CFD {

Solution
Algorithms

N-S Equations

PISO

SIMPLE

Initial/Boundary
Conditions
CFD { Solution Algorithms
Full solution { SOE3213/4: CFD Lecture 3
recap
 CFD {
Solution
Algorithms
N-S Equations
r:u = 0 (1)
@ ux 1 @p
N-S Equations

PISO
+ r:(uux ) = +  r2 ux (2)
SIMPLE @t  @x
@ uy 1 @p
+ r:(uuy ) = +  r2 uy (3)
Initial/Boundary

@t  @y
Conditions

@ uz 1 @p
Full solution {

+ r:(uuz ) = +  r2 uz
recap

(4)
@t  @z
Transport equation form, with source
1 @p
 @x
Two main problems
1 The equation is non-linear
2 The source term involves p
 CFD {
Solution
Algorithms

NSE  3 equations for 4 variables,

N-S Equations
+1 constraint equation.
PISO

SIMPLE
 Need p to nd u, need u to nd p
Equations solved sequentially
Initial/Boundary
Conditions 
Full solution {
recap
 Iterate until all elds correct

Several dierent approaches used to solve these equations. 2

main ones :
 PISO { Pressure Implicit Splitting of Operators { for time
dependent ows
 SIMPLE { Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked
Equations { used for steady state problems
 CFD {
Solution
Algorithms
PISO

N-S Equations

PISO  Eqn (2) if we know p , ux, can nd ux .

SIMPLE
 Eqns (2{4), (1) combined ! equation for p given the
Initial/Boundary
Conditions ux :  
1
Full solution {
recap
r: rp = ( ux term)
A
 Flux has to satisfy continuity (1)

PISO algorithm as follows :

1 Guess p , ux (values from previous timestep)
2 Use equation (2) to nd ux , uy etc.
3 Solve pressure equation for p
4 Correct ux to satisfy continuity
 CFD {
Start
Solution
Algorithms

N-S Equations
Guess p, flux
PISO (values from previous
SIMPLE
timestep)

Initial/Boundary
Conditions Use equation (3) to find
ux, uy, uz
Full solution {
recap

Solve pressure equation

to get p

Correct flux to satisfy

continuity

Y
Next
timestep?

N
 CFD {
Solution
Algorithms
SIMPLE

N-S Equations Could iterate PISO until steady-state. More usual to use
PISO SIMPLE.
SIMPLE

Initial/Boundary
Conditions
r:u = 0
r:(uux ) = 1 @@ px +  r2ux
Full solution {
recap

r:(uuy ) = 1 @@ yp +  r2uy (5)

r:(uuz ) = 1 @@pz +  r2uz

1 Guess an initial pressure eld p 

2 Use equation (5) to create a velocity eld u from this
pressure eld
 CFD {

3 Find a correction p 0 to the pressure eld

Solution
Algorithms

N-S Equations p = p + p0

PISO

SIMPLE
4 Correct the velocity ( ux) to obey continuity.
Initial/Boundary
Conditions
In theory, p and u should now be the desired solution. In
Full solution { practice, it is necessary to repeat this procedure as an iterative
recap
process.
If new solution p  , u  adopted at each step ! algorithm
becomes unstable. Thus, use underrelaxation :
5 Underrelax solution
pn+1 = p + (1 )pn
 is underrelaxation parameter. At each step of the iteration,
the error in the solution (the residual) should decrease {
residuals for all variables should be monitored to ensure this.
 CFD {
Solution Start
Algorithms

N-S Equations Guess p *

PISO

SIMPLE
Find u* from
Initial/Boundary momentum eqn.
Conditions

Full solution {
Find pressure correction p’
recap
Find flux correction

Correct fields
p**= p* + p’

Update fields
(underrelaxation)

n Tolerance achieved?

y
 CFD {
Solution
Algorithms
Initial/Boundary Conditions

N-S Equations

PISO

SIMPLE
Initial condition { state of p and u at all points in the ow.
Initial/Boundary

most uid ow problems parabolic or hyperbolic !

Conditions

Full solution {

recap
solution depends in part on initial conditions
 specify known values for p and u, or make sensible guess
 may need to timestep until the eect of the I.C. absent
 Steady viscous ows { elliptic
 however methods parabolic { need starting conditions

Boundary conditions { largely specify what the solution will be

 CFD {
Solution
Algorithms

N-S Equations

PISO
3 main types of b.c. { walls, inlets, outlets
SIMPLE

Initial/Boundary  Walls { u = 0 parallel to the wall (unless the wall is

moving in which case the uid will share the motion)
Conditions

Full solution {
recap
 Fluid inlet { specify u.
 Fluid outlet { specify p

N.B. If b.c. incorrectly specied, problem becomes ill posed {

no solution possible.
 CFD {
Solution
Algorithms
Full solution { recap

N-S Equations

PISO

SIMPLE  Build mathematical model of the problem

Initial/Boundary
Conditions
 (NSE, turbulence, combustion. . .
Full solution {
 Discretise the equations on a mesh
recap
 converts mathematical model to dierence equations
 Solve the discretised equations
 inverting discretised matrix equation
 NSE nonlinear, ! PISO and SIMPLE
 Analyse the results
 check results make sense physically,
 check numerical solution, eg. mesh independence
 process data to extract information
 CFD {
Solution
Algorithms

N-S Equations
Using commercial code :
PISO

SIMPLE
 Dene the geometry
Initial/Boundary  Generate the mesh
Conditions

Full solution {
 Switch on physical models
 Specify physical constants
recap

 Specify boundary/initial conditions

 Specify numerical parameters
 Run the solver
 Postprocess results