
1. Select Pressure Based, Steady state solver Problem Setup>General>Solver 2. Specify Turbulence model Problem Setup > Models > Viscous Double click and Select k-omega (2 eqn) under Model and SST under k-omega model and retain the default settings for the other parameters
3. Make sure that the Energy Equation is disabled Problem Setup > Models> Energy
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Materials
Workshop Supplement
Define the materials. Problem Setup > Materials 1. Double click on air to open Create/Edit Materials panel 2. By default, Density and Viscosity of air are set as 1.225 kg/m3 and 1.7894e-05 kg/(m-s) respectively 3. Retain those values and close the panel
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Under Problem Setup >Cell Zone Conditions (operating conditions are also in BC panel) Click on Operating Conditions and set the Operating Pressure (Pascal) to 101325
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Boundary Conditions
Under Problem Setup > Boundary Conditions
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1.Select inlet under Zone and choose Pressure-Inlet from the drop down menu under Type 2.Now double click on inlet under Zone Input all the parameters in Momentum tab as shown below
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Boundary Conditions
Workshop Supplement
1.Select vent1 under Zone and choose mass-flow-inlet from the drop down menu under Type 2.Now double click on vent1 under Zone Input all the parameters in Momentum tab as shown below
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Boundary Conditions
Workshop Supplement
1.Select vent2 under Zone and choose mass-flow-inlet from the drop down menu under Type and set the conditions similar to that of vent1
NOTE: Under the Direction Specification Method, we may also use Outward Normal condition for both the vents
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Solution Methods
Set the Solution methods which decides the Pressure-Velocity coupling. Under Solution>Solution Methods setup the parameters as shown in the image.
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Solution Controls
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Under Solution>Solution Controls setup the parameters as shown below
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Monitors
Residual Monitoring Solution > Monitors 1.Double click on Residuals (By default it is on)
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2.Enable Plot under Options. Deselect Check Convergence for all the variables.
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Monitors Surface Monitors
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Monitor points are used to monitor quantities of interest during the solution. They should be used to help judge convergence. In this case you will monitor the Velocity of the air that exits through the door. One measure of a converged solution is when this air has reached a steadystate temperature. Solution > Monitors > Surface Monitors 1. Click on Create to create a new surface monitor 2. Type velocity-monitor under Name 3. Enable Printing and Plotting of monitors by marking check boxes under Options 4. Select Area-Weighted Average from the drop-down menu under Report Type 5. Select Velocity as the Field Variable and select Velocity Magnitude under Velocity variable
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Monitors
6. Select one of the vents as the Surfaces to be monitored 7. Click on OK to create the monitor and to close the panel
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We can also write the above values to a file by clicking the check box next to Write.
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Write Case File
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You can now save the project and proceed to write a case file for the solver: 1. To save the project File>Save Project 2. To write the case files File>Export>Case..
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Initialization
Workshop Supplement
Before starting the calculations we must initialize the flow field in the entire domain Solution > Monitors > Solution Initialization 1.Initializing the flow field with near steady state conditions will result in faster convergence 2.In this case, from the flow rate and the area of the duct we can get an estimate of the velocity at steady state 3.Click on Initialize to initialize the solution
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FMG Initialization
Workshop Supplement
Flow convergence can be accelerated if a better initial solution is used at the start of the calculation. The Full Multigrid initialization (FMG initialization) can provide this initial and approximate solution at a minimum cost to the overall computational expense. Note: FMG initialization is not available through GUI 1.Press <Enter> in the console to get the command prompt ( >). 2.Enter the text commands and input responses outlined in green, as shown, accepting the default values by pressing <Enter> when no input response is given Note: The FMG initialized flow field can be inspected using FLUENT's postprocessing tools.
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FMG Initialization
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Run Calculations
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The solution process can be started in the following manner Solution >Run Calculation Enter 200 for Number of Iterations and click on Calculate During the iteration process, both the residual plot and monitor plots will be shown in different windows. If the velocity monitor is not changing we can stop the iterations. You may specify further iterations if the monitors are still changing significantly. The magnitude of change of a monitor per iteration can be observed from the console (enabled by clicking on Print to Console while creating the monitor)
Note: Iterations can be stopped in between using the Cancel button.
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Residue & Monitor plots
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The results included are obtained after running for 370 iterations.
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Other Checks (optional)
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We can check the mass balance at the inlet and outlet boundary as follows: Results > Reports> Fluxes 1.Click on Setup 2.A new dialogue box for Flux Reports will come 3.Select Mass Flow Rate under Options 4.Select inlet, vent1,vent2 together under Boundaries 5.Click on Compute 6.Mass flow rate on all these boundaries will be printed and we can see that the Net Results is in the order of e-06 which indicates very good convergence
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Exporting the Profile at the Outflow boundary
Workshop Supplement
We need to export the outflow velocity profile at the Vents to provide the same as an input for the room case. Exporting the Profile: 1.Export the velocity profile at vent1 from the file menu File>Export>Profile 2.Select vent1 from Surfaces 3.Select X,Y,Z Velocity and Turbulent Kinetic energy(k) and Specific dissipation rate (Omega)as the Values to be exported 4.Save the file as vent1.prof
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Exporting the Profile at the Outflow boundary
Workshop Supplement
4. Similarly export the Velocity profile of vent2 and save the file as vent2.prof
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Write Case & Data File
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You can now save the project and proceed to write a case file for the solver: 1. To save the project File>Save Project 2. To write the case/data files File>Export>Case & Data..
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Workshop 3 Room Temperature Study (Part 2)
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Room: Operating Conditions
Workshop Supplement
The operating conditions for the flow at room are: The working fluid is Air Worker Temperature = 310 K Computer Monitor Temperature = 303 K Computer Vent: 0.033 kg/s @ 313 K (per computer) Ceiling Vents: profile data, Temperature=294 K
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Room Geometry and Details
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Vent 2
Outlet
Vent 2 Workers
Monitors
Computer CPU
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Starting FLUENT in Workbench

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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Return to the Project window Drag FLUENT into the Project Schematic Change the name to Room Double click on Setup Choose 3D and Double Precision under Options and retain the other default settings
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Import Mesh
Workshop Supplement
This starts a new FLUENT session and the first step is to import the mesh that has already been created: 1. Under the File menu select Import> Mesh 2. Select the file duct.msh and click OK to import the mesh 3. After reading the mesh, check the grid using Mesh>Check option or by using Check under Problem Setup>General
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Reading the Profiles
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Read the profile files that were written in the Ducts case at Vent Boundaries
1.Under the File menu select Read> Profile 2.Select the file vent1.prof and click OK to read the profile 3.Similarly read vent2.prof file
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Models
1. Select Pressure Based, Steady state solver Problem Setup>General>Solver 2. Specify turbulence model Problem Setup > Models > Viscous Double click and Select k-omega (2 eqn) under Model and SST under komega model and retain the default settings for the other parameters 3. Enable the Energy Equation. Problem Setup > Models> Energy
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Materials
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Define the materials. Problem Setup > Materials 1. Double click on air to open Create/Edit Materials panel 2. Select incompressible-ideal-gas from the dropdown menu of Density 3. Retain other default values of Specific heat and Viscosity. Select Change/Create to implement the changes then Close
NOTE: The incompressible ideal gas law for density is used when pressure variations are small enough that the flow is fully incompressible but you wish to use the ideal gas law to express the relationship between density and temperature
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Workshop Supplement
Problem Setup >Cell Zone Conditions Click on Operating Conditions and set the Operating Pressure (Pascal) to 101325 Enable Gravity and specify Z-component of Gravitational Acceleration as -9.81 m/s2 Enter Operating Density as 1.225 kg/m3
Note: Enabling gravity will allow the solver to take into account the buoyancy effect due to the change in the density of the air.
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Boundary Conditions
Workshop Supplement
1.Select vent1 under Zone and choose velocity-inlet from the drop down menu under Type. For this boundary we will specify the parameters using the previously read profile file 2.Now double click on vent1 under Zone 3.Go to Momentum tab, set Components as Velocity Specification Method 4.Select vent1 x-velocity from the dropdown menu for X-Velocity. (make sure you select the velocity variable vent1 x-velocity not the grid variablevent1 x. Do likewise for all the other variables (y-velocity, zvelocity, turbulent kinetic energy and specific dissipation rate).
5.In the Thermal tab, set a constant Temperature of 294K:
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Boundary Conditions
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6.Similarly, select vent2 under Zone and set all the quantities. This time choose the profile quantities starting with vent2
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Boundary Conditions
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1.Select outlet under Zone and choose Pressure-outlet from the drop down menu under Type. For this boundary we will specify the parameters using the previously read profile file 2.Now double click on outlet under Zone 3.Go to Momentum tab, set Gauge Pressure (Pascal) as 0 4.Set the backflow conditions for the turbulence quantities to have a Backflow Turbulent Intensity and Backflow Turbulent Viscosity Ratio of 5% and 5 respectively
5.In the Thermal tab, set a constant Backflow Total Temperature of 294 K
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Boundary Conditions
Workshop Supplement
1.Select computer1intake under Zone and choose Mass-Flow inlet from the drop down menu under Type. 2.Set the Mass Flow Rate as 0.033 kg/s and keep the Direction Specification
Method as Outward Normals
3.Set Turbulent Intensity (fraction) and Turbulent Viscosity Ratio as 5% 10 respectively
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Boundary Conditions
Workshop Supplement
To save time, the conditions for computer1 can be copied over to the boundary conditions for the other 3 computers in the simulation. 1. Make sure that the inlets for the other computers are all of type massflow-inlet
2. In the Boundary Conditions Panel, click the Copy... button. This will open the Copy BCs panel 3. In the From Zone list, select the zone that has the conditions you want to copy: computer1intake 4. In the To Zones list, select the zones to which you want to copy the conditions to: computer2intake, computer3intake, computer4intake 5. Click Copy. FLUENT will set all of the boundary conditions for the zones selected in the To Zones list to be the same as the conditions for the zone selected in the From Zone list.
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Boundary Conditions
Workshop Supplement
1.Repeat the instructions on the previous 2 slides in order to set the conditions for the computer vents. 2.So, first make sure all vents are of type mass-flow-inlet. 3.Set the conditions for computer1vent as in the image below. 4.In the Thermal tab, set a constant temperature of 313 K 5.Copy this boundary condition from computer1vent to the other 3 computers.
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Boundary Conditions
Workshop Supplement
1.Select monitors under Zone and choose wall from the drop down menu under Type. 2.Now double click on monitors under Zone 3.Go to Momentum tab, set it as Stationary wall with No Slip 4.In the Thermal tab, set a constant Temperature of 303 K
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Boundary Conditions Under Problem Setup > Boundary Conditions
Workshop Supplement
1.Select workers under Zone and select wall from the drop down menu under Type. 2.Double-click on workers under Zone. 3.On the Momentum tab, specify a stationary wall with no slip. 4.On the Thermal tab, set a constant wall temperature of 310 K.
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Solution Methods Set the Solver Controls
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Under Solution>Solution Methods setup the parameters as described below Select Coupled Scheme
Specify the discretization schemes as shown below
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Solution Controls
Under Solution>Solution Controls 1. Set a Courant Number of 100 with Explicit Relaxation Factors for Momentum and Pressure as 0.25 each 2. Set Under Relaxation Factors of Density, Body Forces, Turbulent Kinetic Energy, Turbulent Viscosity and Specific Dissipation Rate as 0.5 each 3. Keep an Under Relaxation Factor of 1.0 for Energy
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Monitors
Residual Monitoring Solution > Monitors 1. Double click on Residuals (By default it is on)
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2. Enable Plot under Options. Deselect Check Convergence for all the variables.
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Solution > Monitors > Surface Monitors 1. Click on Create to create a new surface monitor 2. Type temperature-monitor under Name 3. Enable Printing and Plotting of monitors by marking check boxes under Options 4. Select Area-Weighted Average from the drop-down menu under Report Type 5. Select Temperature as the Field Variable and select Static Temperature under Temperature
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Monitors
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6. Select outlet under Surfaces 7. Click on OK to create the monitor and to close the panel
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Write Case File
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You can now save the project and proceed to write a case file for the solver: 1. To save the project File>Save Project 2. To write the case files File>Export>Case..
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Initialization Solution > Monitors > Solution Initialization

1. Initialize the flow field with inflow conditions by selecting vent1from the dropdown menu under Compute from 2. Click on Initialize to initialize the solution
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Run Calculations
Workshop Supplement
The solution process can be started in the following manner Solution >Run Calculation Enter 100 for Number of Iterations and click on Calculate Monitor the solution and see if the Temperature monitor is not changing further. You can instruct FLUENT to perform more iterations if the monitors are still changing significantly. You can stop iterating if the monitors are stabilized.
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Residue & Monitor plots
Workshop Supplement
The results included are obtained after running for 554 iterations.
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Write Case & Data File
Workshop Supplement
You can now save the project and proceed to write a case file for the solver: 1. To save the project File>Save Project 2. To write the case/data files File>Export>Case & Data..
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Post processing(1)
Workshop Supplement
We can create isosurfaces at various locations of the domain to examine the results at any location within the domain, not just at the boundaries. An isosurface can be created in the following manner: 1.Select Surface>Iso-surface from the toolbar 2.Select Mesh under Surface of constant drop down menu and select YCoordinate under Mesh If we click on Compute it will report the minimum and maximum values 3.Enter 2.4 under Iso-Values 4.Specify a surface name under New Surface Name 5.Clicking Create will generate the new surface You may want to create more iso-surfaces at different critical locations to observe different parameters.
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Post processing(2)
Workshop Supplement
Display the contours of Temperature: Go to Results > Graphics and Animation Select Contours under Graphics and click on Set Up Select Contours of Temperature then Static Temperature Select the Surfaces on which we wish to see the temperature Zoom into the area of interest by using middle mouse button Overlay a wireframe representation of the room: On the Contours Panel, Check the Draw Mesh box. Select Edges (not Faces), and Outline. Under Surface Types, select Wall which will select all the walls. Display then Close (mesh display panel) : Display (contours panel) Display the Vectors of Velocity: Go to Results > Graphics and Animation Select Vectors under Graphics and click on Set Up Change the Scale to 15, and plot on the surface of interest.
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Post processing(3)
Workshop Supplement
We can also find out the Maximum and Minimum of a variable in the following way Go to Results > Reports>Volume Integrals Select Maximum under Report Type Select Temperature under Field Variable followed by Static Temperature Select fluid-19 under Cell Zones On clicking Compute, the maximum value of the Temperature is calculated.
Note: The location of Maximum temperature, say, can be found out by creating an iso-surface of temperature in the same process as mentioned in the slide-54
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Post processing(4)
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Plane location
Contours of Temperature on a plane at Y=2.4 m

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Results Summary
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Mass Weighted Average of Temperature at Outlet: 298.02K Minimum temperature in the domain: 293.6K Maximum temperature in the domain: 313.1K (at the region near the outlet of Computer2vent) Mass Weighted Average of Velocity at Outlet: 0.697 m/s
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Further Steps (Optional)
Workshop Supplement
Following steps can be done so as get the flow patterns at various planes etc. 1.Observe the density variation at various planes 2.Create a streamline from each of the vents 3.Animate the streamlines 4.Create an isosurface based on different temperatures
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Workshop 4 Electronics Cooling with Natural Convection and Radiation
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WS4: Electronics Cooling
Goals
In this workshop, you will model the heat dissipation from a hot electronics component fitted to a printed circuit board (PCB) via a finned heat sink. The PCB is fitted into an enclosure which is open at the top and bottom. Initially only the heat transfer via convection and conduction will be calculated. The effect of thermal radiation will then be included as a later stage.
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Mesh Import (Workbench)
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This workshop can be done either inside or outside of ANSYS Workbench. If working outside of Workbench, you should skip this page.
Open a new Workbench session and select a new FLUENT session from Component Systems Use Save As to save the session. Import the the mesh file.
Right-click on the Setup cell. Change Files of Type to Fluent Mesh File Select the mesh file heatsink.msh Click Open.
Drag
Launch FLUENT using the default options.

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Mesh Import (Stand-alone)

(If working with FLUENT as Standalone) Start a 3D FLUENT session from the icon or from the Windows Start menu Select either
File Read Mesh from the top menu Open File icon from toolbar
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Open the file heatsink.msh Check the grid to verify that there are no errors in the mesh.
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View the model:

Display the mesh and color the faces by ID:
Select Graphics and Animations Highlight Mesh, then Setup just below
Set Faces to on, and Edges to Feature Deselect all currently selected faces Select Surface Types Wall, Pressure Outlet and Velocity Inlet (note effect on Surfaces list) Select Colors and Color by ID. Display
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Select the Lights button, and turn on headlight. Make the outer walls transparent
Use Scene button Select wall_left, wall_right and wall_top Select Display and set transparency to roughly 50 Apply and close Display Property panel Apply and close Scene Description panel
Redisplay the image (Use Setup and Display buttons as above)

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Model setup
1. Display the mesh and adjust the display settings.
a) Highlight Mesh and click Setup.
i. Select Feature and Edges. Set Edge Type to Feature. ii. Deselect all currently selected faces iii. Select Surface Types Wall, Pressure Outlet and Velocity Inlet (note effect on Surfaces list) iv. Select Colors and Color by ID. v. Click Display
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2. Change temperature units to C

Define Units
1. 2. 3. Select Temperature as a Quantity Select c as the temperature units. Close the panel.
3. Enable the energy equation.

a) b) Select the Models tree item Double-click on Energy and enable the equation.
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Comments on Model setup

General
Workshop Supplement
It is good practice to display the grid after import to check for any boundary zone misassignment and that you have opened the correct model. Workbench uses SI units (meters, kg etc) but if importing a mesh from another source check the scale and dimensions are correct. Check mesh is used to confirm the mesh is suitable for use in a CFD simulation. Report Quality is a backup to the quality tools available within the meshing application.
By default the energy equation is not solved to reduce CPU load because many problems are isothermal. In this case, temperature must be calculated so the energy equation needs to be enabled. The onset of turbulence is specified by the Reynolds Number (pipe flow) or Rayleigh Number (natural convection). Calculating these numbers using boundary conditions indicates that the flow will be laminar.
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Material properties
The air density needs to change with temperature (but not pressure)
Select Materials Air Create/Edit Change density to incompressible ideal gas All other properties remain unchanged Click Change / Create then close the fluid materials window.
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Define two additional solid materials (for the board and the heat sink).
Select Materials Solid Create/Edit Click the FLUENT Database button. Change Type to Solid Select Copper Copy then close the database window
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Material properties
The PCB is made of material Fr-4.
Change Name to fr-4 Delete the chemical formula All other properties remain unchanged Click Change/Create. Click No when prompted to overwrite copper.
Selecting No will create a new material Fr-4, but copper remains in the material list. Selecting Yes will overwrite the copper material for the current case only.
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Modify the copper material to produce two different materials.
The heat sink is made of a different material (named Component for this simulation).
Select solid material Copper Change Name to component Delete the chemical formula Select Change/Create. Select Yes when prompted to overwrite copper.
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Comments on Material properties
Workshop Supplement
In most natural convection problems the change of density with temperature drives the flow. The changes in pressure over the domain are minimal, and their effect on density negligible, hence the incompressible ideal gas density formulation can be used instead of fully compressible ideal gas. The FLUENT database contains basic properties for many materials. These are generally set to the standard STP/RTP values, but always check these are suitable before proceeding. Additional materials can be added to the database; refer to the user documentation. It is often easier to copy a material from the database and then modify it; alternatively, you can modify the default material of aluminium and then choose to not overwrite.
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Set Cell Zone Conditions

Under Cell Zone Conditions click the Operating Conditions button.
Change the Reference Pressure location in the y direction to -0.29 m Enable Gravity, and set the y component to to 9.81 m/s2. Turn on Specified Operating Density and set to 1.1096 kg/m3 Click OK.
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There are no changes to the fluid zone

(Cell Zone Fluid Edit) Observe that this contains material air which is correct. Close the pop-up window
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Set the material properties for the PCB:
Select cell zone solid_board, then Edit Change the material to fr-4 OK to close the window
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Set the material properties for the heat sink:

Heatsink is made of aluminium Select the cell zone solid_heatsink Observe the default material aluminium is already selected. No change is needed
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Set the conditions for the component:
We need to set both the material, AND the thermal power (75W) dissipated by this component. Select zone solid_heatsource Change the material to component Check Source Terms then go to the Source Terms tab The components volume is 0.11808x10-3 m3. Hence, the volumetric source is 635000 W/m3. Create 1 energy source with the above value.
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Set Boundary Conditions

For the Inlet (Boundary Conditions > Inlet)
Change type to Pressure Inlet Keep the pressure at 0 Pa Under the Thermal tab set the temperature to 45 C, then OK
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For the Outlet:

Keep type as Pressure Outlet Select Edit and set 0 Pa Gauge Pressure, with direction From Neighboring Cell Under the Thermal tab set backflow temperature to 45C, then OK
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Set Boundary Conditions

Set the casing walls to be adiabatic:
Select boundary zone wall_left Under the thermal tab, check this is set to zero heat flux Repeat for wall_right and wall_top
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Set the PCB outer surface thermal properties to be adiabatic.

These are the external surfaces of the model The surfaces to set are wall_board_bottom and wall_board_side Set these to zero heat flux as above. Note that the surface wall_board is the surface of the PCB that borders the fluid air region, and so is not an exterior boundary
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Comments on Cell and Zone Conditions

Operating conditions
Gravity is required for natural convection. In many cases, unless buoyant forces are present, gravity can be left disabled. Operating density is critical in natural convection problems, and should be set to the density at the far field temperature (ie inlet temperature). Operating pressure position is related to the inlet/outlet pressure settings. In this example, it is positioned at the inlet.
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Boundary zones
Inlet and Outlet pressure set to 0 Pa gauge, as it is at the operating pressure position.
Volume data
The volume of an entity can be requested in the Volume Integrals panel. Note that the solution must be initialized before the volume integrals are enabled.
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Comments on Cell and Zone Conditions

External heat loss:
Workshop Supplement
Here, adiabatic conditions have been set for the external walls. However if needed, FLUENT can model the external boundary in several different ways, including:
Known heat flux (W/m2) Known heat transfer coefficient (eg for natural convection from a vertical plate) Heat transfer through radiation (by setting emissivity and temperature). Note this is not related to radiation models available within FLUENT Shell conduction in the outer wall (hence fields for material and wall thickness)
Interior boundaries:
In this example, there are two cell zones, fluid and solid_board Just one label wall_board was created at the pre-processing stage for the surface common to these two zones. When loading the mesh, FLUENT creates a clone: wall_board_shadow Open up the boundary conditions for these surfaces and observe that:
wall_board wall_board_shadow has the adjacent cell zone fluid has the adjacent cell zone solid_board
If setting emissivity or roughness, make sure the correct face is selected!

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Solver controls
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Solution Method (Solution Methods > Spatial Discretization > Pressure)

Change the pressure scheme to Body Force Weighted Leave the remaining variables set to First Order Upwind.
Solution controls (Solution Controls > Momentum)

Adjust the Momentum under-relaxation factor to 0.3
Initialize (Solution Initialization)

Compute from inlet Set y-velocity to 0.1 m/s Click the Initialize button.
Run calculation
Request 50 iterations and click Calculate. The solution should only take a few minutes to complete.
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Comments on Solver controls
Workshop Supplement
The solver settings are tuned for an overall robust solution of most situations. In this model we require the Body Force Weighted pressure scheme to account for the natural convection effects. Once the solution has begun to (or has) converge the momentum and energy equations should be switched to second order to improve the accuracy of the solution. You may wish to do this later if time permits. The momentum within the model is relatively low so reducing the momentum under-relaxation factor is also recommended. Solution initialization is used to provide the first guess prior to the first solver iteration; and it should be as close to the final solution as practical.
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Quick post-processing
Check overall heat and mass balances.
Reports > Fluxes > Set Up Select the Inlet and Outlet surfaces, then click Compute.
The net imbalance mass flux is shown under Net Results. Note that the net imbalance is very small.
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Switch to Total Heat Transfer Rate. Select all walls, the inlet, and the outlet and click Compute.
Note that the difference roughly equals the energy source input to the package (75W). If the model were fully converged, this value would be exact.
Create a user-defined surface:

Create a surface in the midplane of the channel (x = 0) for post-processing:
(From top menu bar) Surface > Isosurface Select Mesh and X-coordinate Leave iso-value at x=0 m Specify the name (zz-x-midplane). Ensure that no items are selected under From Surface and/or From Zones. Click Create.
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Quick post-processing
Create Contour plot:
(Graphics and Animations > Contours > Setup) Select the user surface zz-x-midplane Check Filled Select contours of TemperatureStatic Temperature Select Display Zoom in with the mouse to see the result
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Repeat changing the plot variable to Velocity Velocity Magnitude Optional step:
To change the number format use Display > Colormap from the top menu, and change to float
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Save Case and Data Files for Later Use
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The purpose of the Workbench structure is to simplify the file structure, and reduce the risk of stray files on the hard drive. Part of this workshop is to allow the comparison of the results both with and without radiation active. To retain this set of results use the top menu to:
If using FLUENT standalone
File Write Case & Data
If using FLUENT under Workbench

File Export Case & Data
Change to the working directory and label the file logically
TIP
Adding the .gz extension will compress the case and data files, reducing hard disk usage! You do not need to uncompress the files when opening them later.
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Setup Radiation Model

The temperature difference across the air space is minimal, and therefore heat transfer via thermal radiation may be significant. Go to the Models tree item and select radiation.
Enable the Surface-to-Surface (S2S) model.
Set Partial Enclosure temperature to 45 C
Workshop Supplement
Click the Set button to define model parameters.

Manual Options 100 Faces Per Cluster Apply to All Walls Ray Tracing OK
In the Radiation model panel Compute/Write the S2S calculation. Enter a filename. (Calculating the view factors will take a few minutes). Click OK when the S2S view factor calculation is complete.
WS4-23
Comments on S2S Radiation model
Workshop Supplement
The model uses a ray tracing method, and this calculation is completed prior to the main solution. Thus whist the set-up may take slightly longer (due to view factor calculation time) than the alternatives the overall solution time is reduced. The method determines the view factor from each wall (or boundary) surface facet (mesh cell) to every other facet. Clustering is then used to reduce the number of facet calculations needed in the actual solution. Here neighbouring facets are grouped together based on the number set and geometric factors. The User documentation contains full details of the model.
WS4-24
Revise Boundary Conditions

The surfaces surrounding the fluid region now also require an emissivity value for the radiation model. Open the wall_left boundary condition and under the thermal tab change the Internal Emissivity to 0.9. Click the Copy button and copy the boundary conditions to wall_right and wall_top.
Workshop Supplement
WS4-25
Revise Boundary Conditions

Change some of the other internally facing walls to an emissivity of 0.9; these are: wall_heat_sink wall_board Change wall_heat_source-shadow to an emissivity of 0.3 Note the panel is slightly different to those in the previous slide as these are coupled walls ie do not make up the outer boundary of the domain The flow boundaries (inlet and outlet) can be left with an emissivity of 1
Workshop Supplement
WS4-26
Check clustering with S2S

Using Results > Graphics and Animations select Contours Change Contours to Radiation and Surface Cluster ID
Select Draw Mesh and display edges (feature) only for all walls, then Display (On Contours Panel) select wall_board Turn off Node Values and Turn off Global Range Turn on Auto Range then Display. This shows how groups of grid cells on the board have been grouped for the purpose of the radiation calculation. (See next page for indicative image your values may be different)
Workshop Supplement
Solve the flow field again (this time radiation is enabled) for a further 500 iterations. If you are short of time you may want to stop the solution prematurely and proceed to the post-processing
WS4-27
Check Clustering with S2S
Workshop Supplement
WS4-28
Post-processing using CFD Post
Workshop Supplement
Drag and connect a Results icon from Component Systems in Workbench. Connect the FLUENT solution panel to Results Double click and open the Results section (lower cell). This opens Post with the result of the radiation calculation as FLU
WS4-29
Case Comparison
The case comparison tool allows two different setups to be shown side by side and any differences between the two cases identified. We will compare the latest results (with radiation) with those saved earlier (no radiation) File Load Results and select the non-radiation case saved earlier. Select Keep Current Cases Loaded, then Open From the toolbar, select the Case Comparison Icon: In the Case Comparison details, check the box Case Comparison Active and check that:
Case 1 is the most recent results FLU (with radiation) Case 2 is the file saved earlier (no radiation) Apply.
Workshop Supplement
Press Apply to enter comparison mode.

WS4-30
Displaying Temperature
Temperature will be a key variable for any electronics cooling application so it will be displayed in several locations, such as within the flow, on the surfaces of the solid region and by extracting the maximum temperature within the component. Create a YZ plane using Insert-Location-Plane:
Call it Center Located at X=0 Color it using the variable Temperature.
Workshop Supplement
Create a contour plot:

Use either Insert-Contour or click on . Use the fluid-solid interfaces as the location (wall_board , wall_heat_sink and wall_heat_source) Tip: Use the icon and ctrl to select multiple locations from both results files). Set the variable to Temperature using the Global Range, and Apply.
WS4-31
Reporting Temperature
Move to the function calculator using the icon on the toolbar. Set the options to maxVal, solid_heatsource, All Cases, Temperature. Note that with radiation, the temperature in the solid is significantly lower than when radiation was not included. The cooling of the component is mirrored with an increase in the temperature of the walls around the fluid zone. This can be seen if you plot the temperature on the walls or use the Function Calculator with the areaAve function.
Workshop Supplement
WS4-32
Flow Displays
Workshop Supplement
To show the flow patterns a range of methods can be used including streamlines, vector plots and isosurfaces. Insert an isosurface using Insert-Location-Isosurface and set the Variable to Velocity with a value of 0.5[m s^-1]. Gradually reduce the value to 0.2 and notice that for the radiation case higher speed flow can be observed close to the fluid walls as well as the PCB. Insert a vector plot using Insert-Vector or click on . Set the location to Center. Change the sampling to Equally spaced with 1000 points. If you wish to see the pattern in the slow speed sections try going to the Symbol tab and select Normalize Symbols. Insert streamlines using Insert-Streamlines or by clicking on . Set Start From to be inlet. Apply 100 equally spaced points and set the Direction to Forward and Backward.
WS4-33
Workshop 5 Centrifugal Pump
WS5-1
WS5: Centrifugal Pump
Introduction
The Purpose of the tutorial is to model fluid flow in a centrifugal pump, which involves the use of rotation model. Problem consists of a five blade centrifugal pump operating at 2160 rpm. The working fluid is water and flow is assumed to be steady and incompressible. Due to rotational periodicity a single blade passage will be modeled.
Workshop Supplement
WS5-2
Starting Fluent in Workbench
Workshop Supplement
1. Open the Workbench (Start > Programs > ANSYS 12.0 > ANSYS Workbench) 2. Drag FLUENT into the project schematic 3. Change the name to Duct 4. Double click on Setup 5. Choose 3D and Double Precision under Options and retain the other default settings
WS5-3
Import Mesh
Workshop Supplement
This starts a new Fluent session and the first step is to import the mesh that has already been created: 1. Under the File menu select Import> Mesh 2. Select the file tfa-pump-lite-cav-300k.msh and click OK to import the mesh 3. After reading the mesh, check the grid using Mesh>Check option or by using Check under Problem Setup>General
WS5-4

1. 2.
Workshop Supplement
Select Pressure Based, Steady state solver Problem Setup>General>Solver Specify Turbulence model Problem Setup > Models > Viscous Double click and Select k-epsilon (2 eqn) under Model and Realizable under k-epsilon model and retain the default settings for the other parameters
WS5-5
Materials
Workshop Supplement
Define the materials. Problem Setup > Materials 1. Click on air to open Create/Edit Materials panel 2. Change Name to water and Density and Viscosity to 1000 kg/m3 and 0.001 kg/(m-s) respectively 3. Click on Change/Create 4. Click on Yes, on being asked for Change/Create mixture and Overwrite air
WS5-6
Fluid Zone Conditions
Workshop Supplement
Under Problem Setup >Cell Zone Conditions (operating conditions are also in BC panel) double click on Fluid
Select Material Name : water Select Motion Type: Moving Reference Frame Specify Rotational Velocity : 2160 rpm Click on OK
WS5-7
Workshop Supplement
Under Problem Setup >Cell Zone Conditions (operating conditions are also in BC panel) Click on Operating Conditions and set the Operating Pressure (Pascal) to 0
WS5-8
Boundary Conditions
Workshop Supplement
1.Select inlet under Zone and choose velocity-inlet from the drop down menu under Type 2.Now double click on inlet under Zone Input all the parameters in Momentum tab as shown below
WS5-9
Boundary Conditions
Workshop Supplement
1.Select outlet under Zone and choose pressure-outlet from the drop down menu under Type 2.Now double click on outlet under Zone Input all the parameters in Momentum tab as shown below
WS5-10
Boundary Conditions
Workshop Supplement
1.Select blade under Zone and choose wall from the drop down menu under Type 2.Now double click on blade under Zone Input all the parameters in Momentum tab as shown below
WS5-11
Boundary Conditions
Workshop Supplement
1.Select hub under Zone and choose wall from the drop down menu under Type 2.Now double click on hub under Zone Input all the parameters in Momentum tab as shown below
WS5-12
Boundary Conditions
Workshop Supplement
1.Select shroud under Zone and choose wall from the drop down menu under Type 2.Now double click on shroud under Zone Input all the parameters in Momentum tab as shown below
WS5-13
Boundary Conditions
Workshop Supplement
1.Select hub-outer under Zone and choose wall from the drop down menu under Type 2.Now double click on hub-outer under Zone Input all the parameters in Momentum tab as shown below
WS5-14
Boundary Conditions
Workshop Supplement
1.Select inlet-shroud under Zone and choose wall from the drop down menu under Type 2.Now double click on inlet-shroud under Zone Input all the parameters in Momentum tab as shown below
WS5-15
Boundary Conditions
Workshop Supplement
1.Select shroud-outer under Zone and choose wall from the drop down menu under Type 2.Now double click on shroud-outer under Zone Input all the parameters in Momentum tab as shown below
WS5-16
Boundary Conditions
Workshop Supplement
1.Select periodic.10 under Zone and choose periodic from the drop down menu under Type 2.Now double click on periodic.10 under Zone Select Periodic Type: Rotational Click on OK 3.Select periodic.10 under Zone and choose periodic from the drop down menu under Type 4.Now double click on periodic.11 under Zone Select Periodic Type: Rotational Click on OK
WS5-17
Monitors
Residual Monitoring Solution > Monitors 1.Double click on Residuals (By default it is on) 2.Enable Plot under Options. 3.Specify Absolute Criteria for continuity: 1e-5
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WS5-18
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Monitor points are used to monitor quantities of interest during the solution. They should be used to help judge convergence. In this case you will monitor the Total Pressure and Static Pressure at inlet. Solution > Monitors > Surface Monitors 1. Click on Create to create a new surface monitor 2. Type total_pressure under Name 3. Enable Printing, Plotting and writing of monitors by marking check boxes under Options 4. Select Mass-Weighted Average from the drop-down menu under Report Type 5. Select Pressure as the Field Variable and select Total Pressure under Pressure variable
WS5-19
Monitors
6. Select inlet as the Surfaces to be monitored 7. Click on OK to create the monitor and to close the panel
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WS5-20
Monitors
Workshop Supplement
Solution > Monitors > Surface Monitors 1. Click on Create to create a new surface monitor 2. Type static_pressure under Name 3. Enable Printing, Plotting and writing of monitors by marking check boxes under Options 4. Select Area-Weighted Average from the drop-down menu under Report Type 5. Select Pressure as the Field Variable and select Static Pressure under Pressure variable 6. Select inlet as the Surfaces to be monitored 7. Click on OK to create the monitor and to close the panel
WS5-21
Initialization
Workshop Supplement
Before starting the calculations we must initialize the flow field in the entire domain Solution > Monitors > Solution Initialization 1.Initializing the flow field with near steady state conditions will result in faster convergence 2.Select Compute from: inlet 3.Click on Initialize to initialize the solution
WS5-22
Run Calculations

Workshop Supplement
The solution process can be started in the following manner Solution >Run Calculation Enter 1000 for Number of Iterations and click on Calculate
During the iteration process, both the residue plot and monitor plots will be shown in different windows. If the velocity monitor is not changing further we can stop the iterations. You may specify more number of iterations if the monitors are still changing significantly. The magnitude of change of a monitor per iteration can be observed from the console (enabled by clicking on Print to Console while creating the monitor)
Note: Iterations can be stopped in between, by pressing Ctrl+ C together in the Fluents console.
WS5-23
Higher Order Accurate Solution
Workshop Supplement
Once first order run is converged (it takes 211 iterations) Under Solution>Solution Methods setup the parameters as shown below
WS5-24
Residuals
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WS5-25
Write Case File
Workshop Supplement
You can now save the project and proceed to write a case file for the solver: 1. To save the project, go to Project Page File>Save as 2. To write the case files, go to FLUENT session File>Export>Case..
WS5-26
Post Processing
To Draw Contours of Static Pressure on blade
Display > Graphics and Animations Double Click on Contours, a new window will pop up
Workshop Supplement
Select Pressure under Contours of and Static Pressure below that Select blade under Surfaces
WS5-27
Post Processing
To Draw Contours of Static Pressure on hub
Workshop Supplement
Select Pressure under Contours of and Static Pressure below that Select hub under Surfaces
WS5-28
Post Processing
To Draw Contours of Static Pressure on shroud
Workshop Supplement
Select Pressure under Contours of and Static Pressure below that Select shroud under Surfaces
WS5-29
Workshop 6 Modeling of Catalytic Convertor
WS6-1
WS6: Catalytic Converter
Introduction
Workshop Supplement
A workshop to demonstrate how to model porous media in FLUENT Workshop models a catalytic convertor. Nitrogen flows in though inlet with an uniform velocity 22.6 m/s, passes through a ceramic monolith substrate with square shaped channels, and then exits through the outlet. Substrate is impermeable in Y and Z directions, which is modeled by specifying loss coefficients 3 order higher than in X direction
WS6-2
Ceramic Monolith Substrate
Inlet Outlet
Starting Fluent in Workbench
Workshop Supplement
1. Open the Workbench (Start > Programs > ANSYS 12.0 > ANSYS Workbench) 2. Drag FLUENT into the project schematic 3. Change the name to Catalytic 4. Double click on Setup 5. Choose 3D and Double Precision under Options and retain the other default settings
WS6-3
Import Mesh
Workshop Supplement
This starts a new Fluent session and the first step is to import the mesh that has already been created: 1. Under the File menu select Import> Mesh 2. Select the file catalytic_converter_125k.msh.gz and click OK to import the mesh 3. After reading the mesh, check the grid using Mesh>Check option or by using Check under Problem Setup>General
WS6-4

1. 2.
Workshop Supplement
Select Pressure Based, Steady state solver Problem Setup>General>Solver Specify Turbulence model Problem Setup > Models > Viscous Double click and select k-epsilon (2 eqn) under Model and Realizable under k-epsilon model and retain the default settings for the other parameters
WS6-5
Materials
Workshop Supplement
Define the materials. Problem Setup > Materials 1. Click on air to open Create/Edit Materials panel 2. Click on FLUENT Database> Select nitrogen(n2) from the list > Copy 3. Click on Change/Create
WS6-6
Fluid Zone Conditions

Select Material Name : nitrogen Default values for other settings Click to OK
Workshop Supplement
Under Problem Setup >Cell Zone >Double click on part-in under Zone
Similarly, visit to part-out Zone and select the same settings as above
WS6-7
Fluid Zone Conditions (2)

Select Material Name : nitrogen Select and click on Porous Zone Under Direction-1 Vector, specify as: 1, 0, 0 Under Direction-2 Vector, specify as: 0, 1, 0 Specify as per GUI under Viscous Resistance and Inertia Resistance Default values under Power law Model and Porosity
Workshop Supplement
Under Problem Setup ->Cell Zone ->Double click on part-catalyst under Zone
WS6-8
Workshop Supplement
Under Problem Setup >Cell Zone Conditions (operating conditions are also in BC panel) Click on Operating Conditions and set the Operating Pressure (Pascal) to 101325 pascal
WS6-9
Boundary Conditions
Workshop Supplement
1.Select inlet under Zone and choose velocity-inlet from the drop down menu under Type 2.Now double click on inlet under Zone Input all the parameters in Momentum tab as shown below
WS6-10
Boundary Conditions (2)

Workshop Supplement
1.Select outlet under Zone and choose pressure-outlet from the drop down menu under Type 2.Now double click on outlet under Zone Input all the parameters in Momentum tab as shown below
WS6-11
Boundary Conditions (3)

Workshop Supplement
1.Wall type boundary condition for the Zone: wall-part-catalyst, wall-part-in and wall-part-out 2.Interior type of boundary condition for the rest
WS6-12
Solution Methods
Under Problem Setup > Solution Methods
1.Select Coupled under Pressure-Velocity Coupling 2.Select Green-Gauss Node Based under Gradient 3.Default under other options
Workshop Supplement
WS6-13
Solution Controls
Under Problem Setup > Solution Controls
1.Use default settings
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WS6-14
Residual Monitors
Residual Monitoring Solution > Monitors 1. Double click on Residuals (By default it is on) 2. Enable Plot under Options. 3.Specify Absolute Criteria for continuity: 1e-4
Workshop Supplement
WS6-15
Surface Monitors Surface Monitors
Workshop Supplement
Monitor points are used to monitor quantities of interest during the solution. They should be used to help judge convergence. In this case you will monitor the Mass Flow Rate at outlet and Static Pressure at inlet. Solution > Monitors > Surface Monitors
WS6-16
Initialization
Workshop Supplement
Before starting the calculations we must initialize the flow field in the entire domain Solution > Monitors > Solution Initialization 1.Initializing the flow field with near steady state conditions will result in faster convergence 2.Select Compute from: inlet 3.Click on Initialize to initialize the solution
WS6-17
First Order Solution

Workshop Supplement
During the iteration process, the residuals and monitor plots will be shown in different windows. You will see that both monitors become flat at 100 iterations. However, this is a solution of first order discretization scheme. To get an accurate solution, we will use higher order discretization scheme for pressure and momentum equations and run further.
WS6-18
Higher Order Solution
Workshop Supplement
Under Solution>Solution Methods setup the parameters as shown below
WS6-19
Convergence history of the solution

Convergence history of the solution can be found from the plots
Workshop Supplement
Scaled Residuals
Convergence history of Mass Flow Rate on outlet

Convergence history of Static Pressure on inlet

WS6-20
Write Case/Data File
Workshop Supplement
You can now save the project and proceed to write a case file for the solver: 1. To save the project, go to Project Page File>Save as 2. To write the case/data files, go to FLUENT session File>Export>Case and Data.. Case/Data File: catalytic_converter_second.cas.gz
WS6-21
Post Processing
To Draw Contours of Static Pressure on walls
Display > Graphics and Animations Double Click on Contours, a new window will pop up Select Pressure under Contours of and Static Pressure below that Select all walls under Surfaces
Workshop Supplement
WS6-22
Post Processing
Workshop Supplement
To get the pressure drop between inlet to outlet boundaries using the porous media model
Reports > Surface Integrals Select as per the GUI and click to Compute You will get the information below Hence, the pressure drop is around 734 pascal
WS6-23
Post Processing
Workshop Supplement
You can postprocess any results using the FLUENT postprocessing tools and/or CFD-Post.
WS6-24
Workshop 7 Tank Flushing
WS7-1
WS7 Tank Flushing
Introduction
Workshop Supplement
In this workshop, you will model the filling and emptying of a water tank. The transient problem is solved as a multiphase (air/water) simulation using the volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase model. An initial water level is set in the tank. The water supply is turned on for the first second of the simulation and then shut off for the rest of the simulation. The water level rises until water flows out the U-tube generating a siphoning effect which effectively empties the tank.
WS7-2
WS7 Tank Flushing
Mesh Import
Start a new 3D FLUENT session Read or import the mesh file tankflush.msh.gz Click General in the outline tree. Scale the mesh to units of centimeters. Set View Length Unit In to cm to have FLUENT display lengths in centimeters. Verify the domain extents: 11.1 < x < 20 cm 19.8 < y < 27.9 cm 0 < z < 1 cm Check the mesh. Display the mesh.
Workshop Supplement
WS7-3
WS7 Tank Flushing
Define Simulation Type

In the General panel, under Solver, set Time to Transient. Enable Gravity and set Gravitational Acceleration to 9.81 m/s2 in the y direction.
Workshop Supplement
WS7-4
WS7 Tank Flushing
Enable Turbulence Model

4. Activate Models in the outline tree.
Double-click Viscous-Laminar in the central pane under Models. In the Viscous Model panel, select k-epsilon (2 eqn). Under k-epsilon model, select Realizable. Retain defaults for all other settings. Click OK.
Workshop Supplement
WS7-5
WS7 Tank Flushing
VOF Multiphase Model Setup

Enable the VOF multiphase model.
Activate Models in the outline tree. Double-click on Multiphase. In the panel that opens, enable Volume of Fluid. Set Number of Eulerian Phases to 2. Ensure that Scheme is set to Explicit. Enable Implicit Body Force Click OK.
Workshop Supplement
Define the materials.

Activate Materials in the outline tree. Click Create/Edit In the Materials panel, click FLUENT Database Select water-liquid from the FLUENT Fluid Materials list, click Copy and then click Close.
WS7-6
WS7 Tank Flushing
Phases
Define the phases.
Activate Phases in the outline tree. Double-click phase1-Primary Phase. In the Primary Phase panel, change the Name to water. Ensure that water-liquid is selected under Phase Material. Click OK. Double-click phase2-Secondary Phase. In the Secondary Phase panel, change the Name to air. Select air under Phase Material. Click OK.
Workshop Supplement
WS7-7
WS7 Tank Flushing
Multiphase Model Setup

Define phase interactions
Click the Interaction button. In the Phase Interaction panel that opens, activate the Surface Tension tab. Select constant in the pull-down list and enter 0.072 N/m for the Surface Tension Coefficient. Click OK.
Workshop Supplement
WS7-8
WS7 Tank Flushing
Set Operating Conditions

5. Set the operating conditions.
Activate Cell Zone Conditions in the outline tree. Click Operating Conditions in the center pane. Verify that Gravity is enabled and the Gravitational Acceleration is set correctly (9.81 m/s2 in the y direction). Under Variable Density Parameters, activate Specified Operating Density. Accept the default entry of 1.225 kg/m3 for the Operating Density.
The operating density should be set to the density of the lightest fluid in the domain when using the VOF model; otherwise, an erroneous hydrostatic pressure distribution will occur.
Workshop Supplement
WS7-9
WS7 Tank Flushing
Define Boundary Conditions

Define inlet boundary conditions.
Activate Boundary Conditions in the outline tree. Double click the inlet boundary. Under Direction Specification Method, select Normal to Boundary. Under Turbulence Specification Method, select Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter. Set the Turbulent Intensity to 5% and Hydraulic Diameter to 2.1 cm. Click OK. In the center pane, select air under Phase and double-click again on inlet. Set the Mass Flow Rate of air to 0. In the center pane, select water under Phase and double click on inlet. Set the inlet water mass flow rate to 0.2 kg/s. Click OK.
Workshop Supplement
WS7-10
WS7 Tank Flushing

7. Define boundary conditions for the ambient boundary.
Select mixture under Phase (in the center pane). Double-click the ambient boundary. Under Turbulence, set the Specification Method to Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter. Set the Backflow Turbulence Intensity to 5% and Backflow Hydraulic Diameter to 12.5 cm. Click OK. In the center pane, select air under Phase and double-click again on ambient. Activate the Multiphase tab and enter 1 for Backflow Volume Fraction. Click OK.
Workshop Supplement
WS7-11
WS7 Tank Flushing

8. Copy Boundary conditions from ambient to outlet.
In the center pane, click Copy Under From Boundary Zone, select ambient. Under To Boundary Zone, select outlet. Select mixture under Phase and click Copy. Click OK when asked if you want to copy the boundary conditions.
Workshop Supplement
Select air under Phase and click Copy. Click OK when asked if you want to copy the boundary conditions. Close the Copy Conditions panel.
WS7-12
WS7 Tank Flushing
Define Solution Methods and Controls

In the outline tree, select Solution Methods.
Under Pressure-Velocity Coupling, set Scheme to PISO. Under Spatial Discretization, set the following discretization schemes:
Pressure PRESTO! Momentum, Turbulent Kinetic Energy and Turbulent Dissipation Rate Second Order Upwind Volume Fraction Geo Reconstruct
Workshop Supplement
In the outline tree, select Solution Controls.

Set the Under-Relaxation factor for momentum to 0.3. Set the under-relaxation factors for Turbulent Kinetic Energy and Turbulent Dissipation Rate to 0.5.
WS7-13
WS7 Tank Flushing
Initialize and Patch the Initial Solution

Initially, the tank is filled to a liquid level of 6 cm. Here you will first initialize the flow solution, then create an adaption register and use the register to define the initial location of the liquid surface. 9.Initialize the flow field.
Select Solution Initialization in the outline tree. Set air volume fraction to 1. Click Initialize. This will instruct the solver to fill the tank with air. The next step is to partially fill the tank with water, resulting in the proper initial condition.
Workshop Supplement
WS7-14
WS7 Tank Flushing
Define Adaption Register for Patching

Next, define the region of the domain to be filled with liquid.
In the top menu, select Adapt Region. Enter the values shown in the panel to the right. Click Mark. DO NOT CLICK ADAPT! A message appears in the FLUENT console informing you that 3716 cells have been marked. To view the marked cells, click Manage. Verify the register hexahedron-r0 under Registers is selected and click Display Close the Manage Adaption Registers panel and the Region Adaption panel. The marked cells will be displayed in the graphics window (see next page).
Workshop Supplement
WS7-15
WS7 Tank Flushing
Cells Marked for Patching
Workshop Supplement
Outline of region adaption register
WS7-16
WS7 Tank Flushing
Initialize the Flow Solution

11. Patch the initial solution into the adaption register.
Click Patch under Solution Initialization in the outline tree In the panel that opens, under Phase, select air. Select Volume Fraction under Variable. Set Value to 0. Under Registers to Patch, select the adaption register you created. Click Patch. Close the Patch panel.
Workshop Supplement
WS7-17
WS7 Tank Flushing
Initialize Display Settings
Workshop Supplement
Create a contour plot of air volume fraction on plane sym1 after patching. The variable to plot is under PhasesVolume Fraction.
Note that the color scheme can optionally be changed from the default BGR to the gray scheme. This can be done using the GUI menu: Display Colormap. Also, for clarity, the Colormap Size has been reduced to 10 which will use 10 colors instead of the default 20.
WS7-18
WS7 Tank Flushing
Define Calculation Activities
Workshop Supplement
In this step you will define activities that FLUENT will perform during the calculation. These activities are as follows:
Autosave case and data files. Generate a contour plot of air volume fraction. Write the contour plot to a PNG image file. These files can be assembled into an animation later. Set the inlet flow to be zero when t = 1 second.
Set autosave options.

Select Calculation Activities in the outline tree. Set Autosave Every (time steps) to 25. Click Edit next to Autosave. [If running FLUENT standalone, rather than under workbench] In the panel that opens, enter the file name tank-flush.gz. [If running under workbench] No action needed. Retain the defaults for all other settings and click OK.
WS7-19
WS7 Tank Flushing
Workshop Supplement
Instruct FLUENT to execute commands for contour plot generation and saving as well as changing inlet boundary conditions.
In the center pane, under Execute Commands, click Create/Edit. In the panel that opens, set Defined Commands to 3. Check Active next to each command line. Enter the following commands to be executed: command-1: display set-window 2 contour air vof 0 1 command-2: display hard-copy airvof%t.png command-3: define bc mass-flow-inlet inlet water y n 0 Set Every to 2 for command-1 and command-2. Set Every to 100 for command-3. Set When to Time Step for the three commands. Click OK.
Check the next page to ensure that your settings are correct before clicking OK. You can optionally set up animations in the Solution Animation portion of the Calculation Activities item of the outline tree.
WS7-20
WS7 Tank Flushing
Workshop Supplement
WS7-21
WS7 Tank Flushing
Set Hard Copy Output Options
Workshop Supplement
To set the file size, resolution and color scheme for the output images, click the camera icon on the FLUENT toolbar. In the panel that opens, set the following:
Format PNG Coloring Color Options Select Landscape Orientation and deselect White Background. Resolution Set Width to 640 and Height to 480. Click Save
Save the initial image as airvof0000.png.
Click Apply and close the Save Picture panel.
WS7-22
WS7 Tank Flushing
Run the Calculation

Before running the calculation, you should save the case and data files. Use the Save toolbar button to write case and data files as tank-flush-init.gz.
If running FLUENT from within ANSYS Workbench, Select Save Project.
Workshop Supplement
Select Run Calculation from the outline tree.

Enter 0.01 s for Time Step Size Enter 350 under Number of Time Steps. Click Calculate. The solution will require approximately half an hour to compute. You can choose to run all of the calculations or stop the iterations and open a later data file to view the results.
WS7-23
WS7 Tank Flushing
Post-Process Results
Workshop Supplement
The results can be postprocessed by viewing the PNG files generated during the calculation. A few of these are shown below. These images can be assembled into an animation using a number of both commercially available and free utilities.
WS7-24

Ansys Fluent Intro 12.0 1st-Edition - Workshops

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Workshop Supplement

Introductory FLUENT Training

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002601

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002601

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002601

Workshop 1 Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing Tee

Introductory FLUENT Training

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002601

WS1: Mixing Tee

Mixing of cold and hot water in a T-piece

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002601

WS1: Mixing Tee

Alternatively, start in the Workbench project that generated the mesh

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002601

WS1: Mixing Tee

Start a FLUENT case

Drag the existing mesh into the FLUENT analysis

Double-click on Setup to launch FLUENT

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April 28, 2009 Inventory #002601

WS1: Mixing Tee

Some useful commands have toolbar buttons

The Help button brings up contextsensitive help pages

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002601

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Mesh scale and check

Press Check and Report quality

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

WS1: Mixing Tee

Adjust the view if you like

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

WS1: Mixing Tee

Change units of temperature

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002601

WS1: Mixing Tee

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002601

WS1: Mixing Tee

Define a new material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002601

WS1: Mixing Tee

Cell Zone Conditions

In Cell Zone Conditions, double-click the zone called fluid

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002601

WS1: Mixing Tee

In Boundary Conditions, double-click the zone called inlet-y

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002601

WS1: Mixing Tee

Double-click the zone called outlet

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002601

WS1: Mixing Tee

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002601

WS1: Mixing Tee

Accept Static pressure in the sub-category menu.

April 28, 2009 Inventory #002601

WS1: Mixing Tee

In Monitors, press Create... for a Surface Monitor

Accept Static pressure and Static temperature in the sub-menu.