III. 4.

Radio Link Power Budget

Transmission in uplink and downlink of cellular systems is asymmetric, since the BS
transmitter typically uses much higher power than the MS transmitter. However, the
transmission quality in uplink and downlink should be equal, especially near the cell
edge. Both speech and data services in cellular systems are dimensioned for equal
transmission quality in both directions. Transmission quality in uplink and downlink
can be determined from the link budget. The terms in the link budget are defined with
aid of the block diagram in the adoining figure.
BS-TX
ANTENNA
FEEDER
COMB.
FILTER
ANTENNA
FEEDER
ANTENNA
FEEDER
DIVERSITY
COMBINER
BS-RX
MS-RX DUPLEX
FILTER
MS-TX
G
BS
G
MS
L
MS-f L
dpx-tx P
BS-tx
L
BS-f1
P
BS-rx
G
div
L
BS-f
P
MS-rx
P
MS-tx
L
dpx-rx
A
!
L
!

!here
"
BS#t$
is the output power level of the base station
%
c
is the base station transmitter combing filter loss &dB',
(
BS#f)
is the Base station antenna feeder loss &dB',
*
BS
is the base station antenna gain &dBi, relative to an isotropic radiator',
(
+
is the radio path loss between isotropic antennas &dB',
*
MS
is the mobile station gain &dBi',
(
MS#f
is the mobile station antenna feeder loss &dB',
(
dp$#r$
is the mobile station duple$ filter loss in the downlink direction
&dB'.
(
dp$#t$
is the duple$ filter loss in the uplink direction &dB',
*
div
is the base station diversity gain &dB',
"
MS#r$
is the received power level in the mobile station input terminal
&dBm',
"
BS#r$
is the received power level in the base station input terminal &dBm'.
The following ,igure shows a pictorial e$ample of a radio link power budget. -n addition
to the link budget of the transmitted signal, it also illustrates noise at the receiver. The
noise has power .oB at the input of the receiver, and it is amplified by the noise figure
&.,' of the receiver.
/0
"#
"$
%$
%#
NF
-11#
-11$
-1$#
-1$$
-&#
FM
SNR
P
'
(
)
r

L
)
v
)
+


,
d
B
-
.
P
'
(
)
r

L
)
v
)
+


,
d
B
-
.
Tr/01-itt)r /t B/1)
St/ti'0
R/di' C2/00)+ R)!)iv)r /t M'3i+) St/ti'0
N
$
B
L
C
EIRP
BTS
P
MS4r)!
G
BS
G
MS
L
dpx-rx
P
MS4rx
L
MS-f
L
BS-f+
A
C
P
BS-tx
The abbreviation ,M stands for fading margin for slow fading. Hence, the signal#to#noise
ratio&S.1'in the figure corresponds to the S.1 that is encountered, when the receiver is
shadowed by an obstruction. The average S.1 is better that this value. The S.1 during a
fade should still be larger than the minimum acceptable 2
b
3 .
o
defined for the system.
The ma$imum acceptable path loss can be computed as
(
c
42-1"
ma$
# "
rec, min
!here
2-1" is 2ffective -sotropic 1adiated "ower
"
rec
is 1eceived power with &hypothetical' isotropic antenna
,or downlink5
2-1"
BTS, ma$
4 "BS
#t$
ma$imum BTS power &mean power over burst'
# %
c
combiner and filter loss
# (
BS#f)
antenna cable loss
/6
7 *
BS
antenna gain
"
MS
, rec, min 4 "
MS#r$
MS reference sensitivity &for MS class i'
7 (
MS#f
antenna cable loss
# *
MS
antenna gain
7 (
dp$#r$
duple$ filter loss
,or uplink5
2-1"
MS, ma$
4 "
MS#t$
ma$imum transmission power of MS &mean power
over burst for MS class i'
# (
dp$#t$
duple$ filter loss
# (
MS#f
antenna cable loss
7 *
MS
antenna gain
"
BTS
, rec, min 4 "
BS#r$
BTS reference sensitivity
7 (
BS#f)
antenna cable loss
# *
BS
antenna gain
# *
div
diversity gain &if e$isting'
% balanced power budget is achieved if and only if
(
c,uplink
4 (
c, downlink
!hich is equivalent to
2-1"
BTS,ma$
# "
MS,rec,min
4 2-1"
MS,ma$
# "
BTS,rec,min
-n reality, balanced power budget is only achieved with an accuracy of 89 dB, depending
primarily on the employed mobile phone class and the initial network design goals.
Therefore, uplink and downlink may have different power ranges which may lead to
significant performance differences on the cell boundary or at indoor locations.
%s an e$ample of a balanced link budget, we can look a link budget for a *SM handheld
MS with 0 ! peak power, including margin for interference5
:ownlink5
BTS transmitter
"
BS#t$
6; dBm ma$imum BTS power &/ ! BTS'
#%
c
6 dB combiner and filter loss
#(
BS#fi
< dB antenna cable loss &)0= m > 0dB3)== m 7
)./ dB connector loss'
7*
BS
)0 dBi antenna gain
4
2-1"
BTS,ma$
<6 dBm peak 2-1"
/<
MS receiver
"
MS#r$
#)=0 dBm MS reference sensitivity &based on
2
b
3.
o
ratio'
7 6 dB interference margin
7 (
MS#f
= dB antenna cable loss
# *
MS
= dBi antenna gain
7 (
dp$#r$
= dB duple$ filter loss
4 "
Ms,rec,min
#?? dBm received power for isotropic antenna
%cceptable downlink path loss5
2-1"
BTS,ma$
<6 dBm peak 2-1"
#"
MS,rec,min
#?? dBm received power with isotropic
antenna
# 6 dB antenna3body loss at MS
4(
c,d
)6? dB path loss between isotropic antennas
@plink5
MS transmitter5
"
MS#t$
66 dBm ma$imum MS power &0 ! MS'
#(
dp$#t$
= dB duple$ filter loss
#(
MS#f
= dB antenna cable loss
7*
MS
= dBi antenna gain
4 2-1"
MS,ma$
66 dBm peak 2-1"
BTS receiver5
"
BS#r$
#)=< dBm BTS reference sensitivity &based on
2
b
3.
o
ratio'
7 6 dB interference margin
7 (
BS#fi
< dB antenna cable loss &)0= m > 0dB3)==
m 7)./ dB connector loss '
# *
BS
)0 dBi antenna gain
# *
div
= dB diversity gain
4 "
BTS,rec min
#)=? dBm received power for isotropic antenna
Acceptable uplink path loss:
/9
2-1"
MS,ma$
66 dBm peak 2-1"
# "
BTS,rec,min
#)=? dBm received power with isotropic
antenna
# 6 dB antenna 3 body loss at MS
4 (
c,u
)6? dB path loss between isotropic antennas
The reference sensitivity levels "MS#r$ and "BS#r$ are the minimum levels that
guarantee acceptable B21 performance. -t should be noted that the reference sensitivity
levels in the *SM system are based on B21 simulation over a fading radio channel
model, thus they already include the effect of fast fading. Therefore a separate margin for
fast fading is not necessary in the link budget. However, a margin for slow fading is often
included, even though it is omitted in this e$ample.
Thus, the acceptable path loss &without interference margin' for any cellular system can
be computed separately for uplink and downlink as5
, c u MS tx dpx tx MS f MS BS rx BS fi BS div
L P L L G P L G G

1 1 + +
] ]
, c d BS tx c BS f i BS MS rx MS f M S dpx rx
L P A L G P L G L

1 1 + + +
] ]
Example: power balance 3 unbalance in a *SM A system with following parameter
values5
"
BS#t$
4 )= ! &<= dBm'
"
MS#t$
4 ) ! &6= dBm, handheld telephone'
"
MS#t$
4 9 ! &6B dBm, car mounted telephone'
S
BS
4 #)=< dBm
S
MS
4 #)=0 dBm &handheld telephone'
S
MS
4 #)=< dBm &car mounted telephone'
(
dp$#t$
4 (
dp$#r$
*
div
4 B dB
%
c
4 6 dB
The power unbalance of the handheld telephone5
( 4(
c,d
A (
c,u
4 C"
BS#t$
A%
c
A (
BS#fi
7 *
BS
D
# C"
MS#r$
7 (
MS#f
A *
MS
7 (
dp$#r$
D
# C"
MS#t$
A(
dp$#t$
# (
MS#f
7 *
MS
D
7 C"
BS#r$
7 (
BS#fi
# *
BS
A *
div
D
4 "
BS#t$
#%
c
#"
MS#r$
#"
MS#t$
7 "
BS#r$
# *
div
4 <= A 6 7 )=0 A 6= A )=< AB 4 #0 dB
The uplink direction is thus 0 dB better. This difference can be neglected in practical
network design.
//
,or the car mounted telephone the power unbalance is5
,E1M@(%
( 4 "
BS#t$
#%
c
#"
MS#r$
#"
MS#t$
7 "
BS#r$
# *
div
4 <= A 6 7 )=< A 6B AB A )=< 4 #B dB
The uplink direction is now B dB better. ,rom the operatorFs point of view it would be
better if the power unbalance were in favor of the downlink. This would guarantee better
network control. However the real time power control used in *SM can easily rectify
situation and produce almost perfect power balance.
.e$t, we take a closer look to some important terms of radio link budget.
III.4.. Antenna !eeder loss
Both the base station and mobile station antenna feeders are coa$ial cables. -n addition to
the antenna cables there are connectors and umpers, which also contribute to the total
feeder loss. The feeder cable length is typically larger the antenna height above ground. -t
depends on the location of the electronic equipment and includes often also horiGontal
sections.
The antenna cable loss can be calculated as
(
f
4 H >)7 (
ump
7 (
conn
where
H is the characteristic loss of the used cable &dB3m',
l is the length of the feeder cable &m',
(
ump
is total loss of the umpers &dB',
(
conn
is the sum of connector losses &dB'.
2$ample5 l 4 h
B
7 horiGontal feeder sections 4 B= 7 )9 4 ;9 m
H 4 <.=6 dB3)==m &B3;I plastic foam isolation cable ?== MHG'
(
ump
4 6.= dB,
(
conn
4).= dB
(
f
4 <.=6 >=.;9 7 6.= 7 ).= 4 B.< dB
The characteristic loss of a cable depends on the carrier frequency5 the higher the
frequency the higher the loss. The following Table shows representative characteristic
losses of plastic foam isolation 9= J coa$ial cables at ?== MHG and at );== MHG.
+able %ttenuation dB3)== m
?== MHG );==MHG
)30K B.00 )=.6
/B
B3;I <.=6 9.;B
)#)3<I 0.?; <.6)
)#93;I 0.90 6.B0
III.4.". Antenna #ain
-n base stations either &horiGontally' omnidirectional antennas or sectored antennas are
used. % sectored antenna usually illuminates a )0=L sector &for 6 sectors3cell', but also
?=L or /=L sector antennas have been used &for < or / sectors3cell, respectively'. The gain
of an omnidirectional antenna depends on the vertical lobe width. !ith an ideal vertical
lobe the gain should be
*
id,omni
4 )= log &M3N'
where N is the width of the vertical lobe &in radians'.
Thus, a 0=L vertical lobe width would then give ?.9 dB gain. The gain of an ideal sectored
antenna can be calculated correspondingly. %n ideal )0=L sector antenna with a 0=L
vertical lobe would give ?.9 7 <.B 4 )<.0 dB gain. "ractical antenna gains are always
lower than these ideal values.
The following ,igures illustrate antenna patterns of two directional antennas. The gain of
the first antenna is )0.0 dBi, and the gain of the second antenna is )6.= dBi.
A0t)00/ P/tt)r01
v)rti!/+ 2'ri5'0t/+
$
&$
16$
7$
$ 16$
7$
&$
/;
A0t)00/ P/tt)r01
v)rti!/+ 2'ri5'0t/+
$
&$
16$
7$
$ 16$
7$
&$
-t should be noted that antenna patterns, which are specified by the manufacture of the
antenna, do not necessarily correspond to antenna patterns at the installation at the
antenna mast. The antenna mast itself and other nearby obects affect the antenna pattern.
This effect is most critical for &nominally' highly directional antennas.
-n mobile stations 3<#antennas are often used. Typically the antenna gain of handheld
telephones are in the order of = dBi in free filed conditions and they are almost
omnidirectional but the when they are in real use the head will distort the radiation
diagram and absorb part of the radiation. This gives lower practical gain values.
III.$. %o&erage Planning Example
!e e$amine here the same network as in the capacity planning e$ample &see Section
--.6'. The ,igure of the following page shows the division of the service area into
subregions of certain environment types, so that within each subregion traffic demand is
uniform.
The cell radii &in km' calculated from the coverage areas obtained in the capacity
planning e$ample by using the %pproach 0 are also shown &see section --.6'. !hen we
require that a circular coverage area completely covers a square cell, the radius of the
circle should be r 4 d 3
0
, where d is the length of a side of the square cellO or since d 4
A
, then r 4 3 0 A . ,or e$ample, in region B the area % 4 ?.== km
0
, so that r 4 0.)0
km.
The equipment parameter values &and in some cases their ma$imum values' are given in
the following Table.
/?
"arameters chosen by
the operator
"arameters given in the
system specifications
Ether parameters
,
u
4 =.?9
H
BSma$
4 )== m
*
BSma$
4 )0.= dB
*
BSma$
4 0<.= dB
&for street'
min )30K, ma$ )93;I
coa$ial feeder at BS
f 4 ?== MHG
"
MS#t$ma$
4 9 !
&car mounted'
"
MS#t$ma$
4 ) !
&handheld'
"
BS#t$ma$
4 09 !
"
+MS#r$
4 #)=< dBm
"
HMS#r$
4 #)=0 dBm
"
BS#r$
4 #)=< dBm
h
MS
4 ).9 m
)
BS
4 h
BS
7 9m
%
c
4 <.= dB
*
div
4 9.= dB
(
ump
4 0.9 dB
(
conn
4 ).9 dB
H
BSE
4 09 m
*
BSE
4 /dBi
&Min.Palue'
*
+MS
4 6.= dBi
*
HMS
4 #6.= dBi
Th
e task of coverage planning is to determine the BS transmitter powers, antenna gains and
heights, and feeder dimensions so that the received signal level in the mobile stations will
guarantee service with the probability given by the operator in the entire service area. -n
addition the power balance between uplink and downlink must be checked.
The approach is to first check whether the parameter minimum values will provide the
sufficient link quality with the ma$imum BS transmitter power. -f this is not the case the
ne$t step is to choose an antenna with higher gain. -f this is not sufficient the feeder type
is changed to larger diameter types. The last step is to increase antenna heights. -f the
heights antenna mast still not gives good enough quality the cell radius must be
decreased. This will produce changes into the capacity plan. This approach is chosen to
be optimal in economical sense, since the adopted order of the modifications tries to
minimiGe the price of site.
A B %
'
!
E
# ( I
/$/ km
0
/$/ km
0
)6$9 km
0
;$9 km
0
<$< km
0
)6$B km
0
;$)6 km
0
<$)<
km
0
)6$)0 km
0
The required BS transmitter power can obtained from the downlink radio link budget as
Subregion %rea
type
1 &km'
% -- 0.)0
B -- 0.)0
+ --- <.)=
: -- ).;6
2 - ).<)
, --- <.B;
* --- 9.)9
H -- 0.<<
- -P ;.;9
B=

"
BS#t$
4 "
MS#r$
A *
MS
7 (
c
7 %
c
7 (
BS#fl
A *
BS
-n this e$pression the MS antenna gain *
MS
also contains the feeder and duple$ filter
losses &(MS#f and (
dp$#r$
'. The first task is to determine the minimum acceptable received
power that is required to fulfil the service probability ,
u
obective.
!hen we write the path loss given by the Hata model as a function of distance as
(
u
4 (
o
7 )=n log &d',
the path loss e$ponent n varies from
n 4 C<<.? A /.99 log &h
B
'D3)= 4 C<<.? A /.99 log&09'D3)= 4 6.9B
to
n 4 C<<.? A /.99 log &h
B
'D3)= 4 C<<.? A /.99 log&)=='D3)= 4 6.);
so that, when the standard deviation of slow fading is / dB, the parameter b in the service
probability equation is varying on the range
( ) )=log
)./6 ).;6
0
e n
b

Then we can solve the parameter a from the service probability equation
( )
0
) ) 0 )
) e$p ) =.?9
0
u
ab ab
F erf a erf
b b
_ 1 _ _
+
1
, , ] ,
as being in the range
a 4 #=./;/ &for 09 m' to a 4 #=.B); &for )== m'.
.e$t, we can solve the required average received power at the input of MS receiver at
cell boundary corresponding to the reference sensitivity A)=0 or A)=< dBm as
( )
( )
r
"
=./;/ 09
0
x
L R
a for m

( )
r
?/.0 )=0
" 0
?;.0 )=<
x
dBm for dBm
R L a
dBm for dBm

'

( )
( )
r
"
=.B); )==
0
x
L R
a for m

( )
r
?9.? )=0
" 0
?B.? )=<
x
dBm for dBm
R L a
dBm for dbm

'

B)
!e can see that the required received signal level for obtaining the service probability
obective depends very little &about =.6 dB' on antenna height. The value for )== m
antenna height &the more demanding requirement' will thus be used for all macrocell
antenna heights. The system losses are calculated as follows5
(
BS#f
4 H) 7 (
ump
7 (
conn
4 H l 7 <.= dB
,rom the Hata model for typical path loss &in dB' for urban area is computed as
(
c
4 /?.99 7 0/.)/ log&f' A )6.;0 log&h
B
' A a&h
M
' 7 )=n log&r'
4 )</.;6 A)6.;0 log &h
B
' Aa&h
M
' 7 69.B log&r'
+orrection factors are added according to terrain type, as shown in the following Table
Terrain Type
- (arge city a&).9'46.0Clog&)).B9 $ ).9'D
0
# <.?B Q =.= dB
-- Medium siGed
city
a&).9'4C).) log&?=='#=.BD $ ).9#).9/ log&?=='7=.;Q =.= dB
--- Suburban +
S
40Clog &?==30;'D
0
79.<4?.? dB
-P Epen +
E
4<.B;Clog&?=='D
0
#);.66 log&?=='7<=.?<40;.9dB
)ubregions A and B *t+pe II,
@sing the basic equipment parameters the losses are5
(
BS#f
4 H&h
B
79'7 (
ump
7 (
conn

4&B.003)==' $ &0979'7<.= dB4/.0 dB
(
c
4 )</.;6#)6.;0 log &h
B
'#a&h
M
'769.B log &r'
4)</.;6#)6.;0 log&09'#=.=769.B log &0.)0'4)6?.0 dB
The required base station power level for car#mounted MSs can be calculated from the
radio link budget as
"
BS#t$
4 "
MS#r$
7 %
c
7 (
BS#fl
A *
BS
7 (
c
A *
MS
4 #?B.? 7 <.= 7 /.0 A/ 7)6?.0 A 6.= 4 <0.9 dBm 4 )B.; !
This value is within the allowed range &R09 !'. However, handheld MSs require higher
sensitivity and provide lower MS antenna gain, so that
B0
"
BS#t$
4 "
MS#r$
7 %
c
7 (
BS#fl
A *
BS
7 (
c
A *
MS
4 #?9.? 7 <.= 7 /.0 A/ 7)6?.0 7 6.= 4 9=.9 dBm 4 ))0.0 !
Thus, the power level should be ; dB higher to serve handheld MSs with the same
service probability.
2ven if the BS transmit power is increased to the ma$imum value &09 !4 << dBm' and a
)0 dBi antenna is used, sufficient improvement cannot be achieved, =.9 dB is still
missing. Heavier BS antenna feeder must be used. Taking B3;I feeder with the
characteristic loss =.=<=6 dB3m the feeder loss
(
BS#f
4 &<.=63)==' >&09 7 9' 7 <.= dB 4 9.0 dB
% ).= dB improvement is achieved, and as a result the BS transmit power can be =.; dB
below the ma$imum value giving the BS power needed to serve handheld MSs using a )0
dBi antenna with B3;I feeder as
"
BS#t$
4 "
MS#r$
7 %
c
7 (
BS#fl
A *
BS
7 (
c
A *
MS
4 #?9.? 7 <.= 7 9.0 A)0 7)6?.0 7 6.= 4 <6.9 dBm 4 00.< !
:ownlink and uplink power unbalance is
( 4 "
BS#t$
#%
c
#"
MS#r$
#"
MS#t$
7 "
BS#r$
# *
div
4 "
BS#t$
# "
MS#r$
7 C"
BS#r$
#"
MS#r$
D #%
c
# *
div
). ,or car#mounted MSs, when "
BS#t$
4<0.9 dBm5
( 4 "
BS#t$
# "
MS#t$
7 C#)=< A &#)=<'D A < #9
4 <0.9 A 6B 7 = A < A 9 4 # 6.9 dB
0. ,or handheld MSs, when "
BS#t$
4<0.9 dBm5
( 4 "
BS#t$
# "
MS#t$
7 C#)=< A& #)=0'D A < #9
4 <0.9 A 6= # 0 A < A 9 4 ).9 dB
6. ,or car#mounted MSs, when "
BS#t$
4<6.9 dBm5
( 4 "
BS#t$
# "
MS#t$
7 C#)=< A &#)=<'D A < #9
4 <6.9 A 6B 7 = A < A 9 4 # 0.9 dB
<. ,or handheld MSs, when "
BS#t$
4<6.9 dBm5
( 4 "
BS#t$
# "
MS#t$
7 C#)=< A &#)=0'D A < #9
4 <6.9 A 6= # 0 A < A 9 4 0.9 dB
B6
-t is impossible to have simultaneously power balance for both car#mounted mobile
stations and handheld mobile stations. However, using power control on the MSs &i.e.,
MS transmit power can be decreased'.
)ubregion % *-+pe III,
!ith the basic equipment parameters the average path loss at the cell border is
(
c
4)</.;6 A )6.;0 log&h
B
' A +s 7 69.B log&r'
4 )</.;6 A)6.;0 log&09' A?.? 7 69.B log &<.)=' 4 )6?.9 dB
from which we get for car#mounted MSs5
"
BS#t$
4 "
MS#r$
7 %
c
7 (
BS#fi
A *
BS
7 (
c
A *
MS
4 #?B.? 7 <.= 7 /.0 A /.= 7 )6?.9 A 6.= 4 <0.; dBm 4 )?.) !
However, again it is impossible to cover handheld MSs, even if the BS transmit power is
increased to the ma$imum value &09 !' and a)0 dBi antenna is used. !ith B3;I feeder a
).= dB improvement can be achieved, and as a result the BS transmit power can be =.0
dB below the ma$imum value giving the BS power needed to serve handheld MSs using
a )0 dBi antenna with B3;I feeder as
"
BS#t$
4 <6.; dBm 4 0<.= !
The power unbalance are now5
6.0 , , <0.;
).; , , <0.;
0.0 , , <6.;
0.; , , <6.;
BS tx
BS tx
BS tx
BS tx
dB for car mounted MSs when P
dB for handheld MSs when P
L
dB for car mounted MSs when P dBm
dB for handheld MSs when P dBm

'

Same comments on the unbalance, as for 1egions % and B, apply also here.
)ubregion ' *t+pe II ,
The average path loss at the cell border is
(
c
4)</.;6 A )6.;0 log&h
B
' A a&h
M
' 7 69.B log&r'
4 )</.;6 A)6.;0 log&09' A=.= 7 69.B log &).;6' 4 )6/.? dB
B<
from which we get for serving car#mounted MSs5
"
BS#t$
4 "
MS#r$
7 %
c
7 (
BS#fl
A *
BS
7 (
c
A *
MS
4 #?B.? 7 <.= 7 /.0 A /.= 7 )6/.? # 6.= 4 <=.0 dBm 4 )=.9 !
%gain, handheld MSs require higher sensitivity and provide lower MS antenna gain, so
that higher transmit power is required for them. However, this time it possible to achieve
coverage also for handheld MSs by increasing the BS transmit power and by using a BS
antenna with a )0 dBi gain.
"
BS#t$
4 "
MS#r$
7 %
c
7 (
BS#fi
A *
BS
7 (
c
A *
MS
4 #?9.? 7 <.= 7 /.0 A )0.= 7 )6/.? 7 6.= 4 <0.0 dBm 4 )/./ !
The power unbalances are now5
9.; , , <=.0
=.; , , <=.0
6.; , , <0.0
).0 , , <0.0
BS tx
BS tx
BS tx
BS tx
dB for car mounted MSs when P dBm
dB for handheld MSs when P
L
dB for car mounted MSs when P dBm
dB for handheld MSs when P dBm

'

Same comments as earlier on the unbalances5

)ubregion E *-+pe I ,
The average path loss at the cell border is
(
c
4)</.;6 A )6.;0 log&h
B
' A a&h
M
' 7 69.B log&r'
4 )</.;6 A)6.;0 log&09' A=.= 7 69.B log &).<)' 4 )60.; dB
from which we get for serving car#mounted MSs5
"
BS#t$
4 "
MS#r$
7 %
c
7 (
BS#fi
A *
BS
7 (
c
A *
MS
4 #?B.? 7 <.= 7 /.0 A /.= 7 )60.; # 6.= 4 6/.) dBm 4 <.=.B !
Because we have separate street level BSs to handle traffic from handheld MSs in
subregion 2, these handheld MSs will not be considered here.
The power unbalance is now

( 4 "
BS#t$
# "
MS#t$
7 C#)=< # #)=<D A < #9
4 6/.) A 6B 7 = A < A 9 4 #?.? dBm
The uplink is much better than the downlink. This unbalance can anyhow be easily
corrected by using power control to decrease the MS transmit power. The street cell
coverage planning will be treated later.
B9
)ubregion ! *-+pe III,
The average path loss at the cell border is
(
c
4)</.;6 A )6.;0 log&h
B
' A+
s
7 69.B log&r'
4 )</.;6 A)6.;0 log&09' A?.? 7 69.B log &<.B;' 4 )<).? dB
from which we get for serving car#mounted MSs5
"
BS#t$
4 "
MS#r$
7 %
c
7 (
BS#fl
A *
BS
7 (
c
A *
MS
4 #?B.? 7 <.= 7 /.0 A /.= 7 )<).? # 6.= 4 <9.0dBm 4 66.) !
This e$ceeds the ma$imum transmit power by ).0 dB. By using a ?dBi antenna the
transmit power can be decreased to
"
BS#t$,hh
4 <0.0 dBm 4 )/./ !
-t is again impossible to cover handheld MSs, even if the BS transmit power is increased
to the ma$imum value &09 !' and a )0 dBi antenna is used. !hen we use the )#93; SS
feeder cable with the ma$imum characteristic loss =.=090 dB3m the feeder loss i
(
BS#f
4 H &h
BS
7 9' 7 (
ump
7(
conn
4 &0.903)==' >&0979' 7 <.= dB 4 <.; dB
Enly a ).< dB improvement is achieved, and coverage is still not acceptable to handheld
MSs. .ow the only available solution is to increase the antenna height. The antenna
height should be chosen to be as small as possible, thus ma$imum antenna gain and
feeder diameter will be used.
By noting that both the base station antenna feeder loss (
BS#fi
and the path loss (
c
depend
on the BS antenna height, the required base station antenna height for handheld MSs can
be calculated from the radio link budget as
"
BS#t$
4 "
MS#r$
7 %
c
A *
BS
A *
MS
7 (
BS#fi
7 (
c

4 "
MS#r$
7 %
c
A *
BS
A *
MS
7 CH &h
B
7 9' 7 (
ump
7 (
conn
D

7 C)</.;6 A )6.;0 log&h
B
' A a&h
M
' 7 C<<.?#/.99 log &h
B
'Dlog&r'D
4 #?9.? 7 <.= A )0.= 76.=
7 &0.903)==' >& h
B
79' 7 <.=
7 )</.;6 A C)6.;0 7 /.99 log&<.B;'D log&h
B
' A ?.? 7 <<.?# log &<.B;'
4 <<.= dBm &09 !'

B=.// 7=.=090 h
B
A );.0B log&h
B
' 4 <<.=

h
B
4 6).? m
B/
This value of h
B
can be found by iteration by starting with h
B
4 ) and computing new
values of h
B
from the equation
h
B
4)=
&0/.//7=.=090 hB '3);.0B
The results converge rapidly as h
B
4 T), 60.<)0=, 6).?)=0, 6).;9?6, 6).;9<0, 6).;96/,
6).;96/,UV .
The required average received power at the input of a handheld MS receiver
&corresponding to he reference sensitivity A )=0 dBm' will decrease slightly when BS
antenna height is increased, but as discussed in the beginning of this section, this chage is
very small and be neglected here.
The power unbalances are now5
6.; , , <0.0
).0 , , <0.0
0.= , , <<.=
6.= , , <<.=
BS tx
BS tx
BS tx
BS tx
dB for car mounted MSs when P dBm
dB for handheld MSs when P dBm
L
dB for car mounted MSs when P dBm
dB for handheld MSs when P dBm

'

Same comments as before on the unbalances5

)ubregion # *-+pe III,
!ith the basic equipment parameters the average path loss at the cell border is
(
c
4)</.;6 A )6.;0 log&h
B
' A+
s
7 69.B log&r'
4 )</.;6 A)6.;0 log&09' A?.? 7 69.B log &9.)9' 4 )<6.= dB
from which we get for serving car#mounted MSs
"
BS#t$
4 "
MS#r$
7 %
c
7 (
BS#fi
A *
BS
7 (
c
A *
MS
4 #?B.? 7 <.= 7 /.0 A /.= 7 )<6.= # 6.= 4 </.6 dBm 4 <0.B !
This e$ceeds the ma$imum transmit power by 0.6 dB. By using a ? dBi antenna the
transmit power can be decreased to
"
BS#t$,hh
4 <6.6 dBm 4 0).< !
BB
%s in subregion ,, even if the BS transmit power is increased to the ma$imum value, a )0
dBi antenna is used and feeder cable with the minimum characteristic loss =.=090 dB3m
is chosen, coverage is not acceptable to handheld MSs. %gain, the only solution is to
increase the BS antenna height.
The required base station antenna height for handheld MSs can be calculated from the
radio link budget as
"
BS#t$
4 "
MS#r$
7 %
c
A *
BS
A *
MS
7 (
BS#fi
7 (
c

4 "
MS#r$
7 %
c
A *
BS
A *
MS
7 CH &h
B
7 9' 7 (
ump
7 (
conn
D

7 C)</.;6 A )6.;0 log&h
B
' A a&h
M
' 7 C<<.?#/.99 log &h
B
'Dlog&r'D
4 #?9.? 7 <.= A )0.= 76.=
7 &0.903)==' >& h
B
79' 7 <.=
7 )</.;6 A C)6.;0 7 /.99 log&9.)9'D log&h
B
' A ?.? 7 <<.? log &9.)9'
4 <<.= dBm &09 !'

B0.))7=.=090 h
B
A );.<;log&h
B
' 4 <<.=

h
B
4 6B.6 m
The power unbalances are now5
0.B , , <6.6
0.6 , , <6.6
0.= , , <<.=
6.= , , <<.=
BS tx
BS tx
BS tx
BS tx
dB for car mounted MSs when P dBm
dB for handheld MSs when P dBm
L
dB for car mounted MSs when P dBm
dB for handheld MSs when P dBm

'

Same comments as before on the unbalance.

)ubregion ( *-+pe II,
The average path loss at the cell border is
(
c
4)</.;6 A )6.;0 log&h
B
' A a&h
M
' 7 69.B log&r'
4 )</.;6 A)6.;0 log&09' A=.=7 69.B log &0.<<' 4 )<).6 dB
from which we get for serving car#mounted MSs5
"
BS#t$
4 "
MS#r$
7 %
c
7 (
BS#fi
A *
BS
7 (
c
A *
MS
4 #?B.? 7 <.= 7 /.0 A /.= 7 )<).6 # 6.= 4 <<./ dBm 4 0;.; !
B;
This e$ceeds the ma$imum transmit power by =./ dB. By using a dBi antenna the
transmit power can be decreased to
"
BS#t$,hh
4 <)./ dBm 4 )<.9 !
%gain, it is necessary to increase the BS antenna height in order to provide coverage for
handheld MSs. The required base station antenna height for handheld MSs can be
calculated from the radio link budget as
"
BS#t$
4 #?9.? 7 <.= A )0.= 76.=
7 &0.903)==' >& h
B
79' 7 <.=
7 )</.;6 A C)6.;0 7 /.99 log&0.<<'D log&h
B
' A =.= 7 <<.? log &0. <<'
4 <<.= dBm &09 !'

/B.<97=.=090 h
B
A )/.6/log&h
B
' 4 <<.=

h
B
4 6=.0 m
The power unbalances are now5
<.< , , <)./
=./ , , <)./
0.= , , <<.=
6.= , , <<.=
BS tx
BS tx
BS tx
BS tx
dB for car mounted MSs when P dBm
dB for handheld MSs when P dBm
L
dB for car mounted MSs when P dBm
dB for handheld MSs when P dBm

'

Same comments as before on the unbalance.

)ubregion I *-+pe I.,
The average path loss at the cell border is
(
c
4)</.;6 A )6.;0 log&h
B
' A +
o
7 69.B log&r'
4 )</.;6 A)6.;0 log&09' A0;.97 69.B log &;.;9' 4 )60.; dB
from which we get for serving car#mounted MSs5
"
BS#t$
4 "
MS#r$
7 %
c
7 (
BS#fi
A *
BS
7 (
c
A *
MS
4 #?B.? 7 <.= 7 /.0 A /.= 7 )60.; # 6.= 4 0;.)dBm 4 =./</ !
The BS power needed to serve handheld MSs is
"
BS#t$
4 "
MS#r$
7 %
c
7 (
BS#fi
A *
BS
7 (
c
A *
MS
4 #?9.? 7 <.= 7 /.0 A /.= 7 )60.; 7 6.= 4 <<.) dBm 4 09.B !
which e$ceeds the ma$imum transmit power by =.) dB. By using a ? dBi antenna, we get
6.= dB improvement, so that the BS transmit power can be decreased to
B?
"
BS#t$,hh
4 <).) dBm 4 )0.? !
The power unbalances are now
BS#t$
BS#t$
BS#t$
BS#t$
)B.? , for car# mounted MSs,when " 40;.) dBm
#)0.? dB, for handheld MSs,when when " 0;.) dBm
<.? , for car# mounted MSs,when " 4<).) dBm
7=.) dB, for handheld MSs,when when " <).) dB
dB
L
dB

'

This time the uplink is remarkably better than the downlink. To correct this unbalance,
power control should be applied both to the handheld and car#mounted MSs.
The complete results coverage planning &e$cluding pedestrian traffic in subregion 2' are
given in the following tables.
+overage planning results for car#mounted MSs
Subregion %rea
type
1 &km' *
BS

&dBi'
,eeder
diameter
&inch'
h
BS
&m' "
BS
&!' W( &dB'
% -- 0.)0 / )30 09 )B.; #6.9
B -- 0.)0 / )30 09 )B.; #6.9
+ --- <.)= / )30 09 )?.) #6.0
: -- ).;6 / )30 09 )=.9 #9.;
2 - ).<) / )30 09 <.) #?.?
, --- <.B; ? )30 09 )/./ #6.;
* --- 9.)9 ? )3.0 09 0).< #0.B
H -- 0.<< ? )30 09 )<.9 #<.<
- -P ;.;9 / )30 09 =./9 #)B.?
+overage planning results for handheld MSs
Subregion %rea
type
1 &km' *
BS

&dBi'
,eeder
diameter
&inch'
h
BS
&m' "
BS
&!' W( &dB'
% -- 0.)0 )0.= B3; 09 00.< 70.9
B -- 0.)0 )0.= B3; 09 00.< 70.9
+ --- <.)= )0.= B3; 09 00.< 70.;
: -- ).;6 )0.= )30 09 )/./ 7).0
2 - ).<) # # # # #
, --- <.B; )0.= )#93; 6).? 09.= 76.=
;=
* --- 9.)9 )0.= )#93; 6B.6 09.= 76.=
H -- 0.<< )0.= )#93; 6=.0 09.= 76.=
- -P ;.;9 ?.= )30 09 )0.? 7=.)
)ubregion E )treet %ells
There are 0B BSs, which will be pairwise symmetrical e$pect for the )<th one, which is
unique. -t is assumed that four antennas will be used in each base station, and they are
connected to a common transmitter. -n the two outmost BSs only two antennas are used
assuming the back lobe to be high enough for covering the opposite direction. Thus, we
have sectored antennas, but we do not allocate channels separately into different sectors.
En the contrary, the same transmitted signal is repeated in every sector.
This cell configuration requires power splitters to be used in the transmit direction.
+orrespondingly, combiners must be used in the receive direction, but they will not
change the link budget as the power splitters do. -t is assumed that each power splitter
will cause ).= dB loss independent of the splitting ratio, which is assumed to be available
to any value. The base station antenna height is assumed to be )= be )= m, and the gain to
start from )0 dB. Ether equipment parameters are as in the macrocells.
PO8ER
SPLIT
PO8ER
SPLIT
PO8ER
SPLIT
ANT
FEED
TRX
COMB
BS
9PA
;)
-n this case the feeder loss is5
(
BS#f
4 H &h
B
7 9' 7 (
ump
7(
conn
4 &B.003)==' >&)=79' 7 <.= dB 4 9.) dB
The base station amplifier needed for each antenna will now be obtained from the actual
radio link budget, which gives5
"
BS#t$
4 "
MS#r$
7 %
c
7 (
BS#fl
7(
splt
# *
BS
7 (
c
A *
MS
4 #?9.? 7 <.= 7 9.) 7 (
splt
#)0.= 7 (
c
76.=
4 (
splt
7 (
c
A ?9.; dBm
;0
The average path loss is computed from the (ES version of the !alfish#-kegami model.
%s an e$ample the calculation for base station ) is shown. The distances to be covered in
the four directions are5
r
)
4 r
6
4 9= m
r
0
4 r
<
4 6?9= m
!ith the !alfish#-kegami model
(
c
4 <0./ 7 0= log&f' 7 0/ log&r' 4 )=).B 7 0/ log&r'
,or the shorter street parts this gives
(
c
4 )=).B 7 0/ log&=.=9' 4 /B.? dB
%nd for the longer street parts
(
c
4 )=).B 7 0/ log&6.?9' 4 ))B.0 dB
.ow we able to calculate the power requirement for the different antennas. ,or the
antenna covering the shorter street part5
"
BS#t$
4 (
splt
7 (
c
A ?9.; dBm
4 ).= 7 /B.? A ?9.; 4 #0/.? dBm 4 =.==0 m!
,or the antenna covering the larger street parts5
"
BS#t$
4 (
splt
7 (
c
A ?9.; dBm
4 ).= 7 ))B.0 A ?9.; 4 00.< dBm 4 )B< m!
The total output power of the BS power amplifier is thus
"
BS#t$
4 0 >&=.==0 7 )B<' 46<; m! 4 09.< dBm
The other base stations are treated in the same way. The final results are shown in the
following table.
+ell
number
r
)
,r
6
CkmD
r
0
,r
<
CkmD
(
)
,(
6
CdBD
(
0
,(
<
CdBD
"
BS)
CdBmD
"
BS0
CdBmD
"
BS
CdBmD
) 0B =.=9= 6.?9= /B.? ))B.0 #0/.? 00.< 09.<
0 0/ =.0== 6.;== ;6.9 ))/.; #)).6 00.= 09.=
6 09 =.69= 6./9= ;?.; ))/.6 #9.= 0).9 0<.9
< 0< =.9== 6.9== ?6.? ))9.; #=.? 0).= 0<.)
9 06 =./9= 6.69= ?/.; ))9.< 0.= 0=./ 06./
;6
/ 00 =.;== 6.0== ??.0 ))<.; <.< 0=.= 06.0
B 0) =.?9= 6.=9= )=).) ))<.6 /.6 )?.9 00.B
; 0= ).)== 0.?== )=0.; ))6.B ;.= );.? 00.6
? )? ).09= 0.B9= )=<.0 ))6.) ?.< );.6 0).?
)= ); ).<== 0./== )=9.9 ))0.9 )=.B )B.B 0).9
)) )B ).9== 0.<9= )=/./ ))).; )).; )B.= 0).0
)0 )/ ).B== 0.6== )=B.B ))).) )0.? )/.6 0=.?
)6 )9 ).;9= 0.)9= )=;./ ))=.6 )6.; )9.9 0=.;
)< 0.=== 0.=== )=?.9 )=?.9 )<.B )<.B 0=.B
Thus, finally we have been able to achieve coverage for all cells without having to return
analysis to modify cell sites.
;<