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Introduction
Electrical engineers and electronics technology play an important role in the peoples daily life. Electrical engineers design systems that generate, transmit, receive, control and measure electrical signals. These electrical signals/waveforms distribute power or carry valuable information that enable us to communicate, control, monitor and compute (signal processing). Communication systems: Mobile, satellite, marine, wireless, wired (over cable, fiber optic) communications. Computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSP): Used for processing information, performing complex mathematical computations. These are also used for controlling, monitoring and regulating other systems.
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Circuit Theory
Circuit theory is the common mathematical language that is used to describe, analyze and design electrical circuits. An electrical circuit is a mathematical model that approximates (models) the behavior of practical electrical system.
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1.2 Charge
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1.2 Charge
Electrical charge: is a physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when near other electrically charged matter There are two types of charges; +ve (protons) and ve (electrons). The charge symbol Q, q(t) and q. The charge unit is coulomb (C). A single electron has a charge of 1.6 10 . The motion of charges electrons is what create the electrical current.
1.3 Current
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1.3 Current
Is a measure of the rate at which charge is moving past a given reference point in a specified direction. Current has both a numerical value and a direction. Current in wire is actually due to ve charge in motion, not the ve charge as stated. Current unit is Ampere (A). Charge transferred between time hence, the total charge is = . + & . (
( ) )
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Current arrows does not indicate the actual direction of current flow. Its simply a part of convention.
1.4 Voltage
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1.4 Voltage
Circuit element: Shapeless object possessing two terminal at which connection to the other element may be made. Voltage Potential Difference: is a measure of the work (energy) required to move charge through the element. Voltage unit is volt (V=J/C) =
How can we express the difference between absorbed and supplied energy?
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1.5 Power
1.5 Power
Is the rate at which energy is expanded Circuit element is one of two cases; either power absorber or power supplier. Note: the direction of the current with respect to the voltage is what determine wether power is being absorbed or supplied. Power is denoted by P, p(t) or p. The unit of power is watt.
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The Resistance
The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is the opposition to the passage of an electric current through that conductor.
Units of resistance is Ohm Resistance Power absorption = & = Hence, for resistance =
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Very Important!!!
For an isolated resistive element, the polarity of the voltage drop is related to the current direction passing through it. The current direction goes from the + sign to the - sign (a). A reversal in the current will reverse the polarity, as shown in (b). In general, the flow of charge is from a high (+) to a low () potential.
Conductance
Is the inverse of the resistance. Which is the ratio of the current to the voltage. 1 = = Units of G is Siemens (S).
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