2010 F B LucrareGhermeniDiana 2010

UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND LITTERATURES APPLIED MODERN LANGUAGES ENGLISH
DIPLOMA PAPER
COORDINATOR Associate Professor Dr. IONITA DIANA
GRADUATE GHERMENI DIANA
BUCURESTI
UNE !"#"
Boats and Ships An Endless Story Bilingual Glossary
Dec$ara%ie S&'se()ata GHERMENI DIANA* ca)+i+at $a e,a(e)&$ +e a'so$-ire.$ice)%/ $a Fac&$tatea DE LIMBI SI LITERATURI STRAINE* 0) +o(e)i&$ LIMBI MODERNE APLICATE* s1ecia$i2area ENGLE3A4GHRMANA +ec$ar 1e 1ro1ria r/s1&)+ere c/ $&crarea +e fa%/ este re2&$tat&$ (&)cii (e$e* 1e 'a2a cercet/ri$or (e$e 5i 1e 'a2a i)for(a%ii$or o'%i)&te +i) s&rse care a& fost citate 5i i)+icate* co)for( )or(e$or etice* 0) )ote 5i 0) 'i'$io6rafie. Dec$ar c/ )& a( fo$osit 0) (o+ tacit sa& i$e6a$ (&)ca a$tora 5i c/ )ici o 1arte +i) te2/ )& 0)ca$c/ +re1t&ri$e +e 1ro1rietate i)te$ect&a$/ a$e a$tc&i-a* 1ersoa)/ fi2ic/ sa& 7&ri+ic/. Dec$ar c/ $&crarea )& a (ai fost 1re2e)tat/ s&' aceast/ for(/ -re&)ei i)stit&%ii +e 0)-/%/(8)t s&1erior 0) -e+erea o'%i)erii &)&i 6ra+ sa& tit$& 5tii)%ific ori +i+actic. Se()/t&ra
TABLE OF CONTENTS :
Chapter 1 General o!er!ie" # history #.# Pre;istor< a)+ a)ti=&it< #.! Re)aissa)ce #.9 S1ecia$i2atio) a)+ (o+er)i2atio) #.> To+a<
Chapter $ %ypes o& ships !.# Co((ercia$ -esse$s !.! Na-a$ -esse$s !.9 Fis;i)6 -esse$s !.> I)$a)+ a)+ costa$ 'oats
Chapter ' Ar(hite(ture 9.# T;e ;&$$ 9.! Pro1&$sio) s<ste(s 9.9 Steeri)6 s<ste(s 9.> Ho$+s* co(1art(e)ts a)+ t;e s&1erstr&ct&re 9.? E=&i1(e)t
Chapter ) Design (on(iderations >.# H<+rostatics >.! H<+ro+<)a(ics Chapter * Li&e(y(le ?.# Desi6) ?.! Co)str&ctio) ?.9 Re1air a)+ co)-ersio) ?.> E)+ of ser-ice
Chapter + Measuring ships Chapter , Ship pollution

>
@.# Oi$ s1i$$s @.! Ba$$ast Aater @.9 E,;a&st e(issio)s @.> S;i1s 'reaBi)6
Chapter - A (ase Chapter . Con(ept /ap Chapter 10 A1 %er/inology B1 Glossary o& /ariti/e ter/s Chapter 11 Con(lusion Chapter 1$ Re&eren(es #!.# Bi'$io6ra1;< #!.! Ce'$io6ra1;<
C;a1ter # Ge)era$ o-er-ieA: ;istor<
1 1 Prehistory and anti2uity T;e first B)oA) 'oats +ate 'acB i) t;e Neo$it;ic Perio+* a'o&t #"*""" <ears a6o. T;ese ear$< -esse$s ;a+ $i(ite+ f&)ctio): t;e< co&$+ (o-e o) Aater* '&t t;at Aas it. T;e< Aere &se+ (ai)$< for ;&)ti)6 a)+ fis;i)6. T;e o$+est +&6o&t ca)oes fo&)+ '< arc;aeo$o6ists Aere ofte) c&t fro( co)ifero&s tree $o6s* &si)6 si(1$e sto)e too$s. B< aro&)+ 9*""" BC* A)cie)t E6<1tia)s a$rea+< B)eA ;oA to asse('$e 1$a)Bs of Aoo+ i)to a s;i1 ;&$$. T;e< &se+ Ao-e) stra1s to $as; t;e 1$a)Bs to6et;er* a)+ ree+s or 6rass st&ffe+ 'etAee) t;e 1$a)Bs ;e$1e+ to sea$ t;e sea(s. I) East Asia* '< t;e ti(e of 3;o& D<)ast< s;i1 tec;)o$o6ies s&c; as ster) (o&)te+ r&++ers Aere +e-e$o1e+* a)+ '< t;e Ha) D<)ast<* a Ae$$ Be1t )a-a$ f$eet Aas a) i)te6ra$ 1art of t;e (i$itar<. S;i1 tec;)o$o6< a+-a)ce+ to t;e 1oi)t A;ere '< t;e (e+ie-a$ 1erio+* Aater ti6;t co(1art(e)ts Aere +e-e$o1e+. D&ri)6 t;e #?t; ce)t&r< i) t;e Mi)6 D<)ast<* o)e of t;e $ar6est a)+ (ost 1oAerf&$ )a-a$ f$eet i) t;e Aor$+ Aas asse('$e+ for t;e +i1$o(atic a)+ 1oAer 1rotectio) -o<a6es of 3;e)6 He. E$seA;ere i) Dorea i) t;e #?t; ce)t&r<* o)e of t;e Aor$+Es first iro)4 c$a+s* t;e t&rt$e s;i1* Aas a$so +e-e$o1e+. B< a'o&t !*""" BC* Mi)oa) ci-i$i2atio) i) Crete ;a+ i)-o$-e+ i)to a )a-a$ 1oAer e,ercisi)6 effecti-e co)tro$ of t;e sea i) t;e easter) Me+iterra)ea). T;e SAa;i$i 1eo1$e ;a+ -ario&s e,te)si-e tra+i)6 1orts +otti)6 t;e coast of Me+ie-a$ East Africa a)+ Great 3i('a'Ae ;a+ e,te)si-e tra+i)6 co)tacts Ait; Ce)tra$ Africa* a)+ $iBe$< a$so i(1orte+ 6oo+s 'ro&6;t to Africa t;ro&6; t;e So&t;east Africa) s;ore tra+e of Di$Aa* i) (o+er) +a< Ta)2a)ia. At a'o&t t;e sa(e ti(e* 1eo1$e $i-i)6 )ear Do)6e)s L<)6'< i) De)(arB i)-e)te+ t;e se6re6ate+ ;&$$* A;ic; a$$oAe+ t;e si2e of 'oats to 6ra+&a$$< 'e i)crease+. Boats soo) +e-e$o1e+ i)to Bee$ 'oats si(i$ar to to+a<Es Aoo+e) 1$eas&re craft. T;e first )a-i6ators 'e6a) to &se a)i(a$ sBi)s or Ao-e) fa'rics as sai$s. Affi,e+ to t;e to1 of a 1o$e set &1ri6;t i) a 'oat* t;ese sai$s 6a-e ear$< s;i1s ra)6e. T;ese a$$oAe+ (e) to e,1$ore Ai+e$<* a$$oAi)6* for e,a(1$e t;e sett$e(e)t of Ocea)ia a'o&t 9*""" <ears a6o. T;e A)cie)t E6<1tia)s Aere 1erfect$< at ease '&i$+i)6 sai$'oats. A re(arBa'$e of t;eir s;i1'&i$+i)6 sBi$$s Aas t;e D;&f& s;i1* a -esse$ #>9 feet F>> (G i) $e)6t; e)to('e+ at t;e foot of t;e Great P<ra(i+ of Gi2a aro&)+ !*?"" BC a)+ fo&)+ i)tact i) #H?>. Accor+i)6 to Hero+ot&s* t;e E6<1tia)s (a+e t;e first circ&()a-i6atio) of Africa aro&)+ I"" BC. T;e P;oe)icia)s a)+ GreeBs 6ra+&a$$< (astere+ )a-i6atio) at sea a'oar+ trire(es* e,1$ori)6 a)+ co$o)i2i)6 Me+iterra)ea) -ia s;i1. Aro&)+ 9>" BC* t;e GreeB I
)a-i6ator P<t;eas of Massa$ia -e)t&re+ fro( Greece to Cester) E&ro1e a)+ Great Britai). I) t;e co&rse of t;e seco)+ ce)t&r< BC* Ro(e Ae)t to +estro< Cart;a6e a)+ s&'+&e t;e He$$e)istic Bi)6+o(s of t;e easter) Me+iterra)ea)* ac;ie-i)6 co(1$ete (aster< of t;e i)$a)+ sea* t;at t;e ca$$e+ Mare Nostr&(. Before t;e i)tro+&ctio) of t;e co(1ass* ce$estia$ (a6)etic co(1ass Aere 'ei)6 +e-e$o1e+ a)+ &se+ i) )a-i6atio) 'etAee) #">" a)+ ###@. T;e tr&e (ari)erEs co(1ass* &si)6 a 1i-oti)6 )ee+$e i) a +r< 'o,* Aas i)-e)te+ i) E&ro1e )o $ater t;a) #9"". 1 $ Renaissan(e U)ti$ t;e Re)aissa)ce* )a-i6atio)a$ tec;)o$o6< re(ai)e+ co(1arati-e$< 1ri(iti-e. T;is a'se)ce of tec;)o$o6< +i+)Et 1re-e)t so(e ci-i$i2atio)s fro( 'eco(i)6 sea 1oAers. E,a(1$es i)c$&+e (ariti(e re1&'$ics of Ge)oa a)+ Ve)ice* Ha)seatic Lea6&e* a)+ t;e B<2a)ti)e )a-<. T;e ViBi)6s &se+ t;eir B)ars to e,1$ore Nort; A(erica* tra+e i) t;e Ba$tic Sea a)+ 1$&)+er (ost of t;e coasta$ re6io)s of Cester) E&ro1e. ToAar+s t;e e)+ of t;e of t;e fo&rtee)t; ce)t&r<* s;i1s $iBe t;e carracB 'e6&) to +e-e$o1 toAers o) t;e 'oA a)+ ster). T;ese toAers +ecrease+ t;e -esse$Es sta'i$it<* a)+ i) t;e fiftee)t; ce)t&r<* t;e cara-e$* a +esce)+e)t of t;e Ara'ic =&ari'* A;ic; co&$+ sai$ c$oser to t;e Ai)+* 'eca(e (ore Ai+e$< &se+. T;e toAers Aere 6ra+&a$$< re1$ace+ '< t;e forecast$e a)+ ster)cast$e* as i) t;e carracB Sa)ta Maria of C;risto1;er Co$&('&s. T;is i)crease+ free'oar+ a$$oAe+ a)ot;er i))o-atio): t;e freei)6 1ort* a)+ ta)+ t;e arti$$er< associate+ Ait; it. I) t;e si,tee)t; ce)t&r< t;e &se of free'oar+ a)+ freei)6 1orts 'eca(e Ai+es1rea+ o) 6a$$eo)s. T;e E)6$is; (o+ifie+ t;eir -esse$s to (a,i(i2e t;eir fire1oAer a)+ +e(o)strate+ t;e effecti-e)ess of t;eir +octri)e* i) #?JJ* '< +efeati)6 t;e S1a)is; Ar(a+a. At t;is ti(e s;i1s Aere +e-e$o1i)6 i) Asia i) (&c; t;e sa(e Aa< as i) E&ro1e. a1a) &se+ +efe)si-e )a-a$ tec;)i=&es i) t;e Mo)6o$ i)-asio)s of a1a) i) #!J#.It is $iBe$< t;at t;e Mo)6o$s of t;e ti(e tooB a+-a)ta6e of 'ot; E&ro1ea) a)+ Asia) s;i1'&i$+i)6 tec;)i=&es* I) a1a)* +&ri)6 t;e Se)6oB& era fro( t;e fiftee)t; to t;e se-e)tee)t; ce)t&r<* t;e 6reat str&66$e for fe&+a$ s&1re(ac< Aas fo&6;t* i) 1art* '< costa$ f$eets of se-era$ ;&)+re+ 'oats* i)c$&+i)6 t;e ataBe'&)e. Fift< <ears 'efore C;risto1;er Co$&('&s* C;i)ese )a-i6ator 3;e)6 He tra-e$e+ t;e Aor$+ at t;e ;ea+ of A;at Aas for t;e ti(e a ;&6e ar(a+a. T;e 7ar6est of ;is s;i1s ;a+ )i)e (asts* Aere #9" (eters F>9" ft G $o)6 a)+ ;a+ a 'ea( of ?? (eters F #J" ft G. His f$eet carrie+ 9"*""" (e) a'oar+ @" -esse$s* Ait; t;e 6oa$ of 'ri)6i)6 6$or< to t;e C;i)ese e(1eror. T;e carracB a)+ t;e) t;e cara-e$ Aere +e-e$o1e+ i) I'eria. After Co$&('&s* E&ro1ea) e,1$oratio) ra1i+$< acce$erate+* a)+ (a)< )eA tra+e ro&ts Aere esta'$is;e+. I) #>HJ* '< reac;i)6 I)+ia* Vasco +a Ga(a 1ro-e+ t;at t;e e,cess to t;e I)+ia) Ocea)s Aere soo) fo$$oAe+ '< Fra)ce* E)6$a)+ a)+ t;e Net;er$a)+s* A;o e,1$ore+ t;e Port&6&ese a)+ S1a)is; tra+e ro&ts i)to t;e Pacific Ocea)* reac;i)6 A&stra$ia i) #I"I a)+ NeA 3ee$a)+ i) #I>!. A (a7or sea 1oAer* t;e D&tc; i) #I?" oA)e+ #I*""" (erc;a)t s;i1s. I) t;e #@t; ce)t&r< D&tc; e,1$orers s&c; as A'e$ Tas(a) e,1$ore+ t;e coast of A&stra$ia* A;i$e i) t;e #Jt; ce)t&r< it Aas Britis; e,1$orer a(es CooB A;o (a11e+ (&c; of Po$<)esia. 1 ' Spe(iali3ation and /oderni3ation Parra$e$ to t;e +e-e$o1(e)t of Aars;i1s* s;i1s i) ser-ice of (ari)e fis;er< a)+ tra+e a$so +e-e$o1e+ i) t;e 1erio+ 'etAee)
A)ti=&it< a) Re)aissa)ce. Sti$$ 1ri(ari$< a coasta$ e)+ea-o&r* fis;i)6 is $ar6e$< 1ractice+ '< i)+i-i+&a$s Ait; $itt$e ot;er (o)e< &si)6 s(a$$ 'oats. Mariti(e tra+e Aas +ri-e) '< t;e +e-e$o1(e)t of s;i11i)6 co(1a)ies Ait; si6)ifica)t fi)a)cia$ reso&rces. Ca)a$ 'ar6es toAe+ '< +raft a)i(a$s a+7ace)t toA1at;* co)te)te+ Ait; t;e rai$Aa< &1 to a)+ 1ast t;e ear$< +a<s of t;e i)+&stria$ re-o$&tio). F$at K 'otto(e+ a)+ f$e,i'$e scoA 'oats a$so 'eca(e Ai+e$< &se+ for tra)s1orti)6 s(a$$ car6oes. Merca)ti$e tra+e Ae)t ;a)+ K i) K ;a)+ Ait; e,1$oratio) se$f 4 fi)a)ce+ '< t;e co((ercia$ 'e)efits of e,1$oratio). D&ri)6 t;e first ;a$f of t;e ei6;tee)t; ce)t&r<* t;e Fre)c; Na-< 'e6a) to +e-e$o1 a )eA t<1e of -esse$ B)oA) as a s;i1 of t;e $i)e* feat&ri)6 se-e)t< K fo&r 6&)s. T;is t<1e of s;i1 'eca(e t;e 'acB'o)e of a$$ E&ro1ea) fi6;ti)6 f$eets. T;ese s;i1s Aere ?I (eters F #J" ft G $o)6 a)+ t;eir co)str&ctio) re=&ire+ !*J"" oaB trees a)+ >" Bi$o(eters F !? (i Gof ro1eL t;e< carrie+ a creA of a'o&t J"" sai$ors a)+ so$+iers. D&ri)6 t;e #Ht; ce)t&r< t;e Ro<a$ Na-< e)force+ a 'a) o) t;e s$a-e tra+e* acte+ to s&11ress 1irac<* a)+ co)ti)&e+ to (a1 t;e Aor$+. A c$i11er Aas a -er< fast sai$i)6 s;i1 of t;e #Ht; ce)t&r<. T;e c$i11er ro&t fe$$ i)to co((ercia$ +is&se Ait; t;e i)tro+&ctio) of stea( s;i1s* a)+ t;e o1e)i)6 of t;e S&e2 a)+ Pa)a(a Ca)a$s. S;i1 +esi6)s sta<e+ fair$< &)c;a)6e+ &)ti$ t;e )i)etee)t; ce)t&r<. T;e i)+&stria$ re-o$&tio)* )eA (ec;a)ica$ (et;o+s of 1ro1&$sio)* a)+ t;e a'i$it< to co)str&ct s;i1s fro( (eta$ tri66ere+ a) e,1$osio) i) s;i1 +esi6). Factors i)c$&+i)6 t;e =&est for (ore efficie)t s;i1s* t;e e)+ of $o)6 r&))i)6 a)+ Aastef&$ (ariti(e co)f$icts* a)+ t;e i)crease+ fi)a)cia$ ca1acit< of i)+&stria$ 1oAers create+ a) a-a$a)c;e of (ore s1ecia$i2e+ 'oats a)+ s;i1s. S;i1s '&i$t for e)tire$< )eA f&)ctio)s* s&c; as firefi6;ti)6* resc&e* a)+ researc;* a$so 'e6a) to a11ear. 1 ) %oday I) !""@* t;e Aor$+Es f$eet i)c$&+e+ 9>*JJ! co((ercia$ -esse$s Ait; 6ross to))a6e of (ore t;a) #*""" to)s* tota$i)6 #*"> 'i$$io) to)es. T;ese s;i1s carrie+ @*> 'i$$io) to)s of car6o i) !""I* a s&( t;at 6reA '< JM o-er t;e 1re-io&s <ear. I) ter(s of to))a6e* 9HM of t;ese s;i1s are ta)Bers* !IMare '&$B carries* #@M co)tai)er s;i1s a)+ #?M Aere ot;er t<1es. I) !""!* t;ere Aere#*!>" Aars;i1 o1erati)6 i) t;e Aor$+* )ot co&)ti)6 s(a$$ -esse$s s&c; as 1etro$ 'oats. T;e U)ite+ States acco&)te+ for 9 (i$$io) to)s Aort; of t;ese -esse$s* R&ssia #*9? (i$$io) to)s* U)ite+ Di)6+o( ?">*II" to)s a)+ C;i)a >"!*J9" to)s. T;e !"t; ce)t&r< saA (a)< )a-a$ e)6a6e(e)ts +&ri)6 t;e tAo Aor$+ Aars* t;e Co$+ Car* a)+ t;e rise to 1oAer of )a-a$ forces of t;e tAo '$ocs. T;e Aor$+E s (a7or 1oAers ;a-e rece)t$< &se+ t;eir )a-a$ 1oAer i) cases s&c; as t;e U)ite+ Di)6+o( i) t;e Fa$B$a)+ Is$a)+s a)+ t;e U)ite+ States i) Ira=. T;e si2e of t;e Aor$+E s fis;i)6 f$eet is (ore +iffic&$t to esti(ate. T;e $ar6est of t;ese are co&)te+ as co((ercia$ -esse$s* '&t t;e s(a$$est are $e6io). Fis;i)6 -esse$s ca) 'e fo&)+ i) (ost seasi+e -i$$a6es i) t;e Aor$+. As of !"">*t;e U)ite+ Natio) Foo+ a)+ A6ric&$t&re Or6a)i2atio) esti(ate+ > (i$$io) fis;i)6 -esse$s Aere o1erati)6 Aor$+Ai+e. T;e sa(e st&+< esti(ate+ t;at t;e Aor$+E s !H (i$$io) fis;er(e) ca&6;t J?*J (i$$io) (etric to)es of fis; a)+ s;e$$fis; t;at <ear.
C;a1ter ! T<1es of s;i1s
S;i1s are +iffic&$t to c$assif<* (ai)$< 'eca&se t;ere are so (a)< criteria to 'ase c$assificatio) o). O)e c$assificatio) is 'ase+ o) 1ro1&$sio)L Ait; s;i1s cate6ori2e+ as eit;er as sai$i)6 s;i1 or (otors;i1. Sai$i)6 s;i1s are s;i1s A;ic; are 1ro1e$$e+ so$e$< '< (ea)s of sai$. Motors;i1s are s;i1s t;at are 1ro1e$$e+ '< (ec;a)ica$ (ea)s to 1ro1e$ itse$f. Motors;i1s i)c$&+e s;i1s t;at 1ro1e$ itse$f t;ro&6; t;e &se of 'ot; sai$ a)+ (ec;a)ica$ (ea)s. Ot;er c$assificatio) s<ste(s e,ist t;at &se criteria s&c; as : T;e )&('er of ;&$$s* 6i-i)6 cate6ories $iBe (o)o;&$$* cata(ara)* tri(ara). T;e s;a1e a)+ si2e* 6i-i)6 cate6ories $iBe +i)6;<* Bee$'oat a)+ ice'reaBer. T;e t<1e of 1ro1&$sio) s<ste( &se+* 6i-i)6 ;&(a) 1ro1e$$e+* (ec;a)ica$ a)+ sai$s. T;e e1oc; i) A;ic; t;e -esse$ Aas &se+ trire(es of A)cie)t Greece* (a)E oE Aars* #Jt; ce)t&r<. T;e 6eo6ra1;ic ori6i) of t;e -esse$* (a)< -esse$s are associate+ Ait; a 1artic&$ar re6io)* s&c; as t;e 1i))ace of Nort;er) E&ro1e* t;e 6o)+o$as of Ve)ice a)+ t;e 7&)Bs of C;i)a. T;e (a)&fact&rer* series or c$ass
A)ot;er Aa< to cate6ori2e s;i1s a)+ 'oats is 'ase+ o) t;eir &se* as +escri'e+ '< Pa&$et a)+ Pres$es. T;is s<ste( i)c$&+es (i$itar< s;i1s* co((ercia$ -esse$s* fis;i)6 'oats* 1$eas&re crafts a)+ co(1etiti-e 'oats. I) t;is sectio)* s;i1s are c$assifie+ &si)6 t;e first fo&r of t;ose cate6ories* a)+ a++i)6 a sectio) for $aBe a)+ ri-er 'oats* a)+ o)e for -esse$s A;ic; fa$$ o&tsi+e t;ese cate6ories. $ 1 Co//er(ial !essels Co((ercia$ -esse$s or (erc;a)t s;i1s ca) 'e +i-i+e+ i)to 9 'roa+ cate6ories : car6o s;i1s* 1asse)6er s;i1s* a)+ s1ecia$ K 1&r1ose s;i1s. Car6o s;i1s tra)s1ort +r< a)+ $i=&i+ car6o. Dr< car6o ca) 'e tra)s1orte+ i) '&$B '< '&$B carriers* 1acBe+ +irect$< o)to a) 6e)era$ car6o s;i1 i) 'reaB K '&$B 1acBe+ i) i)ter(o+a$ co)tai)ers as a'roa+ a co)tai)er s;i1* or +ri-e) a'roa+ as i) ro$$ K o) ro$$ K off s;i1s. Li=&i+ car6o is 6e)era$$< carrie+ i) '&$B a'oar+ ta)Bers* s&c; as oi$ ta)Bers* c;e(ica$ ta)Bers a)+ LNG ta)Bers. Passe)6er s;i1s ra)6e i) si2e fro( s(a$$ ri-er ferries to 6ia)t cr&ise s;i1s. T;is t<1e of -esse$ i)c$&+es ferries* A;ic; (o-e 1asse)6ers a)+ -e;ic$es o) s;ort tri1sL ocea) $i)ers* A;ic; carr< 1asse)6ers a) o)e K Aa< tri1s* a)+ cr&ise s;i1s* A;ic; t<1ica$$< tra)s1ort
1asse)6ers o) ro&)+ 4 tri1 -o<a6es 1ro(oti)6 $eis&re acti-ities o)'oar+ a)+ i) t;e 1orts t;e< -isit. S1ecia$ K 1&r1ose -esse$s are )ot &se+ for tra)s1ort* '&t are +esi6)e+ to 1erfor( ot;er s1ecific tasBs. E,a(1$es i)c$&+e t&6'oats* 1i$ot 'oats* resc&e 'oats* ca'$e s;i1s* researc; -esse$s* s&r-e< -esse$s* a)+ ice 'reaBers. Most co((ercia$ -esse$s ;a-e f&$$ ;&$$ K for(s to (a,i(i2e car6o ca1acit<. H&$$s are &s&a$$< (a+e of stee$* a$t;o&6; a$&(i)&( ca) 'e &se+ o) faster craft* a)+ fi'er6$ass o) t;e s(a$$est ser-ice -esse$s. Co((ercia$ -esse$s 6e)era$$< ;a-e a creA ;ea+e+ '< a ca1tai)* Ait; +ecB officers a)+ (ari)e e)6i)eers o) $ar6er -esse$s. S1ecia$ K 1&r1ose -esse$s ofte) ;a-e s1ecia$i2e+ creA if )ecessar<* for e,a(1$e scie)tists a'roa+ researc; -esse$s. Co((ercia$ -esse$s are t<1ica$$< 1oAere+ '< a si)6$e 1ro1e$$er +ri-e) '< a +iese$ e)6i)e. Vesse$s A;ic; o1erate at ;i6;er e)+ of t;e s1ee+ s1ectr&( (a< &se 1o(1 7et e)6i)es or so(eti(es 6as t&r'i)e e)6i)es. $ $ 4a!al !essels T;ere are (a)< t<1es of )a-a$ -esse$s c&rre)t$< a)+ t;ro&6; ;istor<. Mo+er) )a-a$ -esse$s ca) 'e 'roBe) +oA) i)to 9 cate6ories : Aars;i1s* s&'(ari)es* a)+ s&11ort a)+ a&,i$iar< -esse$s. Mo+er) Aars;i1s are 6e)era$$< +i-i+e+ i)to se-e) (ai) cate6ories : aircraft carriers* cr&isers* +estro<ers* fri6ates* cor-ettes* s&'(ari)es a)+ a(1;i'io&s assa&$t s;i1s. Batt$es;i1s e)co(1ass a) ei6;t; cate6or<* '&t are )ot i) c&rre)t ser-ice Ait; a)< )a-< i) t;e Aor$+. Most (ari)e s&'(ari)es are eit;er attacB s&'(ari)es or 'a$$istic (issi$e s&'(ari)es. U)ti$ Car Cor$+ II* t;e 1ri(ar< ro$e of t;e +iese$ N e$ectro)ic s&'(ari)e Aas a)ti Ks;i1 Aarfare* i)serti)6 a)+ re(o-i)6 co-ert a6e)ts a)+ (i$itar< forces* a)+ i)te$$i6e)ce K 6at;eri)6. Cit; t;e +e-e$o1i)6 of t;e ;o(i)6 tor1e+o* 'etter so)ar s<ste(s* a)+ )&c$ear 1ro1&$sio)* s&'(ari)es a$so 'eca(e a'$e to effecti-e$< ;&)t eac; ot;er. T;e +e-e$o1(e)t of s&'(ari)e K $a&)c;e+ )&c$ear (issi$es a)+ s&'(ari)e 4 $a&)c;e+ cr&ise (issi$es 6a-e s&'(ari)es a s&'sta)tia$ a)+ $o)6 K ra)6e+ a'i$it< to attacB 'ot; $a)+ a)+ sea tar6ets Ait; a -ariet< of Aea1o)s ra)6i)6 fro( c$&ster 'o('s to )&c$ear Aea1o)s. Most )a-ies a$so i)c$&+e (a)< t<1e of s&11ort a)+ a&,i$iar< -esse$s* s&c; as (i)esAee1ers* 1atro$ 'oats* offs;ore 1atro$ -esse$s* re1$e)is;(e)t s;i1s a)+ ;os1ita$ s;i1s A;ic; are +esi6)ate+ (e+ica$ treat(e)t faci$ities. Co('at -esse$s $iBe cr&isers a)+ +estro<ers &s&a$$< ;a-e fi)e ;&$$s to (a,i(i2e s1ee+ a)+ (a)e&-era'i$it<. T;e< a$so &s&a$$< ;a-e a+-a)ce+ e$ectro)ics a)+ co((&)icatio) s<ste(s* as Ae$$ as Aea1o)s. $ ' 5ishing !essels Fis;i)6 -esse$s are a s&'set of co((ercia$ -esse$s* '&t 6e)era$$< s(a$$ i) si2e a)+ ofte) s&'7ect to +iffere)t re6&$atio)s a)+ c$assificatio)s. T;e< ca) 'e cate6ori2e+ '< se-era$ criteria : arc;itect&re* t;e t<1e of fis; t;e< catc;* t;e fis;i)6 (et;o+ &se+* 6eo6ra1;ica$ ori6i)* a)+ tec;)ica$ feat&res s&c; as ri66i)6. As of !"">* t;e Aor$+E s fis;i)6 f$eet co)siste+ of so(e > (i$$io) -esse$s. Of t;ese* #.9 (i$$io) Aere +ecBe+ -esse$s Ait; e)c$ose+ areas a)+ t;e rest Aere o1e) -esse$s. Most +ecBe+ -esse$s Aere (ec;a)i2e+* '&t tAo 4 t;ir+ of t;e o1e) -esse$s Aere tra+itio)a$ craft 1ro1e$$e+ '< sai$s a)+ oars. More t;a) I"Mof a$$ e,isti)6 $ar6e fis;i)6 -esse$s Aere '&i$t i) a1a)* Per&* T;e R&ssia) Fe+eratio)* S1ai)* or t;e U)ite+ States of A(erica. Fis;i)6 'oats are 6e)era$$< s(a$$* ofte) $itt$e (ore t;a) 9" (eters F HJ ft G '&t &1 to #"" (eters F 99" ft G for a $ar6e t&)a or A;a$i)6 s;i1. A'oar+ a fis;
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1rocessi)6 -esse$* t;e catc; ca) 'e (a+e rea+< for (arBet a)+ so$+ (ore =&icB$< o)ce t;e s;i1s (aBes 1ort. S1ecia$ 1&r1ose -esse$s ;a-e s1ecia$ 6ear. For e,a(1$e* traA$ers ;a-e Ai)c;es a)+ ar(s* ster)4 traA$ers ;a-e a rear ra(1* a)+ t&)a sei)ers ;a-e sBiffs. $ ) Inland and (oastal 6oats Ma)< t<1es of 'oats a)+ s;i1s are +esi6)e+ for i)$a)+ a)+ costa$ AaterAa<s. T;ese are t;e -esse$s t;at tra+e &1o) t;e $aBes* ri-ers a)+ ca)a$s. Bar6es are a 1ri(e e,a(1$e of i)$a)+ -esse$s. F$at K 'otto(e+ 'oats '&i$t to tra)s1ort ;ea-< 6oo+s* (ost 'ar6es are )ot se$f K 1ro1e$$e+ a)+ )ee+ to 'e (o-e+ '< t&6'oats toAi)6 or toA'oats 1&s;i)6 t;e(. Bar6es toAe+ a$o)6 ca)a$s '< +raft a)i(a$s o) a) a+7ace)t toA1at; co)te)+e+ Ait; t;e rai$Aa< i) t;e ear$< i)+&stria$ re-o$&tio) '&t Aere o&t co(1ete+ i) t;e carria6e of ;i6; -a$&e ite(s 'eca&se of t;e ;i6;er s1ee+* fa$$i)6 costs* a)+ ro&t f$e,i'i$it< of rai$ tra)s1ort. Ri-er'oats a)+ i)$a)+ ferries are s1ecia$$< +esi6)e+ to carr< 1asse)6ers* car6o or 'ot; i) t;e c;a$$e)6i)6 ri-er e)-iro)(e)t. Ri-ers 1rese)t s1ecia$ ;a2ar+s to -esse$s. T;e< &s&a$$< ;a-e -ar<i)6 Aater f$oAs t;at a$ter)ate$< $ea+ to ;i6; s1ee+ Aater f$oAs or 1rotr&+i)6 rocB ;a2ar+s. C;a)6i)6 si$tatio) 1atter)s (a< ca&se t;e s&++e) a11eara)ce of s;oa$ Aaters* a)+ ofte) f$oati)6 or s&)Be) $o6s a)+ trees ca) e)+a)6er t;e ;&$$s a)+ 1ro1&$sio) of ri-er'oats. Ri-er'oats are 6e)era$$< of s;a$$oA +raft* 'ei)6 'roa+ of 'ea(* a)+ rat;er s=&are i) 1$a)* Ait; a $oA free'oar+ a)+ ;i6; to1si+es. Ri-er'oats ca) s&r-i-e Ait; t;is t<1e of co)fi6&ratio) as t;e< +o )ot ;a-e to Ait;sta)+ t;e ;i6; Ai)+s or $ar6e Aa-es t;at are see) o) $ar6e $aBes* seas or ocea)s. LaBe frei6;ters* a$so ca$$e+ $aBers* are car6o -esse$s t;at 1$< t;e Great LaBes. T;e (ost Ae$$ K B)oA) is t;e SS E+(&)+ Fit26era$+* t;e $atest (a7or -esse$ to 'e ArecBe+ o) t;e LaBes. T;ese -esse$s are tra+itio)a$$< ca$$e+ O sa$ties O. Beca&se of t;eir a++itio)a$ 'ea(* -er< $ar6e sa$ties are )e-er see) i)$a)+ of t;e Sai)t LaAre)ce SeaAa<. Beca&se t;e $ar6est of t;e Soo LocBs is $ar6er t;a) a)< SeaAa< $ocB* sa$ties t;at ca) 1ass t;ro&6; t;e SeaAa< (a< tra-e$ a)<A;ere i) t;e Great LaBes. Beca&se of t;eir +ee1er +raft* sa$ties (a< acce1t 1artia$ $oa+s o) t;e Great LaBes* O to11i)6 off O A;e) t;e< ;a-e e,ite+ t;e seaAa<. Si(i$ar$<* t;e $ar6est $aBers are co)fi)e+ to t;e U11er LaBes F S&1erior* Mic;i6a)* H&ro)* Erie G 'eca&se t;e< are too $ar6e to &se t;e SeaAa< $ocBs* 'e6i))i)6 at t;e Ce$$a)+ Ca)a$ t;at '<1asses t;e Nia6ara Ri-er.
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C;a1ter 9 Arc;itect&re
So(e co(1o)e)ts e,ist i) -esse$s of a)< si2e a)+ 1&r1ose. E-er< -esse$ ;as a ;&$$ of sorts. E-er< -esse$ ;as so(e sort of 1ro1&$sio)* A;et;er itE s a 1o$e* a) o,* or a )&c$ear reactor. Most -esse$s ;a-e so(e sort of steeri)6 s<ste(. Ot;er c;aracteristics are co((o)* '&t )ot as &)i-ersa$* s&c; as co(1art(e)ts* ;o$+s* a s&1erstr&ct&re* a)+ e=&i1(e)t s&c; as a)c;ors a)+ Ai)c;es. ' 1 %he hull For a s;i1 to f$oat* itE s Aei6;t (&st 'e $ess t;a) t;at of t;e Aater +is1$ace+ '< t;e s;i1s ;&$$. T;ere are (a)< t<1es of ;&$$s* fro( $o6s $as;e+ to6et;er to for( a raft to t;e a+-a)ce+ ;&$$s of A(ericaE s &1 sai$'oats. A -esse$ (a< ;a-e a si)6$e ;&$$ F ca$$e+ a (o)o;&$$ +esi6) G* tAo i)case of cata(ara)s* or t;ree i) case of tri(ara)s. Vesse$s Ait; (ore t;a) t;ree ;&$$s are rare* '&t so(e e,1eri(e)ts ;a-e 'ee) co)+&cte+ Ait; +esi6)s s&c; as 1e)ta(ara)s. M&$ti1$e ;&$$s are 6e)era$$< 1ara$$e$ t o eac; ot;er a)+ co))ecte+ '< ri6i+ ar(s. H&$$s ;a-e se-era$ e$e(e)ts. T;e 'oA is t;e fore(ost 1art of t;e ;&$$. Ma)< s;i1s feat&re a '&$'o&s 'oA. T;e Bee$ is at t;e -er< 'otto( of t;e ;&$$* e,te)+i)6 t;e e)tire $e)6t; of t;e s;i1. T;e rare 1art of t;e s;i1 is B)oA) as t;e ster)* a)+ (a)< ;&$$s ;a-e a f$at 'acB B)oA) as a tra)so(. Co((o) ;&$$ a11e)+a6es i)c$&+e 1ro1e$$ers for 1ro1&$sio)* r&++er for steeri)6 a)+ sta'i$i2ers to =&e$$ a s;i1 E s ro$$i)6 (otio). Ot;er ;&$$ feat&re ca) 'e re$ate+ to t;e -esse$E s AorB* s&c; as fis;i)6 6ear a)+ so)ar +o(es. H&$$s are s&'7ect to -ario&s ;<+rostatic a)+ ;<+ro+<)a(ics co)strai)s. T;e Be< ;<+rostatic co)strai)t is t;at it (&st 'e a'$e to s&11ort t;e e)tire Aei6;t of t;e 'oat a)+ (ai)tai) sta'i$it< e-e) Ait; ofte) &)e-e)$< +istri'&te+ Aei6;t. H<+ro+<)a(ic co)strai)ts i)c$&+e t;e a'i$it< to Ait;sta)+ s;ocB Aa-es* Aeat;er co$$isio)s a)+ 6ro&)+i)6s. O$+er s;i1s a)+ 1$eas&re craft ofte) ;a-e or ;a+ Aoo+e) ;&$$s. Stee$ is &se+ for (ost co((ercia$ -esse$s. A$&(i)i&( is fre=&e)t$< &se+ for fast -esse$s* a)+ co(1osite (ateria$s are ofte) fo&)+ i) sai$'oats a)+ 1$eas&re crafts. So(e s;i1s ;a-e 'ee) (a+e Ait; co)crete ;&$$s. ' $ Propulsion syste/s Pro1&$sio) s<ste(s for s;i1s fa$$ i)to t;ree cate6ories : ;&(a) 1ro1&$sio)* sai$i)6* a)+ (ec;a)ica$ 1ro1&$sio). H&(a) 1ro1&$sio) i)c$&+es roAi)6* A;ic; Aas &se+ e-e) o) $ar6e 6a$$e<s. Pro1&$sio) '< sai$s 6e)era$$< co)sists of a sai$ ;oiste+ o) a erect (ast* s&11orte+ '< sta<s a)+ s1ars a)+ co)tro$$e+ '< ro1es. Sai$ s<ste(s Aere t;e +o(i)a)t for( of 1ro1&$sio) &)ti$ t;e #Ht; ce)t&r<. T;e< are )oA 6e)era$$< &se+ for reactio) a)+ co(1etitio)* a$t;o&6; #!
e,1eri(e)ta$ sai$ s<ste(s* s&c; as t;e t&r'osai$s* rotorsai$s* a)+ Ai)6sai$s ;a-e 'ee) &se+ o) $ar6er (o+er) -esse$s for f&e$ sa-i)6s. Mec;a)ica$ 1ro1&$sio) s<ste(s 6e)era$$< co)sist of a (otor or e)6i)e t&r)i)6 a 1ro1e$$er* or $ess fre=&e)t$< a) i(1e$$er. Stea( e)6i)es Aere first &se+ for t;is 1&r1ose* '&t ;a-e (ost$< ;a-e 'ee) re1$ace+ '< toA K stroBe or fo&r K stroBe +iese$ e)6i)es.* o&t'oar+ (otors* a)+ 6as t&r'i)e e)6i)es o) faster s;i1s. N&c$ear reactors 1ro+&ci)6 stea( are &se+ to 1ro1e$ Aars;i1s a)+ ice'reaBers* a)+ t;ere ;a-e 'ee) atte(1ts to &ti$i2e t;e( to 1oAer co((ercia$ -esse$s. T;ere are (a)< -ariatio)s of 1ro1e$$er s<ste(s* i)c$&+i)6 tAi)* co)tra K rotati)6* co)tro$$a'$e K 1itc; a)+ )o22$e K st<$e 1ro1e$$ers. S(a$$er -esse$s te)+ to ;a-e a si)6$e 1ro1e$$er. Lar6er -esse$s &se (&$ti1$e 1ro1e$$ers* s&11$e(e)te+ Ait; 'oA K a)+ ster) K t;r&sters . PoAer is tra)s(itte+ fro( t;e e)6i)e to t;e 1ro1e$$er '< Aa< of a 1ro1e$$er s;aft* A;ic; (a< or (a< )ot 'e co))ecte+ to a 6ear'o,. So(e (o+er) -esse$s &se e$ectro)ic (otors co))ecte+ +irect$< to t;e 1ro1e$$er s;aft &s&a$$< 1oAere+ '< 6e)erators. T;is e$ectric s<ste(s are ofte) (ore e)er6< efficie)t t;a) ot;er s<ste(s A;ere t;e e)6i)e (ec;a)ica$$< co))ecte+ to t;e 1ro1e$$er. ' ' Steering syste/s O) 'oats Ait; si(1$e 1ro1&$sio) s<ste(s* s&c; as 1a++$es* steeri)6 s<ste(s (a< )ot ' )ecessar<. T;e (ost co((o) is a r&++er* a s&'(er6e+ 1$a)e* $ocate+ at t;e rear of t;e ;&$$. R&++ers are rotate+ to 6e)erate a $atera$ force A;ic; t&r)s t;e 'oat. R&++ers ca) 'e rotate+ '< a ti$$er* (a)&a$ A;ee$s* or e$ectro K ;<+ra&$ic s<ste(s. A&to1i$ot s<ste(s co('i)e (ec;a)ica$ r&++ers Ait; )a-i6atio) s<ste(s. D&cte+ 1ro1e$$ers are so(eti(es &se+ for steeri)6. So(e 1ro1&$sio) s<ste(s are i);ere)t$< steeri)6 s<ste(s. E,a(1$es i)c$&+e t;e o&t'oar+ (otor* t;e 'oA t;r&ster* a)+ t;e 3 K +ri-e. So(e sai$s s&c; as 7i's a)+ t;e (i22e) sai$ o) a Betc; ri6* are &se+ (ore for steeri)6 t;a) 1ro1&$sio). ' ) 7olds8 (o/part/ents8 and the superstru(ture Lar6er 'oats a)+ s;i1s 6e)era$$< ;a-e (&$ti1$e +ecBs a)+ co(1art(e)ts. Se1arate 'ert;i)6s a)+ ;ea+s are fo&)+ o) sai$'oats o-er a'o&t !? feet F @.I ( G. Fis;i)6 'oats a)+ car6o s;i1s t<1ica$$< ;a-e o)e or (ore car6o ;o$+s. Most $ar6er -esse$s ;a-e a) e)6i)e roo(* a 6a$$e<* a)+ -ario&s co(1art(e)ts for AorB. Ta)Bs are &se+ to store f&e$* e)6i)e oi$* a)+ fres; Aater. Ba$$ast ta)Bs are e=&i11e+ to c;a)6e a s;i1E s tri( a)+ (o+if< its sta'i$it<. S&1erstr&ct&re are fo&)+ a'o-e t;e (ai) +ecB. O) sai$'oats* t;ese are &s&a$$< -er< $oA. O) (o+er) car6o s;i1s* t;e< are a$(ost a$Aa<s $ocate+ )ear t;e s;i1E s ster). O) 1asse)6er s;i1s a)+ Aars;i1s* t;e s&1erstr&ct&re 6e)era$$< e,te)+s far forAar+. ' * E2uip/ent S;i1'oar+ e=&i1(e)t -aries fro( s;i1 +e1e)+i)6 o) s&c; factors as t;e s;i1E s era* +esi6)* area of o1eratio) a)+ 1&r1ose. So(e t<1es of e=&i1(e)t t;at are Ai+e$< fo&)+ i)c$&+e: Masts ca) 'e t;e ;o(e of a)te))as* )a-i6atio) $i6;ts* ra+ar tra)s1o)+ers* fo6 si6)a$s* a)+ si(i$ar +e-ices ofte) re=&ire+ '< $aA. Gra)+ tacB$e i)c$&+es e=&i1(e)t s&c; as (oori)6 Ai)c;es* Ai)+$asses a)+ a)c;ors. A)c;ors are &se+ to (oor s;i1s i) s;a$$oA Aater. T;e< are co))ecte+ to t;e s;i1 '< a ro1e or c;ai). O) $ar6er -esse$s t;e c;ai) r&)s t;ro&6; a ;aAse1i1e. #9
Car6o e=&i1(e)t s&c; as cra)es a)+ car6o 'oo(s are &se+ to $oa+ a)+ &)$oa+ car6o a)+ s;i1E s stores. Safet< e=&i1(e)t s&c; as $ife'oats* $iferafts* fire e,ti)6&is;ers* a)+ s&r-i-a$ s&its are carrie+ a'oar+ (a)< -esse$s for e(er6e)c< &se.
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C;a1ter > Desi6) co)si+eratio)s
) 1 7ydrostati(s Boats a)+ s;i1s are Be1t o) For s$i6;t$< a'o-e G t;e Aater i) t;ree Aa<s : For (ost -esse$s* B)oA) as +is1$ace(e)t -esse$s* t;e -esse$E s Aei6;t is offset '< t;at of t;e Aater +is1$ace+ '< t;e ;&$$. For 1$a))i)6 s;i1s a)+ 'oats* s&c; as t;e ;<+rofoi$* t;e $ift +e-e$o1e+ '< t;e (o-e(e)t of t;e foi$ t;ro&6; t;e Aater i)creases Ait; t;e -esse$s s1ee+* &)ti$ t;e -esse$s is foi$'or)e. For )o) K +is1$ace(e)t craft s&c; as ;o-ercraft a)+ air K c&s;io) -e;ic$es* t;e -esse$ is s&s1e)+e+ o-er t;e Aater '< a c&s;io) of ;i6; K 1ress&re air it 1ro7ects +oA)Aar+s a6ai)st t;e s&rface of t;e Aater.
A -esse$ is i) e=&i$i'ri&( A;e) t;e &1Aar+s a)+ +oA)Aar+s forces are of e=&a$ (a6)it&+e. As a -esse$ is $oAere+ i)to t;e Aater its Aei6;t re(ai)s co)sta)t '&t t;e corres1o)+i)6 Aei6;t of Aater +is1$ace+ '< its ;&$$ i)creases. C;e) t;e tAo forces are e=&a$* t;e 'oat f$oats. If Aei6;t e-e)$< +istri'&te+ t;ro&6;o&t t;e -esse$* it f$oats Ait;o&t tri( or ;ee$. A -esse$E s sta'i$it< is co)si+ere+ i) 'ot; t;is ;<+rostatic se)se as Ae$$ as a ;<+ro+<)a(ic se)se* A;e) s&'7ecte+ to (o-e(e)t ro$$i)6 a)+ 1itc;i)6* a)+ t;e actio) of Aa-es a)+ Ai)+. Sta'i$it< 1ro'$e(s ca) $ea+ to e,cessi-e 1itc;i)6 a)+ ro$$i)6* a)+ e-e)t&a$$< ca1si2e+ a)+ si)Bi)6. ) $ 7ydrodyna/i(s T;e a+-a)ce of a -esse$ t;ro&6; Aater is resiste+ '< t;e Aater. T;is resista)ce ca) 'e 'roBe) +oA) i)to se-era$ co(1o)e)ts* t;e (ai) o)es 'ei)6 t;e frictio) of t;e Aater o) t;e ;&$$ a)+ Aa-e (aBi)6 resista)ce. To re+&ce resista)ce a)+ t;erefore i)crease t;e s1ee+ for a 6i-e) 1oAer* it is )ecessar< to re+&ce t;e Aette+ s&rface a)+ &se s&'(er6e+ ;&$$ s;a1es t;at 1ro+&ce $oA a(1$it&+e Aa-es. To +o so* ;i6; K s1ee+ -esse$s are ofte) (ore s$e)+er* Ait; feAer or s(a$$er a11e)+a6es. T;e frictio) of t;e Aater is a$so re+&ce+ '< re6&$ar (ai)te)a)ce of t;e ;&$$ to re(o-e t;e sea creat&res a)+ a$6ae t;at acc&(&$ate t;ere. A)tifo&$i)6 1ai)t is co((o)$< &se+ to assist i) t;is. A+-a)ce+ +esi6)s s&c; as t;e '&$'o&s 'oA assist i) +ecreasi)6 Aa-e resista)ce. A si(1$e Aa< of co)si+eri)6 Aa-e K (aBi)6 resista)ce is to $ooB at t;e ;&$$ i) re$atio) to its AaBe. At s1ee+s $oAer t;a) t;e Aa-e 1ro1a6atio) s1ee+* t;e Aa-e ra1i+$< +issi1ates to t;e si+es. As t;e ;&$$ a11roac;es t;e Aa-e 1ro1a6atio) s1ee+* ;oAe-er* t;e AaBe at t;e 'oA 'e6i)s to '&i$t &1 faster t;a) it ca) +issi1ate* a)+ so it 6roAs i) a(1$it&+e. Si)ce esse)ce* ;as to c$i(' o-er or 1&s; t;ro&6; t;e 'oA Aa-e. T;is res&$t is a) e,1o)e)tia$ i)crease i) resista)ce Ait; i)creasi)6 s1ee+. #?
C;a1ter ? Lifec<c$e
* 1 Design A -esse$E s +esi6) starts Ait; a s1ecificatio)* A;ic; a )a-a$ arc;itect &ses to 1ro7ect a 1ro7ect o&t$i)e* assess re=&ire+ +i(e)sio)s a)+ create a 'asic $a<o&t of s1aces a)+ a ro&6; +is1$ace(e)t. After t;is i)itia$ ro&6; +raft* t;e arc;itect ca) create a) i)itia$ ;&$$ +esi6)* a 6e)era$ 1rofi$e a)+ a) i)itia$ o-er-ieA of t;e s;i1E s 1ro1&$sio). At t;is sta6e t;e +esi6)er ca) iterate o) t;e s;i1E s +esi6) a++i)6 +etai$ a)+ refi)i)6 t;e +esi6) at eac; sta6e. T;e +esi6)er Ai$$ t<1ica$$< 1ro+&ce a) o-era$$ 1$a)* a 6e)era$ s1ecificatio) +escri'i)6 t;e 1ec&$iarities of t;e -esse$* a)+ co)str&ctio) '$&e1ri)ts to 'e &se+ at t;e '&i$+i)6 site. Desi6)s for $ar6er or (ore co(1$e, -esse$s (a< a$so i)c$&+e sai$ 1$a)s* e$ectrica$ se(a)tics* a)+ 1$&('i)6 a)+ -e)ti$atio) 1$a)s. As e)-iro)(e)ta$ $aAs are stricte)i)6* s;i1 +esi6)ers )ee+ to create t;eir +esi6) i) s&c; a Aa< t;at t;e s;i1 K A;e) it )ears its e)+ 4 of K ter( ca) 'e +isasse('$e+ or +is1ose+ easi$< a)+ t;at Aaste is re+&ce+ to a (i)i(&(. * $ Constru(tion S;i1 co)str&ctio) taBes 1$ace i) a s;i1<ar+* a)+ ca) $ast fro( a feA (o)t;s for a &)it 1ro+&ce+ i) series* to se-era$ <ears to reco)str&ct a Aoo+e) 'oat $iBe t;e fri6ate Her(io)e* to (ore t;a) #" <ears for a) aircraft carrier. H&$$ (ateria$s a)+ -esse$E s si2e 1$a< a $ar6e 1art i) +eter(i)i)6 t;e (et;o+ of co)str&ctio). T;e ;&$$ of (ass K 1ro+&ce+ fi'er6$ass sai$'oat is co)str&cte+ fro( a (o$+* A;i$e t;e stee$ ;&$$ of a car6o s;i1 is (a+e of fro( $ar6e sectio)s Ae$+e+ to6et;er as t;e< are '&i$t. Ge)era$$< co)str&ctio) starts Ait; t;e ;&$$* a)+ o) -esse$s o-er a'o&t 9" (eters* '< t;e $a<i)6 of t;e Bee$. T;is is +o)e i) a +r< +ocB or o) $a)+. O)ce t;e ;&$$ is asse('$e+ a)+ 1ai)te+* it is $&)c;e+. T;e $ast sta6e* s&c; as raisi)6 t;e s&1erstr&ct&re a)+ a++i)6 e=&i1(e)t a)+ acco((o+atio)* ca) 'e +o)e after t;e -esse$ is af$oat. O)ce co(1$ete+* t;e -esse$ is +e$i-ere+ to t;e c&sto(er. S;i1 $a&)c;i)6 is ofte) a cere(o)< of so(e si6)ifica)ce* a)+ is &s&a$$< A;e) t;e -esse$ is for(a$$< )a(e+. A t<1ica$ s(a$$ roA'oat ca) cost &)+er US P#""* P #*""" for a s(a$$ s1ee+'oat* te)s of t;o&sa)+s of P for cr&ise sai$'oat* a)+ a'o&t P !*"""*""" for a Ve)+ee G$o'e c$ass sai$'oat. A !? (eters F J! ft G traA$er (a< cost P !*? (i$$io) a)+ a #*""" K 1erso) K ca1acit< ;i6; K s1ee+ 1asse)6er ferr< ca) cost i) t;e )ei6;'or;oo+ of P ?" (i$$io). A s;i1E s cost 1art$< +e1e)+s o) itE s co(1$e,it< : a s(a$$* 6e)era$ car6o s;i1 Ai$$ cost P !" (i$$io)* a Pa)a(a, K si2e+ '&$B carrier aro&)+ P 9? (i$$io)* a s&1erta)Ber aro&)+ P #"? (i$$io) a)+ a $ar6e LNG carrier aro&)+ P !"" (i$$io). T;e (ost e,1e)si-e s;i1s 6e)era$$< are so 'eca&se of t;e cost of t;e e('e++e+ e$ectro)ics: a SeaAo$f c$ass s&'(ari)e costs aro&)+ P ! (i$$io)* a)+ a aircraft carrier 6oes for a'o&t P 9*? 'i$$io).
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* ) Repair and (on!ersion S;i1s &)+er6o )ear$< co)sta)t (ai)te)a)ce +&ri)6 t;eir career* A;et;er t;e< 'e &)+erAa<* 1ier si+e or i) so(e cases* i) 1erio+ of re+&ce+ o1erati)6 stat&s 'etAee) c;aracters or s;i11i)6 seaso)s. Most s;i1s ;oAe-er* re=&ire tri1s to s1ecia$ faci$ities s&c; as a +r< +ocB at re6&$ar i)ter-a$s. TasBs ofte) +o)e at +r< +ocB i)c$&+e re(o-i)6 'io$o6ica$ 6roAt;s o) t;e ;&$$* sa)+'$asti)6 a)+ re1ai)ti)6 t;e ;&$$ a)+ re1$aci)6 sacrificia$ a)o+es &se+ to 1rotect s&'(er6e+ e=&i1(e)t fro( corrosio). Ma7or re1airs to t;e 1ro1&$sio) a)+ steeri)6 s<ste(s as Ae$$ as (a7or e$ectrica$ s<ste(s are a$so ofte) 1erfor(e+ at +r< +ocB. Vesse$s t;at s&stai) (a7or +a(a6e at sea (a< 'e re1aire+ at a faci$it< e=&i11e+ for (a7or re1airs* s&c; as s;i1<ar+. S;i1s (a< a$so 'e co)-erte+ for a )eA 1&r1ose: oi$ ta)Bers are ofte) co)-erte+ i)to f$oati)6 1ro+&ci)6 1ro+&ctio) stora6e a)+ off$oa+i)6 &)its. * ) End o& ser!i(e Most ocea) K 6oi)6 car6o s;i1s ;a-e a $ife e,1ecta)c< of 'etAee) !" a)+ 9" <ears. A sai$'oat (a+e of 1$<Aoo+ or fi're6$ass ca) $ast 'etAee) 9" a)+ >" <ears. So$i+ Aoo+e) s;i1s ca) $ast (&c; $o)6er '&t re=&ire re6&$ar (ai)te)a)ce. Caref&$$< (ai)tai)e+ stee$ K ;&$$e+ <ac;ts ca) ;a-e $ifes1a) of o-er #"" <ears. As s;i1s a6e* forces s&c; as corrosio)* os(osis* a)+ rotti)6 co(1ro(ise ;&$$ stre)6t;* a)+ a -esse$ 'eco(es to +a)6ero&s to sai$. At t;is 1oi)t* it ca) 'e sc&tt$e+ at sea or scra11e+ '< s;i1'reaBers. S;i1s ca) a$so 'e &se+ as (&se&( s;i1s* or e,1e)+e+ to co)str&ct 'reaBAaters or artificia$ reefs. Ma)< s;i1s +o )ot (aBe it to t;e scra1<ar+* a)+ are $ost i) fires* co$$isio)s* 6ro&)+i)6* or si)Bi)6 at sea.
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C;a1ter I Meas&ri)6 s;i1s
O)e ca) (eas&re s;i1s i) ter(s of o-era$$ $e)6t;* of t;e s;i1 at t;e Aater$i)e* 'ea( F 'rea+t; G* +e1t; F +ista)ce 'etAee) t;e croA) of t;e Aeat;er +ecB a)+ t;e to1 of t;e Bee$so)G* +raft F +ista)ce 'etAee) t;e ;i6;est Aater$i)e a)+ t;e 'otto( of t;e s;i1 G a)+ to))a6e. A )&('er of +iffere)t to))a6e +efi)itio)s e,ist a)+ are &se+ A;e) +escri'i)6 (erc;a)t s;i1s for t;e 1&r1ose of to$$s* ta,atio)* etc. I) Britai) &)ti$ Sa(&e$ P$i(so$$E s Merc;a)t S;i11i)6 Act of #J@I* s;i1 K oA)ers co&$+ $oa+ t;eir -esse$s &)ti$ t;eir +ecBs Aere a$(ost aAas;* res&$ti)6 i) a +a)6ero&s$< &)sta'$e co)+itio). A)<o)e A;o si6)e+ o) to s&c; a s;i1 for a -o<a6e a)+* &1o) rea$i2i)6 t;e +a)6er* c;ose to $ea-e t;e s;i1* co&$+ e)+ &1 i) 7ai$. P$i(so$$* a e('er of Par$ia(e)t* rea$i2e+ t;e 1ro'$e( a)+ e)6a6e+ so(e e)6i)eers to +eri-e a fair$< si(1$e for(&$a to +eter(i)e t;e 1ositio) of a $i)e o) t;e si+e of a)< s1ecific s;i1E s ;&$$ A;ic;* A;e) it reac;e+ t;e s&rface of t;e Aater +&ri)6 $oa+i)6 of car6o* (ea)t t;e s;i1 ;a+ reac;e+ its (a,i(&( safe $oa+i)6 $e-e$. To t;is +a<* t;at (arB* ca$$e+ t;e O P$i(so$$ Li)e O* e,ists o) s;i1sE si+es* a)+ co)sists of a circ$e Ait; a ;ori2o)ta$ $i)e t;ro&6; t;e ce)tre. O) t;e Great LaBes of Nort; A(erica t;e circ$e is re1$ace+ Ait; a +ia(o)+. Beca&se +iffere)t t<1es of Aater F s&((er* fres;* tro1ica$ fres;* Ai)ter )ort; At$a)tic G ;a-e +iffere)t +e)sities* s&'se=&e)t re6&$atio)s re=&ire+ 1ai)ti)6 a 6ro&1 of $i)es forAar+ of t;e P$i(so$$ (arB to i)+icate t;e safe +e1t; F or free'oar+ a'o-e t;e s&rface G to A;ic; a s1ecific s;i1 co&$+ $oa+ i) Aater of -ario&s +e)sities. He)ce t;e O $a++er O of $i)es see) forAar+ of t;e P$i(so$$ (arB to t;is +a<. T;is is ca$$e+ t;e O free'oar+ (arB O or O $oa+ $i)e (arB O i) t;e (ari)e i)+&str<.
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C;a1ter @ S;i1 1o$$&tio)
S;i1 1o$$&tio) is t;e 1o$$&tio) of air a)+ Aater '< s;i11i)6. It is a 1ro'$e( t;at is acce$erati)6 as tra+e as ;as 'eco(e i)creasi)6$< 6$o'a$i2e+ 1osi)6 a)+ i)creasi)6 t;reat to t;e Aor$+E s ocea)s a)+ AaterAa<s as 6$o'a$i2atio) co)ti)&es* it is e,1ecte+ t;at* OQs;i11i)6 traffic to a)+ fro( t;e USA is 1ro7ecte+ to +o&'$e '< !"!". O Beca&se of i)crease+ traffic i) ocea)s 1orts* 1o$$&tio) fro( s;i1s a$so +irect$< affects costa$ areas. T;e 1o$$&tio) 1ro+&ce+ affects 'io+i-ersit<* c$i(ate* foo+* a)+ ;&(a) ;ea$t;. HoAe-er* t;e +e6ree to A;ic; ;&(a)s are 1o$$&ti)6 a)+ ;oA it affects t;e Aor$+ is ;i6;$< +e'ate+ a)+ ;as 'ee) a ;ot i)ter)atio)a$ to1ic for t;e 1ast 9" <ears. , 1 Oil spills Oi$ s1i$$s ;a-e +e-astati)6 effects o) t;e e)-iro)(e)t. Cr&+e oi$ co)tai)s 1o$<c<c$ic aro(atic ;<+rocar'o)s F PAHs G A;ic; are -er< +iffic&$t to c$ea) &1* a)+ $ast for <ears i) t;e se+i(e)t a)+ (ari)e e)-iro)(e)t. Mari)e s1ecies co)sta)t$< e,1ose+ to PAHs ca) e,;i'it +e-e$o1(e)ta$ 1ro'$e(s* s&sce1ti'i$it< to +isease* a)+ a')or(a$ re1ro+&cti-e c<c$es. B< t;e s;eer a(o&)t of oi$ carrie+* (o+er) oi$ ta)Bers (&st 'e co)si+ere+ so(et;i)6 of a t;reat to t;e e)-iro)(e)t. A) oi$ ta)Ber ca) carr< ! (i$$io) 'arre$s F 9!"* """ (9 G of cr&+e oi$* or I!*"""*""" 6a$$o)s. T;is is (ore t;a) si, ti(es t;e a(o&)t s1i$$e+ i) t;e Ai+e$< B)oA) E,,o) Va$+e2 i)ci+e)t. I) t;is s1i$$* t;e s;i1 ra) a6ro&)+ a)+ +&(1e+ #"*J (i$$io) 6a$$o)s of oi$ i)to t;e ocea) i) Marc; #HJH. Des1ite efforts of scie)tists* (a)a6ers* a)+ -o$&)teers* o-er >""*""" sea'ir+s* a'o&t #*""" sea otters* a)+ i((e)se )&('ers of fis; Aere Bi$$e+. T;e I)ter)atio)a$ Ta)Ber OA)ers Po$$&tio) Fe+eratio) ;as researc;e+ H* 9?# acci+e)ta$ s1i$$s si)ce #H@>. Accor+i)6 to t;is st&+<* (ost s1i$$s res&$t fro( ro&ti)e o1eratio)s s&c; as $oa+i)6 car6os* +isc;ar6i)6 car6o* a)+ taBi)6 o) f&e$ oi$. H#M of t;e o1eratio)a$ oi$ s1i$$s Aere s(a$$* res&$ti)6 i) $ess t;a) @ to)s 1er s1i$$. S1i$$s res&$ti)6 fro( acci+e)ts $iBe co$$isio)s* 6ro&)+i)6s* ;&$$ fai$&res a)+ e,1$osio)s are (&c; $ar6er* Ait; J>M of t;is i)-o$-i)6 $osses of o-er @"" to)es. Fo$$oAi)6 t;e E,,o) Va$+e2 s1i$$* t;e U)ite+ States 1asse+ t;e Oi$ Po$$&tio) Act of #HH" F OPA K H" G* A;ic; i)c$&+e+ a sti1&$atio) t;at a$$ ta)Bers e)teri)6 its Aaters 'e +o&'$e K ;&$$e+ '< !"#?. Fo$$oAi)6 t;e si)Bi)6 of t;e EriBa F #HHH G a)+ Presti6e F !""! G* t;e E&ro1ea) U)io) 1asse+ its oA) stri)6e)t a)ti K 1o$$&tio) 1acBa6es F B)oA) as EriBa t;e I* II a)+ III G* A;ic; re=&ire a$$ ta)Bers e)teri)6 its Aaters to 'e +o&'$e K ;&$$e+ '< !"#". T;e EriBa 1acBa6es are co)tro-ersia$ 'eca&se t;e< i)tro+&ce+ t;e )eA $e6a$ co)ce1t of O serio&s )e6$i6e)ce O.
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, $ Ballast "ater C;e) a $ar6e -esse$ s&c; as a co)tai)er s;i1 or a) oi$ ta)Ber &)$oa+s car6o* seaAater is 1&(1e+ i)to ot;er co(1art(e)ts i) t;e ;&$$ to ;e$1 sta'i$i2e a)+ 'a$a)ce t;e s;i1. D&ri)6 $oa+i)6* t;is 'a$$ast Aater is 1&(1e+ o&t fro( t;ese co(1art(e)ts. O)e of t;e 1ro'$e(s Ait; 'a$$ast Aater tra)sfer is t;e tra)s1ort of ;ar(f&$ or6a)is(s. Mei)es2 'e$ie-es t;at o)e of t;e Aorst cases of a si)6$e i)-asi-e s1ecies ca&si)6 ;ar( to a) ecos<ste( ca) 'e attri'&te+ to a see(i)6$< ;ar($ess 7e$$<fis;. M)e(io1sis Iei+<i* a s1ecies of co(' 7e$$<fis; t;at i);a'its est&aries fro( t;e U)ite+ States to t;e Va$+es 1e)i)s&$a i) Ar6e)ti)a* a$o)6 t;e At$a)tic coast* ;as cost )ota'$e +a(a6e i) t;e B$acB Sea. It Aas first i)tro+&ce+ i) #HJ!*a)+ t;o&6;t to 'e tra)s1orte+ to t;e B$acB Sea i) a s;i1E s 'a$$ast Aater. T;e 1o1&$atio) of t;e 7e$$<fis; s;ot &1 e,1o)e)tia$$< a)+* '< #HJJ* Aas racBi)6 ;a-oc &1o) t;e $oca$ fis;i)6 i)+&str<. O T;e a)c;o-< catc; fe$$ fro( !">*""" to)s i) #HJ> to !"" to)s i) #HH9L s1rat fro( !>* I"" to)s i) #HJ> to #!* """ i) #HH9L ;orse (acBere$ fro( >* """ to)s i) #HJ> to 2ero i) #HH9. O NoA t;at t;e 7e$$<fis; ;a-e e,;a&ste+ t;e 2oo1$a)Bto)* i)c$&+i)6 fis; $ar-ae* t;eir )&('er )&('ers ;a-e fa$$e) +ra(atica$$<* <et t;e< co)ti)&e to (ai)tai) a stra)6$e;o$+ o) t;e ecos<ste(. Rece)t$< t;e 7e$$<fis; ;a-e 'ee) +isco-ere+ i) t;e Cas1ia) Sea. I)-asi-e s1ecies ca) taBe o-er o)ce occ&1ie+ areas* faci$itate t;e s1rea+ of )eA +iseases* i)tro+&ce )eA 6e)etic (ateria$* a$ter $a)+sca1es a)+ 7eo1ar+i2e t;e sta'i$it< of )ati-e s1ecies to o'tai) foo+. OO) $a)+ a)+ sea* t;e i)-asi-e s1ecies are res1o)si'$e for a'o&t #9@ 'i$$io) +o$$ars i) $ost re-e)&e a)+ (a)a6e(e)t costs i) t;e U.S. eac; <ear. O Ba$$ast a)+ 'i$6e +isc;ar6e fro( s;i1s ca) a$so s1rea+ ;&(a) 1at;o6e)s a)+ o-er ;ar(f&$ +iseases a)+ to,i)s 1ote)tia$$< ca&si)6 ;ea$t; iss&es for ;&(a)s a)+ (ari)e $ife a$iBe. Disc;ar6es i)to costa$ Aaters* a$o)6 Ait; ot;er so&rces of (ari)e 1o$$&tio)* ;a-e t;e 1ote)tia$ to 'e to,ic to (ari)e 1$a)ts* a)i(a$s a)+ (icroor6a)is(* ca&si)6 a$teratio) s&c; as c;a)6es i) 6roAt;* +isr&1tio) of ;or(o)e c<c$es* 'irt; +efects* s&11ressio) of t;e i((&)e s<ste(* a)+ +isor+ers res&$ti)6 i) ca)cer* t&(ors* a)+ 6e)etic a')or(a$ities or e-e) +eat;. , ' E9haust e/issions E,;a&st e(issio)s fro( s;i1s are co)si+ere+ to 'e a si6)ifica)t so&rce of air 1o$$&tio). O Sea6oi)6 -esse$s are res1o)si'$e for a) esti(ate+ #> 1erce)t of e(issio)s of )itro6e) fro( fossi$s f&e$s a)+ #I 1erce)t of t;e e(issio)s of s&$f&r fro( 1etro$e&( &ses i)to t;e at(os1;ere. O I) E&ro1e s;i1s (aBe &1 a $ar6e 1erce)ta6e of t;e s&$f&r i)tro+&ce+ to t;e air* OQas (&c; s&$f&r as a$$ t;e cars* $orries a)+ factories i) E&ro1e 1&t to6et;er. O O B' !"#"* &1 to >"M of air 1o$$&tio) o-er $a)+ co&$+ co(e fro( s;i1s.R S&$f&r i) t;e air creates aci+ rai) A;ic; +a(a6es cro1s a)+ '&i$+i)6s. C;e) i);a$e+ s&$f&r is B)oA) to ca&se res1irator< 1ro'$e(s a)+ i)crease t;e risB of ;eart attacB.
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, ) Ship 6rea:ing S;i1 'reaBi)6 or s;i1s +e(o$itio) is a t<1e of s;i1 +is1osa$ i)-o$-i)6 t;e 'reaBi)6 &1 of s;i1s for scra1 rec<c$i)6* Ait; t;e ;&$$s 'ei)6 +iscar+e+ i) s;i1 6ra-e<ar+s. Most s;i1s ;a-e a $ifes1a) of a feA +eca+es 'efore t;ere is so (&c; Aear t;at refitti)6 a)+ re1air 'eco(es &)eco)o(ica$. S;i1 'reaBi)6 a$$oAs (ateria$s fro( t;e s;i1* es1ecia$$< stee$* to 'e re&se+. I) a++itio) to stee$ a)+ ot;er &sef&$ (ateria$s* ;oAe-er* s;i1s F 1artic&$ar$< o$+er -esse$s G ca) co)tai) (a)< s&'sta)ces t;at are 'a))e+ or co)si+ere+ +a)6ero&s i) +e-e$o1e+ co&)tries. As'estos a)+ 1o$<c;$ori)ate+ 'i1;e)<$s SF PCBs G are t<1ica$ e,a(1$es. As'estos Aas &se+ ;ea-i$< i) s;i1 co)str&ctio) &)ti$ it Aas fi)a$$< 'a))e+ i) (ost of t;e +e-e$o1e+ Aor$+ i) t;e (i+ #HJ"s. C&rre)t$<* t;e costs associate+ Ait; re(o-i)6 as'estos* a$o)6 Ait; t;e 1ote)tia$$< e,1e)si-e i)s&ra)ce a)+ ;ea$t; risBs* ;a-e (ea)t t;at s;i1 K 'reaBi)6 i) (ost +e-e$o1e+ co&)tries is )o $o)6er eco)o(ica$$< -ia'$e. Re(o-i)6 t;e (eta$ for scra1 ca) 1ote)tia$$< cost (ore t;a) t;e scra1 -a$&e of t;e (eta$ itse$f. I) t;e +e-e$o1i)6 Aor$+* ;oAe-er* s;i1<ar+s ca) o1erate Ait;o&t t;e risB of 1erso)a$ i)7&r< $aAs&its or AorBersE ;ea$t; c$ai(s* (ea)i)6 (a)< of t;ese s;i1<ar+s (a< o1erate Ait; ;i6; ;ea$t; risBs. Protecti-e e=&i1(e)t is so(eti(es a'se)t or i)a+e=&ate . Da)6ero&s -a1ors a)+ f&(es fro( '&r)i)6 (ateria$s ca) 'e i);a$e+* a)+ +&st< as'estos K $a+e) areas aro&)+ s&c; 'rea;+oA) $ocatio) are co((o)1$ace. Asi+e fro( t;e ;ea$t; of t;e <ar+ AorBers* i) rece)t <ears* s;i1 'reaBi)6 ;as a$so 'eco(e a) iss&e of (a7or e)-iro)(e)ta$ co)cer). Ma)< s;i1 'reaBi)6 <ar+s i) +e-e$o1i)6 )atio)s ;a-e $a, or )o e)-iro)(e)ta$ $aA* e)a'$i)6 $ar6e =&a)tities of ;i6;$< to,ic (ateria$s to esca1e i)to t;e e)-iro)(e)t a)+ ca&si)6 serio&s ;ea$t; 1ro'$e(s a(o)6 s;i1 'reaBers* t;e $oca$ 1o1&$atio) a)+ Ai$+$ife. E)-iro)(e)ta$ ca(1ai6) 6ro&1s s&c; as Gree)1eace ;a-e (a+e t;e iss&e a ;i6; 1riorit< for t;eir ca(1ai6)s.
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C;a1ter J A case
The RMS Titanic in full glory T;e Aor$+E s i)terest i) t;e fasci)ati)6 ;istor< of tita)ic ;as e)+&re+ for a$(ost #"" <ears. A1ri$ #?* !""? Ai$$ (arB t;e H9r+ a))i-ersar< of t;e si)Bi)6 of t;e Tita)ic s;i1 a)+ a$t;o&6; it ;as 'ee) )ear$< a ce)t&r< si)ce t;e i)fa(o&s $&,&r< $i)er sa)B i) t;e At$a)tic Ocea)* t;ere co)ti)&es to 'e a t;irst for i)for(atio) re6ar+i)6 Tita)ic facts* (<t;s a)+ $e6e)+s. No ot;er s;i1 i) t;e ;istor< of ocea) tra-e$ ;as +e(a)+e+ as (&c; i)terest as t;e Tita)ic. Vo$&(es of 'ooBs a)+ ree$s of fi$( ;a-e 'ee) 1ro+&ce+ re6ar+i)6 t;e si)Bi)6 of t;e s;i1 t;at Aas $a'e$e+ O &)si)Ba'$e O 'efore ;er +isastro&s (ai+e) -o<a6e i) A1ri$ of #H#!. Histor< of t;e Tita)ic K T;e ;istor< of t;e Tita)ic ;as e)+&re+ for )ear$< a ce)t&r<. Fi)+ o&t (ore a'o&t t;e (ost fasci)ati)6 s;i1 a)+ s;i1ArecB i) t;e Aor$+ a)+ ;oA t;e tra6e+< of t;e s;i1 co)ti)&es to affect &s to+a<. April15, 1912, The Sinking of the Titanic K C;e) t;e Tita)ic e('arBe+ o) ;er (ai+e) -o<a6e t;e Aor$+ Aas fi$$e+ Ait; ;o1e a)+ aAe. I) 7&st a feA s;ort +a<s t;ose e(otio)s t&r)e+ to ;orror a)+ 6rief.
Passengers on the Titanic K O)e of t;e (ost fasci)ati)6 as1ects a'o&t t;e tra6ic ;istor< of t;e Tita)ic* is t;e ec$ectic (i, of 1asse)6ers o)'oar+ t;e i$$ fate+ $&,&r< $i)er. C;e) t;e s;i1 sa)B* t;e $i-es of 'ot; t;e fa(o&s a)+ t;e &)B)oA) Aere $ost as Ae$$. S1e)+ a feA (o(e)ts $ear)i)6 a'o&t t;e fa(o&s a)+ )ot so fa(o&s 1asse)6ers o) t;e Tita)ic.
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Titanic Ship K C;i$e t;e Tita)ic s;i1 i)itia$$< ear)e+ fa(e as t;e $ar6er $&,&r< $i)er o) t;e o1e) seas* s;e Ao&$+ o'tai) e)+&ri)6 +isti)ctio) for t;e tra6e+< t;at tooB t;e s;i1 to ;er Aater< 6ra-e. Titanic Facts 4 It ;as 'ee) a$(ost #"" <ears si)ce t;e Tita)ic sa)B. D&ri)6 t;at ti(e a )&('er of (<t;s a)+ $e6e)+s ;a-e 6roA) &1 aro&)+ t;e si)Bi)6 of t;e )oA i)fa(o&s s;i1.
Titanic Movie 4 T;e #HH@ re$ease of OTita)icR re)eAe+ t;e Aor$+E s i)terest i) a '<6o)e era a)+ t;e fate of t;e Tita)icE s (ai+e) -o<a6e. T;e Tita)ic (o-ie ca1t&re+ t;e Aor$+E s i)terest a)+ Ao) a to) of Aca+e(< AAar+s.
Titanic pictures K For <ears t;e Aor$+ 1o)+ere+ A;at t;e Os;i1 of +rea(sR (i6;t ;a-e rea$$< $ooBe+ $iBe a)+ Ao)+ere+ if a)< 1art of t;e s;i1 sti$$ re(ai)e+ to 'e see) so(eA;ere 'e$oA t;e ic< +e1t;s of t;e At$a)tic Ocea). I) #HJ? t;e first 1ict&re of t;e ArecB Aere taBe). T;e< ;a+ a 6reat ro$e i) t;e +isco-er< of t;e tr&t; a'o&t t;e s;i1E s tra6ic e)+.
Titanic onstruction K T;e C;ite Star Li)e 'i$$e+ t;e Tita)ic as O &)si)Ba'$eR (o)t;s 'efore t;e s;i1 e-er e('arBe+ o) ;er (ai+e) -o<a6e. Her co)str&ctio) Aas re1&te+ to ;a-e 'ee) t;e 'est of t;e 'est. So* A;< +i+ s;e si)B a)+ +i+ t;e s;i1E s co)str&ctio) ;a-e a)<t;i)6 to +o Ait; t;e tra6e+<S
Titanic Manifest K T;e (a)ifest of t;e (ai+e)* a)+ o)$<* -o<a6e of t;e Tita)ic 1ro-i+es a fasci)ati)6 $ooB i)to $ife a'oar+ t;e fa(o&s $&,&r< $i)er +&ri)6 ;er 'rief feA +a<s at sea.
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Titanic !reck 4 Fo$$oAi)6 t;e si)Bi)6 of t;e Tita)ic i) #H#!* -ario&s 6ro&1s a)+ i)+i-i+&a$s searc;e+ for t;e Tita)ic ArecB for +eca+es. Ma)< ;a+ starte+ to 'e$ie-e t;e s;i1E s 6ra-e Ao&$+ )e-er 'e fo&)+. Beco(e i((erse+ i) t;e searc; for t;e Tita)ic ArecB.
Titanic Artifacts K T;e artifacts reco-ere+ fro( t;e Tita)ic ArecB are a sa+ re(i)+er of A;at ;a11e)e+ t;at A1ri$ (or)i)6 of #H#!. Me)&s* c$ot;s* 7eAe$r<* 'ott$es of Ai)e* $etters fro( 1asse)6ers o) t;e Tita)ic* etc. Aere sa$-a6e+ fro( t;e +e1t;s of t;e ocea) a)+ 1&t o) +is1$a< i) (&se&(s a)+ e,;i'its or a&ctio)e+.
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C;a1ter H Co)ce1t Ma1
T;is co)ce1t (a1 ;as 'ee) +i-i+e+ a$o)6 t;ree $e-e$s of a)a$<sis : s&1er Kor+i)ate $e-e$ F t;e ter( MARI4E A;ic; is 6e)eric G* 'asic $e-e$ Ft;e ter( S7IP G a)+ t;e s&'or+i)ate $e-e$ A;ic; i) its ter) ;as 'ee) +i-i+e+ i)to t;ree s&'cate6ories i) ter(s of : 1 %;PES 1oi)t of -ieA L $ ARC7I%EC%<E 1oi)t of -ieA* A;ic; ;as a s&'or+i)ate DESIG4 L ' LI5E C;CLE8 A;ic; ;as as s&' K or+i)ate POLL<%IO4
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Mari)e
Desi6)
Arc;itect&re
S;i1s
T<1es
Life c<c$e
Po$$&tio)
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C;a1ter #" Refere)ces
A 1 %er/inology T;e st&+< of ter(s a)+ t;eir &se T of Aor+s a)+ co(1o&)+ Aor+s t;at are &se+ i) s1ecific co)te,ts is ca$$e+ ter/inology. It st&+ies t;e co)ce1ts 1artic&$ar to o)e or (ore s&'7ect fie$+s or +o(ai)s of ;&(a) acti-it<* t;ro&6; researc; a)+ a)a$<sis of ter(s i) co)te,t* for t;e 1&r1ose of +oc&(e)ti)6 a)+ 1ro(oti)6 correct &sa6e. T;is st&+< ca) 'e $i(ite+ to o)e $a)6&a6e or ca) co-er (ore t;a) o)e $a)6&a6e at t;e sa(e ti(e F(&$ti$i)6&a$ ter(i)o$o6<* 'i$i)6&a$ ter(i)o$o6<* a)+ so fort;G. A 'i$i)6&a$ 6$ossar< is a $ist of ter(s i) o)e $a)6&a6e A;ic; are +efi)e+ i) a seco)+ $a)6&a6e or 6$osse+ '< s<)o)<(s For at $east )ear4s<)o)<(sG i) a)ot;er $a)6&a6e. T;is st&+< o) )a&tica$ ter(i)o$o6< is a 'i$i)6&a$ 6$ossar< E)6$is;4Ro(a)ia) . Ro(a)ia)4 E)6$is; A;ic; co)tai)s @I ter(s i) E)6$is; a)+ I" ter(s as t;eir e=&i-a$e)tsL a$$ t;ese ter(s are -er< re1rese)tati-e to t;is +o(ai). A$1;a'etica$$< str&ct&re+* t;e 6$ossar< ca) ;e$1 a 1erso) i)tereste+ i) $ear)i)6 +r&6 ter(i)o$o6<. T;e reaso) A;< I c;oose t;is fie$+ is t;e i)terest i) t;e -ast +o(ai) of t;e sea a)+ i) t;e Aa< tec;)o$o6< c;a)6es t;ro&6;o&t ti(e. T;e 1rese)t 1a1er co)tai)s a co(1$e, -oca'&$ar< of )a&tica$ ter(s 4 +escri'i)6 +iffere)t t<1es of s;i1s a)+ t;e Aa< )a&tica$ tec;)o$o6< c;a)6es t;ro&6;o&t ti(e. T;e 1&r1ose is to offer so(e ;e$1 i) &)+ersta)+i)6 correct$< t;eir (ea)i)6* A;ic; is 1ro-i+e+ '< t;e U+efi)itio)U* U)ota 'e)eU A;ic; is a co(1$etio) of t;e +efi)itio)* U6ra((ar cate6or<U* Uco)te,ts a)+ co$$ocatio)sU a)+ Uco((e)tar<VV A;ic; a++s a) e,tra i)fo of t;e ter(. T;e i+ea I Aa)te+ to +e-e$o1 ;ere Aas t;at a 'i6 1art of t;e Aor$+E s ;istor< a)< (a)< i(1orta)t e-e)ts tooB 1$ace o) Aater. T;ere for $ear)i)6 (ore a'o&t t;e(* ca) 'e -er< i)teresti)6* ca1ti-ati)6* '&t a$so -er< +e(a)+i)6. T;e #9I ter(s i)tro+&ce+ i) t;is 1a1er co-er a$(ost t;e e)tire )a&tica$ +o(ai). T;is 'i$i)6&a$ ter(i)o$o6ica$ 6$ossar< i)c$&+es (ost 'asic ter(s i) t;is fie$+. Before starti)6 t;is 6$ossar<* t;e fo$$oAi)6 sit&atio)s occ&r: One=to=one (orrespondants 4 E)6$is; ter(s A;ic; ;a-e a Ro(a)ia) e=&i-a$e)t. Loans 4 E)6$is; ter(s A;ic; ;a-e 'ee) 'orroAe+ '< Ro(a)ia) as s&c;. !@
Periphrases 4 E)6$is; ter(s t;at are )ot e,iste)t i) Ro(a)ia) 'eca&se t;e +r&6 as a s$a)6 ter( is +iffere)t i) Ro(a)ia -s U)ite+ States of A(erica. T;at is A;< t;is ter( is e,1$ai)e+ i) Ro(a)ia) (ore 1recise$<. T;e str&ct&re of eac; e)tr< fo$$oAs t;e 6e)era$ for(at : ID $a)6&a6e E)tr< ID co&)tr< FUSA.UD or Ro(a)iaG So&rce F+ictio)aries* 'ooBs* o)$i)e 'ooBs a)+ +ictio)ariesG Sta)+ar+ +efi)itio) Nota 'e)e Ff&rt;er i)for(atio) a'o&t t;e (ea)i)6 of t;e ter(G Corres1o)+e)ts Defi)itio) so&rce Gra((atica$ cate6or< Ge)eric co)ce1t S<)o)<(s Co)te,t . Co$$ocatio)s Use area Co((e)tar< Ffro( t;e eti(o$o6ica$$< 1oi)t of -ieA or Aeir+ factsG Desi6)atio) stat&s Ffor(a$ . officia$ K 6e)era$ acce1ta)ce of t;e ter(sG.
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B1 Glossary o& /ariti/e ter/s 1a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : A6a&t c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Aft of so(et;i)6 or toAar+s t;e ster) of a s;i1 f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 O.E. o) 'Wfta) U'acBAar+s*U t;e seco)+ co(1o)e)t itse$f a co(1o&)+ of 'e U'<U X Wfta) UaftU. Si)ce M.E. &se+ e,c$&si-e$< of s;i1s* t;e ster) 'ei)6 t;e UafterU 1art of a -esse$. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : = ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co(
i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : t;e 'acB of a -esse$ B. SYNONYMS : aster)*'acB*'e;i)+*rearAar+ $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. O) o$+ sai$i)6 s;i1s* a ;orses;oe4racB Aas a sAee1 c&r-i)6 fro( t;e 'itt4;ea+s a6a&t t;e (ai)(ast carr<i)6 a set of )i)e41i) sAi-e$4'$ocBs* as t;e fair4$oa+ers of t;e $i6;t r&))i)646ear FAAA.1ro'erte)c<c$o1ae+ia.co(G !. To &se UA'aftU i) a se)te)ce o)e co&$+ sa<: ULooB a'aft to see A;atVs 'e;i)+ <o&U* or UI Aas a6a&t t;e cr&ise s;i1U. FAAA.e;oA.co(G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: S&1erstr&ct&re +ecB ;o&se +e(o$is;e+ aft of fra(e #?>* i)c$&+i)6 CPO =&arters* creAZs ;ea+* creAZs Aas;roo(* 1assa6eAa<* a)+ -e)t &)its s1ace. F&(e ti6;t +oors a)+ sAas; '&$B;ea+s t;ro&6;o&t +ecB ;o&se str&ct&re a6a&t fra(e #"? Aar1e+* tAiste+ or r&1t&re+. O-er;ea+ of s&1erstr&ct&re +ecB ;o&se a6a&t fra(e #"? s1r&)6 a)+ $eaBi)6 i) se-era$ 1$aces. B&$B;ea+s a)+ stiffe)ers of s&1erstr&ct&re +ecB ;o&se Aar1e+ aft of fra(e #9H. After sectio) of s;i1 a6a&t fra(e #?" res1o)+s s$oA$< to tor=&e i) s;ar1 t&r)s a)+ ;ea-< seas as res&$t of $oss of )&(ero&s stre)6t; (e('ers. Si, to J ft. ;o$e i) (ai) +ecB Ait; s1$its a)+ 6as;es e,te)+i)6 for a'o&t !" ft. fro( fra(es #I"4#I? star'oar+.
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o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ $a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : A6oard c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION :4 O) or Ait;i) t;e 'oat f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 Late #?c.* fro( O.Fr. [ Uo)U X 'oar+ U'oar+*U fro( Fra)B. \'or+ L t;e U'oar+i)6U or si+es of a -esse$ e,te)+e+ to t;e s;i1 itse$f. T;e &s&a$ M.E. e,1ressio) Aas Ait;i) s;i11es 'or+e. T;e ca$$ a$$ a'oar+] as a Aar)i)6 to 1asse)6ers is atteste+ fro( #J9J. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : La 6ord ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2
i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : 4 O) or Ait;i) t;e 'oat B. SYNONYMS : o) 'oar+*o) 'ase*a$o)6si+e $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. TAo Ro(a)ia) sai$ors are a6oard t;e UD4f$a66e+ s;i1 St. a(es ParB sei2e+ '< So(a$i 1irates i) t;e G&$f of A+e)* sai+ A+ria) Mi;a$cioi&* I)ter)atio)a$ Tra)s1orters Fe+eratio) re1rese)tati-e i) Ro(a)ia. FAAA.(e+iafa,.roG !. To( a)+ Na) MacNa&6;to) $i-e+ a)+ ;a+ t;eir offices a'oar+ t;eir 'oats for se-e)tee) <ears* &1 &)ti$ Ae (o-e+ as;ore to 'e )ear To(Vs e$+er$< (ot;er. T;e $i-e a6oard $ife is Ao)+erf&$. Ce are )oA i) a 1ositio) A;ere Ae ca) a6ai) (o-e 'acB a'oar+ o&r oA) (o+est -o<a6i)6 <ac;t. T;is is t;e sa(e $itt$e -o<a6i)6 <ac;t* UC;arisU* t;at Ae starte+ o&t $i-i)6 a'oar+ (a)< <ears a6o. Ce ;a-e 'o&6;t ;er 'acB a)+ are restori)6 ;er i)to t;e &$ti(ate -o<a6i)6 <ac;t s;e Aas A;e) Ae ;a+ ;er 'efore. FAAA.(ac)a&6;to)6ro&1.co(G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: T;e Ve)e2&e$a) a&t;orities co)fir(e+ t;at )i)e 1eo1$e* A;o ;a+ ear$ier 'ee) re1orte+ (issi)6* Aere Bi$$e+ after a fire 'roBe o&t o) t;e GreeB4f$a66e+ s;i1 t;e< Aere a'oar+.
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o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : La 6ord c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Pe 1&)tea &)ei )a-e f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie: 4 +i) ^fr. 'or+* 6er(. Bor+ 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : A6oard ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA. +e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : 6r&1 )o(i)a$ 7. CONCEPT GENERIC : 4 &)a +i) 1arti$e i(1orta)te a$e &)ei )a-e B. SINONIME : i('arcare $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Na-a Asia) G$or<* s&' 1a-i$io) 'rita)ic 5i a-8)+ la 6ord +oi (ari)ari ro(8)i* ca1t&rat/ +e 1ira%ii so(a$e2i 0) seara 2i$ei +e # ia)&arie* a a)corat 0) $ar6&$ coaste$or so(a$e2e $a )or+4est +e ora5&$ Ho'<o* i)for(ea2/ &) co(&)icat a$ for%ei e&ro1e)e +e co('atere a 1irateriei EU NAVFOR. F.AAA.(e+iafa,.roG !. U) feri'ot circa !?" +e 1ersoa)e la 6ord s4a sc&f&)+at +&(i)ic/ 0) a1ro1ierea i)s&$ei i)+o)e2ie)e S&(atra. Acci+e)t&$ a 1ro-ocat ce$ 1&%i) &) (ort* a +ec$arat 1o$i%ia i)+o)e2ia)/. FAAA.ro(a)ia).cri.c)G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: U) s1/r6/tor +e 6;ea%/ care f/cea o croa2ier/ 0) a1e$e A)tarcticii* c& #"? 1asa6eri la 6ord* (a7oritatea 'rita)ici* i)c$&si- o ec;i1/ a BBC* este '$ocat* a a)&)%at $&)i co(1a)ia +e )a-i6a%ie (ariti(/ +i) E,tre(&$ Orie)t r&s DVMP* citat/ +e AFP. Ec;i1a7&$ -as&$&i ODa1ita) D;$e')iBo-R a5tea1t/ o Osc;i('are a -re(ii 0)ai)te +e a45i co)ti)&a +r&(&$R* a +ec$arat &) re1re2e)ta)t a$ DVMP* citat +e RIA No-osti. OEste -or'a +e &)a sa& +o&/ 2i$eR* a 1reci2at e$. FQG o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
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'a. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : An(hor c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 A ;ea-< (eta$ +e-ice* faste)e+ to a c;ai) or $i)e* to ;o$+ a -esse$ i) 1ositio)* 1art$< 'eca&se of its Aei6;t* '&t c;ief$< 'eca&se t;e +esi6)e+ s;a1e +i6s i)to t;e 'otto(. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 O.E. a)cor* 'orroAe+ Hc. fro( L. a)cora* fro( or co6)ate Ait; GB. a)B<ra Ua)c;or* ;ooBU. A -er< ear$< 'orroAi)6 a)+ sai+ to 'e t;e o)$< L. )a&tica$ ter( &se+ i) t;e G(c. $a)6&a6es. T;e 4c;4 s1e$$i)6 e(er6e+ $ate #Ic.* i) i(itatio) of a (iss1e$$i)6 of t;e L. Aor+. T;e fi6. se)se of Ut;at A;ic; 6i-es sta'i$it< or sec&rit<U is fro( $ate #>c. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : An(ora ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : 4 so(et;i)6 &se+ to ;o$+ a s;i1 sec&re$< B. SYNONYMS : ;ooB* (ai)sta<* s&11ort* safe6&ar+ $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;ere are tAo 1ri(ar< c$asses of an(horsTte(1orar< a)+ 1er(a)e)t. A 1er(a)e)t a)c;or is ofte) ca$$e+ a (oori)6* a)+ is rare$< (o-e+L it is =&ite 1ossi'$e t;e -esse$ ca))ot ;oist it a'oar+ '&t (&st ;ire a ser-ice to (o-e or (ai)tai) it. Vesse$s carr< o)e or (ore te(1orar< a)c;ors A;ic; (a< 'e of +iffere)t +esi6)s a)+ Aei6;ts. A sea a)c;or is a re$ate+ +e-ice &se+ A;e) t;e Aater +e1t; (aBes &si)6 a (oori)6 or te(1orar< a)c;or i(1ractica$. !. T;e -esse$ is attac;e+ to t;e an(hor '< t;e ro+e A;ic; is (a+e Ait; c;ai)* ca'$e or $i)e or a co('i)atio) of t;ese. T;e ;o$e i) t;e ;&$$ t;ro&6; A;ic; t;e a)c;or ro+e 1asses is ca$$e+ U;aAse1i1eU 'eca&se t;icB (oori)6 $i)es are ca$$e+ U;aAsersU. FAAA. e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: A) an(hor AorBs '< resisti)6 t;e (o-e(e)t force of t;e -esse$ A;ic; is attac;e+ to it. T;ere are tAo 1ri(ar< Aa<s to +o t;isT-ia s;eer (ass* a)+ '< U;ooBi)6U i)to t;e sea'e+. C;i$e 1er(a)e)t (oori)6s ca) &se $ar6e (asses resti)6 o) t;is sea'e+ t;is is )ot 1ractica$ for te(1orar< a)c;ors A;ic; )ee+ to 'e stoAe+ o)'oar+ so a$(ost a$$ te(1orar<
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a)c;ors are of t;e t<1e A;ic; ;a-e (eta$ f$&Bes A;ic; ;ooB o) to rocBs i) t;e 'otto( or '&r< t;e(se$-es i) soft 'otto(s. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : An(ora c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Pies/ 6rea +e (eta$ c& 'rae$e ca )ite 6;eare* care se co'oar/ c& &) $a)* o fr8)6;ie sa& o 1ar8(/ +e 1e o )a-/ 0) f&)+&$ a1ei* &)+e se a6a/ 1e)tr& a i)e )a-a 0) $oc f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 Di) it.* $at. an(ora. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : An(hor ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : 4 o'iect 1e)tr& si6&ra)ta statio)arii &)ei )a-e B. SINONIME : o'iect +i) (eta$*1iesa 6rea $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. _) 6e)era$* o an(or> se co(1&)e +i) &r(/toare$e 1/r%i 1ri)ci1a$e: f&s&$* 'ra%e$e 5i &)eori*tra-ersa. !. Di) 1&)ct&$ +e -e+ere a$ co)str&c%iei8 an(orele se 0(1art 0) 1atr& 6r&1e +isti)cte: aG a)core* c& tra-ersa 5i 'ra%e fi,e. FUStocBe+ a)c;orUGL 'G a)core c& tra-ers/ 5i 'ra%e osci$a)te FUC$ose4stoAi)6 a)c;orUGL cG a)core f/r/ tra-ers/ 5i c& 'ra%e osci$a)te FUStocB$ess a)c;orUGL +G a)core +e cor1 (ort FUMoori)6 a)c;orUG. FAAA. ro.AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: De o'icei* )a-e$e a& 0) +otare +o&/ an(ore +e 6re&tate e6a$/ i)sta$ate 1e te&6/* c0te &)a 0) fiecare 'or+* 5i o a)cor/ +e re2er-/* a(arat/ 1e te&6/. Na-e$e +e (are to)a7 a& o a)cor/ 5i $a 1&1a.
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o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$ )a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : An(horage c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 A 1$ace s&ita'$e for a)c;ori)6 i) re$atio) to t;e Ai)+* seas a)+ 'otto(. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 #?#"s* Uto$$ or c;ar6e for a)c;ori)6R. Mea)i)6 Uact of +ro11i)6 a)c;or* 'ei)6 at a)c;orU is fro( #I#"sL t;at of U1$ace s&ita'$e for a)c;ori)6U is fro( #@"I. T;e A$asBa cit< A)c;ora6e Aas fo&)+e+ #H#>. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : An(orare ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : 1$ace for -esse$s to a)c;or
B. SYNONYMS : 1ort* ref&6e* +ocB $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. USS An(horage FLSD49IG Aas a +ocB $a)+i)6 s;i1 of t;e U)ite+ States Na-<. S;e Aas $ea+ s;i1 of t;e A)c;ora6e4c$ass as Ae$$ as t;e first s;i1 i) t;e )a-< to 'e )a(e+ after t;e cit< i) A$asBa. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G !. T;e (aster of t;e -esse$ is o'$i6e+ to 'e i) 1er(a)e)t co)tact Ait; Co)sta)ta VTS FVHF C; I@G starti)6 fro( t;e -esse$Vs e)tra)ce i)to t;e 7&ris+ictio) 2o)e* at a)c;or a$so. E)teri)6.$ea-i)6 i).fro( t;e 1ort a)+ a$so t;e (a)e&-ers i)si+e t;e an(horage 2o)e Ai$$ 'e (a+e Ait; t;e a11ro-a$ of t;e Co)sta)ta VTS o)$< . FAAA. ro.AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: T;e (eri+ia)s of "!J`>I.@VE a)+ "!J`>J.!VE +i-i+e t;e a)c;ora6e i)to 9 2o)es* )&('ere+ fro( Cest to East: 3o)e #: An(horage for -esse$s &1 to >"*""" GRT Fe,ce1t ta)BersG 3o)e !: An(horage for -esse$s o-er >"*""" GRT Fe,ce1t ta)BersG
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3o)e 9: An(horage for ta)Bers* LPG carriers a)+ -esse$s car<i)6 +a)6ero&s car6oes T;e roa+stea+ a$$oAs safe an(horage* Ait; +e1t;s of !?49"( for >" to ?" $ar6e s;i1s* Ait; t;e 1ossi'i$it< to (aBe a f&$$ sAi)6 i) case of c;a)6e of Ai)+ or c&rre)t +irectio). I) 'a+ Aeat;er* s(a$$ -esse$s (a< e)ter t;e 1ort FCo)sta)ta4Ro(a)iaG Aaters Ait; t;e a11ro-a$ of t;e Co)sta)ta VTS o)$<. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : An(orare c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 A sc&f&)+a a)cora 1e)tr& a o1ri )a-a +i) +e1$asare 1e)tr& a statio)a +efi)iti- i)tr4&) a)&(it $oc f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie K Pro-i)e +i) ^ it. ancorare 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : An(horage ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : statio)area &)ei )a-e B. SINONIME : a)cora7* o1rire* statio)are $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. _) 6e)era$ o )a-/ 1oate an(ora fie 0)tr4&) $oc sta'i$it +e a&torit/%i* fie 0)tr4&) $oc reco(a)+at +e c/r%i$e 1i$ot* fie 0)tr4&) $oc a$es +e co(a)+a)t. !. Loc&$ +e an(orare 1oate fi: 4 ra+a &)&i 1ort F+e o1erare* +e tra)2itare ca)a$* +e ref&6i&GL 4 a+/1ost $a &) %/r( s&' -8)t&$ &)ei f&rt&)iL 4 sta%io)are fort&it/ 1e)tr& re1ara%ii -ita$e 1e)tr& )a-aL FAAA.fac&$tate.re6ie$i-e.roG (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Co)+i%ii$e ce tre'&ie 0)+e1$i)ite +e &) $oc '&) +e an(orare. U) $oc '&) +e a)corare tre'&ie s/ 0)+e1$i)easc/ &r(/toare$e co)+i%ii:
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4 s/ ai'/ a+8)ci(i s&ficie)t +e (ari 0) ra1ort c& 1esca7&$ (a,i( a$ )a-eiL 4 f&)+&$ a1ei s/ fie fa-ora'i$ fi,/rii Fs(&$6eriiG a)coreiL 4 1a)ta f&)+&$&i a1ei s/ fie cores1&)2/toare 1e)tr& a )& se 1ro+&ce 6ra1area a)corei Fa)core$orGL 4 s/ 1er(it/ o &5oar/ ateri2are $a coast/ 5i o 1$ecare si6&r/ 0) co)+i%ii$e e,iste)%ei -8)t&$&i +o(i)a)t 5i a a6ita%iei (/riiL 4 s/ co)stit&ie &) '&) a+/1ost 0) co)+i%ii$e +e -re(e reaL 4 s/ e,iste s1a%i& s&ficie)t +e +eri-/ 0) co)+i%ii$e 6ra1/rii a)coreiL s/ +is1&)/ +e a(e)a7/ri +e )a-i6a%ie. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
*a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Balan(ed rudder c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 A r&++er i) A;ic; t;e t&r)i)6 stocB is )ot o) t;e $ea+i)6 e+6e* '&t c$ose to t;e r&++erVs ce)tre of 1ress&reL a'o&t o)e4=&arter a'aft of t;e $ea+i)6 e+6eL si)ce t;e ce)ter of 1ress&re s;ifts as t;e r&++er is t&r)e+* )o r&++er ca) 'e f&$$< 'a$a)ce+ for a$$ r&++er a)6$esL ;e)ce a r&++er is co)si+ere+ "alance# A;e) it ca) (ai)tai) so for a'o&t #? +e6rees f. NOTA BENE : T;e 6alan(ed rudder Aas a) i))o-atio) i) Aars;i1 co)str&ctio) &se+ as ear$< as #JI! i) t;e USS Mo)itor* o)e of t;e U)io)Vs first iro)c$a+s +&ri)6 t;e A(erica) Ci-i$ Car. It Aas a$so &se+ i) HMS $ellerophon* A;ic; Aas $a&)c;e+ i) #JI?.6. 6.RO CORRESPONDENT : Car/a (o/pensata ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.ai)ostri.ro
i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : 6r&1 )o(i)a$ 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : 'a$a)ce+ r&++er B. SYNONYMS : )a-a$ arc;itect&re* $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Before t;e 6alan(ed rudder* a$$ s;i1s e(1$o<e+ a r&++er t;at Aas a si(1$e f$at 1iece of Aoo+ or (eta$* sit&ate+ at t;e after e)+ of t;e ;&$$ a)+ ;i)6e+ at t;e forAar+ e)+* A;ic; co&$+ 'e a)6$e+ to o)e si+e or t;e ot;er to +ef$ect t;e Aater 1assi)6 it a)+ ;e)ce 1ro-i+e a) i(1&$se to t&r) t;e s;i1. T;is re=&ire+ t;e e,ertio) of si6)ifica)t force* as t;e 1assa6e of t;e Aater 1ast t;e r&++er te)+e+ to force it i)to a strai6;t $i)e i) co)for(it< Ait; t;e f$oA.
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!. T;e co)ce1t of a 6alan(ed rudder i)-o$-e+ t;e s;ifti)6 of t;e ce)tre of rotatio) of t;e r&++er to 1oi)t a11ro,i(ate$< a of t;e Aa< fro( t;e forAar+ e)+ to t;e after e)+. T;is (ea)t t;at A;e) t;e r&++er Aas t&r)e+* t;e f$oA of Aater 1ast t;e s;i1 acti-e$< AorBe+ o) t;e forAar+ t;ir+ to i)crease t;e a)6$e of +ef$ectio)* A;ereas t;e sa(e f$oA acte+ o) t;e after b to re+&ce t;e a)6$e. FAAA.e). AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: T;e 6alan(ed rudder Aas soo) a+o1te+ '< t;e f$e+6$i)6 aircraft i)+&str< i) t;e ear$< tAe)tiet; ce)t&r<* A;ic; ofte) (a+e &se of t;e ;or) 'a$a)ce* i) A;ic; a sectio) of t;e r&++er* &s&a$$< at t;e to1 of t;e -ertica$ sta'i$iser* 1ro7ecte+ i)to t;e airstrea(. TAo i$$&stratio)s of aircraft r&++ers 1&'$is;e+ '< Flight Ma6a2i)e i) #H!"* i$$&strate 'ot; t;e co)-e)tio)a$ 'a$a)ce+ r&++er Fat $oAer $eft o) t;e Short S!allo!G a)+ Ait; a $ar6e V;or)V Fat $eft ce)tre* i) t;is case i) t;e for( of a se(i4circ$e* o) t;e VS;ort S1orti)6 T<1eVG. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE # Car/a (o/pensata c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 A,&$ car(ei se af$a $a (i7$oc&$ acesteia* )& i) 1re$&)6irea &)ei $at&ri f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie: K car(a 1ro-i)e +i) s$. ?r@/a iar co(1e)sate +i) K V. (o/pensa 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Balan(ed rudder ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.r;c.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : 6r&1 )o(i)a$ 7. CONCEPT GENERIC : car(a co(1e)sata B. SINONIME : ec;i$i'rare $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. D&1/ 1o2i%ia a,&$&i fa%/ +e safra)* c8r(e$e 1ot fi )or(a$e* c& a,&$ $a 1artea a)terioar/* (ar/e (o/pensate si se(ico(1e)sate. FAAA. ro.AiBi1e+ia.or6G
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(. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Perfectio)area i)sta$atiei +e 6&-er)are 1e )a-e$e e6i1te)e +e)ota ca e6i1te)ii c&)ostea& i(1orta)ta car(ei i) )a-i6atie si era& a1roa1e +e +e2$e6area acestei 1ro'$e(e 1e 1ri)ci1i&$ 1ar6;iei. I)itia$ car(a $or era o ra(a o'is)&ita* trec&ta 1ri)t4&) i)e$ +i) 1ie$e fi,at1e 'or+a7* i)s1re 1&1a. Deoarece aceasta car(a )& a-ea )ici &) efect at&)ci ca)+ )a-a era (ai (are* s4a& fac&t i)cercari 1e)tr& i('&)atatirea siste(&$&i +e 6&-er)are 1ri)tr4o (ar/a (o/pensata o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
+a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Barge c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 A $ar6e 'oat Ait; a f$at 'otto(* &se+ for carr<i)6 of 6oo+s o) ri-ers* ca)a$s* s;a$$oA Aaters* etc. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 $arge is atteste+ fro( #9""* fro( O$+ Fre)c; "arge* fro( V&$6ar Lati) "arga. T;e Aor+ ori6i)a$$< co&$+ refer to a)< s(a$$ 'oatL t;e (o+er) (ea)i)6 arose aro&)+ #>J". $ark Us(a$$ s;i1U is atteste+ fro( #>!"* fro( O$+ Fre)c; "ar%ue* fro( V&$6ar Lati) "arca F>"" ADG. T;e (ore 1recise (ea)i)6 Ut;ree4(aste+ s;i1U arose i) t;e #@t; ce)t&r<* a)+ ofte) taBes t;e Fre)c; s1e$$i)6 for +isa('i6&atio). Bot; are 1ro'a'$< +eri-e+ fro( t;e Lati) "arica* fro( GreeB "aris UE6<1tia) 'oatU* fro( Co1tic "ari Us(a$$ 'oatU* ;iero6$<1;ic E6<1tia) a)+ si(i$ar "a&y&r for U'asBet4s;a1e+ 'oatU.B< e,te)sio)* t;e ter( Ue('arBU $itera$$< (ea)s to 'oar+ t;e Bi)+ of 'oat ca$$e+ a U'ar=&eU. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Slep ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a $ar6e 'oat B. SYNONYMS : f$at'oat* ca)a$ 'oat $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Barges are &se+ to+a< for $oA4-a$&e '&$B ite(s* as t;e cost of ;a&$i)6 6oo+s '< 'ar6e is -er< $oA. Bar6es are a$so &se+ for -er< ;ea-< or '&$B< ite(sL a t<1ica$ 'ar6e (eas&res #H? '< 9? feet F?H.> ( c #".I (G* a)+ ca) carr< &1 to #*?"" to)s of car6o. As a) e,a(1$e* o) &)e !I* !""I* a ?I?4to) cata$<tic cracBi)6 &)it reactor Aas s;i11e+ '< 'ar6e
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fro( t;e T&$sa Port of Catoosa i) OB$a;o(a to a refi)er< i) Pasca6o&$a* Mississi11i. E,tre(e$< $ar6e o'7ects are )or(a$$< s;i11e+ i) sectio)s a)+ asse('$e+ o)site* '&t s;i11i)6 a) asse('$e+ &)it re+&ce+ costs a)+ a-oi+e+ re$ia)ce o) co)str&ctio) $a'or at t;e +e$i-er< site FA;ic; i) t;is case Aas sti$$ reco-eri)6 fro( H&rrica)e Datri)aG. Of t;e reactorVs @""4(i$e F#*#"" B(G 7o&r)e<* o)$< a'o&t >" (i$es Aere tra-e$e+ o-er$a)+* fro( t;e fi)a$ 1ort to t;e refi)er<. !. Ma)< 6arges* 1ri(ari$< D&tc; Bar6es* A;ic; Aere ori6i)a$$< +esi6)e+ for carr<i)6 car6o a$o)6 t;e ca)a$s of E&ro1e* are )o $o)6er $ar6e e)o&6; to co(1ete i) t;is i)+&str< Ait; $ar6er )eAer -esse$s. Ma)< of t;ese 6arges ;a-e 'ee) re)o-ate+ a)+ are )oA &se+ as $&,&r< Hote$ Bar6es carr<i)6 ;o$i+a< (aBers a$o)6 t;e sa(e ca)a$s t;e< o)ce carrie+ 6rai) or coa$ a$o)6. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: I) 1ri(iti-e re6io)s to+a< a)+ i) a$$ 1re4+e-e$o1(e)t F$acBi)6 ;i6;Aa<s or rai$Aa<sG re6io)s Aor$+Ai+e i) ti(es 'efore i)+&stria$ +e-e$o1(e)t a)+ ;i6;Aa<s* 6arges Aere t;e 1re+o(i)a)t a)+ (ost efficie)t (ea)s of i)$a)+ tra)s1ortatio) i) (a)< re6io)s of t;e Aor$+. T;is ;o$+s tr&e e-e) to+a<* for (a)< areas of t;e Aor$+. I) s&c; 1re4i)+&stria$i2e+* or 1oor$< +e-e$o1e+ i)frastr&ct&re re6io)s* (a)< 'ar6es are 1&r1ose4 +esi6)e+ to 'e 1oAere+ o) AaterAa<s '< $o)6 s$e)+er 1o$es T t;ere'< 'eco(i)6 B)oA) o) A(erica) AaterAa<s as 1o$e'oats as t;e e,te)si-e Aest of Nort; A(erica Aas sett$e+ &si)6 t;e -ast tri'&tar< ri-er s<ste(s of t;e Mississi11i +rai)a6e 'asi). Po$e'oats &ti$i2e (&sc$e 1oAer of UAa$BersU a$o)6 t;e si+es of t;e craft 1&s;i)6 a6ai)st a 1o$e a6ai)st t;e strea('e+* ca)a$* or $aBe 'otto( to (o-e t;e -esse$ A;ere +esire+. I) sett$i)6 t;e A(erica) Aest it Aas 6e)era$$< faster to )a-i6ate +oA) Ri-er fro( BroA)s-i$$e* Pe))s<$-a)ia* to t;e O;io Ri-er co)f$&e)ce Ait; t;e Mississi11i a)+ t;e) 1o$e &1 ri-er a6ai)st t;e c&rre)t to St Lo&is t;a) to tra-e$ o-er$a)+ o) t;e rare 1ri(iti-e +irt roa+s for (a)< +eca+es after t;e A(erica) re-o$&tio). o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Slep c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este o +e)&(ire 6e)eric/ 1e)tr& +iferite$e ti1&ri +e (i7$oace 1$&titoare co)str&ite +i) o%e$* $e() sa& 'eto)* c& f&)+&$ 1$at* cor1 c& for(e 1$i)e* 1&)tate sa& )e1&)tate* +e re6&$/ f/r/ 1ro1&$sie 5i care se fo$osesc 0) 1ort&ri* ra+e* raioa)e +e (are a+/1ostite 5i 1e scar/ $ar6/ 1e ca)a$&ri 5i f$&-ii* 1e)tr& tra)s1ort&ri +e (/rf&ri 0) -rac Fcerea$e* c/r'&)i* (i)ere&* 1iatr/* ci(e)t* )isi1* $e()/rie etcG* c8t 5i 1e)tr& +iferite ser-icii +e 0)tre%i)ere 5i $&cr/ri 1ort&are.
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f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 K Di) 6er(. S(hleppdBa;)e. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Barge ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.ai)ostri.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : 'arca (are B. SINONIME : (a;o)/* 5a$a)+/* cea(* 1$eti)/* 6a'ar/ $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. _) (&$te 1ort&ri slepurile s&)t 0)tre'&i)%ate 1e)tr& tra)s1ort&$ (/rf&ri$or +e $a )a-e $a c;e& 5i i)-ers sa& (ai a$es 0) o1era%ii +e a$i('are. !. Ti1&ri$e +ifere)%iate ce$e (ai frec-e)te +i) cate6oria Alepului s&)t: 5$e1&$ (ariti(* c& to)a7e +e 1este # """ t*(a;o)a sa& $i('&$*5$e1&$ f$&-ia$* cea(&$* 1$eti)a* 5$e1&$ a&to1ro1&$sat*5$e1&$ ta)c*5$e1&$ c& -e$e*5a$a)+a c& c$a1e%i*1o)to)&$ +e $ar6are. FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(8)* E+. ftii)%ific/* B&c&re5ti* #H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Ti1&$ ce$ (ai re1re2e)tati-* Alepul* este +e co)str&c%ie (eta$ic/* 1&)tat* c& 'or+a7&$ -ertica$* 1ro-a 'o('at/ 5i 1&1a rot&)+/. Are 6&ri +e (a6a2ie (ari* 0)c;ise c& 1a)o&ri (eta$ice 5i &)eori +is1&)e +e 6ra)ice. De re6&$/* )& are (i7$oace +e 1ro1&$sie 1ro1rii 5i se re(orc;ea2/L +ar s&)t 5i 5$e1&ri a&to1ro1&$sate. Ca1acitatea +e 0)c/rcare -aria2/ 0)tr6 !"" 5i > """ t* iar 1esca7&$ 0)tre #4>4> (. La (are este fo$osit 0) 1ri)ci1a$ 1e)tr& tra)s1ort&$ +e (/rf&ri 0) -rac 5i co$et/rie* 1e +ista)%e sc&rte 5i 0) raioa)e a+/1ostite* iar 1e f$&-ii 5i ca)a$&ri 0) ace$a5i sco1* 1e orice +ista)%e. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
,a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Bea(on c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 A $i6;te+ or &)$i6;te+ fi,e+ ai+ to )a-i6atio) attac;e+ +irect$< to t;e eart;Vs s&rface. FLi6;ts a)+ +a< 'eaco)s 'ot; co)stit&te U'eaco)s.UG f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 O.E. 'eace) Usi6)* 1orte)t* $i6;t;o&se*U fro( C.G(c. \'a&B)a) Fcf. O.Fris. 'aBe)* O.S. 'oBa)* O.H.G. 'o&;;a)GL )ot fo&)+ o&tsi+e Ger(a)ic.
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Per;a1s 'orroAe+ fro( L. '&ci)a Ua crooBe+ ;or) or tr&(1et* si6)a$ ;or).U B&t (ore $iBe$< fro( PIE \';a&4* a -aria)t of t;e 'ase \';a4 Uto 6$ea(* s;i)eU 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Bali3a ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : $i6;t &se+ as si6)a$* 6&i+e B. SYNONYMS : a$ert* 6&i+e1ost* si6) $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Bea(ons ;e$1 6&i+e )a-i6ators to t;eir +esti)atio)s. T<1es of )a-i6atio)a$ 'eaco)s i)c$&+e ra+ar ref$ectors* ra+io 'eaco)s* so)ic a)+ -is&a$ si6)a$s. Vis&a$ 'eaco)s ra)6e fro( s(a$$* si)6$e41i$e str&ct&res to $ar6e $i6;t;o&ses or $i6;t statio)s a)+ ca) 'e $ocate+ o) $a)+ or o) Aater. Li6;te+ 'eaco)s are ca$$e+ lightsL &)$i6;te+ 'eaco)s are ca$$e+ #ay"eacons. !. C$assica$$<* 6ea(ons Aere fires $it at Ae$$4B)oA) $ocatio)s o) ;i$$s or ;i6; 1$aces* &se+ eit;er as $i6;t;o&ses for )a-i6atio) at sea* or for si6)a$$i)6 o-er $a)+ t;at e)e(< troo1s Aere a11roac;i)6* i) or+er to a$ert +efe)ses. As si6)a$s* 'eaco)s are a) a)cie)t for( of o1tica$ te$e6ra1;<* a)+ Aere 1art of a re$a< $ea6&e. FAAA.r(ri.ro' (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY# Bea(ons a)+ 'o)fires are a$so &se+ to (arB occasio)s a)+ ce$e'rate e-e)ts. I) Israe$ 'eaco)s i+e)tif< t;e 'e6i))i)6 of t;e (o)t;. Beaco)s ;a-e a$so 'ee) a'&se+ '< 1irates. A) i$$icit fire at a Aro)6 1ositio) co&$+ 'e &se+ to +irect a s;i1 a6ai)st s;oa$s or 'eac;es* so t;at its car6o co&$+ 'e $oote+ after t;e s;i1 sa)B or ra) a6ro&)+. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Bali3a c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Co)str&c%ie s1ecia$/ i)sta$at/ 1e coast/ sa& 1e f&)+&ri (ici 5i care* fii)+ -i2i'i$/ +e 1e (are* 1oate fi fo$osit/ +e )a-i6atori 1e)tr& rec&)oa5terea coastei* orie)tare sa& 1e)tr& +eter(i)area 1o2i%iei.
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f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie K Di) fr. 6aliser 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Bea(on ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : +e$i(itea2/ 2o)e$e )a-i6a'i$e B. SINONIME : i)+icator*+e$i(itator $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Bali3a 1oate fi o 6ri)+/ sa& 1ira(i+/ si(1$/ ori c& 2/'re$e* a-0)+ ca se() +e -8rf &) 1a)o& +isti)cti- 0) for(/ +e +isc* ro('* tri&)6;i sa& 1/trat. Se()a$e$e costiere fo$osite 0) )a-i6a%ie a& o 1o2i%ie 1recis +eter(i)at/ 5i s&)t re1re2e)tate 1e ;/r%i$e +e )a-i6a%ie. !. Dac/ este i)sta$ata 1e &scat* 6ali3a $e i)+ic/ 1i$oi$or $i(ite$e tere)&$&i +e ateri2are. FAAA.ro.AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Tot 'a$i2/ se )&(e5te 5i &) re1er care i)+ic/ 1o2i%ia &)&i 1&)ct to1o6rafic* sa& &) i)+icator +esti)at s/ se()a$e2e 1re2e)%a &)&i o'staco$ sa& acci+e)t +e tere) 1e o ca$e +e co(&)ica%ie. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
-a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Battleship c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a $ar6e* ;ea-i$< ar(ore+ Aars;i1 Ait; a (ai) 'atter< co)sisti)6 of t;e $ar6est ca$i'er of 6&)s. Batt$es;i1s Aere $ar6er* 'etter ar(e+ a)+ ar(ore+ t;a) cr&isers or +estro<ers. T;ere are c&rre)t$< )o 'att$es;i1s i) acti-e ser-ice. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 #@H>* s;orte)e+ fro( $i)e4of4'att$e s;i1 F#@"?G* o)e $ar6e e)o&6; to taBe 1art i) a (ai) attacB Ffor(er$< o)e of @>41$&s 6&)sG. Batt$es;i146ra< as a co$or is atteste+ fro( #H#I. Fi6;ter a)+ 'o('er air1$a)es i) Cor$+ Car I )eAs1a1er artic$es Aere so(eti(es ca$$e+ 'att$e1$a)es* '&t it +i+ )ot catc; o).
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6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 4 ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a 'i6 'oat B. SYNONYMS : Aars;i1 $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Battleship +esi6) e-o$-e+ to i)cor1orate a)+ a+a1t tec;)o$o6ica$ a+-a)ces to (ai)tai) a) e+6e. T;e Aor+ 'att$es;i1 Aas coi)e+ aro&)+ #@H> a)+ is a co)tractio) of t;e 1;rase $i)e4of4'att$e s;i1, t;e +o(i)a)t Aoo+e) Aars;i1 +&ri)6 t;e A6e of Sai$.d#e T;e ter( ca(e i)to for(a$ &se i) t;e $ate #JJ"s to +escri'e a t<1e of iro)c$a+ Aars;i1*d!e )oA referre+ to as 1re4+rea+)o&6;t 'att$es;i1s. I) #H"I* t;e $a&)c; of HMS (rea#nought ;era$+e+ a re-o$&tio) i) 'att$es;i1 +esi6). Fo$$oAi)6 'att$es;i1 +esi6)s t;at Aere i)f$&e)ce+ '< HMS (rea#nought Aere referre+ to as U+rea+)o&6;tsU. !. I) t;e $ast <ears of t;e #Ht; ce)t&r< a)+ t;e first <ears of t;e !"t;* t;e esca$atio) i) t;e '&i$+i)6 of 6attleships 'eca(e a) ar(s race 'etAee) Britai) a)+ Ger(a)<. T;e Ger(a) )a-a$ $aAs of #JH" a)+ #JHJ a&t;orise+ a f$eet of 9J 'att$es;i1s* a -ita$ t;reat to t;e 'a$a)ce of )a-a$ 1oAer.d9e Britai) a)sAere+ Ait; f&rt;er s;i1'&i$+i)6* '&t '< t;e e)+ of t;e 1re4+rea+)o&6;t era* Britis; s&1re(ac< at sea ;a+ (arBe+$< AeaBe)e+. I) #JJ9* t;e U)ite+ Di)6+o( ;a+ 9J 'att$es;i1s* tAice as (a)< as Fra)ce a)+ a$(ost as (a)< as t;e rest of t;e Aor$+ 1&t to6et;er. B< #JH@* Britai)Vs $ea+ Aas far s(a$$er +&e to co(1etitio) fro( Fra)ce* Ger(a)<* a)+ R&ssia* as Ae$$ as t;e +e-e$o1(e)t of 1re4+rea+)o&6;t f$eets i) Ita$<* t;e U)ite+ States a)+ a1a).d!!e T&rBe<* S1ai)* SAe+e)* De)(arB* NorAa<* t;e Net;er$a)+s* C;i$e a)+ Bra2i$ a$$ ;a+ seco)+4rate f$eets $e+ '< ar(ore+ cr&isers* coasta$ +efe)ce s;i1s or (o)itors. FBroA)* D. D. F!""9G. The )ran# Fleet* +arship (esign an# (evelop,ent 19-./1922. Ca,to) E+itio)sG (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Battleships Aere a s<('o$ of )a-a$ +o(i)a)ce a)+ )atio)a$ (i6;t* a)+ for +eca+es t;e 'att$es;i1 Aas a (a7or factor i) 'ot; +i1$o(ac< a)+ (i$itar< strate6<.d9e T;e 6$o'a$ ar(s race i) 'att$es;i1 co)str&ctio) i) t;e ear$< !"t; ce)t&r< Aas o)e of t;e ca&ses of Cor$+ Car I* A;ic; saA a c$as; of ;&6e 'att$e f$eets at t;e Batt$e of &t$a)+. T;e Na-a$ Treaties of t;e #H!"s a)+ #H9"s $i(ite+ t;e )&('er of 'att$es;i1s '&t +i+ )ot e)+ t;e e-o$&tio) of +esi6). Bot; t;e A$$ies a)+ t;e A,is PoAers +e1$o<e+ 'att$es;i1s of o$+ co)str&ctio) a)+ )eA +&ri)6 Cor$+ Car II. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$
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.a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Bis/ar(: c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : Le,ico( (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)* #H># e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Cas o)e of t;e (ost fa(o&s Aars;i1s of t;e Seco)+ Cor$+ Car. T;e $ea+ s;i1 of ;er c$ass* )a(e+ after t;e #Ht; ce)t&r< Ger(a) C;a)ce$$or Otto -o) Bis(arcB* $is,arck +is1$ace+ (ore t;a) ?"*""" to))es f&$$< $oa+e+ a)+ Aas t;e $ar6est Aars;i1 t;e) co((issio)e+. f. NOTA BENE : T;e +esi6) of Bis(arcB Aas 'e6&) i) t;e ear$< #H9"s* fo$$oAi)6 Ger(a)<Vs +e-e$o1(e)t of t;e De&tsc;$a)+ c$ass U1ocBet 'att$es;i1sU a)+ t;e Sc;ar);orst c$ass Aars;i1s.dA #e Bis(arcB Aas 1$a))e+ to 'e t;e 1rotot<1e for ot;er 'att$es;i1s e)-isa6e+ &)+er P$a) 3* $iBe t;e H c$ass. Bis(arcBVs Bee$ Aas $ai+ +oA) at B$o;( a)+ VossV s;i1<ar+ i) Ha('&r6 o) # &$< #H9I. La&)c;e+ o) #> Fe'r&ar< #H9H* t;e 'att$es;i1 Aas co((issio)e+ o) !> A&6&st #H>" Ait; Da1itg) 2&r See Er)st Li)+e(a)) i) co((a)+. At Bis(arcBVs co((issio)i)6* s;e Aas t;e $ar6est Aars;i1 to +ate. U)+er P$a) 3* s;e Aas i)te)+e+ to 'e 1art of a fast 'att$es;i1 s=&a+ro) for a (ai) 'att$e $i)e of $ar6er s&'se=&e)t 'att$es;i1s. HoAe-er* Ait; t;e o&t'reaB of Aar i) #H9H a)+ t;e i)crease+ +e(a)+s o) t;e Ger(a) ar(a(e)t i)+&str<* P$a) 3 Aas )o $o)6er 1ractica$. As a res&$t* Bis(arcB Aas &se+ as a co((erce rai+er. S;e Aas reaso)a'$< Ae$$ s&ite+ for t;is* 'ei)6 faster t;a) a)< of t;e Ro<a$ Na-< 'att$es;i1sL ;er e)+&ra)ce =&a$ities* A;ic; Aere =&ite 6oo+ for t;eir 1erio+*dIe Aere a$so 'etter t;a) a)< of Britis; 'att$es;i1s t;at (i6;t 6i-e c;ase. Bei)6 a 6oo+ fi6;ti)6 s;i1 Ait; (a)< i))o-atio)s* a)+ a for(i+a'$e o11o)e)t for a)< ;ea-< &)it i) t;e A$$ie+ )a-ies*dIe Bis(arcB co&$+ e)6a6e a)< e)e(< 'att$es;i1 escorti)6 a) A$$ie+ co)-o< o) reaso)a'$< e=&a$ ter(s a)+ ;er ra)6e of Aea1o)r< co&$+ ca&se +e-astatio) to a)< &)+efe)+e+ co)-o<. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Bis/ar(: ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : Le,ico( (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)* #H># i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a Aars;i1 B. SYNONYMS : 'att$es;i1 $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Bis/ar(: o)$< tooB 1art i) o)e o1eratio) +&ri)6 ;er 'rief career. S;e a)+ t;e ;ea-< cr&iser Pri)2 E&6e) $eft Gote);afe) FG+<)iaG o) t;e (or)i)6 of #H Ma< #H># for O1eratio) R;ei)h'&)6* +&ri)6 A;ic; s;e Aas to ;a-e atte(1te+ to i)terce1t a)+ +estro< co)-o<s i) tra)sit 'etAee) Nort; A(erica a)+ Great Britai). C;e) Bis(arcB a)+ Pri)2 E&6e) atte(1te+ to 'reaB o&t i)to t;e At$a)tic* t;e tAo s;i1s Aere +isco-ere+ '< t;e Ro<a$ Na-< a)+ 'ro&6;t to 'att$e i) t;e De)(arB Strait. D&ri)6 t;e s;ort e)6a6e(e)t* t;e Britis; 'att$ecr&iser HMS Hoo+* f$a6s;i1 of t;e Ho(e F$eet a)+ 1ri+e of t;e Ro<a$ Na-<* Aas s&)B
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after se-era$ (i)&tes of firi)6. I) res1o)se* Britis; Pri(e Mi)ister Ci)sto) C;&rc;i$$ iss&e+ t;e or+er to USi)B t;e Bis(arcB*Ud9e s1&rri)6 a re$e)t$ess 1&rs&it '< t;e Ro<a$ Na-<. !. Bis/ar(: co(1$ete+ 1re1aratio)s for ;er At$a)tic sortie i) t;e Ba< of Da)2i6* ref&e$$i)6 a$(ost to ca1acit< a)+ $ea-i)6 t;e 1ort of Gote);afe) F)oA G+<)iaG o) ;er first a)+ o)$< (issio)* co+e)a(e+ R;ei)h'&)6 FR;i)e E,erciseG i) t;e ear$< ;o&rs of #H Ma< #H>#. S;e Aas acco(1a)ie+ o)$< '< t;e ;ea-< cr&iser Pri)2 E&6e). Ot;er ca1ita$ s;i1s* i)c$&+i)6 t;e 'att$ecr&isers G)eise)a& a)+ Sc;ar);orst* t;at Aere to ;a-e 1artici1ate+ i) t;e sortie Aere &)a-ai$a'$e 'eca&se of (ec;a)ica$ 1ro'$e(s a)+ Aar +a(a6e. FBaro) -o) M&$$e);ei(4Rec;'er6* B&rB;ar+ F#HJ"G. $attleship $is,arck, A Survivor0s Story. A))a1o$is: U)ite+ States Na-a$ I)stit&te PressG (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: So(e 'ooBs a'o&t t;e Bis/ar(: (e)tio) a si6;ti)6 re1ort s&11ose+$< ra+ioe+ '< NorAe6ia) a6e)ts o) !" Ma< a)+ acB)oA$e+6e+ '< t;e Britis;. T;is stor< a11are)t$< ori6i)ate+ i) t;e #HI@ 'ooB T;e Greatest Ga('$e.No e-i+e)ce* eit;er +irect or circ&(sta)tia$* s&11orts t;is stor<. Britis; a)+ NorAe6ia) a&t;orities +e)< t;at secret a6e)ts Aere i)-o$-e+ 'efore or +&ri)6 t;e Bis(arcB o1eratio)* a)+ t;at t;e NorAe6ia) resista)ce ;a+ ra+io or ot;er a'i$it< to co((&)icate sAift$< Ait; Britai) a)+ SAe+e) i) Ma< #H>#. Ra+io $i)Bs 'etAee) Britai) a)+ t;e NorAe6ia) resista)ce Aere esta'$is;e+ i) #H>!. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Bis/ar(: c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico( (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)* #H># e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 A fost o )a-/ +e r/2'oi 6er(a)/ +i) ti(1&$ ce$&i +e a$ +oi$ea r/2'oi (o)+ia$. f. NOTA BENE : C8)+ a fost $a)sat/ 1e a1/* 1e +ata +e #> fe'r&arie #H9H* a fost &)a +i)tre ce$e (ai (ari )a-e +e r/2'oi +i) $&(e. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Bis/ar(: ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico( (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)* #H># i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : o )a-a +e ra2'oi 6er(a)a +e (are c$asa B. SINONIME : )a-a +e ra2'oi
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$. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. I) (ai #H># )a-a Bis/ar(: a fost sc&f&)+at/ 0) At$a)tic* 0(1re&)/ c& cea (ai (are 1arte a ec;i1a7&$&i. D&1/ ce a re&5it 0) 1ri(a 1arte a r/2'oi&$&i 1ri)tre a$te$e sc&f&)+area $&i iDi)6 Geor6eR* (8)+ria (ari)ei (i$itare e)6$e2e* ea a fost fo$osit/ ca (it +e 1ro1a6a)+a )a2ist/. !. La #> fe'r&arie #H9H* )a-a Bis/ar(: a fost $a)sata $a Ha('&r6. Li+er&$ )a2ist A+o$f Hit$er s1era ca aceasta (o+er)a )a-a +e ra2'oi a-ea sa i)se()e re)asterea f$otei +e s&1rafata a Ger(a)iei. Tot&si* +&1a i2'&c)irea ra2'oi&$&i* Marea Brita)ie a s&1ra-e6;eat r&te$e care $ea6a Ger(a)ia +e Ocea)&$ At$a)tic si +oar s&'(ari)e$e 1&tea& sa se +e1$ase2e $i'er 1ri) 2o)a +e ra2'oi. FAAA.ro1orta$.roG (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: I) (ai #H>#* )a-ei Bis/ar(: i s4a +at or+i) sa 1atr&)+a i) At$a)tic. O+ata a7&)sa i) si6&ra)ta oferita +e ocea)* )a-a +e ra2'oi tre'&ia sa fie a1roa1e i(1osi'i$ +e +e1istat* i) ti(1 ce ea 1&tea sa +istr&6a co)-oaie$e a$iate ce se i)+re1ta& s1re Marea Brita)ie. Af$a)+ trase&$ )a-ei Bis(arcB* Marea Brita)ie a tri(is a1roa1e i)trea6a f$ota a Marii Brita)ii ca sa o &r(areasca. La !> (ai* cr&cisator&$ 'rita)ic Hoo+ si )a-a +e ra2'oi Pri)ce of Ca$es a& i)terce1tat4o i) a1ro1iere +e Is$a)+a. I)tr4o 'ata$ie feroce* cr&cisator&$ Hoo+ a e,1$o+at si s4a sc&f&)+at* iar toti cei #>!# +e (e('ri ai ec;i1a7&$&i* c& e,ce1tia a trei 1ersoa)e* a& fost &cisi. Na-a Bis(arcB a sca1at* i)sa +i) ca&2a &)ei sc&r6eri +e co('&sti'i$* s4a i)+re1tat s1re Fra)ta* af$ata s&' oc&1atie. La !I (ai* )a-a a fost i)terce1tata si $o-ita +e a-iatia 'rita)ica* iar $a !@ (ai trei a-ioa)e 'rita)ice a& co'orat as&1ra )a-ei Bis(arcB si a& sc&f&)+at4o. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
10a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Boat c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a Aatercraft of (o+est si2e +esi6)e+ to f$oat or 1$a)e* to 1ro-i+e 1assa6e across Aater f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 O.E. 'at U'oat* s;i1* -esse$*U fro( P.G(c. \'ait4 Fcf. O.N. 'atr* D&. 'oot* Ger. BootG* 1ossi'$< fro( PIE 'ase \';ei+4 Uto s1$itU Fsee fiss&reG* Ait; t;e se)se of (aBi)6 a 'oat '< ;o$$oAi)6 o&t a tree tr&)BL or it (a< 'e a) e,te)sio) of t;e )a(e for so(e 1art of a s;i1. Fre)c; 'atea& U'oatU is fro( O.E. or O.N. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Bar(a
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;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT: -e;ic$e for Aater tra-e$ B. SYNONYMS : s(a$$ s;i1* $ife'oat* 'arB $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Se-era$ Be< co(1o)e)ts (aBe &1 t;e (ai) str&ct&re of (ost 6oats. T;e ;&$$ is t;e (ai) str&ct&ra$ co(1o)e)t of t;e 'oat A;ic; act&a$$< 1ro-i+es '&o<a)c< for t;e 'oat. T;e ro&6;$< ;ori2o)ta$* '&t c;a('ere+ str&ct&res s1a))i)6 t;e ;&$$ of t;e 'oat are referre+ to as t;e +ecB. I) a s;i1 t;ere are ofte) se-era$ +ecBs* '&t a 'oat is &)$iBe$< to ;a-e (ore t;a) o)e* if a)< at a$$. A'o-e t;e +ecB are t;e s&1erstr&ct&res. T;e &)+ersi+e of a +ecB is t;e +ecB ;ea+. !. A) e)c$ose+ s1ace o) a 6oat is referre+ to as a ca'i). Se-era$ str&ct&res (aBe &1 a ca'i): t;e si(i$ar '&t &s&a$$< $i6;ter str&ct&re A;ic; s1a)s a raise+ ca'i) is a coac;4roof. T;e Uf$oorU of a ca'i) is 1ro1er$< B)oA) as t;e so$e* '&t is (ore $iBe$< to 'e ca$$e+ t;e f$oor Fa f$oor is 1ro1er$<* a str&ct&ra$ (e('er A;ic; ties a fra(e to t;e Bee$so) a)+ Bee$G. T;e -ertica$ s&rfaces +i-i+i)6 t;e i)ter)a$ s1ace are '&$B;ea+s. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: U)ti$ t;e (i+ #Ht; ce)t&r< (ost 6oats Aere of a$$ )at&ra$ (ateria$sL 1ri(ari$< Aoo+ a$t;o&6; ree+* 'arB a)+ a)i(a$ sBi)s Aere a$so &se+. Ear$< 'oats i)c$&+e t;e 'o&)+4ree+ st<$e of 'oat see) i) A)cie)t E6<1t* t;e 'irc; 'arB ca)oe* t;e a)i(a$ ;i+e4co-ere+ Ba<aB a)+ corac$e a)+ t;e +&6o&t ca)oe (a+e fro( a si)6$e $o6. B< t;e (i+ #Ht; ce)t&r<* (a)< 'oats ;a+ 'ee) '&i$t Ait; iro) or stee$ fra(es '&t sti$$ 1$a)Be+ i) Aoo+. I) #J?? ferro4 ce(e)t 'oat co)str&ctio) Aas 1ate)te+ '< t;e Fre)c;. T;e< ca$$e+ it Ferci(e)t. T;is is a s<ste( '< A;ic; a stee$ or iro) Aire fra(eAorB is '&i$t i) t;e s;a1e of a 'oatVs ;&$$ a)+ co-ere+ FtroAe$e+G o-er Ait; ce(e)t. Rei)force+ Ait; '&$B;ea+s a)+ ot;er i)ter)a$ str&ct&re it is stro)6 '&t ;ea-<* easi$< re1aire+* a)+* if sea$e+ 1ro1er$<* Ai$$ )ot $eaB or corro+e. T;ese (ateria$s a)+ (et;o+s Aere co1ie+ a$$ o-er t;e Aor$+* a)+ ;a-e fa+e+ i) a)+ o&t of 1o1&$arit< to t;e 1rese)t. As t;e forests of Britai) a)+ E&ro1e co)ti)&e+ to 'e o-er4;ar-este+ to s&11$< t;e Bee$s of $ar6er Aoo+e) 'oats* a)+ t;e Besse(er 1rocess F1ate)te+ i) #J??G c;ea1e)e+ t;e cost of stee$* stee$ s;i1s a)+ 'oats 'e6a) to 'e (ore co((o). B< t;e #H9"s 'oats '&i$t of a$$ stee$ fro( fra(es to 1$ati)6 Aere see) re1$aci)6 Aoo+e) 'oats i) (a)< i)+&stria$ &ses* e-e) t;e fis;i)6 f$eets. Pri-ate recreatio)a$ 'oats i) stee$ are &)co((o). I) t;e (i+ !"t; ce)t&r< a$&(i)&( 6ai)e+ 1o1&$arit<. T;o&6; (&c; (ore e,1e)si-e t;a) stee$* t;ere are )oA a$&(i)&( a$$o<s a-ai$a'$e t;at Ai$$ )ot corro+e i) sa$t Aater* a)+ a) a$&(i)&( 'oat '&i$t to si(i$ar $oa+ carr<i)6 sta)+ar+s co&$+ 'e '&i$t $i6;ter t;a) stee$. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$
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a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Bar(a c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 A('arcaie +e +i(e)si&)i (ici* c& -8s$e* c& 18)2e sa& c& (otor f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 Di) it. 'arca 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Boat ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : -as (ic +e )a-i6are 1e +ista)te (ai sc&rte B. SINONIME : a('arcati&)e (ica $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. I'is este o 6ar(a +e 1esc&it 1e)tr& 94> 1ersoa)e.U)a +i)tre ce$e (ai '&)e 'arci +e 1esc&it +e ta$ie (ica +i) Ro(a)ia. !. Bar(ile 1ot fi +e +o&a ti1&ri 'arci c& (otot si 'arci fara (otor. FAAA."arci&a,"arcatiuni1ro' (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: U)e$e 6ar(i fo$osesc 1&terea aer&$&i 1e)tr& a )a-i6a. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
11a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Bo" c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co(
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e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 T;e forAar+ e)+ of a s;i1Vs ;&$$L 'ase+ o) t;e +iffere)t cross sectio)a$ s;a1e* a s;i1 (a< 'e +escri'e+ as ;a-i)6 a raBe 'oA* c$i11er 'oA* s1oo) 'oA* Maier4for(* '&$'o&s 'oA* etc. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 Ufro)t of a s;i1*U (i+4#>c.* fro( O.N. 'o6r or M.D&. 'oec; U'oA of a s;i1*U $it. Us;o&$+er Fof a) a)i(a$G*U t;e co))ecti)6 )otio) 'ei)6 Ut;e s;o&$+ers of t;e s;i1.U 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Pro!a ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : fro)t of 'oat
B. SYNONYMS : ;ea+*)ose of a s;i1 $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;e 6o" is +esi6)e+ to re+&ce t;e resista)ce of t;e ;&$$ c&tti)6 t;ro&6; Aater a)+ s;o&$+ 'e ta$$ e)o&6; to 1re-e)t Aater fro( easi$< Aas;i)6 o-er t;e to1 of it. O) s$oAer s;i1s $iBe ta)Bers* a f&$$er 'oA s;a1e is &se+ to (a,i(ise t;e -o$&(e of t;e s;i1 for a 6i-e) $e)6t;. !. A UAet 6o"U res&$ts fro( seaAater Aas;i)6 o-er t;e to1 of t;e ;&$$. A raBe+ ste( ca) ;e$1 to re+&ce t;e Aet)ess of t;e 'oA. Asi+e fro( (aBi)6 t;e +ecB s$i11er<* Aater ca) corro+e t;e (eta$ of t;e s;i1. If t;e te(1erat&re is $oA e)o&6; t;is Aater ca) a$so free2e o) t;e +ecB* rai$s* t&rrets* a)+ ot;er e,1ose+ s&rfaces* i)creasi)6 t;e to1si+e Aei6;t. FT;e I)ter)atio)a$ Mari)e BooB of SAILING* Ci$$ia( Ro'i)so)* McGraAHi$$ !""JG (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: T;e forAar+ 1art of t;e 'oA* &s&a$$< o) t;e s;i1Vs ce)tre$i)e* is ca$$e+ t;e ste(. Tra+itio)a$$<* t;e ste( Aas a) &1ri6;t ti('er or (eta$ 'ar i)to A;ic; si+e 1$a)Bs or 1$ates Aere 7oi)e+. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Pro!a c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro
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e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Partea +i) fa%/ a cor1&$&i )a-ei 5i 0) (o+ s1ecia$ 'or+&ri$e +eas&1ra $i)iei +e 1$&tire* 0) fa%a caste$&$&i ce)tra$* 0)tre etra-/ 5i coasta +e $a care 0)ce1e 1or%i&)ea ci$i)+ric/ a )a-ei. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 K Di) it. prora (Partea #inainte a unei nave se ,ai nu,e2te 2i pror3' 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Bo" ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : Partea +i) fa/ a &)ei )a-e B. SINONIME : 'ot&$ &)ei )a-e*1rora $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Pro!a asc&%it/* +e)&(it/ 5i 1ro-/ fi)/* este &) ti1 +e 1ro-/ +e )a-/ c& for(e fi)e* a$ c/r&i &)6;i +e asc&%i(e este (ic. Sec%i&)i$e tra)s-ersa$e 1ro-a se e-a2ea2/ +eas&1ra $i)iei +e 1$&tire* s1re a 1er(ite ri+icarea 1ro-ei 1e -a$&ri 5i a a-a)ta7a -ite2a. !. Pro!a c& '&$' este &) ti1 +e 1ro-/ +e )a-/ a$e c/rei coaste* +i) 2o)a i(ers/ a 1icior&$&i etra-ei 18)/ $a 0('i)area c& c;i$a* a& o for(/ 'o('at/. Caracter&$ '&$'ifor( a$ 1ro-ei ofer/ )a-ei co)+i%ii (ai '&)e +e 6&-er)are 1e -a$&ri (ari 5i e-it/ af&)+area e,a6erat/ a 1ro-ei. _) co)str&c%ii$e (o+er)e este +i) ce 0) ce (ai +es fo$osit/* 0) s1ecia$ $a car6o&ri$e 1e)tr& (/rf&ri 6e)era$e c& -ite2e +e (ar5 1este !" N+ 5i $a )a-e$e +e (are ca1acitate 1e)tr& (/rf&ri 0) -rac* i)c$&si- 1etro$iere* care e,ec&t/ c&rse 0) 'a$ast* $a 0)a1oiere. FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(8)* E+. ftii)%ific/* B&c&re5ti* #H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Pro!a +e s1/r6/tor* +e)&(it/ 5i 1ro-a Maier* este o for(/ +e 1ro-/ +e )a-/ caracteri2at/ 1ri)tr4o 0)c$i)are 'r&sc/ a etra-ei* care face c& ori2o)ta$a &) &)6;i +e !"` 4 9"`. Co)seci)%a este o sc/+ere si(%itoare a re2iste)%ei +e 0)ai)tare +atorit/ -a$&$&i +e 1ro-a care se for(ea2/ 0) +i(e)si&)i (ai (ici. Na-e$e s1/r6/toare +e 6;ea%/ a& 1ro-a 1rofi$at/ 0) for(/ Maier F1ro-/ isa)ieUG c& sco1&$ +e a c/$ca strat&$ co(1act +e 6;ea%/ 5i a4$ s1ar6e a1oi s&' 6re&tatea 1ro1rie a )a-ei. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
1$a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Buoy c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA
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+. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 A f$oati)6 o'7ect sec&re+ to t;e 'otto( of a sea* ri-er* etc to (arB a 1ositio) A;ic; a s;i1 s;o&$+ a-oi+* c;a)6e co&rse* etc. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 $ate #9c.* 1er;a1s fro( eit;er O.Fr. '&ie or M.D&. 'oe<e* 'ot; fro( C.G(c. \'a&B) U'eaco)U Fcf. O.H.G. 'o&;;a)* O.Fris. 'aBe)G. OED* ;oAe-er* s&11orts M.D&. 'oeie* or O.Fr. 'oie Ufetter* c;ai)U* U'eca&se of its 'ei)6 fettere+ to a s1ot.U T;e -er' (ea)i)6 Uto (arB Ait; a '&o<U is fro( $ate #Ic.* fro( t;e )o&)L i) t;e fi6&rati-e se)se Fof s1irits* etc.G it is recor+e+ fro( #I>"s. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Gea/andura ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : f$oati)6 +e-ice B. SYNONYMS : si6)a$* 'eaco)* 6&i+e* sea (arB $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Buoys are &se+ to i)+icate c;a))e$s* +a)6ero&s rocBs or s;oa$s* (oori)6 1ositio)s* areas of s1ee+ $i(its* traffic se1aratio) sc;e(es* s&'(er6e+ s;i1ArecBs* a)+ for a -ariet< of ot;er )a-i6atio)a$ 1&r1oses. !. So(e 6uoys are o)$< i)te)+e+ to 'e -isi'$e i) +a<$i6;t F#ay,arksG* ot;ers ;a-e so(e co('i)atio) of $i6;ts* ref$ectors* 'e$$s* ;or)s* A;ist$es a)+ ra+ar ref$ectors to (aBe t;e( &sa'$e at )i6;t a)+ i) co)+itio)s of re+&ce+ -isi'i$it<. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Buoys are s;oA) o) )a&tica$ c;arts* &si)6 s<('o$s t;at i)+icate t;eir co$o&r* s;a1e a)+ $i6;t c;aracteristic* a)+ are &s&a$$< i+e)tifie+ '< )a(e or )&('er. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Gea/andura c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro
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e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 U) cor1 1$&titor* +e co)str&c%ie s1ecia$/ 5i 1it&rat 0) a)&(ite c&$ori* care se a)corea2/ 1e (are 0) a)&(ite $oc&ri* a-8)+ sco1&$ s/ a-erti2e2e +e $a +ista)%/ 1e )a-i6atori* 1e orice -re(e* +e e,iste)%a 0) a1ro1iere a &)&i 1erico$ +e )a-i6a%ie. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie K Di) cf. )6r. si,an#h4ra 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Buoy ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : cor1 1$&titor +e ate)tio)are B. SINONIME : 'a$i2a* (arca7 $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. U)e$e gea/anduri (arc;ea2/ $i(ite$e &)ei 1ase* a$e &)&i +r&( reco(a)+at +e )a-i6a%ie sa& a$e &)or 1o$i6oa)e s1ecia$e. !. Orice gea/andur> este i)sta$at/ 0)tr4&) 1&)ct 1recis +eter(i)at* re1re2e)tat 1e ;/r%i$e +e )a-i6a%ie 5i i)+icat 0) +oc&(e)te$e )a&tice. FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6e$e24ro(a)*#H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: O gea/undur> este for(at/ +i)tr4&) f$otor er(etic 0)c;is* $estat 0) 1artea i)ferioar/* a-8)+ +eas&1ra o s&1rastr&ct&r/ c& 1$atfor(/ 1e)tr& +is1o2iti-&$ +e i$&(i)are. A)corarea ei se face c& o serie +e $a)%&ri 5i c& o a)cor/ +e cor1 (ort* 0) (a7oritatea ca2&ri$or &) '$oc +e 'eto) 6re&. Gea(a)+&ri$e se 0(1art 0) +o&/ 6r&1e: 6ea(a)+&ri $&(i)oase 2i 6ea(a)+&ri )e$&(i)oase. Fiecare +i) aceste 6r&1e se s&'0(1arte (ai +e1arte* 0) f&)c%ie +e $oc&$ &)+e s&)t a)corate* +e ro$&$ 1e care4$ 0)+e1$i)esc* +e a1arat&ra c& care s&)t +otate Ff$&ier* c$o1ot +e cea%/* ref$ector acti- sa& 1asi- +e ra+io$oca%ieG. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
1'a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Buoyan(y (o/pensator BBC1 c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a 1iece of +i-i)6 e=&i1(e)t Aor) '< +i-ers to 1ro-i+e:
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$ife sa-i)6 e(er6e)c< '&o<a)c< 'ot; &)+erAater a)+ o) t;e s&rface. t;e a'i$it< to a+7&st a)+ co)tro$ t;e o-era$$ '&o<a)c< of t;e +i-er a)+ t;e +i-erVs ;ea-< e=&i1(e)t a$$oAi)6 t;e +i-er to ac;ie-e )e&tra$ '&o<a)c<* re(ai)i)6 at co)sta)t +e1t;* or to +esce)+ or asce)+ i) a co)tro$$e+ Aa<. f. NOTA BENE : I) #H?@* F. G. e)se) a)+ Ci$$ar+ F. Sear$e* r 'e6a) testi)6 (et;o+s for (a)&a$ a)+ a&to(atic '&o<a)c< co(1e)satio) for t;e U)ite+ States Na-< E,1eri(e)ta$ Di-i)6 U)it FNEDUG.dJe I) t;eir ear$< tests* t;e< +eter(i)e+ t;at (a)&a$ s<ste(s Aere (ore +esira'$e +&e to t;e si2e of t;e a&to(atic s<ste(s.dJe Later t;at <ear* t;e Ca$ter Di++ie a)+ Co. se)t a 1rotot<1e '&o<a)c< co(1e)sati)6 ta)B for &se Ait; tAo c<$i)+ers to NEDU for e-a$&atio).dHe T;e -a$-es of t;is a$&(i)i&( ta)B s<ste( $eaBe+ a)+ testi)6 Aas +e$a<e+ &)ti$ #H?H A;e) it Aas reco((e)+e+ for fie$+ testi)6.dHe T;e ABL Aas +e-e$o1e+ '< Ma&rice Fe)2< i) #HI#. d9e Ear$< -ersio)s Aere i)f$ate+ '< (o&t; &)+erAater. Later -ersio)s ;a+ t;eir oA) air i)f$atio) c<$i)+er. So(e ;a+ car'o) +io,i+e i)f$atio) c<$i)+ers* a +e-e$o1(e)t A;ic; Aas a'a)+o)e+ A;e) -a$-es t;at a$$oAe+ +i-ers to 'reat;e fro( t;e BCVs i)f$atio) 'a6 Aere i)tro+&ce+. Si)ce #HIH (ost (o+er) BCs ;a-e &se+ i)f$atio) 6as fro( o)e of t;e +i-erVs (ai) 6as c<$i)+ers* i) a++itio) to a) ora$ i)f$atio) t&'e A;ic; is &se+ at t;e s&rface i) t;e e-e)t t;e +i-er ;as )o ;i6; 1ress&re 6as $eft. I) #H@! Cater6i$$ +e-e$o1e+ t;e At1ac Ai)6* t;e first Ai)6 st<$e BC a)+ i) #H@J* Sc&'aPro re$ease+ t;e Sta'i$i2er acBet* t;e first 7acBet4st<$e BC. More rece)t i))o-atio)s for 7acBet BCs i)c$&+e Aei6;t 1o&c;es to a+7&st attit&+e &)+erAater* 1&tti)6 t;e Aei6;ts o) t;e BC rat;er t;a) o) a Aei6;t'e$t* i)te6rate+ re6&$ators* ;ea-i$< rei)force+ #"?" +e)ier 'a$$istic )<$o). I))o-atio)s for 'acB1$ate a)+ Ai)6 i)c$&+e re+&)+a)t '$a++ers* stai)$ess stee$ 'acB1$ates* $i6;tAei6;t soft )<$o) 'acB1$ates* a)+ J? $' $ift '$a++ers. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Cesta de sal!are ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o(i)a$ 6ro&1 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : +i-i)6 e=&i1a(e)t B. SYNONYMS : '&o<a)c< co)tro$ +e-ice $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. So(e t<1es of 6uoyan(y (o/pensator a$so '&i$t aro&)+ t;e +i-erVs sc&'a set or are '&i$t i)to its ;ar)ess. !. T;e orie)tatio) of t;e s&'(er6e+ +i-er is i)f$&e)ce+ '< t;e BC a)+ '< ot;er '&o<a)c< a)+ Aei6;t co(1o)e)ts a)+ co)tri'&te+ to '< t;e +i-erVs 'o+<* c$ot;i)6 a)+ e=&i1(e)t. T;e +i-er t<1ica$$< Ais;es to 'e 1ositio)e+ face4+oA) A;i$e &)+er Aater* to 'e a'$e to see a)+ sAi( &sef&$$<* '&t face4&1* to 'e a'$e to 'reat;e* A;e) o) t;e s&rface. F e)se)* FGL Sear$e* Ci$$ar+ F F#H?@G. UB&o<a)c< Co)tro$ of O1e) Circ&it Sc&'aUG (. USE AREA : Mari)e
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). COMMENTARY: Ge)era$$<* t;e +i-er ;as (i)i(a$ co)tro$ of t;e 1ositio) of t;e '&o<a)c< i) t;e BC* o)$< its =&a)tit<* a$t;o&6; t;e +i-er +oes co)tro$ ;is e=&i1(e)t set&1* A;ic; i)c$&+es its co)fi6&ratio) a)+ Aei6;ti)6 $ocatio)s* A;ic; &$ti(ate$< i)f$&e)ces A;ere ;is effecti-e BC $ift is re$ati-e to ;is Ce)ter of Gra-it<. Tra+itio)a$$<* Aei6;t 'e$ts or Aei6;t s<ste(s are Aor) Ait; t;e Aei6;ts o) or c$ose to t;e Aaist a)+ are arra)6e+ Ait; a =&icB re$ease (ec;a)is( to a$$oA t;e( to 'e =&icB$< 7ettiso)e+ to 1ro-i+e e,tra '&o<a)c< i) a) e(er6e)c<. C&rre)t s<ste(s i)te6rate t;e Aei6;ts i)to t;e BCD 1ro-i+i)6 so(e co(fort a)+ safet< a+-a)ta6es as $o)6 as t;e BCD +oes )ot ;a-e to 'e re(o-e+ fro( t;e 'o+< of t;e +i-er* for e,a(1$e i) a) e(er6e)c< sit&atio). B< i)f$ati)6 t;e BC at t;e s&rface t;e co)scio&s +i-er (a< 'e a'$e to easi$< f$oat face4&1* +e1e)+i)6 o) ;is e=&i1(e)t co)fi6&ratio) c;oices. A fati6&e+ or &)co)scio&s +i-er ca) 'e (a+e to f$oat face &1 o) t;e s&rface '< a+7&st(e)t of t;eir '&o<a)c< a)+ Aei6;ts so t;e '&o<a)c< raises t;e to1 a)+ fro)t of t;e +i-erVs 'o+< a)+ t;e Aei6;ts act o) t;e $oAer a)+ 'acB of t;e 'o+<. A) i)f$ate+ ABL a$Aa<s 1ro-i+es t;is orie)tatio)* '&t a) i)f$ate+ sta'* a)+ a$$ st<$es of Ai)6 BC 6e)era$$< f$oat t;e +i-er face+oA) 'eca&se t;e ce)tre of '&o<a)c< is too far fro( t;e +i-erVs fro)t. T;is f$oati)6 orie)tatio) is 6e)era$$< co)si+ere+ &)+esira'$e a)+ ca) 'e (i)i(i2e+ 1re4+i-e '<: re$ocatio) of Aei6;ts F1er;a1s of =&icB re$ease t<1eG f&rt;er to t;e rear Fs&c; as or c$ose to t;e +i-erVs c<$i)+erGL a-oi+i)6 t;e &se of A$&(i)&( ta)Bs a)+ &si)6 ;i6;er +e)sit< c<$i)+ers Ft<1ica$$< stee$G* A;ic; si(i$ar$< (o-es t;e ce)tre of (ass to 'e f&rt;er 'e;i)+ t;e +i-er* a)+ t;&s* 'e;i)+ t;e ce)ter of '&o<a)c<. T;e BC t<1e ca) a$so 'e se$ecte+ Ait; t;is factor i) (i)+* se$ecti)6 a st<$e t;at (o-es t;e ce)tre of '&o<a)c< forAar+* as t;is acco(1$is;es t;e sa(e )et effect. A)< or a$$ of t;ese o1tio)s ca) 'e &ti$i2e+ to tri( t;e s<ste( o&t to its +esire+ c;aracteristicsd@e a)+ (a)< factors ca) co)tri'&te* s&c; as t;e )&('er a)+ 1ositio) of +i-i)6 c<$i)+ers* t;e t<1e of +i-i)6 s&it* t;e 1ositio) a)+ si2e of sta6e c<$i)+ers* t;e si2e a)+ s;a1e of t;e +i-erVs 'o+< a)+ t;e Aeari)6 of a)B$e Aei6;ts* or a++itio)a$ +i-e e=&i1(e)t* A;ic; eac; i)f$&e)ce a +i-erVs orie)tatio) i) t;e Aater F;ori2o)ta$G a)+ o) t;e s&rface F-ertica$G to so(e +e6ree. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Cesta de sla!are c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico) (ariti(e e)6e$e24ro(a)*#H@# e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este o co(1o)e)t/ 1ri)ci1a$/ a ec;i1a(e)t&$&i +e scafa)+r&* &ti$i2at/ at8t 0) sc&f&)+/ri$e $i'ere* 0) a1)ee* c8t 5i 0) sc&f&)+/ri$e c& aer co(1ri(at f. NOTA BENE : Pri(e$e -este fo$osite +e scafa)+ri $a 0)ce1&t&$ a)i$or #HI"* a& fost -este$e +e sa$-are* &ti$i2ate +e o'icei 1e (are 0) ca2 +e )a&fra6i&. Aceste -este era& ec;i1ate c& &) (ic f&rt&) 1e)tr& &(f$are ora$/. De ase(e)ea* -esta era 1re-/2&t/ 5i c& &) cart&5 c& 'io,i+ +e car'o) &ti$i2at 1e)tr& &(f$are 0) ca2 +e &r6e)%/. Aceste -este 1re2e)ta& (&$te +e2a-a)ta7e 0) ca2&$ &ti$i2/rii $or +e c/tre scafa)+ri 5i a)&(e a-ea& &) -o$&( (ic 5i era& i)co)forta'i$ &(f$ate. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Buoyan(y (o/pensator BBC1
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;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (ariti(e e)6e$e24ro(a)*#H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : 6r&1 )o(i)a$ 7. CONCEPT GENERIC : -esta +e sa$-are B. SINONIME : ec;i1a(e)t +e sa$-are $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. La sf8r5it&$ a)i$or #HI" a& a1/r&t 1ri(e$e !este de sal!are s1ecia$ co)ce1&te at8t 1e)tr& sc&f&)+area $i'er/ c8t 5i 1e)tr& sc&f&)+area c& aer co(1ri(at !. U) a$t (o+e$ +e !est> de sal!are* s1ecia$ co)ce1&t 1e)tr& sc&f&)+/ri* ce se caracteri2ea2/ 1ri) aceea c/ este 0) for(/ +e 1otcoa-/ 5i este ata5at/ +e 'acB41acB. Pri) &ti$i2area acest&i (o+e$ +e -est/ se e$i(i)/ o 1arte +i) c&re$e$e +e 1ri)+ere caracteristice ce$or$a$te -este 5i se 1oate res1ira (ai co)forta'i$ 0) 1o2i%ie ori2o)ta$/. De ase(e)ea* -esta este 1re-/2&t/ at8t c& &) siste( +e &(f$are ora$ c8t 5i c& &) siste( +e &(f$are +e $a '&te$ie. U)e$e -este +e acest ti1 a& &) siste( +e 6re&t/%i i)te6rat 0) 'acB41acB. Aceste -este +e sa$-are s&)t fo$osite 0) s1ecia$ $a sc&f&)+are 0) 1e5teri. FDi)& D&(itr&* V$a+ Co)sta)ti) : Scafan#ri 2i vehicule su"acvatice. E+. ftii)%ific/ 5i E)cic$o1e+ic/* B&c&re5ti* #HJIG (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Aceast/ -est/ este (ai $ar6/* a-8)+ o for(/ tri+i(e)sio)a$/ ase(/)/toare &)ei ;ai)e. Vesta este 1re-/2&t/ at8t c& &) siste( ora$ +e 0)c/rcare c8t 5i c& &) siste( +e &(f$are +e $a '&te$ie* (a)e-ra fii)+ rea$i2at/ 1ri) si(1$a a1/sare a &)&i '&to). Cesta de sal!are ti1 7ac;et/ are 0)cor1orat/ o s&1a1/ ac%io)at/ (a)&a$ 1e)tr& rea$i2area &)ei e-ac&/ri eficie)te a aer&$&i* at&)ci c8)+ se +ore5te o co'or8re ra1i+/. Aceast/ s&1a1/ 1oate fi se1arat/* sa& 1oate fi aceea5i c& s&1a1a +e s&1ra1resi&)e. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
1)a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Brig c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a -esse$ Ait; tAo s=&are4ri66e+ (asts f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 #@!"* co$$o=&ia$ s;orte)i)6 of 'ri6a)ti)e F=.-.G. A11are)t$< s&c; -esse$s 'ei)6 &se+ for 1riso) s;i1s $e+ to e,te)+e+ (ea)i)6 Ua 7ai$*U first recor+e+ #J?!.
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6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Bri( ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a s;i1 B. SYNONYMS : -esse$* 'oat $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. D&ri)6 t;e A6e of Sai$* 6rigs Aere see) as fast a)+ (a)e&-era'$e a)+ Aere &se+ as 'ot; )a-a$ Aar s;i1s a)+ (erc;a)t s;i1s. T;e< Aere es1ecia$$< 1o1&$ar i) t;e #Jt; a)+ ear$< #Ht; ce)t&ries. Bri6s fe$$ o&t of &se Ait; t;e arri-a$ of t;e stea( s;i1 'eca&se t;e< re=&ire+ a re$ati-e$< $ar6e creA for t;eir s(a$$ si2e a)+ Aere +iffic&$t to sai$ i)to t;e Ai)+. T;e< are )ot to 'e co)f&se+ Ait; a 'ri6a)ti)e A;ic; ;as +iffere)t ri66i)6. !. T;e Aor+ 6rig i) its (ost 1o1&$ar 1rese)t +a< &sa6e* referri)6 to a (i$itar< 1riso) o) 'oar+ a U)ite+ States Na-< or Coast G&ar+ -esse$* or at a) A(erica) )a-a$ 'ase* +eri-es fro( t;e US Na-<Vs &se of 'ri6s as 1riso) s;i1s. FAAA.;istorica$sea1ort.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: A 6rig is O6e)era$$< '&i$t o) a $ar6er sca$e t;a) t;e sc;oo)er* a)+ ofte) a11roac;es i) (a6)it&+e to t;e f&$$4si2e+* t;ree4(aste+ s;i1.Rd9e Bri6s -ar< i) $e)6t; 'etAee) @? a)+ #I? ft F!9K?" (G Ait; to))a6es &1 to >J".d>e Historica$$< (ost 'ri6s Aere (a+e of Aoo+* a$t;o&6; so(e $atter 'ri6s Aere '&i$t Ait; ;&$$s a)+ (asts of stee$ or iro) Fs&c; as t;e 'ri6 $o" Allend?eG.d!e A 'ri6 (a+e of 1i)e i) t;e )i)etee)t; ce)t&r< Aas +esi6)e+ to $ast for a'o&t tAe)t< <ears F(a)< $aste+ $o)6erG. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Bri( c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6e$e24ro(a)*#H@# e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este &) -e$ier c& +o&/ catar6e Ftri)c;et 5i ar'ore (areG c& 6ree(e)t 1/trat. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 BRIC18 "ricuri* s.). Na-/ c& +o&/ catar6e* c& 18)2e 1/trate i 'o(1res* &)eori i c& (otor* fo$osit/ 0) trec&t 0) sco1&ri (i$itare. K Di) fr. 6ri(:
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6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Brig ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6e$e24ro(a)*#H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : -e$ier c& +o&a catar6e B. SINONIME : 'arca*)a-a*-a1or $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Bri(urile a& fost foarte (&$t fo$osite 0) s1ecia$ 0) seco$e$e a$ YVIII4$ea 5i a$ YIY4$ea* +ar o+at/ c& a1ari%ia )a-e$or c& a'&ri 5i4a& 1ier+&t +i) 1o1&$aritate* +i) ca&2/ c/ )ecesita& ec;i1a7e re$ati- (ari fa%/ +e (/ri(e* 5i era& 6re& +e )a-i6at c& -8)t +i) 1ro-a. !. Ve$e$e +e 1e ar'ore$e (are: -e$a (are* 6a'ier&$ F+eas&1ra -e$ei (ariG* 2'&r/tor&$ F+eas&1ra 6a'ier&$&iG. U)eori 6ri(urile a& 5i o r8)+&)ic/. _) s1ate$e -e$ei (ari se este o -e$/ s&1$i(e)tar/* 'ri6a)ti)a. Pe tri)c;et este o -e$/ si(i$ar/ tri&)6;i&$ar/. FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(8)* E+. ftii)%ific/* B&c&re5ti* #H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Bri(urile s&)t +e o'icei (ai (ari +ec8t 6oe$ete$e* a1ro1ii)+&4se ca (/ri(e +e -e$iere$e c& trei catar6e.d!e L&)6i(ea este 0)tre !94?" (* iar to)a7&$ (a,i( +e >J" t.d9e La 0)ce1&t 'ric&ri$e a& fost co)str&ite +i) $e()* +ar (ai t8r2i& a& fost co)str&ite 5i +i) o%e$ sa& fier* +e e,e(1$& 'ric&$ iBo' A$$e)R.d>e Bric&ri$e +i) $e() +e 1i) %i)ea& !" +e a)i.d?e o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
1*a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Ca6in c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 A co(1art(e)t for 1asse)6ers or creA f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 (i+4#>c.* fro( O.Fr. ca'a)e* fro( O.Pro-. ca'a)a* fro( L.L. ca1a))a U;&t*U of +o&'tf&$ ori6i). Mea)i)6 Uroo( or 1artitio) of a -esse$U is fro( $ate #>c. Ca'i) fe-er first recor+e+ #H#J. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Ca6ina ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2
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i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : 4 ti)< roo( B. SYNONYMS : rro(* s;e+* $o+6e $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. I) sai$i)6 s;i1s* t;e officers a)+ 1a<i)6 1asse)6ers Ao&$+ ;a-e a) i)+i-i+&a$ or s;are+ (a6in. T;e ca1tai) or co((a)+i)6 officer Ao&$+ occ&1< t;e U6reat ca'i)U t;at )or(a$$< s1a))e+ Ai+t; of t;e ster) Ait; $ar6e Ai)+oAs. O) a Aars;i1 it Ao&$+ 'e se1arate+ fro( t;e rest of t;e s;i1* a)+ f&rt;er s&'+i-i+e+ i)to +a<ti(e a)+ )i6;t4ti(e ca'i)s Ait; (o-a'$e 1a)e$s t;at co&$+ 'e re(o-e+ +oA) i) ti(e of 'att$e to $ea-e t;e +ecB c$ear t;e A;o$e $e)6t; of t;e s;i1. !. I) (ost (o+er) Aars;i1s t;e co((a)+i)6 officer ;as a (ai) ca'i)* t;e i)41ort (a6in* ofte) a+7ace)t to t;e s;i1Vs ce)tra$ co)tro$ roo( Fo1eratio)s roo(G* a)+ a sea ca'i) a+7ace)t to t;e 'ri+6e. T;&s* A;e) $iBe$< to 'e ca$$e+ fro( s$ee1 or atte)+i)6 to a+(i)istratio)* t;e CO ca) 'e at t;e Bri+6e or O1s roo( i)sta)t$<. T;e sea ca'i) is s1arse$< e=&i11e+* co)tai)i)6 7&st a '&)B* a +esB* a)+ 'asic toi$et faci$ities. T;e i)41ort ca'i) is (ore $a-is;$< f&r)is;e+* Ait; se1arate 'e+roo( a)+ co('i)atio) sitti)6 roo(.office* a)+ (ore e$a'orate toi$etr< faci$ities. FAAA.(ariti(e.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: I) s;i1s carr<i)6 1asse)6ers* t;e< are )or(a$$< acco((o+ate+ i) (a6ins8 taBi)6 t;e ter(i)o$o6< fa(i$iar to seafarers. First c$ass ca'i)s Aere tra+itio)a$$< referre+ to as stateroo(s* a)+ to+a< (a)< cr&ise $i)es )oA 1refer to refer to 1asse)6er ca'i)s as stateroo(s or s&ites. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Ca6ina c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 I)ca1ere* ca(er/ 1e 'or+&$ &)ei )a-eL 0)c/1ere (ic/* a-8)+ +i-erse +esti)aii f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie K Di) ^ fr. ca'i)e* it. ca'i)a* cf. e)6$. ca'i) 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Ca6in
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;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : 4 i)ca1ere (ica B. SINONIME : ca(era $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. C/1ita)&$ sec&)+ +e 1e )a-a40(1i)6/tor Merc&r !"I a &)ei fir(e +i) Ga$a%i a fost 6/sit (ort 7oi sear/* 0) (a6ina -a1or&$&i ce era acostat 0) 1ort&$ co(ercia$ +i) Or5o-a* 7&+e%&$ Me;e+i)%i. Co)sta)ti) E)&%/ +oar ce se 0)torsese a$/t&ri +e ec;i1a7&$ s/& +i)tr4o c&rs/ Co)sta)%a4Me;e+i)%i* +e &)+e re(orcase &) co)-oi +e (ai (&$te 'ar7e 1$i)e c& c$ic;et F1ietri5 s1ecia$ fo$osit 1e)tr& fa'ricarea ci(e)t&$&iG* a a)corat 0) +a)a 1ort&$&i +i) Or5o-a 5i a (ers 0) ca'i)/ s/ se o+i;)easc/. F AAA.6+s.roG (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)e ). COMETARIU: Motor&$ este +is1&s 0) 1artea ce)tra$/ a cor1&$&i &)ei )a-ei iar +eas&1ra se af$/ (a6ina ec;i1a7&$&i. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
1+a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Ca6otage c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 T;e carria6e of 6oo+s or 1asse)6ers for a fee 'etAee) 1orts of t;e sa(e co&)tr< f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 Fr ^ ca"oter* to sai$ a$o)6 t;e coast ^ MFr ca"o* ca1e ^ S1 ^ L caput 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Ca6otaD ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : coasta$ )a-i6atio) a)+ tra+e
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B. SYNONYMS : )a-i6atio)*tra+e $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Ca6otage is co((o)$< &se+ as 1art of t;e ter( Uca'ota6e ri6;ts*U t;e ri6;t of a co(1a)< fro( o)e co&)tr< to tra+e i) a)ot;er co&)tr<. I) a-iatio) ter(s* it is t;e ri6;t to o1erate Ait;i) t;e +o(estic 'or+ers of a)ot;er co&)tr<. Most co&)tries +o )ot 1er(it ca'ota6e '< forei6) co(1a)ies* a$t;o&6; t;is is c;a)6i)6 Ait;i) E&ro1e for (e('er states of t;e E&ro1ea) U)io).d!e Po$itica$$<* ca'ota6e re6&$atio)s restricti)6 tra+e to +o(estic carriers are a for( of 1rotectio)is(. &stificatio)s for ca'ota6e re6&$atio)s i)c$&+e )atio)a$ sec&rit< a)+ t;e )ee+ to re6&$ate 1&'$ic safet<. !. Ori6i)a$$< starti)6 Ait; s;i11i)6* (a6otage )oA a$so co-ers a-iatio)* rai$Aa<s a)+ roa+ tra)s1ort. FAAA.(ctf.co(G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Tra+e '< s;i1 co)+&cte+ e,c$&si-e$< fro( 1ort to 1ort of a si)6$e )atio) is &s&a$$< re6&$ate+ '< t;e )atio)a$ $aA of t;e ;ost )atio) a)+ t;&s of i(1ort to (ariti(e $aA. T;e ter( a11ears to ;a-e 'ee) of S1a)is; ori6i) a)+ Aas +esi6)e+ to re6&$ate t;ose $e6a$ +is1&tes t;at occ&r A;i$st a s;i1 Aas e)6a6e+ i) (a6otage Fcoasta$ tra+i)6* (ore 1artic&$ar$< to i)sist o) t;e 7&ris+ictio) of ;ost4)atio) $aA or* i) so(e cases* to re=&ire t;at s;i1s e)6a6e+ i) (a6otage +efer to ;ost4)atio) -esse$s or re6istratio). FQG o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Ca6otaD c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Tra)s1ort +e '&)&ri i)+i6e)e +e $a &) 1ort $a a$t&$* a1ar%i)0)+ ace$&ia5i stat* &)ei co)fe+era%ii +e state sa& &)or state +iferite* $e6ate 1ri)tr4o &)i&)e -a(a$/* fo$osi)+&4se 0) acest sco1 &) +r&( (ariti( i)ter)a%io)a$ sa& c& acces $a &) astfe$ +e +r&(. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 K Di) fr. (a6otag 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Ca6otage ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti-
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7. CONCEPT GENERIC : tra)s1ort )a-a$ +e (/rf&ri 0)tre 1ort&ri a1ro1iate B. SINONIME : tra)s1ort +e '&)&ri* sc;i(' +e '&)&ri $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. I) 1ri-i)ta (a6otaDului* &) ra1ort a$ 1ar$a(e)tar&$&i 'e$6ia) Matt;ie& Grosc;* care 1re-e+e e$i(i)area restrictii$or act&a$e* a fost a+o1tat c& >HH +e -ot&ri i1e)tr&U* #?9 ii(1otri-aU si ?9 +e a'ti)eri. E&ro1ar$a(e)tarii a& fost astfe$ +e acor+ sa (e)ti)a $i(itarea act&a$a $a ce$ (&$t trei c&rse co)sec&ti-e efect&ate i)tr4&) a$t stat (e('r&* 1e o +&rata +e ce$ (&$t @ 2i$e* ter(e) +&1a care tra)s1ortator&$ res1ecti- tre'&ie sa se i)toarca i) tara +e ori6i)e. Tot&si* 1ar$a(e)tarii si4a& co)fir(at o1ti&)ea i) fa-oarea e$i(i)arii acestei restrictii 1a)a $a # ia)&arie !"#>* iar 1a)a i) !"#" se 1re-e+e cresterea +e $a 9 $a @ a )&(ar&$&i (a,i( +e c&rse ce 1ot fi efect&ate i) re6i( +e ca'ota7. FAAA.tra)s1ort4'&si)ess.roG !. Ca6otaDul este o o1erati&)e +e tra)s1ort r&tier efect&ata +e catre &) o1erator +e tra)s1ort i)tre ce$ 1&ti) +o&a 1&)cte +e i)carcare.+escarcare af$ate 1e teritori&$ &)&i a$t statL +e1$asarea fara i)carcat&ra 1e teritori&$ ace$&iasi stat strai)* i)tre +o&a o1erati&)i co)sec&ti-e +e tra)s1ort i)ter)atio)a$ )& este co)si+erata ca'ota7. FAAA.e&$oa+.co(G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: A-a)+ i) -e+ere reco(a)+ari$e e,1erti$or Co(&)itatii E&ro1e)e i) $e6at&ra c& ar(o)i2area $e6is$atiei )atio)a$e c& $e6is$atia co(&)itara 1ri-i)+ tra)s1ort&ri$e (ariti(e si 1e cai$e )a-i6a'i$e i)terioare* care a& co)+&s $a )ecesitatea (o+ificarii $e6is$atiei i) ceea ce 1ri-este i)(atric&$area )a-e$or (ariti(e si a )a-e$or +e )a-i6atie i)terioara i) re6istre$e (atrico$e si i) re6istre$e +e e-i+e)ta a )a-e$or* 1rec&( si ra+ierea $or +i) aceste re6istre* sc;i('area siste(&$&i +e c$asificare a )a-e$or si i)trarea i) -i6oare $a +ata a+erarii Ro(a)iei $a U)i&)ea E&ro1ea)a a Re6&$a(e)t&$&i FCEEG )r. 9.?@@.H! a$ Co)si$i&$&i +i) @ +ece('rie #HH! +e a1$icare a 1ri)ci1i&$&i $i'erei circ&$atii a ser-icii$or $a tra)s1ort&ri$e (ariti(e i) i)terior&$ state$or (e('re F(a6otaD /ariti/G* re6&$a(e)t care se -a a1$ica +irect si o'$i6atori& si Ro(a)iei* i)tr&cat e,ista 1re-e+eri )atio)a$e care co)tra-i) 1re-e+eri$or co(&)itare* s&)t )ecesare (o+ificarea si co(1$etarea $e6is$atiei ro(a)esti i) +o(e)i&$ tra)s1ort&ri$or (ariti(e si 1e cai$e )a-i6a'i$e* (as&ra a1reciata ca fii)+ &) ca2 e,ce1tio)a$* co)for( art. ##? a$i). F>G +i) Co)stit&tia Ro(a)iei* re1&'$icata* i(1&)a)+&4se a+o1tarea +e &r6e)ta a &)&i act )or(ati- +e (o+ificare si co(1$etare a Or+o)a)tei G&-er)&$&i )r. >!.#HH@ 1ri-i)+ tra)s1ort&$ )a-a$* re1&'$icata. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
1,a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Canal
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c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Are )a-i6a'$e tra)s1ortatio) ca)a$s &se+ for carr<i)6 s;i1s a)+ 'oats $oa+e+ Ait; 6oo+s a)+ 1eo1$e* ofte) co))ecte+ to e,isti)6 $aBes* ri-ers* or ocea)s. I)c$&+e+ ;ere are i)ter4ocea) ca)a$s s&c; as t;e S&e2 Ca)a$ a)+ t;e Pa)a(a Ca)a$. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 (i+4#?c.* fro( L. ca)a$is U1i1e* 6roo-e* c;a))e$*U fro( ca))a Uree+.U Ori6i)a$$< Ua 1i1e for $i=&i+*U its se)se s;ifte+ '< #I@"s to Uartificia$ AaterAa<.U 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Canal ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : B. SYNONYMS : co&rse $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. So(e (anals are 1art of a) e,isti)6 AaterAa<. T;is is &s&a$$< A;ere a ri-er ;as 'ee) ca)a$ise+: (aBi)6 it )a-i6a'$e '< Ai+e)i)6 a)+ +ee1e)i)6 so(e 1arts F'< +re+6i)6* Aeirs or 'ot;G* a)+ 1ro-i+i)6 $ocBs Ait; Uc&tsU aro&)+ t;e Aeirs or ot;er +iffic&$t sectio)s. I) Fra)ce* t;ese AaterAa<s are ca$$e+ lateral canals a)+ i) t;e UD t;e< are 6e)era$$< ca$$e+ )a-i6atio)s* a)+ t;e $e)6t; of t;e artificia$ AaterAa< ofte) e,cee+s t;e )at&ra$. T;e i)+i-i+&a$ c&ts t;at (aBe &1 s&c; a ca)a$ s<ste( (a< eac; 'e ca$$e+ a reach. !. S(a$$er tra)s1ortatio) (anals ca) carr< 'ar6es or )arroA'oats* A;i$e s;i1 ca)a$s a$$oA sea6oi)6 s;i1s to tra-e$ to a) i)$a)+ 1ort Fe1g1: Ma)c;ester S;i1 Ca)a$G* or fro( o)e sea or ocea) to a)ot;er Fe1g1: Ca$e+o)ia) Ca)a$* Pa)a(a Ca)a$G. FCa$-ert* Ro6er F#HI9G* 5nlan# +ater!ays of 6urope* Geor6e A$$e) a)+ U)Ai)G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: T;e o$+est B)oA) (anals Aere irri6atio) ca)a$s* '&i$t i) Meso1ota(ia circa >""" BC* i) A;at is )oA (o+er) +a< Ira= a)+ S<ria. T;e I)+&s Va$$e< Ci-i$i2atio) i) PaBista) a)+ Nort; I)+ia Fcirca !I"" BCG ;a+ so1;isticate+ irri6atio) a)+ stora6e s<ste(s +e-e$o1e+* i)c$&+i)6 t;e reser-oirs '&i$t at Gir)ar i) 9""" BC.d9e I) E6<1t* ca)a$s +ate 'acB at $east to t;e ti(e of Pe1i I Mer<re Frei6)e+ !99!K!!J9 BCG* A;o or+ere+ a ca)a$ '&i$t to '<1ass t;e cataract o) t;e Ni$e )ear AsAa). o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ AaterAa<
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a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Canal c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Se )&(e5te o ca$e (ariti(/ artificia$/* re2&$tat/ +i) s/1area &)ei a$'ii 1ri)tr4&) ist(* care asi6&r/ co(&)ica%ia 0)tre +o&/ ocea)e sa& (/ri* sc&rt8)+ &) +r&( +e )a-i6a%ie f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 Di) fr. (anal8 $at. (anali 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Canal ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : A$'ie artificia$/ sa& a(e)a7at/ care $ea6/ 0)tre e$e +o&/ (/ri* +o&/ f$&-ii* &) r8& c& &) $ac B. SINONIME : c&rs +e a1a $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Canalul 1oate e,ista 5i 0) i)terior&$ co)ti)e)t&$&i 0)tre +o&/ r8&ri* asi6&r8)+ o co(&)ica%ie i)+irect/ 0)tre +o&/ (/ri Fca)a$&$ Vo$6a4Do)G. !. _) f&)c%ie +e i(1orta)%a $or* 0) ceea ce 1ri-e5te )a-i6a%ia 1e (are* (analele 1ot fi: &na7ionale* c8)+ se 6/sesc 0) 0)tre6i(e 1e teritori&$ &)&i stat 5i 0) afara c/i$or (ariti(e i)ter)a%io)a$eL &interna7ionale* c0)+* +e5i se 6/sesc 1e teritori&$ &)&ia sa& (ai (&$tor state co)stit&ie -eri6i i(1orta)te 0) siste(&$ c/i$or (ariti(e (o)+ia$e. Aceste +i) &r(/ ca)a$e a& &) re6i( 7&ri+ic s1ecia$* care asi6&r/ $i'ertatea )a-i6a%iei 5i 1e)tr& )a-e$e state$or )eri-era)e. FAAA.ro.AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: De1$asarea )a-e$or 1ri)tr4&) (anal se e,ec&t/ )or(a$ FCa)a$&$ S&e2* Ca)a$&$ Cori)tG sa& 1ri) ec$&2are FCa)a$&$ Pa)a(a* Ca)a$&$ Vo$6a4Do)* Ca)a$&$ D&)/re4 Marea Nea6r/* Ca)a$&$ Be6aG* c8)+ 0)tre e,tre(it/%i e,ist/ o +ifere)%/ +e )i-e$. Fiecare ca)a$ are &) re6&$a(e)t s1ecia$ +e e,1$oatare. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
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1-a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Captain c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 T;e 1erso) i) c;ar6e of a s;i1L a)ot;er tit$e for ,aster f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 $ate #>c.* Uo)e A;o sta)+s at t;e ;ea+ of ot;ers*U fro( O.Fr. ca1itai)e* fro( L.L. ca1ita)e&s Uc;ief*U ). &se of a+7. ca1ita)e&s U1ro(i)e)t* c;ief*U fro( L. ca1&t F6e). ca1itisG U;ea+U Fsee ;ea+G. Mi$itar< se)se of Uofficer A;o co((a)+s a co(1a)<U Fra)B 'etAee) (a7or a)+ $ie&te)a)tG is fro( #?I"sL )a-a$ se)se of Uofficer A;o co((a)+s a (a)4of4AarU is fro( #??"s* e,te)+e+ to U(aster or co((a)+er of a -esse$ of a)< Bi)+U '< #@">. S1orti)6 se)se is first recor+e+ #J!9. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Capitan ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co(
i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : c;ief of -e;ic$e B. SYNONYMS : 'oss* co((a)+er* 6&i+e* $ea+er $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;e e=&i-a$e)t ra)B i) (a)< )a-ies is S;i14of4t;e4Li)e Captain. Ot;er e=&i-a$e)t ra)Bs i) ot;er )a-ies )ota'$< i)c$&+e Ca1tai) of Sea a)+ Car or Ca1tai) at Sea. !. T;e co((a)+ of a s;i1 is (ost ofte) 6i-e) to t;e )a-a$ ra)B e=&i-a$e)t to a co((issio)e+ officer 'etAee) co((a)+er FOF4>G a)+ co((o+ore or rear a+(ira$ FOF4IG. T;e Po$is; Na-< is* ;oAe-er* a )ota'$e e,ce1tio) naval captain i) 1ositio) of Lie&te)a)t or Ca1tai) Lie&te)a)t a)+ OF4? ra)B 'ei)6 a Uco((a)+erU Fko,an#orG. T;e )a-a$ ra)B s;o&$+ )ot 'e co)f&se+ Ait; t;e ar(<* air force or (ari)e ra)B of ca1tai)* A;ic; ;as a NATO co+e of OF4!. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: A)< )a-a$ officer A;o co((a)+s a s;i1 Ftit$e+ Co((a)+i)6 Officer* or COG is a++resse+ as U(aptainU A;i$e a'oar+ t;at s;i1* '< )a-a$ c&sto(. Officers Ait; t;e ra)B of ca1tai) tra-e$i)6 a'oar+ a -esse$ t;e< +o )ot co((a)+ s;o&$+ 'e a++resse+ '< t;eir ra)B a)+ )a(e Fe.6.* Uca1tai) o)esUG* '&t t;e< s;o&$+ )ot 'e referre+ to as Ut;e ca1tai)U to a-oi+ co)f&sio) Ait; t;e -esse$Vs ca1tai).d#e O) $ar6e s;i1s Fe.6.* carriersG* t;e YO FE,ec&ti-e OfficerG (a< 'e a ca1tai) i) ra)B* i) A;ic; case it Ao&$+ 'e 1ro1er to a++ress t;e
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YO '< ra)B. Ofte) t;e YO 1refers to 'e ca$$e+ YO to a-oi+ co)f&sio) Ait; t;e CO FCo((a)+i)6 OfficerG* A;o is a$so a ca1tai) i) ra)B a)+ t;e ca1tai) of t;e s;i1.d!e I) so(e )a-ies* ca1tai)s '< ra)B are a++resse+ as Co((o+ore to a-oi+ co)f&sio) Ait; t;e s;i1Vs co((a)+er. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Capitan c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Co(a)+a)t a$ &)ei )a-e f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 Di) it. ca1ita)o* r&s. Ba1ita). Cf. (a6;. B a 1 i t j ) <. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Captain ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : co)+&cator&$ &)ei )a-e B. SINONIME : sef* a&toritate*co)+&ctor*co(a)+a)t*$i+er $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. U)a +i)tre ce$e (ai (ari (i)ci&)i s1&se +e Traia) Basesc& +e ca)+ este 1rese+i)te a fost rostita $a sfarsit&$ sa1ta(a)ii trec&te. Acesta a +ec$arat ca )& ii este frica +e 1ier+erea a$e6eri$or 1e)tr& ca se -a i)toarce 1e (are* (apitan +e -as. Este o (i)ci&)a 1e care )ici c;iar Base )& o cre+e +eoarece e$ stie (ai 'i)e ca orici)e fa1t&$ ca tara )oastra )& (ai are f$ota (ariti(a toc(ai +i) ca&2a sa. FAAA.'o6+a)ca$i)i&c.'$o6s1ot.co(G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Pri(&$ (apitan a$ )a-ei Cr&ci5/tor&$ E$isa'eta a fost co$o)e$&$ Ioa) M&r6esc&* a1oi +i) #JJH 18)/ 0) #JHJ c/1ita) a fost Vasi$e Ursea)&. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
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1.a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Cargo ship c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a)< sort of s;i1 or -esse$ t;at carries car6o* 6oo+s* a)+ (ateria$s fro( o)e 1ort to a)ot;er. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 #I?@* fro( S1. car6o U'&r+e)*U fro( car6ar Uto $oa+* i(1ose ta,es*U fro( L.L. carricare Uto $oa+ o) a cartU. So&t; Pacific car6o c&$t is fro( #H>H. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Cargou ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co(.+ictio)ar< i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o(i)a$ 1;rase 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a s;i1 +esi6)e+ to carr< car6o B. SYNONYMS : car6o -esse$* frei6;ter $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;o&sa)+s of car6o carriers 1$< t;e Aor$+Vs seas a)+ ocea)s eac; <earL t;e< ;a)+$e t;e '&$B of i)ter)atio)a$ tra+e. Cargo ships are &s&a$$< s1ecia$$< +esi6)e+ for t;e tasB* ofte) 'ei)6 e=&i11e+ Ait; cra)es a)+ ot;er (ec;a)is(s to $oa+ a)+ &)$oa+* a)+ co(e i) a$$ si2es. To+a<* t;e< are a$(ost a$Aa<s '&i$t of Ae$+e+ stee$* a)+ Ait; so(e e,ce1tio)s 6e)era$$< ;a-e a $ife e,1ecta)c< of !? to 9" <ears 'efore 'ei)6 scra11e+ !. S1ecia$i2e+ t<1es of car6o -esse$s i)c$&+e co)tai)er s;i1s a)+ '&$B carriers Ftec;)ica$$< ta)Bers of a$$ si2es are (argo ships* a$t;o&6; t;e< are ro&ti)e$< t;o&6;t of as a se1arate cate6or<G FAAA.r(ri.roG (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Pirac< is sti$$ =&ite co((o) i) so(e Aaters* 1artic&$ar$< i) t;e Ma$acca Straits* a )arroA c;a))e$ 'etAee) I)+o)esia a)+ Si)6a1ore . Ma$a<sia* a)+ (argo ships are sti$$ co((o)$< tar6ete+. I) !"">* t;e 6o-er)(e)ts of t;ose t;ree )atio)s a6ree+ to 1ro-i+e 'etter 1rotectio) for t;e s;i1s 1assi)6 t;ro&6; t;e Straits. T;e Aaters off So(a$ia a)+ Ni6eria are a$so 1ro)e to 1irac<* A;i$e s(a$$er -esse$s are a$so i) +a)6er a$o)6 1arts of t;e So&t; A(erica)* So&t;east Asia) coasts a)+ )ear t;e Cari''ea) Sea. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$
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a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Cargou c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Car6o& sa& car6o'ot este +e)&(irea &)ei )a-e +esti)ate tra)s1ort&$&i +e (/rf&ri &scate 0) -rac sa& +e (/rf&ri a('a$ate sa& )ea('a$ate. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 K Di) fr. (argo 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Cargo ships ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : 4 )a-a co(ercia$a +esti)ata tra)s1ort&$&i +e (arf&ri B. SINONIME : car6o'ot $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. U) a$ trei$ea (argo&* c& #@ 1ersoa)e $a 'or+ 5i tra)s1ort8)+ ?.I"" +e to)e +e fier -ec;i* s4a sc&f&)+at +&(i)ic/ 0) Marea Nea6r/* 0) a1ro1iere +e Cri(eea* 0) ti(1&$ &)ei f&rt&)i 1&ter)ice* a a)&)%at &) res1o)sa'i$ a$ ser-icii$or &crai)e)e +e s&1ra-e6;ere (ariti(/* tra)s(ite A5P FAAA.eco(a6a2i).roG !. Vite2a eco)o(ic/ a (argourilor este +e F#!...!"G N+ fii)+ o'%i)&t/* +e re6&$/* c& a7&tor&$ (otoare$or c& a1ri)+ere 1ri) co(1resie FDiese$G* $e)te sa& se(ira1i+e* care a)tre)ea2/ e$ice c& 1a$e fi,e. Co(1arti(e)t&$ +e (a5i)i 1oate fi a(1$asat $a 1&1a* ce)tra$ sa& 0) 1ro-a )a-ei. FAAA.ro.AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: A(e)a7/ri$e i)terioare 5i as1ect&$ e,terior 1ot +iferi +e $a o )a-/ $a a$ta 1ri): a(1$asarea co(1arti(e)t&$&i +e (a5i)iL )&(/r&$* (/ri(ea 5i a(1$asarea s&1rastr&ct&ri$orL )&(/r&$ 5i +i(e)si&)ea (a6a2ii$or +e (/rf&riL )&(/r&$ +e 1&)%i 5i 1ere%iL for(a e,tre(it/%i$or 1&1a 5i 1ro-a* siste(&$ 6e)era$ +e osat&r/L i)sta$a%ii$e 1e)tr& 0)c/rcat 5i +esc/rcat (/rf&ri F'i6i* (acara$e etc.G. Cargourile s&)t 1re-/2&te c& s&1rastr&ct&ri co)ti)&e sa& r/2$e%e 5i +is1&) +e s1a%ii (ari 1e)tr& +e1o2itarea (/rf&ri$or. Siste(&$ 6e)era$ +e osat&r/ a$ car6o&ri$or 1oate fi tra)s-ersa$ sa& co('i)at.
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o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$ $0a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Cat6oat c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 A cat'oat Fa$ter)ate s1e$$i)6: cat 'oatG* or a cat&rigge# sai$'oat* is a sai$i)6 -esse$ c;aracteri2e+ '< a si)6$e (ast carrie+ Ae$$ forAar+ Fi1e1* )ear t;e fro)t of t;e 'oatG. f. NOTA BENE : T;e ter(s cat"oat a)+ cat&rigge# are ofte) co)f&se+ Ait; cata(ara). ata,aran +escri'es t;e ;&$$ str&ct&re of a 'oat Fs1ecifica$$<* it refers to tAo ;&$$s si+e4'<4 si+eG A;ereas cat&rigge# a)+ cat"oat +escri'e t;e sai$ 1$a) a)+ -esse$ t<1e* res1ecti-e$<. To a++ to t;e co)f&sio)* so(e s(a$$ s1orti)6 cata(ara)s are cat4ri66e+ a)+ 'ot; ter(s are a''re-iate+ cat A;e) )o a('i6&it< is foresee). A cat'oat Aas &se+ i) co$o)ia$ ti(es. It is 6e)era$$< acce1te+ t;at t;e ori6i) of t;e cat'oat t<1e Aas i) NeA YorB aro&)+ #J>" a)+ fro( t;ere s1rea+ east a)+ so&t; as t;e -irt&es of t;e t<1e T si(1$icit<* ease of ;a)+$i)6* s;a$$oA +raft* $ar6e ca1acit< T Aere +isco-ere+. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 4 ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a 'oat B. SYNONYMS : s;i1 $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. A$t;o&6; a)< 'oat Ait; a si)6$e sai$ a)+ a (ast carrie+ Ae$$ forAar+ is Vtec;)ica$$<V a cat'oat* t;e tra+itio)a$ cat'oat ;as a Ai+e 'ea( a11ro,i(ate$< ;a$f t;e $e)6t; of t;e 'oat* a ce)ter'oar+* a)+ a si)6$e 6aff4ri66e+ sai$. So(e (at6oats s&c; as t;e Bar)e6at Ba< t<1e a)+ (ore (o+er) cat'oat +esi6)s carr< a Ber(&+a sai$. A 7i' is so(eti(es a++e+* '&t t;is (a< re=&ire a 'oAs1rit* a)+ tec;)ica$$< creates a s$oo1 sai$41$a). !. Historica$$<* (at6oats Aere &se+ for fis;i)6 a)+ tra)s1ort i) t;e coasta$ Aaters aro&)+ Ca1e Co+* Narra6a)sett Ba<* NeA YorB a)+ NeA erse<. So(e Aere fitte+ Ait; 'oAs1rits for sAor+fis;i)6 a)+ ot;ers Aere &se+ as V1art< 'oatsV Ait; ca)-as4si+e+* Aoo+4 fra(e+ s&((er ca'i)s t;at co&$+ 'e ro$$e+ &1. FGra<so)* Sta) F!""!G. ape o# at"oats. Mar'$e;ea+* MA: De-ere&, BooBs.G (. USE AREA : Mari)e
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). COMMENTARY: O)e of t;e (ost Ae$$4B)oA) (at6oats is t;e #!4foot F9.@ (G Beet$e Cat +a<sai$er. F$eets of t;ese o)e4+esi6) 'oats are fo&)+ i) ;ar'ors a$$ across NeA E)6$a)+* ofte) co(1eti)6 i) races. I) t;e #HI"Vs* BrecB Mars;a$$ 'ase+ ;is #J4foot F?.? (G fi'er6$ass San#erling &1o) a) e,isti)6* Aoo+e) +esi6). T;e San#erling ;as si)ce 'eco(e a -er< 1o1&$ar 'oat* Ait; (ore t;a) @"" '&i$t* a)+ it ;as ;e$1e+ to reBi)+$e i)terest i) t;e cat'oat. To ;o)or Mars;a$$ a)+ ;is co)tri'&tio) to t;e t<1e* t;e Cat'oat Associatio) f&)+e+ t;e co)str&ctio) of t;e $reck Marshall* a !"4foot FI.# (G cat'oat '&i$t a)+ 'ert;e+ at M<stic Sea1ort.
$1a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Cog Bship1 c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a t<1e of s;i1 t;at first a11eare+ i) t;e #"t; ce)t&r<* a)+ Aas Ai+e$< &se+ fro( aro&)+ t;e #!t; ce)t&r< o). f. NOTA BENE : Co6s are first (e)tio)e+ i) H>J AD* i) M&i+e) )ear A(ster+a(. T;ese ear$< co6s Aere i)f$&e)ce+ '< t;e Norse D)arr* A;ic; Aas t;e (ai) tra+e -esse$ i) )ort;er) E&ro1e at t;e ti(e* a)+ 1ro'a'$< &se+ a steeri)6 oar* as t;ere is )ot;i)6 to s&66est a ster) r&++er i) )ort;er) E&ro1e &)ti$ a'o&t #!>". C&rre)t arc;aeo$o6ica$ e-i+e)ce 1oi)ts to t;e Frisia) coast* Cester) &t$a)+* as t;e 1ossi'$e 'irt;1$ace of t;is t<1e of -esse$. T;e tra)sfor(atio) of t;e co6 i)to a tr&e sea6oi)6 tra+er ca(e )ot o)$< +&ri)6 t;e ti(e of t;e i)te)se tra+e 'etAee) Cest a)+ East* '&t a$so as a +irect a)sAer to t;e c$os&re of t;e Aester) e)tra)ce to t;e Li(f7or+. For ce)t&ries* Li(f7or+ i) )ort;er) &t$a)+ offere+ fair$< 1rotecte+ 1assa6e 'etAee) t;e Nort; Sea a)+ t;e Ba$tic. D&e to &)&s&a$ 6eo6ra1;ica$ co)+itio)s a)+ stro)6 c&rre)ts* t;e 1assa6e Aas co)sta)t$< fi$$i)6 Ait; sa)+ a)+ Aas co(1$ete$< '$ocBe+ '< t;e #!t; ce)t&r<. T;is c;a)6e 1ro+&ce+ )eA c;a$$e)6es. Bi66er s;i1s t;at co&$+ )ot 'e 1&$$e+ across t;e sa)+ 'ars ;a+ to sai$ aro&)+ t;e &t$a)+ 1e)i)s&$a a)+ circ&()a-i6ate t;e +a)6ero&s Ca1e SBa6e) to 6et to t;e Ba$tic. T;is res&$te+ i) (a7or (o+ificatio)s to o$+ s;i1 str&ct&res* A;ic; ca) 'e o'ser-e+ '< a)a$<2i)6 e-o$&tio) of t;e ear$iest co6 fi)+s of 8ollerup* Skagen* a)+ 8ol#ing. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 4 ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a o$+ s;i1 B. SYNONYMS : a -esse$* a 'i6 'oat $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS :
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#. Cogs Aere 6e)era$$< '&i$t of oaB* A;ic; Aas a) a'&)+a)t ti('er i) t;e Ba$tic re6io) of Pr&ssia. T;is -esse$ Aas fitte+ Ait; a si)6$e (ast a)+ a s=&are4ri66e+ si)6$e sai$. E-e) t;o&6; t;is t<1e of ri66i)6 1ro;i'ite+ sai$i)6 i)to t;e Ai)+* it co&$+ 'e ;a)+$e+ '< a s(a$$er creA* A;ic; re+&ce+ o1eratio)a$ costs. T;ese -esse$s Aere (ost$< associate+ Ait; sea6oi)6 tra+e i) (e+ie-a$ E&ro1e* 1artic&$ar$< i) t;e Ba$tic Sea re6io). !. E-e)t&a$$<* aro&)+ t;e #>t; ce)t&r<* t;e (og reac;e+ its str&ct&ra$ $i(its* res&$ti)6 i) t;e +es1erate )ee+ for a =&icB re1$ace(e)t. T;e re1$ace(e)t* t;e ;&$B* a$rea+< e,iste+ '&t aAaite+ reco)+itio)i)6. A$t;o&6; t;ere is )o e-i+e)ce t;at ;&$Bs +esce)+e+ fro( t;e co6s* it is c$ear t;at a $ot of tec;)o$o6ica$ i+eas Aere a+a1te+ fro( o)e to t;e ot;er a)+ -ice -ersa.d9e T;e tra)sitio) fro( co6s to ;&$Bs Aas )ot $i)ear. Accor+i)6 to so(e i)ter1retatio)s* 'ot; -esse$s coe,iste+ for (a)< ce)t&ries '&t fo$$oAe+ +i-erse $i)es of e-o$&tio).d>e FGar+)ier* R. #HH>. ogs, caravels an# galleons* the sailing ship, 1---&1.5-. A))a1o$is.G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Cogs Aere c;aracteri2e+ '< a f$&s;4$ai+ f$at 'otto( at (i+s;i1s '&t 6ra+&a$$< s;ifte+ to o-er$a11e+ straBes )ear t;e 1osts. T;e< ;a+ f&$$ $a1straBe 1$a)Bi)6 co-eri)6 t;e si+es* 6e)era$$< starti)6 fro( t;e 'i$6e straBes* a)+ +o&'$e4c$e)c;e+ iro) )ai$s for 1$a)B faste)i)6s. T;e Bee$* or Bee$1$a)B* Aas o)$< s$i6;t$< t;icBer t;a) t;e a+7ace)t 6ar'oar+s a)+ ;a+ )o ra''et. Bot; ste( a)+ ster) 1osts Aere strai6;t a)+ rat;er $o)6* a)+ co))ecte+ to t;e Bee$1$a)B t;ro&6; i)ter(e+iate 1ieces ca$$e+ ;ooBs. T;e $oAer 1$a)B ;oo+s ter(i)ate+ i) ra''ets i) t;e ;ooBs a)+ 1osts* '&t &11er ;oo+s Aere )ai$e+ to t;e e,terior faces of t;e 1osts. Ca&$Bi)6 Aas 6e)era$$< tarre+ (oss t;at Aas i)serte+ i)to c&r-e+ 6roo-es* co-ere+ Ait; Aoo+e) $at;s* a)+ sec&re+ '< (eta$ sta1$es ca$$e+ sintels. Fi)a$$<* t;e co64'&i$t str&ct&re co&$+ )ot 'e co(1$ete+ Ait;o&t a ster)4(o&)te+ ;a)6i)6 ce)tra$ r&++er* A;ic; Aas a &)i=&e )ort;er) +e-e$o1(e)t.d#e Co6s &se+ to ;a-e o1e) ;&$$s a)+ co&$+ 'e roAe+ s;ort +ista)ces. I) t;e #9t; ce)t&r< t;e< recei-e+ +ecBs. T;e (ost fa(o&s is t;e Bre(e) co6.
$$a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Crane !essel c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a s;i1 Ait; a cra)e s1ecia$i2e+ i) $ifti)6 ;ea-< $oa+s. f. NOTA BENE : I) (e+ie-a$ E&ro1e* cra)e -esse$s A;ic; co&$+ 'e f$e,i'$< +e1$o<e+ i) t;e A;o$e 1ort 'asi) Aere i)tro+&ce+ as ear$< as t;e #>t; ce)t&r<. d#e I) #H!"* t;e #JHJ4'&i$t 'att$es;i1 USS 8earsarge FBB4?G Aas co)-erte+ to a cra)e s;i1 A;e) a cra)e Ait; a ca1acit< of !?" to)s Aas i)sta$$e+. Later it Aas re)a(e+ rane Ship 9o1 1. It Aas &se+* a(o)6st ot;er t;i)6s* to 1$ace 6&)s a)+ ot;er ;ea-< ite(s o) 'att$e s;i1s &)+er co)str&ctio). A)ot;er re(arBa'$e feat Aas t;e raisi)6 of t;e USS S%ualus FSS4#H!G i) #H9H.
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I) #H>! t;e Cra)e S;i1s aBa UHea-< Lift S;i1sU SS E(1ire E$6ar FPk#IG* SS E(1ire Bar+ FPk#?G* a)+ SS E(1ire P&rce$$ FPk#IG Aere se)t to t;e R&ssia) Arctic 1orts of Arc;a)6e$* M&r(a)sB a)+ Mo$oto-sB FSi)ce re)a(e+ Serero+-i)sBG. T;eir ro$e Aas to e)a'$e t;e &)$oa+i)6 of t;e Arctic Co)-o<s A;ere 1ort i)sta$$atio)s Aere eit;er +estro<e+ '< Ger(a) 'o('ers or Aere )o) e,iste)t Fas at BaBaritsa =&a< Arc;a)6e$G 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Ma(ara plutitoare ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o(i)a$ 6ro&1 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a s;i1 Ait; a cra)e s1ecia$i2e+ i) $ifti)6 ;ea-< $oa+s B. SYNONYMS : cra)e s;i1* f$oati)6 cra)e $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;e $ar6est (rane !essels are &se+ for offs;ore co)str&ctio). Co)-e)tio)a$ (o)o;&$$s are &se+* '&t t;e $ar6est cra)e -esse$s are ofte) cata(ara) or se(i4s&'(ersi'$e t<1es as t;e< ;a-e i)crease+ sta'i$it<. O) a s;eer$e6 cra)e* t;e cra)e is fi,e+ a)+ ca))ot rotate* a)+ t;e -esse$ t;erefore is (a)o&e-ere+ to 1$ace $oa+s. !. I) #HI9 Heere(a co)-erte+ a NorAe6ia) ta)Ber* t;e Sunnaas* i)to a (rane !essel Ait; a ca1acit< of 9"" to)s* t;e first o)e i) t;e offs;ore i)+&str< t;at Aas s;i14s;a1e+. It Aas re)a(e+ )lo"al A#venturer. T;is t<1e of cra)e -esse$ Aas 'etter a+a1te+ to t;e ;ars; e)-iro)(e)t of t;e Nort; Sea. FAAA.;(c.;eere(a.co(G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: I) #H@J Heere(a ;a+ tAo se(i4s&'(ersi'$e cra)e -esse$s '&i$t* t;e :er,o# a)+ t;e $al#er* eac; Ait; o)e !""" to) a)+ o)e 9""" to) cra)e. Later 'ot; Aere &16ra+e+ to a ;i6;er ca1acit<. T;is t<1e of (rane !essel Aas (&c; $ess se)siti-e to sea sAe$$* so t;at it Aas 1ossi'$e to o1erate o) t;e Nort; Sea +&ri)6 t;e Ai)ter (o)t;s. T;e ;i6; sta'i$it< a$so a$$oAe+ for ;ea-ier $ifts t;a) Aas 1ossi'$e Ait; a (o)o;&$$. T;e $ar6er ca1acit< of t;e cra)es re+&ce+ t;e i)sta$$atio) ti(e of a 1$atfor( fro( a A;o$e seaso) to a feA AeeBs. I)s1ire+ '< t;is s&ccess si(i$ar -esse$s Aere '&i$t. I) #HJ? t;e ($&1-2 Aas $a&)c;e+ for McDer(ott* Ait; tAo cra)es Ait; a ca1acit< of I""" to)s eac;. Mico1eri ;a+ t;e M;--- '&i$t i) #HJI Ait; tAo cra)es of @""" to)s eac;. HoAe-er* i) t;e (i+ #HJ"s t;e 'oo( i) t;e offs;ore i)+&str< Aas o-er* res&$ti)6 i) co$$a'oratio)s. I) #HJJ a 7oi)t -e)t&re 'etAee) Heere(a a)+ McDer(ott Aas for(e+* HeereMac. I) #HH" Mico1eri ;a+ to a11$< for 'a)Br&1tc<. T;is e)a'$e+ Sai1e( K i) t;e 'e6i))i)6 of t;e #H@"s a $ar6e ;ea-< $ift co)tractor* '&t o)$< a s(a$$ 1$a<er i) t;is fie$+ at t;e e)+ of t;e J"s K to taBe o-er t;e M;--- i) #HH?* $ater re)a(i)6 it Saipe, ;---. I) #HH@ Heere(a tooB o-er t;e ($&1-2 fro( McDer(ott after +isco)ti)&atio) of t;eir 7oi)t -e)t&re.d!e T;e s;i1 Aas re)a(e+ Thialf a)+* after a) &16ra+e i) !""" to tAice @#"" to)s* it is )oA t;e $ar6est cra)e -esse$ i) t;e Aor$+ e-e) if a$$ t;e Aor$+Vs $ifti)6 recor+s 'e$o)6 to t;e Sai1e( @""" F#!#?"t of Sa'rat;a DecBG.
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o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Macara 1$&titoare c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e2 ro(a)*#H@# e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este o (acara fi,/ sa& (o'i$/* i)sta$at/ 1e &) 1o)to) care 0i asi6&r/ 1$&tirea f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 MACARE8 ,acarale, s.f. A1arat* +is1o2iti- sa& siste( te;)ic co)str&it 1e 1ri)ci1i&$ scri1ei$or* c& care se ri+ic/ Fi se +e1$asea2/G 6re&t/i F(ariG 1e +ista)e sc&rte. K Di) tc. /a:araF PL<%I%GR8 =OERE8 plutitori, &oare, a+7.* s.).* s.f. 1 A+7. Care 1oate 1$&ti $a s&1rafaa &)&i $ic;i+L f$ota'i$. $. S.). Co)str&cie care 1$&tete* 1re-/2&t/ c& &) ec;i1a(e)t c& a7&tor&$ c/r&ia 1oate 0)+e1$i)i &)e$e ser-icii +e se()a$i2are sa& +e tra)s1ort* fo$osit/ 0) )a-i6aieL K Pluti X s&f. &tor 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Crane !essel ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e2 ro(a)*#H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : 6r&1 )o(i)a$ 7. CONCEPT GENERIC : (acara fi,a sa& (o'i$a 1e)tr& (a)i1&$area 6re&tati$or (ari B. SINONIME : )a-a f$&-ia$a $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Ma(araua plutitoare este fo$osit/ $a (a)i1&$area 6re&t/%i$or (ari. !. Ma(aralele plutitoare (o+er)e s&)t i)sta$a%ii +e ri+icat (o)tate 1e 1o)toa)e* care ac%io)ea2/ 0) 1ort&ri f$&-ia$e 5i (ariti(e. E$e s&)t a&to1ro1&$sate 5i a& &) to)a7 +e 1este 9?" to)e. Macara$e$e 1$&titoare i)tr/ 0) cate6oria +e nav3 fluvial3 sau #e ape interioare naviga"ile. FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(8)* E+. ftii)%ific/* B&c&re5ti* #H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Se &ti$i2ea2/ $a +i-erse o1era%i&)i Fe,c$&si- e,trac%ii sa& e,ca-/riG +e (a)i1&$are a (/rf&ri$or 6e)era$e c& c8r$i6&$* res1ecti- a (i)ere&ri$or* c/r'&)i$or 5i a$tor 1ro+&se 0) -rac c& 6raif/r&$* 1rec&( 5i $a +e2e5&/ri 5i ra)f$&/ri. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
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$'a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Cruiser c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a t<1e of $ar6e Aars;i1* A;ic; ;a+ its 1ri(e 1erio+ fro( t;e $ate #Ht; ce)t&r< to t;e e)+ of t;e Co$+ Car. f. NOTA BENE : T;e ter( Ucr&iserU or Ucr&i2erUAas first co((o)$< &se+ i) t;e #@t; ce)t&r< to refer to a) i)+e1e)+e)t Aars;i1. UCr&iserU (ea)t t;e 1&r1ose or (issio) of a s;i1* rat;er t;a) a cate6or< of -esse$. HoAe-er* t;e ter( Aas )o)et;e$ess &se+ to (ea) a s(a$$er* faster Aars;i1 s&ita'$e for s&c; a ro$e. I) t;e #@t; ce)t&r<* t;e s;i1 of t;e $i)e Aas 6e)era$$< too $ar6e* i)f$e,i'$e* a)+ e,1e)si-e to 'e +is1atc;e+ o) $o)64ra)6e (issio)s Ffor i)sta)ce* to t;e A(ericasG* a)+ too strate6ica$$< i(1orta)t to 'e 1&t at risB of fo&$i)6 a)+ fo&)+eri)6 '< co)ti)&a$ 1atro$ +&ties. T;e D&tc; )a-< Aas )ote+ for its cr&isers i) t;e #@t; ce)t&r<* A;i$e t;e Britis; )a-<Ta)+ $ater Fre)c; a)+ S1a)is; )a-iesTs&'se=&e)t$< ca&6;t &1 i) ter(s of t;eir )&('ers a)+ +e1$o<(e)t. T;e Britis; Cr&iser a)+ Co)-o< Acts Aere a) atte(1t '< (erca)ti$e i)terests i) Par$ia(e)t to foc&s t;e Na-< o) co((erce +efe)ce a)+ rai+i)6 Ait; cr&isers* rat;er t;a) t;e (ore scarce a)+ e,1e)si-e s;i1s of t;e $i)e. D&ri)6 t;e #Jt; ce)t&r< t;e fri6ate 'eca(e t;e 1ree(i)e)t t<1e of cr&iser. A fri6ate Aas a s(a$$* fast* $o)6 ra)6e* $i6;t$< ar(e+ Fsi)6$e 6&)4 +ecBG s;i1 &se+ for sco&ti)6* carr<i)6 +is1atc;es* a)+ +isr&1ti)6 e)e(< tra+e. T;e ot;er 1ri)ci1a$ t<1e of cr&iser Aas t;e s$oo1* '&t (a)< ot;er (isce$$a)eo&s t<1es of s;i1 Aere &se+ as Ae$$. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Cru(isator ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a 'att$es;i1 B. SYNONYMS : Aars;i1 $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Historica$$<* a Vcr&iserV Aas )ot a t<1e of s;i1 '&t a Aars;i1 ro$e. Cruisers Aere s;i1sTofte) fri6ates or s(a$$er -esse$sTt;at Aere assi6)e+ a ro$e $ar6e$< i)+e1e)+e)t fro( t;e f$eetL i) a se)se* cr&isi)6 i)+e1e)+e)t$<. T<1ica$$<* t;is (i6;t i)-o$-e (issio)s s&c; as rai+i)6 e)e(< (erc;a)t s;i11i)6. I) t;e $ate #Ht; ce)t&r<* t;e ter( Vcr&iserV ca(e to (ea) s;i1s +esi6)e+ to f&$fi$$ s&c; a ro$e* a)+ fro( t;e #JH"s to t;e #H?"s a Vcr&iserV Aas a Aars;i1 $ar6er t;a) a +estro<er '&t s(a$$er t;a) a 'att$es;i1.
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!. I) t;e #JJ"s )a-a$ arc;itects 'e6a) to &se stee$ as a (ateria$ for co)str&ctio) a)+ ar(a(e)t. A stee$ (ruiser co&$+ 'e $i6;ter a)+ faster t;a) o)e '&i$t of iro) or Aoo+. T;e e&)e Eco$e sc;oo$ of )a-a$ +octri)e s&66este+ t;at a f$eet of fast &)1rotecte+ stee$ cr&isers Aere i+ea$ for co((erce rai+i)6* A;i$e t;e tor1e+o 'oat Ao&$+ 'e a'$e to +estro< a) e)e(< 'att$es;i1 f$eet. FRo+6er* N. A. M.: The o,,an# of the <cean, A 9aval :istory of $ritain 1.=9/1>15. A$$e) La)e* Lo)+o)* !"">.G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: T;e first 1rotecte+ (ruiser Aas t;e 6ro&)+'reaBi)6 C;i$ea) s;i1 6s,eral#a. Pro+&ce+ '< a s;i1<ar+ at E$sAicB* i) Britai)* oA)e+ '< Ar(stro)6* s;e i)s1ire+ a 6ro&1 of 1rotecte+ cr&isers 1ro+&ce+ i) t;e sa(e <ar+ a)+ B)oA) as t;e UE$sAicB cr&isersU. Her forecast$e* 1oo1 +ecB a)+ t;e Aoo+e) 'oar+ +ecB ;a+ 'ee) re(o-e+* re1$ace+ Ait; a) ar(ore+ +ecB. 6s,eral#a0s ar(a(e)t co)siste+ of fore a)+ aft #"4i)c; F!?.> c(G 6&)s a)+ I4 i)c; F#?.! c(G 6&)s i) t;e (i+s;i1s 1ositio)s. It co&$+ reac; a s1ee+ of #J B)ots F99 B(.;G* a)+ Aas 1ro1e$$e+ '< stea( a$o)e. It a$so ;a+ a +is1$ace(e)t of $ess t;a) 9*""" to)s. D&ri)6 t;e tAo fo$$oAi)6 +eca+es* t;is cr&iser t<1e ca(e to 'e t;e i)s1iratio) for co('i)i)6 ;ea-< arti$$er<* ;i6; s1ee+ a)+ $oA +is1$ace(e)t. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Cru(isator c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este o )a-/ (i$itar/ +e $&1t/ F+e r/2'oiG ra1i+/* (ai &5oar/ +ec8t c&irasat&$* care ser-e5te ca a-a)6ar+/ 0)tr4o esca+r/* $a rec&)oa5teri etc. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 ter(e)&$ -i)e +i) $i('a o$a)+e2/* 0) care 8ruiser 0)sea()/ Uce-a care 0)cr&ci5ea2/U. Ter(e)&$ a fost 1re$&at 0) $i('a 6er(a)/ ca 8reu?er iar 0) $i('a e)6$e2/ ca cruising ship* res1ecti- cruiser. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Cruiser ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : o )a-a (i$itara +e ra2'oi B. SINONIME : )a-a (i$itara* )a-a +e ra2'oi $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII :
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#. Di) 1&)ct +e -e+ere istoric* +e)&(irea +e (ru(isator se a1$ica ce$ei (ai (ici )a-e care 1&tea o1era 0) (isi&)i i)+e1e)+e)te* c;iar +ac/ +i) 1&)ct +e -e+ere a$ co(e)2ii (i$itare era 0)ca+rat/ 0)tr4o f$ot/. !. D&1/ )a-a +e $i)ie* (ru(isatorul este 1ri)ci1a$a )a-/ +e $&1t/* ca +e1$asa(e)t* -ite2/ 5i ar(a(e)t. FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6e$e24ro(a)*#H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: _) 1re2e)t* 0) r/2'oi&$ )a-a$ (o+er)* 1ractic )& (ai e,ist/ (ru(iA>toare* co)for( +efi)i%iei istorice* +ar &)e$e )a-e co)ti)&/ s/ fie )&(ite cr&ci5/toare* +atorit/ cate6orii$or +e (isi&)i 1e care $e 1ot 0)+e1$i)i. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
$)a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Cruise ship c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a 1asse)6er s;i1 &se+ for 1$eas&re -o<a6es* A;ere t;e -o<a6e itse$f a)+ t;e s;i1Vs a(e)ities are 1art of t;e e,1erie)ce. f. NOTA BENE : T;e first -esse$ '&i$t e,c$&si-e$< for t;is 1&r1ose Aas t;e Prin?essin @ictoria Auise* +esi6)e+ '< A$'ert Ba$$i)* 6e)era$ (a)a6er of Ha('&r64A(erica Li)e. T;e s;i1 Aas co(1$ete+ i) #H"". T;e 1ractice of cr&isi)6 6reA 6ra+&a$$< o&t of t;e tra)sat$a)tic crossi)6 tra+itio)* A;ic; )e-er tooB feAer t;a) fo&r +a<s. I) t;e co(1etitio) for 1asse)6ers* ocea) $i)ers a++e+ (a)< $&,&ries T t;e Titanic 'ei)6 t;e (ost fa(o&s e,a(1$e T s&c; as fi)e +i)i)6 a)+ Ae$$4 a11oi)te+ stateroo(s. I) t;e $ate #Ht; ce)t&r<* A$'ert Ba$$i)* +irector of t;e Ha('&r64A(erica Li)e* Aas t;e first to se)+ ;is tra)sat$a)tic s;i1s o&t o) $o)6 so&t;er) cr&ises +&ri)6 t;e Aorst of t;e Ai)ter seaso) of t;e Nort; At$a)tic. Ot;er co(1a)ies fo$$oAe+ s&it. So(e of t;e( '&i$t s1ecia$i2e+ s;i1s +esi6)e+ for eas< tra)sfor(atio) 'etAee) s&((er crossi)6s a)+ Ai)ter cr&isi)6. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 4a!a de (roa3iera ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o(i)a$ 6ro&1 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a 1asse)6er s;i1 &se+ for 1$eas&re -o<a6es B. SYNONYMS : s;i1* -esse$* cr&ise $i)er
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$. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Cr&isi)6 ;as 'eco(e a (a7or 1art of t;e to&ris( i)+&str<* acco&)ti)6 for U.S. P!@ 'i$$io) Ait; o-er #J (i$$io) 1asse)6ers carrie+ Aor$+Ai+e d#e i) !"#". T;e i)+&str<Vs ra1i+ 6roAt; ;as see) )i)e or (ore )eA$< '&i$t s;i1s cateri)6 to a Nort; A(erica) c$ie)te$e a++e+ e-er< <ear si)ce !""#* as Ae$$ as ot;ers ser-ici)6 E&ro1ea) c$ie)te$e. S(a$$er (arBets s&c; as t;e Asia4Pacific re6io) are 6e)era$$< ser-ice+ '< o$+er to))a6e +is1$ace+ '< )eA s;i1s i)tro+&ce+ i)to t;e ;i6; 6roAt; areas. Cruise ships o1erate (ost$< o) ro&tes t;at ret&r) 1asse)6ers to t;eir ori6i)ati)6 1ort. I) co)trast* +e+icate+ tra)s1ort orie)te+ ocea) $i)ers +o U$i)e -o<a6esU a)+ t<1ica$$< tra)s1ort 1asse)6ers fro( o)e 1oi)t to a)ot;er* rat;er t;a) o) ro&)+ tri1s. So(e cr&ise s;i1s a$so e)6a6e i) $o)6er tri1s A;ic; (a< )ot $ea+ 'acB to t;e sa(e 1ort for (a)< (o)t;s F$o)6er ro&)+ tri1s !. Tra+itio)a$$<* a) ocea) $i)er for t;e tra)socea)ic tra+e Ai$$ 'e '&i$t to a ;i6;er sta)+ar+ t;a) a t<1ica$ (ruise ship* i)c$&+i)6 stro)6er 1$ati)6 to Ait;sta)+ ocea) -o<a6es* (ost co((o)$< crossi)6 t;e Nort; At$a)tic. T;e o)$< +e+icate+ tra)sat$a)tic ocea) $i)er i) o1eratio) as a $i)er* as of Se1te('er !""H* is t;e Bueen Mary 2 of t;e C&)ar+ f$eet. T;e $i)er Bueen Mary is i) ser-ice as a ;ote$ i) Lo)6 Beac;* USA* t;e Bueen 6li?a"eth 2 is s$ate+ for si(i$ar +&t< i) Ca1e ToA)* a)+ t;e Cnite# States is c&rre)t$< store+ i) P;i$a+e$1;ia* USA* Ait; $o)64sta)+i)6 1$a)s to ret&r) it to ser-ice* a$t;o&6; t;is a11ears i)creasi)6$< &)$iBe$< 6i-e) its a6e a)+ co)+itio).d9e So(e for(er ocea) $i)ers c&rre)t$< o1erate as cr&ise s;i1s* ;oAe-er t;is )&('er is e-er +ecreasi)6. T;e MS Marco Polo is a) e,a(1$e. FMo)arc;s of t;e Sea: T;e Great Ocea) Li)ersL U$ric;* D&rtL Ta&sir ParBeL #HHHLG (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Cruise ships are or6a)i2e+ (&c; $iBe f$oati)6 ;ote$s* Ait; a co(1$ete ;os1ita$it< staff i) a++itio) to t;e &s&a$ s;i1Vs creA. It is )ot &)co((o) for t;e (ost $&,&rio&s s;i1s to ;a-e (ore creA a)+ staff t;a) 1asse)6ers. As Ait; a)< -esse$* a+e=&ate 1ro-isio)i)6 is cr&cia$* es1ecia$$< o) a cr&ise s;i1 ser-i)6 se-era$ t;o&sa)+ (ea$s at eac; seati)6. For e,a(1$e* 1asse)6ers a)+ creA o) t;e Ro<a$ Cari''ea) I)ter)atio)a$ s;i1 Mariner of the Seas co)s&(e !"*""" 1o&)+s FH*""" B6G of 'eef* !J*""" e66s* J*""" 6a$$o)s F9"*""" LG of ice crea(* a)+ #J*""" s$ices of 1i22a i) a AeeB.dcitation
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Ma)< o$+er cr&ise s;i1s ;a-e ;a+ (&$ti1$e oA)ers. Si)ce eac; cr&ise $i)e ;as its oA) $i-er< a)+ ofte) a )a(i)6 t;e(e Ffor i)sta)ce* s;i1s of t;e Ho$$a)+ A(erica Li)e ;a-e )a(es e)+i)6 i) U4+a(U* e.6. MS Staten#a,* a)+ Ro<a$ Cari''ea)Vs s;i1sV )a(es a$$ e)+ Ait; Uof t;e SeasU* e.6. MS Free#o, of the SeasG* it is &s&a$ for t;e tra)sfer of oA)ers;i1 to e)tai$ a refitti)6 a)+ a )a(e c;a)6e. So(e s;i1s ;a-e ;a+ a +o2e) or (ore i+e)tities. Cr&ise s;i1s a)+ for(er $i)ers ofte) fi)+ e(1$o<(e)t i) a11$icatio)s ot;er t;a) t;ose for A;ic; t;e< Aere '&i$t. A s;orta6e of ;ote$ acco((o+atio) for t;e !""> S&((er O$<(1ics $e+ to a 1$a) to (oor a )&('er of cr&ise s;i1s i) At;e)s to 1ro-i+e to&rist acco((o+atio). O) Se1te('er #* !""?* t;e U.S. Fe+era$ E(er6e)c< Ma)a6e(e)t A6e)c< FFEMAG co)tracte+ t;ree Car)i-a$ Cr&ise Li)es -esse$s to ;o&se H&rrica)e Datri)a e-ac&ees. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$
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a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : 4a!a de (roa3iera c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico) (arti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@# e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este o )a-/ +e 1asa6eri fo$osit/ 1e)tr& c/$/torii +e 1$/cere*0) care c/$/toria 0)s/5i 5i faci$it/%i$e oferite +e )a-/ s&)t o 1arte i)te6ra)t/ a e,1erie)%ei. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 K Di) fr. (roisiHre 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Cruise ship ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (arti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : )a-a 1e)tr& ca$atorii B. SINONIME : -a1or $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. 4a!ele de (roa3iera a& +e-e)it o 1arte i(1orta)t/ a i)+&striei +e t&ris( !. Cea (ai (are na!> de (roa3ier> -a fi 1re+at/ (ierc&ri 1ro1rietari$or. Vas&$ a fost co)str&it 0) Fi)$a)+a 1e)tr& o co(1a)ie a(erica)/. Oasis of T;e Seas -a 1&tea tra)s1orta a1roa1e J.?"" +e 1asa6eri. A5a )&(it&$ Ora5 1$&titor are !!".""" +e to)e 5i a costat H"" +e (i$ioa)e +e e&ro. Va 1&tea 6/2+&i I.9I" +e t&ri5ti 0) !.@"" +e ca(ere 5i a1arta(e)te. Na-a +is1&)e +e 1isci)e* (a$$4&ri 5i tere)&ri +e 'asc;et. Oasis of T;e Seas are a1roa1e 9I" +e (etri $&)6i(e* >@ +e (etri $/%i(e* I? +e (etri 0)/$%i(e 5i &) ec;i1a7 +e !.""" +e oa(e)i. Co(a)+a)t&$ +e )a-/ 5i (ari)arii s4a& a)tre)at $&)i 0)tre6i 1e)tr& a se o'i5)&i c& co$os&$. FAAA.a)te)a9.roG (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: 4a!ele de (roa3iera a& foarte 'i)e 1&se $a 1&)ct siste(e$e +e sec&ritate* (ai a$es +&1a a)&(ite i)ci+e)te 1etrec&te 1e (are. U)&$ +i)tre e$e este c;iar atac&$ 1irati$or. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
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$*a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Cutter c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 C;e) &se+ i) a )a&tica$ se)se* a (utter is: a s(a$$ si)6$e4(aste+ -esse$* fore4a)+4aft ri66e+* Ait; tAo or (ore ;ea+sai$s* ofte) a 'oAs1rit* a)+ a (ast set fart;er 'acB t;a) i) a s$oo1. a s;i1Vs 'oat* 1oAere+ '< oars* sai$s or (otor* &se+ to carr< 1asse)6ers or $i6;t storesdcitation
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a s(a$$ or (e+i&( si2e+ ar(e+ -esse$ &se+ '< -ario&s (ari)e or )a-a$ ser-ices s&c; as t;e U.S. Coast G&ar+d f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 As a t<1e of s(a$$* si)6$e4(aste+ -esse$* fro( #@I!* ear$ier U'oat 'e$o)6i)6 to a s;i1 of AarU F#@>?G* 1er;a1s so ca$$e+ fro( t;e )otio) of Uc&tti)6U t;ro&6; t;e Aater. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 4 ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a t<1e of 'oat B. SYNONYMS : -esse$* s;i1 $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Cutters ;a+ a ri6 Ait; a si)6$e (ast (ore ce)tra$$< $ocate+* A;ic; co&$+ -ar< fro( ?"M to @"M of t;e $e)6t; of t;e sai$1$a)* Ait; (&$ti1$e ;ea+sai$s a)+ a r&))i)6 'oAs1rit.A (ast $ocate+ aft of ?"M Ao&$+ 'e co)si+ere+ a (ast aft ri6. !. T;e o1e) (utter carrie+ a'oar+ )a-a$ -esse$s i) t;e #Jt; Ce)t&r< Aas roAe+ '< 1airs of (e) sitti)6 si+e4'<4si+e o) 'e)c;es. T;e c&tter* Ait; its tra)so(* Aas 'roa+er i) 1ro1ortio) co(1are+ to t;e $o)6'oat* A;ic; ;a+ fi)er $i)es. FDe(1* Peter* e+ F#H@IG. The <Dfor# o,panion to Ships E the Sea. Lo)+o): O,for+ U)i-ersit< Press.G (. USE AREA : Mari)e
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). COMMENTARY: T;e ter( (utter is a$so &se+ for a)< seaAort;< -esse$ &se+ i) t;e $aA e)force(e)t +&ties of Great Britai)Vs HM C&sto(s a)+ E,cise* t;e U)ite+ States Coast G&ar+ FRe-e)&e C&tter Ser-iceG or t;e c&sto(s ser-ices of ot;er co&)tries. I) A(erica* c&sto(s c&tters Aere co((o)$< sc;oo)ers or 'ri6s. I) Britai)* t;e< Aere &s&a$$< ri66e+ as +efi)e+ &)+er Sailing Fa'o-eG. T;e Britis; Boar+ of C&sto(s a$so &se+ ot;er -esse$s as ;&$Bs* A;ic; Aere (oore+ i) 1$aces s&c; as ti+a$ creeBs. C&sto(s officers AorBe+ fro( t;e ;&$Bs i) s(a$$er 'oats. I) t;e UD* t;e UD Bor+er A6e)c< Fs&ccessor to HM C&sto(s a)+ E,ciseG c&rre)t$< o1erates a f$eet of >! ( Cor-ette4t<1e -esse$s t;ro&6;o&t UD territoria$ Aaters as 'or+er c&tters* i)s1ecti)6 -esse$s for i$$icit car6oes. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$
$+a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Da!it c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 A fitti)6 for $ifti)6 a)+ $oAeri)6 'oat or ;ea-< ite(s at t;e s;i1Vs si+esL i) its si(1$est for(* (a< $ooB $iBe a) i)-erte+ L4s;a1e+ stee$ 1i1e (o&)te+ o) +ecB f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 a$so +a-i+* Ucra)e4$iBe str&ct&re &se+ to $oAer t;i)6s +oA) off a s;i1* etc.*U $ate #?c.* a11are)t$< a &se of t;e (asc. 1ro1er )a(e Da-i+ o) t;e 1atter) of a11$<i)6 co((o) C;ristia) )a(es to &sef&$ +e-ices Fcf. 7acB* 7e))<* 7i((<G. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 4 ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co(
i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a) i)-erte+ L4s;a1e+ stee$ 1i1e (o&)te+ o) +ecB B. SYNONYMS : cra)e $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;e sta)+ar+ 'eca(e so co((o) t;at s;i1<ar+ s1ecificatio)s ca$$ for Sc;at t<1e da!its fro( A;ate-er so&rce. !. Da!its ;a-e a$Aa<s 'ee) +esi6)e+ to fit i)to +ecB s1aces t;at t;e )a-a$ arc;itects +ee(e+ )ecessar< a)+ a -ariet< of +esi6)s e(er6e+: GRA 4 Gra-it< Ro$$er tracB +a-it FMira)+aG 4 &s&a$$< a'o-e 1ro(e)a+e +ecBs. SPG 4 Si)6$e 1i-ot 6ra-it< +a-it FRa+ia$G 4 for (a)< +iffere)t +ecB s1aces. 55D 4 Free Fa$$ +a-it 4 For Free Fa$$ Life'oats o) ster) ID 4 k&a+ra)ta$ Da-it 4 O$+ (ec;a)ica$ st<$e* ofte) ;a)+ cra)Be+ i)to o&t'oar+ 1ositio)
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FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: T;e +e-e$o1(e)t of t;e da!it fro( its ori6i)a$ U6oose )ecB for(U to t;e c&rre)t +e-ices a+-a)ce+ 6reat$< A;e) A.P. Sc;at 1ate)te+ a )&('er of s<ste(s i) #H!I t;at a$$oAe+ t;e $ife'oat to 6$i+e o-er o'str&ctio)s o) a s;i1s ;&$$ B)oA) as t;e USc;at SBateU. T;is Aas fo$$oAe+ '< a se$f4'raBi)6 Ai)c; s<ste( t;at a$$oAe+ t;e $ife'oat to 'e $oAere+ e-e)$< a)+ t;e) t;e (o+er) +a-it Aas i)-e)te+. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$
$,a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : De(: c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 A 1er(a)e)t co-eri)6 o-er a co(1art(e)t* ;&$$ or a)< 1art t;ereof. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 Mi+4#?c.* 1ro'a'$< a1;etic of M.L.G. -er+ecB* a )a&tica$ Aor+* fro( -er4 UforeU X +ecBe) Uto co-er* 1&t &)+er roof*U fro( P.G(c. \t;acB7a( Fre$ate+ to t;atc;G* fro( PIE \FsGto64.\FsGte64 Uco-erU Fsee ste6osa&r&sG. Se)se e,te)+e+ ear$< i) E)6$is; fro( Uco-eri)6U to U1$atfor( of a s;i1.U UPacB of car+sU is #?H"s* 1er;a1s 'eca&se t;e< Aere stacBe+ $iBe +ecBs of a s;i1. T;e -er' se)se of UB)ocB +oA)U is first recor+e+ c.#H?9* 1ro'a'$< fro( )otio) of $a<i)6 so(eo)e o&t o) t;e +ecB. DecB c;air F#JJ>G so ca$$e+ 'eca&se t;e< Aere &se+ o) ocea) $i)ers. Ta1e +ecB F#H>HG is i) ref. to t;e f$at s&rface of o$+ ree$4to4ree$ ta1e recor+ers. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Punte ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a ;ori2o)ta$ 1$atfor( o) a s;i1 B. SYNONYMS : s&rface*1$atfor( $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. O) a 'oat or s;i1* t;e 1ri(ar< de(: is t;e ;ori2o)ta$ str&ct&re A;ic; for(s t;e VroofV for t;e ;&$$* A;ic; 'ot; stre)6t;e)s t;e ;&$$ a)+ ser-es as t;e 1ri(ar< AorBi)6 s&rface. Vesse$s ofte) ;a-e (ore t;a) o)e $e-e$ 'ot; Ait;i) t;e ;&$$ a)+ i) t;e s&1erstr&ct&re a'o-e
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t;e 1ri(ar< +ecB A;ic; are si(i$ar to t;e f$oors of a (&$ti4stor< '&i$+i)6* a)+ A;ic; are a$so referre+ to as +ecBs* as are s1ecific co(1art(e)ts a)+ +ecBs '&i$t o-er s1ecific areas of t;e s&1erstr&ct&re. !. T;e 1&r1ose of t;e 1ri(ar< de(: is str&ct&ra$* a)+ o)$< seco)+ari$< to 1ro-i+e Aeat;er4ti6;t)ess* a)+ to s&11ort 1eo1$e a)+ e=&i1(e)t. T;e +ecB ser-es as t;e $i+ to t;e co(1$e, 'o, 6ir+er A;ic; is t;e ;&$$. It resists te)sio)* co(1ressio)* a)+ racBi)6 forces. T;e +ecBVs sca)t$i)6 is &s&a$$< t;e sa(e as t;e to1si+es* or (i6;t 'e ;ea-ier if t;e +ecB is e,1ecte+ to carr< ;ea-ier $oa+s Ffor e,a(1$e a co)tai)er s;i1G. T;e +ecB Ai$$ 'e rei)force+ aro&)+ +ecB fitti)6s s&c; as t;e ca1sta)* c$eats* or 'o$$ar+s. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: O) s;i1s Ait; (ore t;a) o)e $e-e$* de(: refers to t;e $e-e$ itse$f. T;e act&a$ f$oor s&rface is ca$$e+ t;e so$e* A;i$e t;e ter( f$oor refers to a str&ct&ra$ (e('er t<i)6 t;e s;i1s fra(es or ri's to6et;er o-er t;e Bee$. I) (o+er) s;i1s* t;e i)terior +ecBs are &s&a$$< )&('ere+ fro( t;e 1ri(ar< +ecB* A;ic; is l#* +oA)Aar+ a)+ &1Aar+. So t;e first +ecB 'e$oA t;e 1ri(ar< +ecB Ai$$ 'e l!* a)+ t;e first a'o-e t;e 1ri(ar< +ecB Ai$$ 'e lA! or lS! Ffor UA'o-eU or US&1erstr&ct&reUG. HoAe-er* s;i1s (a< a$so ca$$ +ecBs '< co((o) )a(es* or Fes1ecia$$< o) cr&ise s;i1sG (a< i)-e)t fa)cif&$ a)+ ro(a)tic )a(es for a s1ecific +ecB or area of t;at s1ecific s;i1* s&c; as t;e Ai#o #eck of t;e Pri)cess Cr&isesV Aove $oat. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Punte c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 P&)tea +e )a-/ este o 1$atfor(/ +i) ta'$e +e o%e$ sa& +i) +&$a1i +e 1i)* frasi) sa& ste7ar* co)stit&i)+ 0)-e$i5&$ cor1&$&i )a-ei $a 1artea s&1erioar/* c8t 5i &)&$ +i) e$e(e)te$e $o)6it&+i)a$e +e str&ct&r/. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie K Di) Lat. 1o)s* 4)tis. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : De(: ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e .ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : P$a)e& ori2o)ta$ fi,at 0)tre eta7e$e &)ei cor/'ii sa& a$e &)&i -a1or B. SINONIME : 1$atfor(a $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII :
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#. Pe )a-e$e (ari* punJile i)ter(e+iare 5i i)ferioare fac 5i eta7area s1a%i&$&i cocei. !. PunJile (eta$ice s&)t for(ate +i) to$e +e o%e$ +is1&se 0) f05ii $o)6it&+i)a$e 1ara$e$e )&(ite fi$e* s&s%i)&te +e tra-erse 5i 1o)ti$i. Re2iste)%a 1&)%i$or se asi6&r/ 1ri) 6rosi(ea ta'$e$or 5i 1ri) siste(&$ +e 0('i)are c& ce$e$a$te e$e(e)te +e str&ct&r/. Pe co)t&r se af$/ stri)6;er&$ +e 1&)te F6&tier/ sa& ta'$/ $/cri(ar/ care se 0('i)/ c& fi$a +e ce)t&r/ a 'or+a7&$&i. Grosi(ea ta'$e$or 1&)%ii este (ai (are s1re ce)tr&$ )a-ei 5i sca+e s1re e,tre(it/%i. C&r'&ra tra)s-ersa$/ a 1&)%ii asi6&r/ sc&r6erea a1e$or s1re 'or+&ri. FAAA.ro.AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: PunJile +e $e() se 0)t8$)esc $a )a-e$e (ici +e 1asa6eri* $a a('arca%i&)i sa& $a co)str&c%ia s&1rastr&ct&ri$or &5oare. Pe )a-e$e (ari* orice 1&)te +e $e() este 0)t/rit/ 1ri) cor2i $o)6it&+i)a$e sa& tra)s-ersa$e +i) to$e +e o%e$. U)e$e 1&)%i (eta$ice s&)t 0) 0)tre6i(e* sa& )&(ai 1ar%ia$* 1ar+ositeL 1&)tea +&'$&$&i f&)+* 1&)tea te&6ii 5i +&)etei* 1&)tea +e co(a)+/ 5i 1&)tea a('arca%i&)i$or s&)t i)te6ra$ 1ar+osite. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
$-a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Dinghy c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a t<1e of s(a$$ 'oat* ofte) carrie+ or toAe+ '< a $ar6er -esse$. T;e ter( ca) a$so refer to s(a$$ raci)6 <ac;ts or recreatio)a$ o1e) sai$i)6 'oats. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 #J#"* fro( Hi)+i +i)6i Us(a$$ 'oat*U 1er;a1s fro( SBt. +ro)a4( UAoo+e) tro&6;*U re$ate+ to +r&4s UAoo+* tree.U 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 4 ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a s(a$$ 'oat B. SYNONYMS : $ife raft* $ife'oat* roA'oat* sBiff $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS :
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#. Dinghies &s&a$$< ra)6e i) $e)6t; fro( ! to I (eters. Lar6er a&,i$iar< -esse$s are 6e)era$$< ca$$e+ te)+ers* 1i))aces or $ife'oats. Fo$+i)6 a)+ taBe4+oA) (&$ti41iece F)esti)6G +i)6;ies are &se+ A;ere s1ace is $i(ite+. So(e )eAer +i)6;ies ;a-e (&c; 6reater '&o<a)c<* 6i-i)6 t;e( (ore carr<i)6 ca1acit< t;a) o$+er 'oats of t;e sa(e si2e. !. Mo+er) dinghies are t<1ica$$< (a+e of 6$ass4fi'er rei)force+ 1$astic FGRPG 'eca&se it re=&ires (i)i(a$ care a)+ +oes )ot rot. Cater 1e)etrati)6 t;e o&ter coat ca) ca&se '$isteri)6 a)+ +a(a6e to $a(i)atio)* '&t t;is ca) 'e 1re-e)te+ Ait; a 'arrier coat of e1o,< resi). Ot;er (ateria$s i)c$&+e a$&(i)&(* (ari)e 1$<Aoo+ a)+* Ait; t;e a+-e)t of st&r+<* UV resista)t &ret;a)e -ar)is;es* Aoo+. So(e Aoo+e) +i)6;ies Fes1ecia$$< of c$assic or ;istorica$ for(G are '&i$t &si)6 t;e car-e$ or c$i)Ber (et;o+s. Fa-ore+ Aoo+s* i) or+er of rot4resista)ce* are C;ite OaB* $oc&st* s1ecies of Ce+ar a)+ 1i)e* tr&e as Ae$$ as Africa) a)+ Asia) (a;o6a)ies* fir a)+ s1r&ce. Bro)2e a)+ stai)$ess stee$ are 6oo+ corrosio)4resista)t (ateria$s for ;ar+Aare* a$t;o&6; stai)$ess stee$ is s&'7ect to cre-ice corrosio) a)+ (&st 'e i)s1ecte+ a)+ re1$ace+ fair$< fre=&e)t$< A;e) &se+ for ri66i)6 a)+ so(e ot;er 1arts. CorBi)6 'oats (a< &se $oAer4cost 6a$-a)i2e+ stee$* '&t t;e ;ar+Aare (a< )ee+ to 'e re46a$-a)i2e+ or re1$ace+ e-e)t&a$$<. FAAA.6artsi+e'oats.co(G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: A dinghy s;o&$+ ;a-e a stro)6 ri)6 o) t;e 'oA. T;e ri)6 sec&res t;e 1ai)ter Ft;e $i)e t;at a)c;ors t;e 'oat to a +ocBG* a)+ is &se+ for toAi)6 a)+ a)c;ori)6. I+ea$$<* t;e +i)6;< s;o&$+ a$so ;a-e tAo ot;er ri)6s Fo)e o) eac; si+e of t;e ster) tra)so(G A;ic;* Ait; t;e 'oA ri)6* are &se+ for $ifti)6 a)+ sec&ri)6 t;e +i)6;< for stoAa6e. T;e o)$< ot;er esse)tia$ 1ieces of ;ar+Aare are oar$ocBs Fa$so B)oA) as roA$ocBsG. Co)-e)tio)a$$<* a +i)6;< Ai$$ ;a-e a) oar o) eac; si+e. A si)6$e sc&$$i)6 oar$ocB o) t;e tra)so( is $ess co((o)* '&t re=&ires $ess s1aceL a sc&$$i)6 oar (o-es 'acB a)+ fort;* )e-er $ea-i)6 t;e Aater* as &se+ o) a sa(1a). T;e +i)6;< is 6e)era$$< carrie+ i)-erte+ a(i+s;i1s o) <ac;ts* Bee1i)6 t;e <ac;t 'a$a)ce+. It is &sef&$ for a +i)6;< carrie+ t;is Aa< to ;a-e ;a)+;o$+s '&i$t i)to t;e 'otto(* (aBi)6 $a&)c;i)6 easier a)+ 1ro-i+i)6 ;a)+;o$+s o) +ecB. Most <ac;ts $a&)c; t;eir +i)6;ies '< ;a)+ or Ait; a si(1$e $ifti)6 tacB$e ri66e+ fro( t;e (ai) (ast. A)ot;er arra)6e(e)t* +a-its o-er t;e tra)so(* is co)-e)ie)t a)+ e$e6a)t* '&t sai$i)6 i) a ;ea-< fo$$oAi)6 sea co&$+ ca&se t;e $oss of a +i)6;<. If a +i)6;< is toAe+* a) e,tra $i)e Ait; a $oo1 i) t;e e)+ FB)oA) as a $a2< 1ai)terG ca) 'e attac;e+ to a +i)6;< so t;at if t;e toAi)6 $i)e 'reaBs* t;ere is a $i)e to 6ra' Ait; a 'oat ;ooB. T;is (aBes retrie-a$ easier at sea* es1ecia$$< if t;e 'oat is 1artia$$< sAa(1e+. Di)6;ies ofte) ;a-e )a(es a)+ )&('ers. O) ;ar+ +i)6;ies t;ese are &s&a$$< o) t;e 'oA* o) i)f$ata'$es o) t;e i)si+e of t;e tra)so(. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$
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$.a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY # Di!ing 6ell c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 A$so B)oA) as a "et 6ell* is a ca'$e4s&s1e)+e+ airti6;t c;a('er* o1e) at t;e 'otto( $iBe a (oo) 1oo$ str&ct&re* t;at is $oAere+ &)+erAater to o1erate as a 'ase or a (ea)s of tra)s1ort for a s(a$$ )&('er of +i-ers. f. NOTA BENE : T;e +i-i)6 'e$$ is o)e of t;e ear$iest t<1es of e=&i1(e)t for &)+erAater AorB a)+ e,1$oratio). Its &se Aas first +escri'e+ '< Aristot$e i) t;e >t; ce)t&r< BC: U...t;e< e)a'$e t;e +i-ers to res1ire e=&a$$< Ae$$ '< $etti)6 +oA) a ca&$+ro)* for t;is +oes )ot fi$$ Ait; Aater* '&t retai)s t;e air* for it is force+ strai6;t +oA) i)to t;e Aater.U I) #?9?* G&6$ie$(o +e Lore)a create+ a)+ &se+ A;at is co)si+ere+ to 'e t;e first (o+er) +i-i)6 'e$$. I) #I#I* Fra)2 Dess$er '&i$t a) i(1ro-e+ +i-i)6 'e$$.d9ed>e I) #IJ@ Sir Ci$$ia( P;i11s &se+ a) i)-erte+ co)tai)er to reco-er m!""*"""4Aort; of treas&re fro( a S1a)is; s;i1 s&)B off t;e coast of Sa) Do(i)6o. I) #IJH* De)is Pa1i) s&66este+ t;at t;e 1ress&re a)+ fres; air i)si+e a +i-i)6 'e$$ co&$+ 'e (ai)tai)e+ '< a force 1&(1 or 'e$$oAs. E)6i)eer o;) S(eato) &ti$i2e+ t;is +esi6) i) #@JH.d9e
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T;e ear$iest a11$icatio)s Aere 1ro'a'$< for co((ercia$ s1o)6e fis;i)6. A +i-i)6 'e$$ Aas &se+ to sa$-a6e (ore t;a) ?" ca))o)s fro( t;e SAe+is; Aars;i1 @asa i) t;e 1erio+ i((e+iate$< fo$$oAi)6 its si)Bi)6 i) #I!J. I) #IH" E+(&)+ Ha$$e< co(1$ete+ 1$a)s for a +i-i)6 'e$$ ca1a'$e of re(ai)i)6 s&'(er6e+ for e,te)+e+ 1erio+s of ti(e* a)+ fitte+ Ait; a Ai)+oA for t;e 1&r1ose of &)+ersea e,1$oratio). I) Ha$$e<Vs +i-i)6 'e$$* at(os1;ere is re1$e)is;e+ '< se)+i)6 Aei6;te+ 'arre$s of air +oA) fro( t;e s&rface. O)ce A;e) asBe+ to 6i-e a $ect&re* Sa$-a+or Da$n s;oAe+ &1 i) a +i-i)6 'e$$* a)+ i)siste+ o) s1eaBi)6 fro( i)si+e it. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : %urela des(hisa ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co(. i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a t<1e of e=&i1(e)t for &)+erAater AorB a)+ e,1$oratio) B. SYNONYMS : &)+erAater e=&i1(e)t $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Di!ing 6ells are &se+ as &)+erAater resc&e -esse$s a)+ '< AorBi)6 +i-ers +oi)6 &)+erAater AorB a)+ sa$-a6e. T;e 'e$$ is $oAere+ i)to t;e Aater '< ca'$es fro( a cra)e attac;e+ to a s;i1 or +ocB. T;e 'e$$ is 'a$$aste+ so as to re(ai) &1ri6;t i) t;e Aater a)+ to 'e )e6ati-e$< '&o<a)t so t;at it si)Bs e-e) A;e) co(1$ete$< f&$$ of air.
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!. T;e 1;<sics of t;e di!ing 6ell a11$ies a$so to a) &)+erAater ;a'itat e=&i11e+ Ait; a (oo) 1oo$* A;ic; is $iBe a +i-i)6 'e$$ e)$ar6e+ to t;e si2e of a roo( or tAo* a)+ Ait; t;e AaterKair i)terface at t;e 'otto( co)fi)e+ to a sectio) rat;er t;a) for(i)6 t;e e)tire 'otto( of t;e str&ct&re. FArt;&r . Bac;rac;* UHistor< of t;e Di-i)6 Be$$U* :istorical (iving Ti,es*S1ri)6 #HHJG (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Co((ercia$ +i-i)6 o1erators )oA 6e)era$$< &se t;e ;<1er'aric c;a('er* a (ore (o+er) t<1e of sea$a'$e +i-i)6 c;a('er 'ase+ o) a 1ress&re -esse$ A;ic; is 1ress&rise+ '< a) air 1&(1 rat;er t;a) '< t;e a('ie)t Aater 1ress&re. T;ese ;a-e safet< a+-a)ta6es a)+ a$$oA +eco(1ressio) to 'e carrie+ o&t after 'ei)6 raise+ to t;e s&rface a)+ taBe) 'acB to 'ase o) a +i-i)6 s&11ort -esse$. T;e< are &se+ es1ecia$$< i) sat&ratio) +i-i)6 a)+ &)+ersea resc&e o1eratio)s. HoAe-er t;is Bi)+ of +i-i)6 c;a('er is ofte) &se+ i) co)7&)ctio) Ait; a se1arate +i-i)6 'e$$* or (a< 'e co))ecte+ -ia a) air$ocB to a)ot;er co(1art(e)t A;ic; &ses t;e di!ing 6ell 1ri)ci1$e for access to t;e Aater. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : %urela des(hisa c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Sa& c$o1ot +e sc&f&)+are este &) e$e(e)t i(1orta)t a$ ec;i1a(e)t&$&i co$ecti- +e sc&f&)+are 1rofesio)a$/ c& a$i(e)tare +e $a s&1rafa%/ f. NOTA BENE : C$o1ot&$ +e sc&f&)+are este &)&$ +i) 1ri(e$e ti1&ri +e ec;i1a(e)t +e sc&f&)+are ce afost fo$osit 1e)tr& $&cr& s&' a1/ sa& e,1$orare. Pri(a referire as&1ra &ti$i2/rii &)&i c$o1ot +e sc&f&)+are este aceea a $&i Aristote$ 0) a)&$ 99! 0.Hr. _) $&crarea Pro"le,ata* A$e,a)+r& ce$ Mare se sc&f&)+o 0)tr4&) '&toi c& 6ea( )&(it iCo$<(1;aR 1e)tr& a -e+ea (&)ca sc&f&)+otori$or tri(i5i +e e$ so ri+ice o'staco$e$e af$ate s&' a1o 0) ti(1&$ ase+i&$&i 1ort&$&i fe)icia) T<re af$at 1e coasta Morii Me+itera)e* 0) Li'a)&$ +e asto2i. _) a)&$ #?9? G&6$ie(o +e Lore)a fo$osi)+&4se +e &) c$o1ot +e sc&f&)+are e,1$orea2/ e1a-e$e 6a$ere$or ro(a)e sc&f&)+ate 0) $ac&$ Ne(i. #?9J: $a &)a +i) 1ri(e$e sc&f&)+/ri ce a& a-&t $oc c& &) c$o1ot +e sc&f&)+are* 0) r8&$ Te7o +i) S1a)ia* a asistat 0)s&5i 0(1/rat&$ Caro$ k&i)t&$. _) seco$&$ a$ YVII4$ea a1ar 5i a$te c$o1ote +e sc&f&)+are c&( ar fi ce$ a$ $&i S1a$+i)6* Trie-a$* 5i St&r(i&s. #IH": Sir E+(&)+ Ha$$e<* +esco1eritor&$ co(etei care4i 1oart/ )&(e$e* 1erfec%io)ea2/ c$o1ot&$ +e sc&f&)+are 1re-/28)+ 0(1ros1/tarea aer&$&i 0) c$o1ot c& a7&tor&$ 1ro-i2ii$or +e aer co'or8te s&' a1/ 0)tr4&) '&toi $estat. C& acest c$o1ot Ha$$e< se sc&f&)+/ 18)/ $a a+8)ci(ea +e #J (* ti(1 +e #*? ore. #IH#: De)is Pa1i) 1ro1&)e tri(iterea aer&$&i co(1ri(at 0) c$o1ot&$ +e sc&f&)+are c& a7&tor&$ &)ei 1o(1e +e $a s&1rafa%/* 1ri)tr4&) t&' 1re-/2&t c& s&1a1e* a1oi* 0) a)&$ #@@H o;)
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S(eato) creea2/ c;eso)&$ +e sc&f&)+are c& a7&tor&$ c/r&ia a& fost re1arate f&)+a%ii$e 1icioare$or 1o+&$&i +e $a HeA;or)* A)6$ia. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Di!ing 6ell ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico( (arti( e)6$e24ro(a).#H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : e$e(e)t i(1orta)t +i) ec;i1a(e)t&$ +e sc&f&)+are a scafa)+ri$or B. SINONIME : c$o1ot +e sc&f&)+are $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. C& a7&tor&$ turelei des(hise scafa)+rii 1rofesio)i5ti co'oar/ s&' a1/ 1e)tr& a $&cra 5i a se ri+ica $a s&1rafa%/. !. %urela des(his> asi6&r/ scafa)+ri$or: re2er-/ +e a(estec res1irator e)er6ie e$ectric/ 1e)tr& s&rsa +e i$&(i)at s&' a1/ s&1ort 1e)tr& efect&area 0) si6&ra)%/ a 1a$iere$or +e +eco(1resiei $oc +e ref&6i&. FDi)& D&(itr&* V$a+ Co)sta)ti) : Scafan#ri 2i vehicule su"acvatice. E+. ftii)%ific/ 5i E)cic$o1e+ic/* B&c&re5ti* #HJI.G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: %urela des(his> (o+er)/ este o i)ci)t/ (eta$ic/ $estat/* c& o 0)/$%i(e +e cca 9 ( 5i &) +ia(etr& +e cca ! (. Este +esc;is/ $a 1artea +e 7os a-8)+ $a 1artea s&1erioar/ &) +o( tra)s1are)t +i) 1$e,i6$as Facr<$G care s&' a1/ este 1res&ri2at c& a(estec res1irator astfe$ c/ scafa)+rii 1ot res1ira +i) acesta $a 0)toarcerea 0) t&re$/. T&re$a 1oate a-ea 1ro1ria sa re2er-/ +e 6a2 5i o,i6e) 1e)tr& sit&a%ii +e &r6e)%/. T&re$a este (a)e-rat/ c& a7&tor&$ &)ei 'i6i sa& (acara$e 1ri) i)ter(e+i&$ &)&i ca'$& +e (eta$. Ca'$&$ o('i$ica$ este for(at +i) f&rt&) +e a$i(e)tare c& a(estec 6a2os* ca'$& e$ectric* ca'$& +e co(&)ica%ii 5i so)+/ +e a+8)ci(e. Scafa)+r&$ este a$i(e)tat c& 6a2 res1irator +e $a t&re$/ 1ri)tr4&) f&rt&) +e a$i(e)tare. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
'0a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Di!ing suit c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2
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e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a 6ar(e)t or +e-ice +esi6)e+ to 1rotect a +i-er fro( t;e &)+erAater e)-iro)(e)t. f. NOTA BENE : #J!H: E.D.Ga&2e)* a R&ssia) )a-a$ tec;)icia) of Dro)s;ta+t )a-a$ 'ase Fa +istrict of Sai)t Peters'&r6G* offers a U+i-i)6 (ac;i)eU. His i)-e)tio) Aas a) air41&(1e+ (eta$$ic ;e$(et stra11e+ to a $eat;er s&it Fa) o-era$$G. T;e 'otto( of t;e ;e$(et is o1e). T;e ;e$(et is stra11e+ to t;e $eat;er s&it '< (eta$$ic ta1e. Ga&2e)Vs +i-i)6 s&it a)+ its f&rt;er (o+ificatio)s Aere &se+ '< t;e R&ssia) Na-< &)ti$ #JJ". T;e (o+ifie+ +i-i)6 s&it of t;e R&ssia) Na-<* 'ase+ o) Ga&2e)Vs i)-e)tio)* Aas B)oA) as Ut;ree4'o$t e=&i1(e)tU. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Costu/ de s(u&undare ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o(i)a$ 6ro&1 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a s&it for +i-i)6 B. SYNONYMS : +i-i)6 c$ot;es $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Mo+er) di!ing suits ca) 'e +i-i+e+ i)to tAo Bi)+s: 4 UsoftU or a('ie)t 1ress&re +i-i)6 s&its 4 e,a(1$es are Aets&its* +r< s&its* se(i4+r< s&its a)+ +i-e sBi)s 4 U;ar+U or at(os1;eric 1ress&re +i-i)6 s&its 4 a) ar(ore+ s&it t;at 1er(its a +i-er to re(ai) at at(os1;eric 1ress&re A;i$st o1erati)6 at +e1t; A;ere t;e Aater 1ress&re is ;i6;. !. A++e+ '&o<a)c<* create+ '< t;e -o$&(e of t;e s&it* is a si+e effect of di!ing suits. So(eti(es a Aei6;t'e$t (&st 'e Aor) to co&)teract t;is '&o<a)c<. So(e +r<s&its ;a-e co)tro$s a$$oAi)6 t;e s&it to 'e i)f$ate+ to re+&ce Us=&ee2eU ca&se+ '< i)creasi)6 1ress&reL t;e< a$so ;a-e -e)ts a$$oAi)6 t;e e,cess air to 'e re(o-e+ fro( t;e s&it o) asce)t. Sta)+ar+ +i-i)6 +ress* a si,t; t<1e of a('ie)t 1ress&re +i-i)6 s&it* is )oA o'so$ete '&t is ;istorica$$< i)teresti)6. FAAA.+i-i)6$ore.co(G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: T;ere are fi-e (ai) t<1es of a('ie)t 1ress&re di!ing suits: 4+i-e sBi)s 4Aets&its 4se(i4+r< s&its 4+r<s&its 4;ot Aater s&its A1art fro( ;ot Aater s&its* t;ese t<1es of s&it are )ot e,c$&si-e$< &se+ '< +i-ers '&t are ofte) &se+ for t;er(a$ 1rotectio) '< 1eo1$e e)6a6e+ i) ot;er Aater s1orts acti-ities s&c; as s&rfi)6* sai$i)6* 1oAer'oati)6* Ai)+s&rfi)6* Bite s&rfi)6* AatersBii)6* ca-i)6 a)+ sAi((i)6.
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A('ie)t 1ress&re s&its are a for( of e,1os&re 1rotectio) 1rotecti)6 t;e Aearer fro( t;e co$+. T;e< a$so 1ro-i+e so(e +efe)ce fro( a'rasi-e a)+ s;ar1 o'7ects as Ae$$ as 1ote)tia$$< ;ar(f&$ &)+erAater $ife. T;e< +o )ot 1rotect +i-ers fro( t;e 1ress&re of t;e s&rro&)+i)6 Aater or res&$ti)6 'arotra&(a a)+ +eco(1ressio) sicB)ess. T;e s&its are ofte) (a+e fro( Neo1re)e* ;ea-<4+&t< fa'ric coate+ Ait; r&''er* or PVC. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Costu/ de s(u&undare c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6e$e24ro(a)*#H@# e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 este fo$osit +e c/tre scafa)+r& 1e)tr& 1rotec%ie ter(ic/* 1e)tr& a 1/stra c/$+&ra cor1&$&i* 1ri) $i(itarea 1ier+eri$or +e c/$+&r/ c/tre (e+i&$ ac-atic e,terior re1re2e)t8)+ ce$ (ai '&) (i7$oc +e 1re-e)ire a acci+e)te$or +atorate fri6&$&i. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 K COS%<M 4 Di) fr. (ostu/eF SC<5<4DARE = K Pref. s= X (u&unda 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Di!ing suit ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6e$e24ro(a)*#H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : 6r&1 )o(i)a$ 7. CONCEPT GENERIC : cost&( +e sc&f&)+are B. SINONIME : ec;i1a(e)t $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. A$e6erea ti1&$&i +e (ostu/ de s(u&undare se face f&)c%ie +e te(1erat&ra a1ei* ti1&$ acti-it/%ii +esf/5&rate s&' a1/ 5i stat&ra scafa)+r&$&i. Tra)sfer&$ +e c/$+&r/ co)-ecti- +e $a cor1&$ o(e)esc c/tre a1/ este +e !? +e ori (ai i)te)s +ec8t 0) ca2&$ 0) care cor1&$ se af$/ 0) aer. !. Pe)tr& a1e c& te(1erat&r/ sc/2&t/ sa& 1e)tr& +&rate (ai (ari a$e sc&f&)+/rii scafa)+r&$ tre'&ie s/ 0('race &) (ostu/ de s(u&undare &scat Feta)5G* iar 1e)tr& sc&f&)+/ri 0) a1/ c& te(1erat&r/ (ai ri+icat/ sa& +&rate (ai (ici +e sc&f&)+are se 1oate o1ta 1e)tr& &) cost&( &(e+. FMircea De6erat&* Aro) Petr&* Ser6i& Io)i%/: Manualul Scafan#rului. E+it&ra Per O()es Artes* B&c&re5ti* #HHHG (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)e
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). COMETARIU: Costu/ul de s(u&undare &(e+ sa& )eeta)5 este ce$ (ai fo$osit ec;i1a(e)t 1e)tr& sc&f&)+/ri$e $i'ere 5i a&to)o(e. Cost&(&$ &(e+ este co)fec%io)at +i) )eo1re)* &) ca&ci&c s1ecia$* e,1a)+at c& 6a2 i)ert Fcare are i)c$&se 0) (asa $&i (ici '&$e +e 6a2* +e o'icei a2ot* i2o$ate 0)tre e$eG. Neo1re)&$ este &) (ateria$ )e1er(ea'i$* foarte '&) i2o$ator ter(ic 5i c& '&)e ca$it/%i e$astice. Cost&(&$* 1ri) %es/t&ra s1ecia$/ c& care este c/1t&5it* 1er(ite 1/tr&)+erea 5i (e)%i)erea &)ei 1e$ic&$e s&'%iri +e a1/ 0)tre )eo1re) 5i 1ie$ea cor1&$&i. Aceast/ 1e$ic&$/ +e a1/ se 0)c/$2e5te +e $a cor1 ati)68)+ te(1erat&ra +e co)fort* iar )eo1re)&$* 1ri) ca$it/%i$e $&i +e i2o$ator ter(ic* $i(itea2/ 1ier+eri$e +e c/$+&r/ a$e cor1&$&i c/tre (e+i&$ ac-atic e,terior. U) cost&( &(e+ +i) )eo1re)* care )& este 1re-/2&t c& o c/1t&5ea$/ +i)tr4o %es/t&r/ cores1&)2/toare 5i care )& se (&$ea2/ 'i)e 1e cor1* 1er(ite a1ei s/ circ&$e 0)tre cor1 5i cost&(* fii)+ 0)$oc&it/ c& a1/ rece +i) e,terior* aceasta co)+&c8)+ $a cre5terea 1ier+eri$or +e c/$+&r/ +i)s1re cor1 c/tre (e+i&$ ac-atic e,terior 5i +eci $a a1ari%ia re$ati- ra1i+/ a se)2a%iei +e fri6. U) cost&( rea$i2at +i)tr4&) ca&ci&c 1rea 1&%i) e$astic 5i 1rea str8(t 1e cor1* co)+&ce $a o re+&cere i(1orta)t/ a (o'i$it/%ii scafa)+r&$&i 0) ti(1&$ acti-it/%i$or s&'ac-atice. De ase(e)ea* &) cost&( &(e+ +i) )eo1re) c& 6rosi(e 1rea (are 1oate oferi (ai (&$t/ 1rotec%ie ter(ic/ +ar* 0) ace$a5i ti(1* (/re5te f$ota'i$itatea scafa)+r&$&i 5i ti)+e s/4i (ic5ore2e (o'i$itatea s&' a1/. Oricare ar fi 6rosi(ea )eo1re)&$&i* 1e (/s&r/ ce cre5te a+8)ci(ea +e i(ersie* +eci 1e (/s&r/ ce 1resi&)ea cre5te* acesta se co(1ri(/ 1ri) co(1ri(area '&$e$or +e 6a2 +i) i)terior* iar f$ota'i$itatea 5i 1rotec%ia ter(ic/ a$e cost&(&$&i s&)t (ic5orate. De acest $&cr& tre'&ie %i)&t co)t $a a$e6erea 5i $a re6$area ce)t&rii +e $estare. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
'1a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Do(: c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a (a)4(a+e feat&re i)-o$-e+ i) t;e ;a)+$i)6 of 'oats or s;i1s. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 Us;i1Vs 'ert;*U $ate #?c.* fro( M.D&. or M.L.G. +ocBe* 1er;a1s &$ti(ate$< F-ia L.L. \+&ctia Ua=&e+&ctUG fro( L. +&cere Uto $ea+UL or 1ossi'$< fro( a Sca)+. Aor+ for U$oA 6ro&)+U Fcf. NorA. +oBB U;o$$oA* $oA 6ro&)+UG. Ori6i)a$ se)se Aas Uf&rroA a 6ro&)+e+ -esse$ (aBes i) a (&+ 'a)B.U Re$ate+: DocBe+L +ocBi)6. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Do( ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : Aaterfro)t B. SYNONYMS : 1ier* A;arf
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$. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. I) Britis; E)6$is;* a do(: is a) e)c$ose+ area of Aater &se+ for $oa+i)6* &)$oa+i)6* '&i$+i)6 or re1airi)6 s;i1s. S&c; a +ocB (a< 'e create+ '< '&i$+i)6 e)c$osi)6 ;ar'o&r Aa$$s i)to a) e,isti)6 )at&ra$ Aater s1ace* or '< e,ca-atio) Ait;i) A;at Ao&$+ ot;erAise 'e +r< $a)+. !. I) t;e cotta6e co&)tr< of Ca)a+a a)+ t;e U)ite+ States* a do(: is a Aoo+e) 1$atfor( '&i$t o-er Aater Ait; o)e e)+ sec&re+ to t;e s;ore. T;e 1$atfor( is &se+ for 'oar+i)6 a)+ off $oa+i)6 s(a$$ 'oats. FRao* S. R. F#HJ?G. Aothal. Arc;aeo$o6ica$ S&r-e< of I)+ia.G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: T;e Aor$+Vs first do(: at Lot;a$ F!>"" BCEG Aas $ocate+ aAa< fro( t;e (ai) c&rre)t to a-oi+ +e1ositio) of si$t.d#e Mo+er) ocea)o6ra1;ers ;a-e o'ser-e+ t;at t;e Hara11a)s (&st ;a-e 1ossesse+ 6reat B)oA$e+6e re$ati)6 to ti+es i) or+er to '&i$+ s&c; a +ocB o) t;e e-er4s;ifti)6 co&rse of t;e Sa'ar(ati* as Ae$$ as e,e(1$ar< ;<+ro6ra1;< a)+ (ariti(e e)6i)eeri)6.d#e T;is Aas t;e ear$iest B)oA) +ocB fo&)+ i) t;e Aor$+* e=&i11e+ to 'ert; a)+ ser-ice s;i1s.d#e It is s1ec&$ate+ t;at Lot;a$ e)6i)eers st&+ie+ ti+a$ (o-e(e)ts* a)+ t;eir effects o) 'ricB4'&i$t str&ct&res* si)ce t;e Aa$$s are of Bi$)4'&r)t 'ricBs.d!e T;is B)oA$e+6e a$so e)a'$e+ t;e( to se$ect Lot;a$Vs $ocatio) i) t;e first 1$ace* as t;e G&$f of D;a(';at ;as t;e ;i6;est ti+a$ a(1$it&+e a)+ s;i1s ca) 'e s$&ice+ t;ro&6; f$oA ti+es i) t;e ri-er est&ar<.d!e T;e e)6i)eers '&i$t a tra1e2oi+a$ str&ct&re* Ait; )ort;4so&t; ar(s of a-era6e !#.J (etres F@#.? ftG* a)+ east4Aest ar(s of 9@ (etres F#!# ftG o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Do( c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este o co)str&c%ie 1ort&ar/ co(1$e,/ care 1er(ite ri+icarea )a-ei +i) a1/* 0) sco1&$ -erific/rii o1erei -ii 5i e,ec&t/rii &)or $&cr/ri +e re1ara%ii 5i 0)tre%i)ere. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 K Di) fr.* e)6$. do(: 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Do(: ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti-
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7. CONCEPT GENERIC : co)str&c%ie 1ort&ar/ B. SINONIME : 'a2i) -ast $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. De re6&$/* do(urile se af$/ 1e $8)6/ 5a)tiere$e )a-a$e. !. Do(urile 1ot fi: 4+oc&ri &scate 5i 4+oc&ri 1$&titoare FAAA.ro.AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: U) do( &scat F+e)&(it 5i 'a2i) +e ra+&'G este o co)str&c%ie ;i+rote;)ic/* +e re6&$/* 1e $8)6/ 5a)tiere$e )a-a$e* a-0)+ for(a &)&i 'a2i) c& 1ere%ii +i) 'eto)* 1iatr/ sa& 2i+/rie co)str&i%i 0) tre1te* 5i c& 1or%i eta)5e sa& ec$&2/* +esti)at/ a)+oc/rii )a-e$or 1e)tr& $&cr/ri +e re1ara%ii 5i 0)tre%i)ere a o1erei -ii. Iar &) do( 1$&titor este o co)str&c%ie 1$&titoare fo$osit/* 1e)tr& ri+icarea )a-e$or +i) a1/ 0) -e+erea 0)tre%i)erii 5i re1ara%ii$or $a o1era -ie. Este for(at +i)tr4&) 1o)to) (are co(1arti(e)tat sa& +i) (ai (&$te 1o)toa)e se1arate* $e6ate ri6i+ 0)tre e$e* co)stit&i)+ o 1&)te re2iste)t/ ce s&s%i)e )a-a sa& )a-e$e a)+ocate. Doc&$ este (/r6i)it 0)tr4&) 'or+ sa& 0) a('e$e 'or+&ri +e co(1arti(e)te eta)5e 0)a$te* )&(ite K'a7oaiereL* 0) care s&)t 1$asate i)sta$a%ii$e +e 1o(1are* 1&)ct&$ +e co(a)+/* &2i)a e$ectric/* ate$iere* $oc&i)%e etc. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
'$a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Dredger c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 s;i1 +esi6)e+ to +ee1e) a c;a))e$* ri-er or area '< re(o-i)6 t;e +e1osits fro( t;e sea 'otto(* eit;er t;ro&6; s&ctio) or e,ca-ati)6 &si)6 re-o$-i)6 '&cBets f. NOTA BENE : Dre+6i)6 is a) e,ca-atio) acti-it< or o1eratio) &s&a$$< carrie+ o&t at $east 1art$< &)+erAater* i) s;a$$oA seas or fres; Aater areas Ait; t;e 1&r1ose of 6at;eri)6 &1 'otto( se+i(e)ts a)+ +is1osi)6 of t;e( at a +iffere)t $ocatio). T;is tec;)i=&e is ofte) &se+ to Bee1 AaterAa<s )a-i6a'$e. It is a$so &se+ as a Aa< to re1$e)is; sa)+ o) so(e 1&'$ic 'eac;es* A;ere too (&c; sa)+ ;as 'ee) $ost 'eca&se of coasta$ erosio). Dre+6i)6 is a$so &se+ as a tec;)i=&e for fis;i)6 for certai) s1ecies of e+i'$e c$a(s a)+ cra's* Ait; a fis;i)6 +re+6e.
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6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Draga ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a s;i1 B. SYNONYMS : -esse$ $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. A c&tter4s&ctio) dredgerVs FCSDG s&ctio) t&'e ;as a c&tter ;ea+ at t;e s&ctio) i)$et* to $oose) t;e eart; a)+ tra)s1ort it to t;e s&ctio) (o&t;. T;e c&tter ca) a$so 'e &se+ for ;ar+ s&rface (ateria$s $iBe 6ra-e$ or rocB. T;e +re+6e+ soi$ is &s&a$$< s&cBe+ &1 '< a Aear4 resista)t ce)trif&6a$ 1&(1 a)+ +isc;ar6e+ t;ro&6; a 1i1e $i)e or to a 'ar6e. I) rece)t <ears* +re+6ers Ait; (ore 1oAerf&$ c&tters ;a-e 'ee) '&i$t i) or+er to e,ca-ate ;ar+er rocB Ait;o&t '$asti)6. !. A Aater i)7ectio) dredger &ses a s(a$$ 7et to i)7ect Aater &)+er $oA 1ress&re Fto 1re-e)t t;e se+i(e)t fro( e,1$o+i)6 i)to t;e s&rro&)+i)6 AatersG i)to t;e sea'e+ to 'ri)6 t;e se+i(e)t i) s&s1e)sio)* A;ic; t;e) 'eco(es a t&r'i+it< c&rre)t* A;ic; f$oAs aAa< +oA) s$o1e* is (o-e+ '< a seco)+ '&rst of Aater fro( t;e CID or is carrie+ aAa< i) )at&ra$ c&rre)ts. Cater i)7ectio) res&$ts i) a $ot of se+i(e)t i) t;e Aater A;ic; (aBes (eas&re(e)t Ait; (ost ;<+ro6ra1;ic e=&i1(e)t Ffor i)sta)ce: si)6$e'ea( ec;oso&)+ersG +iffic&$t. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Fis;i)6 dredges are &se+ to co$$ect -ario&s s1ecies of c$a(s sca$$o1s* o<sters or cra's fro( t;e sea'e+. T;ese +re+6es ;a-e t;e for( of a scoo1 (a+e of c;ai) (es;* a)+ are toAe+ '< a fis;i)6 'oat. Care$ess +re+6i)6 ca) 'e +estr&cti-e to t;e sea'e+. NoAa+a<s so(e sca$$o1 +re+6i)6 is re1$ace+ '< co$$ecti)6 -ia sc&'a +i-i)6. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Draga c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este o )a-/ te;)ic/ +esti)at/ s/1/rii s&' a1/ 1e)tr& a+8)cirea sa& )i-e$area f&)+&ri$or* (e)%i)erea a+8)ci(ii 1e ca)a$&ri$e )a-i6a'i$e sa& 0) 'a2i)e$e 1ort&are* co$ectarea +e )isi1* 1ietri5 5i st&f* 1rec&( 5i 1e)tr& $&cr/ri +e asa)are.
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f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 Di) fr. drague 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Dredger ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : o )a-a B. SINONIME : -as $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Draga este +otat/ c& &) ca+r& +e s&s%i)ere* c& i)sta$a%ii +e for%/ +e s/1at 5i ri+icat (ateria$&$ esca-at 5i +e e-ac&area acest&ia. !. D&1/ instala7ia #e s3pare fo$osit/* dragele 1ot fi: 4 +ra6/ as1iratoare sa& c& sor'L 4 +ra6/ c& 'e)/ sa& 6raif/rL 4 +ra6/ c& c&1eL 4 +ra6/ c& $i)6&r/. FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(8)* E+. ftii)%ific/* B&c&re5ti* #H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Dra6e$e 1ot fi (ariti(e sa& f$&-ia$e. A$te c$asific/ri %i) co)t +e ti1&$ i)sta$a%iei +e s/1are 5i +e (o+&$ +e e-ac&are. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
''a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Dro/on c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@# e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Cere t;e (ost i(1orta)t Aars;i1s of t;e B<2a)ti)e )a-< fro( t;e It; to #!t; ce)t&ries AD. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 fro( GreeB pqrstu* #ro,Fn* i.e. Ur&))erUL Mi++$e E)6$is; #ro,on# a)+ O$+ Fre)c; #ro,ont are +eri-e+ fro( t;e +ro(o)* a)+ +escri'e+ a)< 1artic&$ar$< $ar6e (e+ie-a$ s;i1.
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6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Dro/on ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@# i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a o$+ s;i1 B. SYNONYMS : o$+ -esse$ $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Dro/ons Aere i)+irect$< +e-e$o1e+ fro( t;e a)cie)t trire(e a)+ Aere &s&a$$< 1ro1e$$e+ '< 'ot; oars a)+ sai$s* a co)fi6&ratio) t;at ;a+ 'ee) &se+ '< )a-ies i) t;e Me+iterra)ea) Sea for ce)t&ries. !. T;e dro/ons ;a+ a ce)tra$ toAer FDylokastron K GreeB: UAoo+e) cast$eUG )ear t;e (ai) (ast* fro( A;ic; t;e (ari)es co&$+ &se t;eir 'oAs a)+ arroAs or t;roA s1ears a)+ ot;er 1ro7ecti$es. Dro(o)s Aere fre=&e)t$< e=&i11e+ Ait; f$a(et;roAers Fsiphones* a)+ as s&c; t;e s;i1s Aere +escri'e+ as siphFnophoroi #ro,onesG t;at +isc;ar6e+ GreeB fire a)+ cata1&$ts ca1a'$e of ;&r$i)6 #" B6 1ro7ecti$es &1 to !?" (eters. FAAA.so&t;a(1to).ac.&BG (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Literar< so&rces a)+ acco&)ts re-ea$ t;at t;ere Aere at $east t;ree -arieties of dro/on* A;i$e t;e e,act re$atio) of t;e +ro(o) 1ro1er Ait; t;e chelan#ion* a ter( Ait; A;ic; it is ofte) &se+ i)terc;a)6ea'$<* so(eA;at &)c$ear. T;ese Aere* first$< t;e ousiakon A;ic; tooB its )a(e fro( o)e co(1a)< or ousia of #"" (e). T;is Aas a tAo4'a)Be+ 6a$$e< Ait; t;e $oAer ra)B roAi)6 o)$<* a)+ t;e &11er ra)B roAi)6 or +ise)6a6i)6 to fi6;t A;e) re=&ire+. Seco)+$< t;e s$i6;t$< $ar6er pa,phylos Ait; a creA of 'etAee) #!" a)+ #I". T;ir+$< t;e +ro(o) 1ro1er* A;ic; ;a+ a creA of !"": ?" o) t;e $oAer 'a)B* a)+ #"" o) t;e &11er 'a)B i) tAo fi$es* to6et;er Ait; ?" (ari)es. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 era o cora'ie $&)6/* ra1i+/ 5i &5or +e (a)e-rat* c& 18)2e 5i -8s$e* fo$osit/ +e I(1eri&$ Bi2a)ti) +i) seco$&$ V 18)/ 1ri) seco$&$ YII.
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f. NOTA BENE : C&-8)t&$ #ro,on +e-i)e frec-e)t 0)ce18)+ c& sec. VI* 0) ti(1 ce ec;i1a7&$ era +e)&(it #ro,onarii* 0(1/r%i%i 0) ela7i F(ari)ariG* era7i F-8s$a5iG 5i epi"a7i Fso$+a%iG. Cea (ai -ec;e a1ari%ie a c&-8)t&$&i #ro,on este cea +i) +oc&(e)te$e +i) Ra-e))a 0) sec. V* +ar e,ist/ &) ec;i-a$e)t $ati)esc 0) scrieri$e $&i Si+o)i&s A1o$$i)ari&s care 0) a)&$ >I@ (e)%io)ea2/ )a-e$e cursoria 0)tr4o scrisoare c/tre e1isco1&$ Tert&$$ia)&sL a$t/ (e)%i&)e a1are 0) Cor1&s 7&ris ci-i$is a$ 0(1/rat&$&i I&sti)ia). _)ce18)+ c& seco$&$ a$ IY4$ea* +ro(o)&$ se aco1er/ c& '$i)+a7e +e 1ie$e 5i 2a$e: 0) acest ca2 este )&(it 0) $i('a 6reac/ 1o1&$ar/ helan#ion sa& egihelys: v %i1ar4%estoas/ w sa& v %i1ar4'$i)+at w. Dro/onul 4 +i) 6reac/ GHIJKL x #e curs3 lung3 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Dro/on ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : cora'ie $&)6a B. SINONIME : )a-a*-a1or $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Dro/oanele a-ea& +iferite for(e 5i +i(e)si&)i. A-ea& 0)tre 9" 5i I" (etri $&)6i(e* 5i 0)tre ? 5i H (etri $/%i(e. Ec;i1a7&$ 1&tea a-ea 9"" +e oa(e)i. E,ista& trei c$ase +e +ro(oa)e* ce$e (ai (ici fii)+ +e)&(ite (o)eria F0) 6e)era$ )a-i6a& +oar c& 18)2eG* ce$e +e circa >" +e (etri 6a$eia Fa-ea& &) r8)+ +e -8s$e 5i +o&/ catar6eG iar ce$e (ai (ari (ei2o)es +ro(o)es* ;e$a)+ia (e6a$a sa& +<)atoteraFa-ea& +o&/ r8)+&ri +e -8s$e* o s&t/ +e -8s$a5i 5i trei catar6eG. !. I) seco$&$ YII* dro/onul este +i) ce 0) ce (ai +es 0)$oc&it 1ri) &sii 5i 1ri) a6rarii f/r/ -8s$e* (ai rot&)+e* +ar este 0)c/ (e)%io)at +e c/tre Ro'ert +e C$ari 0) +escrierea c/+erii Co)sta)ti)o1o$&$&i 0) (8i)i$e cr&cia%i$or 0) #!">. FIstoric&$ )a-ei* B. Do2$oAsBi* E+. Stii)tifica*#HI"G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Deri-ate +i) 6a$ere$e a)tice* dro/oanele a& )a-i6at 0) Marea Nea6r/* 1e D&)/re* 0) Me+itera)a* 0) Marea Ro5ie 5i Ocea)&$ I)+ia)* asi6&r8)+ si6&ra)%a 1ort&ri$or 5i r&te$or co(ercia$e a$e i(1eri&$&i. A& fost e,c$&se +i) Marea Ro5ie 5i Ocea)&$ I)+ia) +&1/ c&cerirea is$a(ic/* a1oi a& fost +istr&se 5i s4a& 0(1&%i)at +&1/ ce a 1atra cr&cia+/ a c&cerit Co)sta)ti)o1o$&$ 0) #!"I. U$terior 'i2a)ti)ii a& fost )e-oi%i s/ fac/ a1e$ $a f$ota 6e)o-e2/ 1e)tr& )e-oi$e $or )a-a$e. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
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')a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Dunnage c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 A)< (ateria$ Fe.6. Aoo+e) 1$a)BsG A;ic; is 1$ace+ at t;e 'otto( of t;e car6o ;o$+ to raise t;e car6oL ser-es to Bee1 car6o +r< or 1re-e)t s;ifti)6 f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 ori6i) &)B)oA) 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 4 ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : +&))a6e B. SYNONYMS : 1acBi)6*s;i1 $oa+ $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. I) Aaterfro)t s;i14$oa+i)6 &sa6e UdunnageU (ea)s 1acBi)6 FAoo+* or )oAa+a<s so(eti(es stro)6 i)f$ata'$e +&))a6e 'a6s to i((o'i$i2e car6o a)+ for $oa+ sec&ri)6. !. C;e) &)$oa+i)6 a s;i1* so(eti(es t;ere is a 1ro'$e( as to A;at to +o Ait; t;e dunnage. So(eti(es t;e +&))a6e ca))ot 'e $a)+e+ 'eca&se of c&sto(s +&ties o) i(1orte+ ti('er* or =&ara)ti)e r&$es to a-oi+ forei6) i)sect 1ests 6etti)6 offs;ore* a)+ as a res&$t ofte) t;e &)Aa)te+ +&))a6e is $ater f&rti-e$< 7ettiso)e+ o-er si+e a)+ a++s to t;e areaVs +riftAoo+ 1ro'$e(. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA :Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Dunnage for sec&ri)6 car6o i) ;o$+s of s;i1s ;as e-o$-e+ fro( Aoo+e) 'oar+s for(i)6 Ucri'sU to (o+er) (ec;a)ica$* s1ri)6 $oa+e+ 1ost4a)+4socBet s<ste(s* e,e(1$ifie+ '< t;e U1o6o sticBsU &se+ o) US Na-< Co('at Lo6istics Force FCLFG s;i1s A;ic; 1ro-i+e U)+erAa< Re1$e)is;(e)t of stores* s1ares* re1air 1arts* a((&)itio)* or+)a)ce* a)+ $i=&i+s i) ca)s a)+ +r&(s. D&))a6e se6re6ates car6o i) t;e ;o$+ a)+ 1re-e)ts s;ifti)6 of t;e car6o i) res1o)se to s;i1 (otio)s. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$
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'*a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : 5erry B&erry6oat1 c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a for( of tra)s1ortatio)* &s&a$$< a 'oat* '&t so(eti(es a s;i1* &se+ to carr< For ferryG 1ri(ari$< 1asse)6ers* a)+ so(eti(es -e;ic$es a)+ car6o as Ae$$* across a 'o+< of Aater. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 O.E. feria) Uto carr<* tra)s1ort*U fro( P.G(c. \far7a)a)* fro( PIE \1or4 U6oi)6* 1assa6e.U Re$ate+ to fare F-.G. Re$ate+: Ferrie+L ferries. T;e )o&) is ear$< #?c.* 1er;a1s ear$ier a)+ fro( O.N. fer7&4 U1assa6e across Aater*U &$ti(ate$< fro( t;e sa(e Ger(a)ic root. T;e (o+er) )o&) &se F#?J"sG is a s;orte)i)6 of ferr< 'oat F(i+4#?c.G. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 5eri6ot ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : tra)s1ortatio) 'oat
B. SYNONYMS : 1assa6e 'oat $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. A 1asse)6er &erry Ait; (a)< sto1s* s&c; as i) Ve)ice* is so(eti(es ca$$e+ a Aater '&s or Aater ta,i. !. 5erry +esi6)s +e1e)+ o) t;e $e)6t; of t;e ro&te* t;e 1asse)6er or -e;ic$e ca1acit< re=&ire+* s1ee+ re=&ire(e)ts a)+ t;e Aater co)+itio)s t;e craft (&st +ea$ Ait;. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: T;e 1rofessio) of t;e ferr<(a) is e('o+ie+ i) GreeB (<t;o$o6< i) C;aro)* t;e 'oat(a) A;o tra)s1orte+ so&$s across t;e Ri-er St<, to t;e U)+erAor$+. S1ec&$atio) t;at a 1air of o,e) 1ro1e$$e+ a s;i1 ;a-i)6 a Aater A;ee$ ca) 'e fo&)+ i) >t; ce)t&r< Ro(a) $iterat&re OAnony,us (e Re"us $ellicisR. T;o&6; i(1ractica$* t;ere is )o reaso) A;< it co&$+ )ot AorB a)+ s&c; a &erry* (o+ifie+ '< &si)6 ;orses* Aas &se+ i) LaBe C;a(1$ai) i) #Ht;4ce)t&r< A(erica. See O+hen :orses +alke# on +ater* :orse&Po!ere# Ferries in 9ineteenth& entury A,ericaU FS(it;so)ia) I)stit&tio) PressL De-i) Cris(a)* co4 a&t;ore+ Ait; Art;&r Co;)* E,ec&ti-e Director of t;e LaBe C;a(1$ai) Mariti(e M&se&(G. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$
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a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : 5eri6ot c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Na-/ s1ecia$ a(e)a7at/ 1e)tr& a tra)s1orta oa(e)i* -e;ic&$e etc. +e 1e &) (a$ 1e ce$/$a$t a$ &)ei a1e f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 K Di) fr.* e)6$. &erry6oat 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : 5erry B&erry6oat1 ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : 'arca 1e)tr& tra)s1ort +e oa(e)i B. SINONIME : -as* -a1or $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. U) &eri6ot i)+o)e2ia) c& (ai (&$t +e !"" +e 1ersoa)e $a 'or+ s4a sc&f&)+at 0) 2o)a i)s&$ei S&(atra* 1ro'a'i$ +i) ca&2a co)+i%ii$or (eteo )efa-ora'i$e. FAAA.rea$itatea.)etG (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: I) Ca)a+a* +atorita )&(ar&$&i cresc&t +e $ac&ri +e (are i)ti)+ere a1roa1e toate 1ro-i)cii$e si teritorii$e +is1&) +e ser-icii$e &eri6otului. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
'+a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : 5ishing c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is t;e acti-it< of catc;i)6 fis;
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f. NOTA BENE : Fis;i)6 is a) a)cie)t 1ractice t;at +ates 'acB at $east to t;e Pa$eo$it;ic 1erio+ A;ic; 'e6a) a'o&t >"*""" <ears a6o.d9e Isoto1ic a)a$<sis of t;e sBe$eta$ re(ai)s of Tia)<&a) (a)* a >"*""" <ear o$+ (o+er) ;&(a) fro( easter) Asia* ;as s;oA) t;at ;e re6&$ar$< co)s&(e+ fres;Aater fis;.d>ed?e Arc;aeo$o6< feat&res s&c; as s;e$$ (i++e)s*dIe +iscar+e+ fis; 'o)es a)+ ca-e 1ai)ti)6s s;oA t;at sea foo+s Aere i(1orta)t for s&r-i-a$ a)+ co)s&(e+ i) si6)ifica)t =&a)tities. D&ri)6 t;is 1erio+* (ost 1eo1$e $i-e+ a ;&)ter46at;erer $ifest<$e a)+ Aere* of )ecessit<* co)sta)t$< o) t;e (o-e. HoAe-er* A;ere t;ere are ear$< e,a(1$es of 1er(a)e)t sett$e(e)ts Ft;o&6; )ot )ecessari$< 1er(a)e)t$< occ&1ie+G s&c; as t;ose at Le1e)sBi Vir* t;e< are a$(ost a$Aa<s associate+ Ait; fis;i)6 as a (a7or so&rce of foo+. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Pes(uit ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : t;e act of catc;i)6 fis; B. SYNONYMS : to ca1t&re $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Tra+itio)a$ &ishing is a ter( &se+ to +escri'e s(a$$ sca$e co((ercia$ or s&'siste)ce fis;i)6 1ractices* &si)6 tra+itio)a$ tec;)i=&es s&c; as ro+ a)+ tacB$e* arroAs a)+ ;ar1oo)s* t;roA )ets a)+ +ra6 )ets* etc. !. Recreatio)a$ a)+ s1ort &ishing +escri'e fis;i)6 for 1$eas&re or co(1etitio). Recreatio)a$ fis;i)6 ;as co)-e)tio)s* r&$es* $ice)si)6 restrictio)s a)+ $aAs t;at $i(it t;e Aa< i) A;ic; fis; (a< 'e ca&6;tL t<1ica$$<* t;ese 1ro;i'it t;e &se of )ets a)+ t;e catc;i)6 of fis; Ait; ;ooBs )ot i) t;e (o&t;. T;e (ost co((o) for( of recreatio)a$ fis;i)6 is +o)e Ait; a ro+* ree$* $i)e* ;ooBs a)+ a)< o)e of a Ai+e ra)6e of 'aits or artificia$ $&res s&c; as s1i))ers or V+r< f$iesV. T;e 1ractice of catc;i)6 or atte(1ti)6 to catc; fis; Ait; a ;ooB is 6e)era$$< B)oA) as a)6$i)6. FSc;&$t2* De) F#HHHG. Fishing 6ncyclope#ia* +orl#!i#e Angling )ui#e. o;) Ci$e< y So)s.G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Bi646a(e &ishing +escri'es fis;i)6 fro( 'oats to catc; $ar6e o1e)4 Aater s1ecies s&c; as t&)a* s;arBs a)+ (ar$i). S1ort fis;i)6 Fso(eti(es 6a(e fis;i)6G +escri'es recreatio)a$ fis;i)6 A;ere t;e 1ri(ar< reAar+ is t;e c;a$$e)6e of fi)+i)6 a)+ catc;i)6 t;e fis; rat;er t;a) t;e c&$i)ar< or fi)a)cia$ -a$&e of t;e fis;Vs f$es;. Fis; so&6;t after i)c$&+e (ar$i)* t&)a* tar1o)* sai$fis;* s;arB a)+ (acBere$ a$t;o&6; t;e $ist is e)+$ess. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$
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a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Pes(uit c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@# e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este o e,trac%ie a or6a)is(e$or ac-atice +i) (e+i&$ &)+e a& cresc&t c& +i-erse sco1&ri* 1rec&( a$i(e)tare* recrea%ie Fpescuire sportiv3G* or)a(e)tare Fca1t&ra s1ecii$or or)a(e)ta$eG sa& %e$&ri i)+&stria$e. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 PESC<M% s.). Aci&)ea +e a pescui F#G i re2&$tat&$ eiL (eseria 1escar&$&i FIGL 1esc/rit* 1esc/rie F#G. K V. 1esc&i. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : 5ishing ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : acti&)ea +e 1ri)+e 1este B. SINONIME : a 1ri)+e F1esteG $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. De1arte +e pes(uitul itra+i%io)a$R* 1e care (&$%i 0$ 1erce1 ca 1e o for(/ +e 1roc&rare a ;ra)ei sa& ca 1e &) '/tr8) 1$ictisit ce fi,ea2/ o 1$&t/ )e(i5cat/* a5te1t8)+ ore 0) 5ir s/ tra6/ 1e5te$e* 1esc&it&$ s1orti- este &) (o+ +e -ia%/* &) (o+ e,tre( +e eficie)t +e re$a,are. _(1/r%it 0) (ai (&$te cate6ori* 1esc&it&$ s1orti- este $a &) 1as +e a a7&)6e s1ort o$i(1ic. P&te( +eter(i)a c$ar +o&/ (ari sti$&ri +e 1esc&it: Pesc&it&$ sta%io)ar Pesc&it&$ c& )/$&ci !. Pes(uitul $a 1$&t/ este &) sti$ care 1oate fi 1racticat at8t c& -ar6/ F&)+i%/G c8t 5i c& $a)set/ Fs;effie$+G. Este* 1ro'a'i$* sti$&$ 0) care 0)ce1 cei (ai (&$%i s/ 1esc&iasc/. FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Pes(uitul c& )/$&ci sa& 1esc&it&$ $a ra1itori* c/ci )&(ai ace5ti 1e5ti 1ot fi 1esc&i%i c& )/$&ci* se 0(1arte 5i e$* $a r8)+&$ $&i* 0) +o&/ cate6ori: 4S1i))i)6 4Pesc&it $a (&sc/ o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
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',a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : 5loatage c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 T;e state of f$oati)6* t;at A;ic; f$oats o) t;e sea or i) ri-ers. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 is fro( #JJJ* 1ro'a'$< fro( ear$ier se)se of Uf$at4'otto(e+ 'oatU 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 5lota6ilitate ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.t;i)Be,ist.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : t;e state of f$oati)6 B. SYNONYMS : f$oati)6 $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;e re$ati-e sta'i$it< of t;e s;i1 is 6i-e) '< t;e re$ati-e 1ositio) of t;ree i(a6i)ar< 1oi)ts: Aei6;t ce)ter* &loatage ce)ter a)+ (etace)ter. T;e s;i1Vs Aei6;t Ao&$+ 1&s; +oA)Aar+ fro( t;e 1oi)t ca$$e+ Aei6;t ce)ter. F$oata6e Ao&$+ 'e a force acti)6 &1Aar+ fro( a 1oi)t ca$$e+ f$oata6e ce)ter. C;e) t;e s;i1 sta<s ri6;t* t;e f$oata6e ce)ter Ao&$+ 'e 7&st &)+er t;e Aei6;t ce)ter o) a (e+ia) $i)e. !. No (atter if Ai)+s or Aa-es ti$t t;e s;i1* t;e Aei6;t ce)ter re(ai)s &)c;a)6e+. B&t t;e &loatage ce)ter (o-es o) t;e (e+ia) $i)e to t;e $oAer 1art of t;e s;i1. T;e Aei6;t force +irecte+ +oA)Aar+s a)+ t;e f$oata6e force acti)6 &1Aar+s 'ri)6 'acB t;e s;i1 o) t;e ri6;t 1ositio). If t;e s;i1 i)c$i)es tra)s-ersa$$<* t;e -ertica$ $i)e acti)6 o) t;e f$oata6e (eets t;e (e+ia) $i)e i) a 1oi)t ca$$e+ (etace)ter. As (&c; as t;is is o-er t;e Aei6;t ce)ter* t;e s;i1 is sta'$e a)+ ret&r)s o) its ri6;t 1ositio) after t;e force t;at ca&se+ t;e ti$t is 6o)e. If t;e tAo 1oi)ts coi)ci+e* t;e f$oata6e a)+ Aei6;t Ai$$ co&)teract o)e a)ot;er. T;ere Ai$$ 'e )o force to re+ress t;e s;i1* A;ic; Ai$$ re(ai) ti$te+. FAAA. )eAs.soft1e+ia.co(G (. USE AREA :Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: A )a&tica$ -esse$ for reco-eri)6 f$oata6e e)trai)e+ at a 'oA o1e)i)6 +e1$o<s 'oo(4(o&)te+ &loatage4co)ce)trati)6 sAee1s arra)6e+ to e)ter t;e 'oA o1e)i)6* Ait;o&t co$$isio) Ait; t;e ;&$$* A;e) &)+er6oi)6 (otio) +&e to ;ea-< seas. Sea$i)6 'arriers
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are affi,e+ to t;e ;&$$ a)+ i) s$i+i)6 e)6a6e(e)t Ait; eac; sAee1 to 1re-e)t $eaBa6e of sAee14e)6a6e+ f$oata6e at eac; sAee14-esse$ 7&)ct&re. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : 5lota6ilitate c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro. e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Re1re2i)t/ ca1acitatea &)ei )a-e +e a 1$&ti c& o 0)c/rc/t&r/ +at/ 5i $a &) 1esca7 +eter(i)at +e $e6ea ec;i$i'r&$&i +i)tre 6re&tatea )a-ei 5i aceea a -o$&(&$&i +e a1/ +e2$oc&it +e 1artea sa i(ers/ Ffor%a ar;i(e+ic/G f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 K Di) fr. flotta"ilitM. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : 5loatage ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : ca1acitate +e 1$&tire B. SINONIME : 1$&tire $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. 5lota6ilitatea sa& starea +e 1$&tire este &)a +i) 1ri)ci1a$e$e ca$it/%i )a&tice a$e )a-ei. !. Orice )a-/ +is1&)e +e o &lota6ilitate efecti-/* asi6&rat/ +e -o$&(&$ eta)5 a$ care)ei cores1&)2/tor $i)iei +e 1$&tire +e 1$i)/ 0)c/rcare* care se co)s&(/ 1ri) 0)c/rc/t&ra +e tra)s1ortat* 5i +e o re2er-/ +e f$ota'i$itate* asi6&rat/ +e s1a%i&$ eta)5 a$ o1erei (oarte +eter(i)at +e 'or+&$ $i'er 5i +esti)at/ si6&ra)%ei 0) )a-i6a%ie 1e (are a6itat/ sa& 0) ca2&ri +e i)&)+are 1ar%ia$/ a )a-ei. FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(8)* E+. ftii)%ific/* B&c&re5ti* #H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Re2&$ta)ta for%e$or +e f$ota'i$itate are 1&)ct&$ +e a1$ica%ie 0) ce)tr&$ +e &lota6ilitate* care este ce)tr&$ +e care)/. Ce)tr&$ +e care)/ x ce)tr&$ +e 1resi&)e x 1&)ct&$ +e a1$ica%ie a$ for%ei ar;i(e+ice. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
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'-a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Gun6oat c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is $itera$$< a 'oat carr<i)6 o)e or (ore 6&)s. T;e ter( is rat;er 'roa+* a)+ t;e &s&a$ co))otatio) ;as c;a)6e+ o-er t;e <ears f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 G&)'oat is fro( #@H9L 6&)'oat +i1$o(ac< is fro( #H!@* ori6i)a$$< Ait; refere)ce to C;i)a. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 4 ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co(
i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a 'oat t;at carries 6&)s B. SYNONYMS : s;i1 $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. I) t;e a6e of sai$* a gun6oat Aas &s&a$$< a s(a$$ &)+ecBe+ -esse$ carr<i)6 a si)6$e s(oot;'ore ca))o) i) t;e 'oA* or 7&st tAo or t;ree s&c; ca))o)s. A 6&)'oat co&$+ carr< o)e or tAo (asts or 'e oar41oAere+ o)$<* '&t t;e si)6$e4(aste+ -ersio) of a'o&t ?" ft F#? (G $e)6t; Aas (ost t<1ica$. So(e t<1es of 6&)'oat carrie+ tAo ca))o)s* or e$se (o&)te+ a )&('er of sAi-e$ 6&)s o) t;e rai$i)6s. !. D&ri)6 t;e Seco)+ Cor$+ Car* t;e gun6oat Aas for t;e Ro<a$ Na-< a -esse$ i+e)tica$ to tor1e+o 'oats* '&t e=&i11e+ Ait; (ac;i)e 6&)s a)+ $ar6er Aea1o)s &1 to ?@ (( F!.! i)G ca$i're for attacBi)6 e)e(< tor1e+o 'oats or s(a$$ craft 4 t;e Motor G&) Boat FMGBG. Post4Cor$+ Car II* t;e ter(s U(otor 6&)'oatU ca(e to 'e &se+ for s(a$$er -esse$s* Ait; +is1$ace(e)ts i) t;e ?" $o)6 to)s F?# tG ra)6e. FC;a1ter >* UT;e G&)'oat Na-<U* of HoAar+ C;a1e$$e* The :istory of the A,erican Sailing 9avy* Norto)* #H>HG (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: A$$ )a-ies of t;e sai$i)6 era Be1t a )&('er of gun6oats o) ;a)+. G&)'oats Aere a Be< 1art of t;e 1$a))e+ Na1o$eo)Vs i)-asio) of E)6$a)+ i) #J">* a)+ Aere ;ea-i$< &se+ '< De)(arB4NorAa<. BetAee) #J"9 a)+ #J#!* t;e US Na-< ;a+ a 1o$ic< of 'asi)6 t;e )a-a$ forces o) coasta$ 6&)'oats* a)+ e,1eri(e)te+ Ait; a -ariet< of +esi6)s* '&t t;e< Aere )ear$< &se$ess i) t;e Car of #J#!* a)+ Ae)t 'acB to 'ei)6 s1ecia$41&r1ose -esse$s.
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o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$
'.a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : 7ydro&oil c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 A fast 'oat +esi6)e+ to ;a-e its ;&$$ $ifte+ c$ear of t;e Aater s&rface a)+ s&11orte+ '< foi$s or Ai)6s A;e) it reac;es cr&isi)6 s1ee+ f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 #H!"* U'oat t;at tra-e$s t;ro&6; Aater o) Ai)6s*U for(e+ i) E)6. fro( ;<+ro4* co('. for( of GB. ;<+or UAaterU Fsee Aater F).#GG X foi$ F).G. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 4 ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : 'oat &se+ for raci)6 B. SYNONYMS : s1ee+'oat $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. 7ydro&oils are si(i$ar i) a11eara)ce a)+ 1&r1ose to airfoi$s.d#e As t;e craft i)creases its s1ee+* t;e ;<+rofoi$s +e-e$o1 e)o&6; $ift to raise t;e ;&$$ &1 a)+ o&t of t;e Aater. T;is res&$ts i) a 6reat re+&ctio) i) +ra6* a)+ a corres1o)+i)6 i)crease i) s1ee+. !. Ear$< hydro&oils &se+ V4s;a1e+ foi$s. H<+rofoi$s of t;is t<1e are B)oA) as s&rface41ierci)6 si)ce 1ortio)s of t;e V4s;a1e ;<+rofoi$s Ai$$ rise a'o-e t;e Aater s&rface A;e) foi$'or)e. So(e (o+er) ;<+rofoi$s &se i)-erte+ T4s;a1e foi$s A;ic; are f&$$< s&'(er6e+. F&$$< s&'(er6e+ ;<+rofoi$s are $ess s&'7ect to t;e effects of Aa-e actio)* a)+ are t;erefore (ore sta'$e at sea a)+ are (ore co(forta'$e for t;e creA a)+ 1asse)6ers. T;is t<1e of co)fi6&ratio)* ;oAe-er* is )ot se$f4sta'i$i2i)6. T;e a)6$e of attacB o) t;e ;<+rofoi$s )ee+s to 'e a+7&ste+ co)ti)&o&s$< i) accor+a)ce to t;e c;a)6i)6 co)+itio)s* a co)tro$ 1rocess t;at is 1erfor(e+ '< se)sors* co(1&ter a)+ acti-e s&rfaces. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Baro) -o) Sc;erte$ AorBe+ o) hydro&oils 1rior to a)+ +&ri)6 Cor$+ Car II i) Ger(a)<. After t;e Aar Sc;erte$Vs tea( Aas ca1t&re+ '< t;e R&ssia)s. As Ger(a)< Aas )ot a&t;ori2e+ to '&i$+ fast 'oats* Sc;erte$ ;i(se$f Ae)t to SAit2er$a)+* A;ere ;e
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esta'$is;e+ t;e S&1ra(ar co(1a)<. I) #H?!* S&1ra(ar $a&)c;e+ t;e first co((ercia$ ;<+rofoi$* PT#" UFreccia +VOroU FGo$+e) ArroAG* i) LaBe Ma66iore* 'etAee) SAit2er$a)+ a)+ Ita$<. T;e PT#" is of s&rface41ierci)6 t<1e* it ca) carr< 9! 1asse)6ers a)+ tra-e$ at 9? B)ots FI? B(.;G. I) #HIJ* H&ssai) Na7a+i t;e Ba;rai)i 'or) 'a)Ber* ac=&ire+ t;e S&1ra(ar AG a)+ e,1a)+e+ its o1eratio)s i)to a1a)* Ho)6 Do)6* Si)6a1ore* UD* NorAa< a)+ USA. Ge)era$ D<)a(ics of t;e U)ite+ States 'eca(e its $ice)see* a)+ t;e Pe)ta6o) aAar+e+ its first RyD )a-a$ researc; 1ro7ect i) t;e fie$+ of s&1erca-itatio). Hitac;i S;i1'&i$+i)6 of OsaBa* a1a)* Aas a)ot;er $ice)see of S&1ra(ar* as Ae$$ as (a)< $ea+i)6 s;i1 oA)ers a)+ s;i1<ar+s i) t;e OECD co&)tries. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$
)0a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : 7ull c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 A ;&$$ is t;e Aaterti6;t 'o+< of a s;i1 or 'oat f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 U'o+< of a s;i1*U #?@#* 1er;a1s fro( ;&$$ F#G o) fa)cie+ rese('$a)ce of s;i1 Bee$s to o1e) 1ea1o+s Fcf. L. cari)a UBee$ of a s;i1*U ori6i)a$$< Us;e$$ of a )&tLU GB. 1;ase$&s U$i6;t 1asse)6er s;i1* <ac;t*U $it. U'ea) 1o+LU Fr. co=&e U;&$$ of a s;i1* s;e$$ of a Aa$)&t or e66UG. A$ter)ati-e et<(o$o6< is fro( M.E. ;oo$e Us;i1Vs Bee$U Fc.#>>"G* fro( t;e sa(e so&rce as ;o$+ F).G. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Co(a ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : 'o+< of a s;i1 B. SYNONYMS : 'o+<* co-eri)6* str&ct&re $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. A'o-e t;e hull is t;e s&1erstr&ct&re a)+.or +ecB;o&se* A;ere 1rese)t. T;e $i)e A;ere t;e ;&$$ (eets t;e Aater s&rface is ca$$e+ t;e Aater$i)e. !. T;e str&ct&re of t;e hull -aries +e1e)+i)6 o) t;e -esse$ t<1e. I) a t<1ica$ (o+er) stee$ s;i1* t;e str&ct&re co)sists of Aaterti6;t a)+ )o)4ti6;t +ecBs* (a7or tra)s-erse a)+ $o)6it&+i)a$ (e('ers ca$$e+ Aaterti6;t Fa)+ a$so so(eti(es )o)4ti6;tG '&$B;ea+s* i)ter(e+iate (e('ers s&c; as 6ir+ers* stri)6ers a)+ Ae's* a)+ (i)or (e('ers ca$$e+ or+i)ar< tra)s-erse fra(es* fra(es* or $o)6it&+i)a$s* +e1e)+i)6 o) t;e str&ct&ra$ arra)6e(e)t.
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T;e &11er(ost co)ti)&o&s +ecB (a< 'e ca$$e+ t;e U&11er +ecB*U UAeat;er +ecB*U Us1ar +ecB*U U(ai) +ecBU or si(1$< U+ecB.U T;e 1artic&$ar )a(e 6i-e) +e1e)+s o) t;e co)te,t44t;e t<1e of s;i1 or 'oat* t;e arra)6e(e)t* or e-e) t;e area A;ere it sai$s. Not a$$ ;&$$s are +ecBe+ Ffor i)sta)ce a +i)6;<G. FHa<$er* Ci$$ia( B.L Dee-er* o;) M. F!""9G. A,erican Merchant Sea,an0s Manua'. (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: T;e s;a1e of t;e hull is e)tire$< +e1e)+e)t &1o) t;e )ee+s of t;e +esi6). S;a1es ra)6e fro( a )ear$< 1erfect 'o, i) t;e case of scoA 'ar6es* to a )ee+$e4s;ar1 s&rface of re-o$&tio) i) t;e case of a raci)6 (&$ti;&$$ sai$'oat. T;e s;a1e is c;ose) to striBe a 'a$a)ce 'etAee) cost* ;<+rostatic co)si+eratio)s F$oa+ carr<i)6 a)+ sta'i$it<G a)+ ;<+ro+<)a(ics Fs1ee+* 1oAeri)6* a)+ +<)a(ic (otio) 'e;a-iorG. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Co(a c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este for(a e,terioar/ a cor1&$&i )a-ei* a5a c&( este +e$i(itat/ +e 'or+a7&$ e,terior 5i 1&)tea s&1erioar/. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie: 4 Di) ^fr. co%ue 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : 7ull ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : A)sa('$& for(at +i) sc;e$et i 0)-e$i e,terior a$ &)ei )a-e B. SINONIME : cor1* i)-e$is&$ &)ei )a-e $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : # Co(a re1re2i)t/ 1artea 1ri)ci1a$/ a )a-ei 5i co)st/ +i) osat&r/* 'or+a7 e,terior* 'or+a7 i)terior 5i 1&)%i* i)c$&si- s&1rastr&ct&ri$e Fte&6a* caste$&$ ce)tra$ 5i +&)etaG. !. S&1rastr&ct&ri$e &5oare +e 1e 1&)%i 5i a(e)a7/ri$e afere)te* ar'ora+a* 6ree(e)t&$* ec;i1a(e)t&$ 5i ar(a(e)t&$ )& fac 1arte +i) (o(> FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(8)* E+. ftii)%ific/* B&c&re5ti* #H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a
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). COMETARIU: Pri) for(a 5i co)str&c%ia sa* (o(a asi6&r/ 1$&tirea* re2iste)%a str&ct&ra$/ $a so$icit/ri* sta'i$itatea* (a)e-ra'i$itatea 5i toate ce$e$a$te ca$it/%i )a&tice. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
)1a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : I(e6erg c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)* #H@# e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a $ar6e 1iece of ice fro( fres;Aater t;at ;as 'roBe) off fro( a s)oA4for(e+ 6$acier or ice s;e$f a)+ is f$oati)6 i) o1e) Aater.d#e It (a< s&'se=&e)t$< 'eco(e fro2e) i)to 1acB ice. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 #@@>* 1artia$ $oa)4tra)s$. of D&. i7s'er6* $it. Uice (o&)tai)*U fro( i7s UiceU X 'er6 U(o&)tai).U A) ear$ier ter( Aas sea4;i$$ F#IH>G. P;rase ti1 of t;e ice'er6* i) a fi6&rati-e se)se* first recor+e+ #HI9. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : I(e6erg ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)* #H@# i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a $ar6e 1iece of ice B. SYNONYMS : ice (o&)tai) $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Beca&se t;e +e)sit< of 1&re ice is a'o&t H!" B6.(z* a)+ t;at of sea Aater a'o&t #"!? B6.(z* t<1ica$$< o)$< o)e4te)t; of t;e -o$&(e of a) i(e6erg is a'o-e Aater. T;e s;a1e of t;e &)+erAater 1ortio) ca) 'e +iffic&$t to 7&+6e '< $ooBi)6 at t;e 1ortio) a'o-e t;e s&rface. T;is ;as $e+ to t;e e,1ressio) Uti1 of t;e ice'er6U* 6e)era$$< a11$ie+ to a $ar6er 1ro'$e( or +iffic&$t<* (ea)i)6 t;at t;e -isi'$e tro&'$e is o)$< a s(a$$ (a)ifestatio) of a $ar6er 1ro'$e(. !. I(e6ergs are (o)itore+ Aor$+Ai+e '< t;e U.S. Natio)a$ Ice Ce)ter FNICG* esta'$is;e+ i) #HH?* A;ic; 1ro+&ces a)a$<ses a)+ forecasts of Arctic* A)tarctic* Great LaBes a)+ C;esa1eaBe Ba< ice co)+itio)s. More t;a) H?M of t;e +ata &se+ i) its sea ice a)a$<ses are +eri-e+ fro( t;e re(ote se)sors o) 1o$ar4or'iti)6 sate$$ites t;at s&r-e< t;ese re(ote re6io)s of t;e Eart;. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G
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(. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: I) t;e !"t; ce)t&r<* se-era$ scie)tific 'o+ies Aere esta'$is;e+ to st&+< a)+ (o)itor t;e i(e6ergs T;e I)ter)atio)a$ Ice Patro$* for(e+ i) #H#> i) res1o)se to t;e Titanic +isaster* (o)itors ice'er6 +a)6ers )ear t;e Gra)+ Ba)Bs of NeAfo&)+$a)+ a)+ 1ro-i+e t;e U$i(its of a$$ B)oA) iceU i) t;at -ici)it< to t;e (ariti(e co((&)it<. I) Marc; !""J* a c;&)B of A)tarctic ice* a'o&t se-e) ti(es t;e si2e of Ma);atta)* s&++e)$< co$$a1se+* 1&tti)6 a) e-e) 6reater 1ortio) of 6$acia$ ice at risB* a)+ a) ice s;e$f a'o&t t;e si2e of Co))ectic&t Aas U;a)6i)6 '< a t;rea+U as of Marc; !?* !""J. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : I(e6erg c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)* #H@# e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 +ese()ea2/ &) '$oc (are +e 6;ea%/ +es1ri)s +i) &)a +i) ca$ote$e 1o$are 6$acia$e a$e Terrei* care )a-i6;ea2/ s1re 2o)e$e ca$+e a$e 6$o'&$&i i)f$&e)%8)+ c$i(a 2o)e$or 0)-eci)ate 5i sti)6;eri)+ )a-i6a%ia (ariti(/. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 C&-8)t&$ ice&"erg este &) c&-8)t 1ro-e)i)+ +i)tr4o co('i)a%ie +e c&-i)te +i) $i('i$e sca)+i)a-e 0)se()8)+ ghea73 5i ,unte* &) ice"erg 0)se()8)+ &) ,unte #e ghea73. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : I(e6erg ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)* #H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : &) '$oc +e 6;eata B. SINONIME : (&)te +e 6;eata $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. fti&t fii)+ fa1t&$ c/ a1a s/rat/ )& 0)6;ea%/ $a te(1erat&ri$e +e 1e Terra +ec8t 0) a)&(ite co)+i%ii 5i c/ )& 1oate for(a '$oc&ri (asi-e 5i sta'i$e +e 6;ea%/* i(e6ergurile s&)t* +e fa1t* '$oc&ri +e 6;ea%/ +e a1/ 1&r/. Di) (o(e)t ce +e)sitatea acesteia este +e a1ro,i(atiH!" B6.(9* 0) ti(1 ce a a1ei s/rate a (/ri$or 5i ocea)e$or este +e circa #"!? B6.(9* a1ro,i(ati- H"KH!M F##.#! +&1/ a$te esti(/riG +i) 0)tre6 -o$&(&$ &)&i ais'er6 este s&'ac-atic. Ca atare* for(a 1or%i&)ii sc&f&)+ate 1oate fi esti(at/ c& 6re&* +oar 1ri-i)+ 1artea -i2i'i$/ +e +eas&1ra a1ei. N& 0)t8(1$/tor* acest fa1t a +&s $a crearea e,1resiei i1artea -/2&t/ Fsa& )e-/2&t/G a ais'er6&$&iR +ese()8)+ orice 1ro'$e(/ a$e c/rei i(1$ica%ii s&)t (&$t (ai co(1$e,e +ec8t a1are)ta 1ri-ire a acesteia.
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!. Masa +e 6;ea%/ a i(e6ergurilor este e,tre( +e co(1act/* +&ra'i$/ 5i +&r/* 1&t8)+ 1ro-oca serioase +a&)e* c;iar +istr&6erea &)&i -as. De aceea* ais'er6&ri$e s&)t co)si+erate ca fii)+ e,tre( +e 1eric&$oase 1e)tr& )a-i6a%ia (ariti(/. Cea (ai fai(oas/ sc&f&)+are +i) istoria )a-i6a%iei este cea a 1ac;e'ot&$&i Titanic 0) )oa1tea +e #9 s1re #> a1ri$ie #H#!* care s4a 1ro+&s $a a1ro,i(ati- ! ore 5i >" +e (i)&te +&1/ i(1act&$ c& &) ais'er6. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Pri(&$ o( +e 5tii)%/ ca1a'i$ s/ e,1$ice corect for(area i(e6ergurilor a fost r&s&$ Mi;ai$ Lo(o)oso-. _) seco$&$ YY* (ai (&$te or6a)i2a%ii 5tii)%ifice a& fost create 0) sco1&$ st&+ierii 5i &r(/ririi 6;e%ari$or 1$&titori. U)a +i) acestea* I)ter)atio)a$ Ice Patro$* creat/ 0) #H#> 1e)tr& a r/s1&)+e 1osi'i$e$or 1ro'$e(e create +e e,iste)%a &)or ca2&ri si(i$are c& a$e +e2astr&$&i Titanicului* &r(/re5te ais'er6&ri$e +i) a1ro1ierea $oc&ri$or c&)osc&te s&' +e)&(irea +e T;e Gra)+ Ba)Bs of NeAfo&)+$a)+ 5i f&r)i2ea2/ i)for(a%ii 1erti)e)te +es1re $i(ite$e 2o)e$or 0) care or6a)i2a%ia o1erea2/ 5i &)+e )a-i6a%ia 1oate fi 1eric&$oas/ +i) ca&2a ais'er6&ri$or e,iste)te. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
)$a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : ?eel c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 I) 'oats a)+ s;i1s* Bee$ ca) refer to eit;er of tAo 1arts: a str&ct&ra$ e$e(e)t* or a ;<+ro+<)a(ic e$e(e)t. T;ese 1arts o-er$a1. As t;e laying #o!n of t;e Bee$ is t;e i)itia$ ste1 i) co)str&ctio) of a s;i1* t;e co)str&ctio) is +ate+ fro( t;is e-e)t* Ait; o)$< t;e s;i1Vs $a&)c;i)6 co)si+ere+ (ore si6)ifica)t i) its creatio). f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 U$oAest ti('er of a s;i1 or 'oat*U (i+4#>c.* fro( O.N. B7{$r UBee$*U fro( P.G(c. \Be$&2* of &)certai) ori6i). Et<(o$o6ists sa< t;is is &)co))ecte+ Ait; t;e root of M.D&. Bie$ Us;i1*U O.E. ceo$ Us;i1Vs 1roA*U O.H.G. Bie$* Ger. Die$ Us;i1*U '&t t;e tAo Aor+s ;a-e i)f$&e)ce+ eac; ot;er. T;is ot;er Aor+ is sai+ to 'e fro( P.G(c. \Be&$a* fro( PIE \6e&$4 Uro&)+e+ -esse$.U Dee$ sti$$ is &se+ $oca$$< i) E)6$a)+ a)+ U.S. for Uf$at4 'otto(e+ 'oat*U es1ecia$$< o) t;e T<)e. To Bee$ o-er F#J@IG is fro( t;e )a&tica$ i(a6e of a s;i1 t&r)i)6 Bee$4&1. Dee$;a&$ is #@c. fro( D&. Bie$;a$e) Uto ;a&$ &)+er t;e Bee$*U a) o$+ 1&)is;(e)t. T;e -er' is #J9J* A(er.E)6.* fro( t;e )o&). 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Chila ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2
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i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a 1art of a s;i1 B. SYNONYMS : ti('er $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;e :eel co)tri'&tes s&'sta)tia$$< to t;e $o)6it&+i)a$ stre)6t; a)+ effecti-e$< $oca$ $oa+i)6 ca&se+ A;e) +ocBi)6 t;e s;i1. T;e (ost co((o) t<1e of Bee$ is t;e Uf$at 1$ate Bee$U* a)+ t;is is fitte+ i) t;e (a7orit< of ocea)46oi)6 s;i1s a)+ ot;er -esse$s. A for( of Bee$ fo&)+ o) s(a$$er -esse$s is t;e U'ar Bee$U* A;ic; (a< 'e fitte+ i) traA$ers* t&6s* a)+ s(a$$er ferries. C;ere 6ro&)+i)6 is 1ossi'$e* t;is t<1e of Bee$ is s&ita'$e Ait; its (assi-e sca)t$i)6s* '&t t;ere is a$Aa<s a 1ro'$e( of t;e i)crease+ +raft Ait; )o a++itio)a$ car6o ca1acit<. If a +o&'$e 'otto( is fitte+* t;e Bee$ is a$(ost i)e-ita'$< of t;e f$at 1$ate t<1e* 'ar Bee$s ofte) 'ei)6 associate+ Ait; o1e) f$oors* A;ere t;e 1$ate Bee$ (a< a$so 'e fitte+. !. D&ct :eels are 1ro-i+e+ i) t;e 'otto( of so(e -esse$s. T;ese r&) fro( t;e forAar+ e)6i)e roo( '&$B;ea+ to t;e co$$isio) '&$B;ea+ a)+ are &ti$i2e+ to carr< t;e +o&'$e 'otto( 1i1i)6. T;e 1i1i)6 is t;e) accessi'$e A;e) car6o is $oa+e+. FAAA.'ooBs.6oo6$e.co(* G. C. C;ittaBer F#H@"G* A<er P&'$is;i)6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: T;e :eel s&rface o) t;e 'otto( of t;e ;&$$ 6i-es t;e s;i1 6reater +irectio)a$ co)tro$ a)+ sta'i$it<. I) )o)4sai$i)6 ;&$$s* t;e Bee$ ;e$1s t;e ;&$$ to (o-e forAar+* rat;er t;a) s$i11i)6 to t;e si+e. I) tra+itio)a$ 'oat '&i$+i)6* t;is is 1ro-i+e+ '< t;e str&ct&ra$ Bee$* A;ic; 1ro7ects fro( t;e 'otto( of t;e ;&$$ a$o)6 (ost or a$$ of its $e)6t;. I) (o+er) co)str&ctio) t;e 'ar Bee$ or f$at41$ate Bee$ 1erfor(s t;e sa(e f&)ctio). T;ere are (a)< t<1es of fi,e+ Bee$s* i)c$&+i)6 f&$$ Bee$s* $o)6 Bee$s* fi) Bee$s* Ai)6e+ Bee$s* '&$' Bee$s* a)+ 'i$6e Bee$s a(o)6 ot;er +esi6)s. Dee1 +raft s;i1s Ai$$ t<1ica$$< ;a-e a f$at 'otto( a)+ e(1$o< o)$< 'i$6e Bee$s* 'ot; to ai+ +irectio)a$ co)tro$ a)+ to +a(1 ro$$i)6 (otio)s. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$
a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Chila c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@#
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e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este &) e$e(e)t 1ri)ci1a$ +i) str&ct&ra $o)6it&+i)a$/ a )a-ei* co)stit&it +i)tr4o 6ri)+/ (eta$ic/ co)ti)&/ sa& o fi$/ +e ta'$/ 6roas/ i)sta$at/ +e $a 1ro-a $a 1&1a* 0) 1$a)&$ +ia(etra$* 1e f&)+&$ )a-ei. La e,tre(it/%i$e 1ro-a 5i 1&1a c;i$a se 0('i)/ c& etra-a* res1ecti- c& eta('o&$* for(8)+ 0(1re&)/ )er-&ra 1ri)ci1a$/ 1e care se fi,ea2/ ca+re$e tra)s-ersa$e 5i fi$e$e 'or+a7&$&i e,terior. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 C7MLNNO$ Pe f1 E$e(e)t 1ri)ci1a$ +i) osat&ra &)ei )a-e* +is1&s 1e f&)+&$ acesteia 0) 1$a) $o)6it&+i)a$. .^fr. %uille 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : ?eel ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : e$e(e)t 1ri)ci1a$ +i) os&t&ra &)ei )a-e B. SINONIME : 1iesa $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. D&1/ for(a 5i caracteristici$e co)str&cti-e se +isti)6: (hila (asi-/L c;i$a 1$at/L c;i$a c;eso) sa& c;i$a t&)e$. !. De o 1arte 5i +e a$ta a (hilei se 0('i)/ fi$e$e 6a$'or+&$&i. _(1re&)/ c& ce$e$a$te e$e(e)te +e str&ct&r/ $o)6it&+i)a$/ a$e osat&rii f&)+&$&i* c;i$a 5i fi$e$e 6a$'or+&$&i co)stit&ie e$e(e)te$e +e 'a2/ a$e re2iste)%ei $o)6it&+i)a$e a )a-ei* $a 1artea i)ferioar/ a 6ri)2ii )a-ei 5i $a (a,i(/ +ista)%/ +e fi'ra )e&tr/ a 6ri)2ii ec;i-a$e)te. FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(8)* E+. ftii)%ific/* B&c&re5ti* #H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Dac/ $a a('arca%i&)i$e c& (otor (hila are ro$ str&ct&ra$* fii)+ &)&$ +i)tre 1ri)ci1a$e$e e$e(e)te +e re2iste)%/* $a -e$iere c;i$a are ro$ +&'$&: co)tra4'a$a)sea2/ for%a $atera$/ $a care s&)t s&1&se -e$e$e fii)+ $estat/* co'oar/ ce)tr&$ +e 6re&tate a$ a('arca%i&)ii* 0(1ie+ic8)+ r/st&r)area D&1/ c&( se 5tie* -e$e$e 1ri) for(a aero+i)a(ic/ 1e care o ia& 6e)erea2/ o for%/ $atera$/ +e s&c%i&)e care co)tri'&ie $a +e1$asarea a('arca%i&)ii. _) (o+ si(i$ar* 1ri) for(a ;i+ro+i)a(ic/ a c;i$e$or* acestea 6e)erea2/ $a 0)ai)tarea 1ri) a1/ o for%/ si(i$ar/ +e se)s o1&s* co)tra'a$a)s8)+ a('arca%i&)ea. De5i s&1rafa%a c;i$ei este (&$t (ai (ic/ +ec8t s&1rafa%a -e$e$or* +ifere)%a +i)tre +e)sitatea a1ei 5i +e)sitatea aer&$&i asi6&r/ o 'a$a)sare corect/ a for%e$or Fa1a este +e @J> ori (ai +e)s/ ca aer&$G. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
)'a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN
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'. ENTRY : ?et(h c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 A sai$i)6 6oat Ait; fore a)+ aft ri6 o) eac; of tAo (asts f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 UBi)+ of s(a$$ sai$i)6 -esse$*U #I??* 1ro'a'$< fro( M.E. cacc;e) Uto ca1t&re* e)s)are* c;aseU 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 4 ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : 4a 'oat 1ro1e$$e+ Ait; Ai)+ '< sai$c$ot;
B. SYNONYMS : 'oat* -esse$ $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;e :et(h is 1o1&$ar a(o)6 $o)6 +ista)ce cr&isers as t;e a++itio)a$ sai$ a$$oAs for a 'etter 'a$a)ce* a)+ a s(a$$er (ore easi$< ;a)+$e+ (ai)sai$ for t;e sa(e o-era$$ sai$ area. It a$so a$$oAs sai$i)6 o) (i22e) a)+ 7i' o)$< Ait;o&t i)tro+&ci)6 e,cessi-e $ee ;e$(* a)+ i) a) e(er6e)c< ca) 'e =&ite Ae$$ steere+ Ait;o&t &se of t;e r&++er. T;e Betc; is a 1o1&$ar ri6 i) )ort;er) E&ro1ea) Aaters A;ere s&++e) i)creases i) Ai)+ stre)6t; so(eti(es re=&ires a ra1i+ reefi)6: t;e (ai)sai$ ca) 'e +ro11e+* re+&ci)6 sai$ a)+ $ea-i)6 a 'a$a)ce+ sai$41$a) Ait; 7i' a)+ (i22e) set !. R&))i)6 'efore t;e Ai)+ or reac;i)6 across t;e Ai)+* a :et(h (a< carr< e,tra sai$s s&c; as a s1i))aBer o) t;e (ai) (ast* a)+ a s1i))aBer or F(i22e) sta<sai$G o) t;e (i22e) (ast. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: T;e :et(h ri6 is ofte) co)f&se+ Ait; a <aA$. T;e +iffere)ce is t;at t;e Betc; ;as ;er (i22e) (ast forAar+ of t;e r&++er 1ost or Aater$i)e t;&s ;a-i)6 (ore sai$ area* A;ic; co)tri'&tes si6)ifica)t forAar+ 1ro1&$sio)* A;ereas t;e (i22e) o) a <aA$ is aft of t;e r&++er 1ost a)+ is &se+ 1ri(ari$< to 'a$a)ce t;e sai$ 1$a) Fa)+ as a ri+i)6 sai$ A;i$e at a)c;orG. T;is is ofte) a (atter of i)te)t rat;er t;a) a 1;<sica$ +iffere)ce. T;e Betc; ri6 ca) 'e +isti)6&is;e+ fro( t;e si(i$ar tAo (aste+ sc;oo)er ri6 '< t;e s;orter after(ost (ast o) t;e Betc;. A sc;oo)er ;as t;e s;orter (ast forAar+. I) t;e case A;ere 'ot; (asts are a11ro,i(ate$< t;e sa(e ;ei6;t* t;e ri6 Ait; t;e $ar6er sai$ forAar+ is &s&a$$< ca$$e+ a Betc;* A;i$e t;e ri6 Ait; t;e $ar6er sai$ aft is a sc;oo)er.
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))a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : La:e c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a terrai) feat&re For 1;<sica$ feat&reG* a 'o+< of $i=&i+ o) t;e s&rface of a Aor$+ t;at is $oca$i2e+ to t;e 'otto( of 'asi) Fa)ot;er t<1e of $a)+for( or terrai) feat&reL t;at is* it is )ot 6$o'a$G a)+ (o-es s$oA$< if it (o-es at a$$. A)ot;er +efi)itio) is* a 'o+< of fres; or sa$t Aater of co)si+era'$e si2e t;at is s&rro&)+e+ '< $a)+. O) Eart;* a 'o+< of Aater is co)si+ere+ a $aBe A;e) it is i)$a)+* )ot 1art of t;e ocea)* is $ar6er a)+ +ee1er t;a) a 1o)+* a)+ is fe+ '< a ri-er. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 U'o+< of Aater*U c.#!""* fro( O.Fr. $acB* fro( L. $ac&s U1o)+* $aBe*U a$so U'asi)* ta)B*U re$ate+ to $ac&)a U;o$e* 1it*U fro( PIE \$aB4 Fcf. GB. $aBBos U1it* ta)B* 1o)+*U O.C.S. $oB< U1oo$* 1&++$e* cister)*U O.Ir. $oc; U$aBe* 1o)+UG. T;e co((o) )otio) is U'asi).U T;ere Aas a G(c. for( of t;e Aor+* A;ic; <ie$+e+ co6)ate O.N. ${6r Usea f$oo+* Aater*U O.E. $ac& Ustrea(*U $a6& Usea f$oo+* Aater*U $ecca) Uto (oiste)U Fsee $eaBG. T;e N.A(er. Great LaBes so ca$$e+ fro( #II"s. LaBer U'oat (a+e for sai$i)6 o) t;e Great LaBesU is fro( #JJ@. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : La( ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : i)$a)+ 'o+< of Aater B. SYNONYMS : Aater $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Nat&ra$ la:es o) Eart; are 6e)era$$< fo&)+ i) (o&)tai)o&s areas* rift 2o)es* a)+ areas Ait; o)6oi)6 or rece)t 6$aciatio). Ot;er $aBes are fo&)+ i) e)+or;eic 'asi)s or a$o)6 t;e co&rses of (at&re ri-ers. I) so(e 1arts of t;e Aor$+* t;ere are (a)< $aBes 'eca&se of c;aotic +rai)a6e 1atter)s $eft o-er fro( t;e $ast Ice A6e. A$$ $aBes are te(1orar< o-er 6eo$o6ic ti(e sca$es* as t;e< Ai$$ s$oA$< fi$$ i) Ait; se+i(e)ts or s1i$$ o&t of t;e 'asi) co)tai)i)6 t;e(. !. T;ere is co)si+era'$e &)certai)t< a'o&t +efi)i)6 t;e +iffere)ce 'etAee) la:es a)+ 1o)+s* a)+ )o c&rre)t i)ter)atio)a$$< acce1te+ +efi)itio) of eit;er ter( across scie)tific +isci1$i)es or 1o$itica$ 'o&)+aries.
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FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: T;ere are a )&('er of )at&ra$ 1rocesses t;at ca) for( la:es. A rece)t tecto)ic &1$ift of a (o&)tai) ra)6e ca) create 'oA$4s;a1e+ +e1ressio)s t;at acc&(&$ate Aater a)+ for( $aBes. T;e a+-a)ce a)+ retreat of 6$aciers ca) scra1e +e1ressio)s i) t;e s&rface A;ere Aater acc&(&$atesL s&c; $aBes are co((o) i) Sca)+i)a-ia* Pata6o)ia* Si'eria* a)+ Ca)a+a. T;e (ost )ota'$e e,a(1$es are 1ro'a'$< t;e Great LaBes of Nort; A(erica. LaBes ca) a$so for( '< (ea)s of $a)+s$i+es or '< 6$acia$ '$ocBa6es. A) e,a(1$e of t;e $atter occ&rre+ +&ri)6 t;e $ast ice a6e i) t;e U.S. state of Cas;i)6to)* A;e) a ;&6e $aBe for(e+ 'e;i)+ a 6$acia$ f$oAL A;e) t;e ice retreate+* t;e res&$t Aas a) i((e)se f$oo+ t;at create+ t;e Dr< Fa$$s at S&) LaBes* Cas;i)6to). o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : La( c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este o 0)ti)+ere (ai (are +e a1/ st/t/toare 0)c;is/ 0)tre (a$&ri* &)eori c& sc&r6ere $a o (are sa& $a &) r8&* +ar )efii)+ a$i(e)tat/ +i) sa& co)ectat/ c& a1a ocea)e$or. De ce$e (ai (&$te ori $ac&ri$e a& a1/ +&$ce. Tot&5i* +e)&(iri$e +e lac sa& ,are +ate +i-erse$or 0)ti)+eri +e a1/ st/t/toare )& res1ect/ 0)tr& tot&$ aceast/ +efi)i%ie. U)eori se %i)e co)t 5i +e fe$&$ +e a1/* s/rat/ sa& +&$ce* sa& +e ,3ri,ea 0)ti)+erii +e a1/. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie K Di) $at. la(us. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : La:e ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6 i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : a1a c&r6atoare B. SINONIME : a1a statatoare $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Marea Cas1ic/ 5i Marea Moart/ s&)t +e fa1t la(uri Ff/r/ ie5ire $a ocea)G* +ar care a& a1/ s/rat/.
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!. Ce$e (ai (&$te la(uri se 6/sesc $a $atit&+i)i$e (ari a$e e(isferei )or+ice. Mai (&$t +e 7&(/tate FI"MG +i) $ac&ri$e $&(ii s&)t c&1ri)se 0) teritori&$ Ca)a+ei. _) E&ro1a recor+&$ este +e%i)&t +e Fi)$a)+a* &)+e se af$/ )& (ai 1&%i) +e #J@.JJJ $ac&ri* +i) care I".""" a& +i(e)si&)i a1recia'i$e. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: La &)e$e la(uri se co)stat/ fe)o(e)&$ +e ;e$ioter(ie F1ri) ;e$ioter(ie se 0)%e$e6e fe)o(e)&$ 1ri) care a1a &)or $ac&ri s/rate se 0)c/$2e5te $a o a)&(it/ a+8)ci(e* s&' ac%i&)ea c/$+&rii so$are* (ai (&$t +ec8t (e+i&$ +i) 7&r. _)c/$2irea se e,1$ic/ +atorit/ 6ra+&$&i +e (i)era$i2are a a1ei* 1ec&( 5i +atorit/ e,iste)%ei &)&i strat +e a1/ +&$ce $a s&1rafa%/* care 0(1ie+ic/ 1ier+erea c/$+&rii 0) at(osfer/.G o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
)*a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Lighthouse c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a toAer* '&i$+i)6* or fra(eAorB +esi6)e+ to e(it $i6;t fro( a s<ste( of $a(1s a)+ $e)ses or* i) o$+er ti(es* fro( a fire a)+ &se+ as a) ai+ to )a-i6atio) a)+ to 1i$ots at sea or o) i)$a)+ AaterAa<s. f. NOTA BENE : T;e Li6;t;o&se of A$e,a)+ria Aas '&i$t i) !J" BC to ser-e as t;e 1ortVs $a)+(arB. Cit; a ;ei6;t -ario&s$< esti(ate+ 'etAee) ##? a)+ #9? (eters F9J9 4 >>" ftG it Aas a(o)6 t;e ta$$est (a)4(a+e str&ct&res o) Eart; for (a)< ce)t&ries* a)+ Aas i+e)tifie+ as o)e of t;e Se-e) Co)+ers of t;e Cor$+ '< c$assica$ Ariters. TAo $i6;t;o&ses* eac; ca$$e+ t;e P;aros* Aere '&i$t at Do-er soo) after t;e Ro(a) co)=&est of Britai). T;e< Aere site+ o) t;e tAo ;ei6;ts FEaster) Hei6;ts a)+ Cester) Hei6;tsG a)+ (o+e$e+ o) t;e o)e '&i$t for Ca$i6&$aVs a'orte+ i)-asio) at Bo&$o6)e. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 5ar ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : $i6;t &se+ as si6)a$ B. SYNONYMS : 6&i+e $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS :
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#. Lighthouses are &se+ to (arB +a)6ero&s coast$i)es* ;a2ar+o&s s;oa$s a)+ reefs* a)+ safe e)tries to ;ar'ors a)+ ca) a$so assist i) aeria$ )a-i6atio). O)ce Ai+e$< &se+* t;e )&('er of o1eratio)a$ $i6;t;o&ses ;as +ec$i)e+ +&e to t;e e,1e)se of (ai)te)a)ce a)+ re1$ace(e)t '< (o+er) e$ectro)ic )a-i6atio)a$ ai+s. !. So(eti(es a lighthouse )ee+s to 'e co)str&cte+ i) t;e Aater itse$f. Ca-e4 Aas;e+ $i6;t;o&ses are (aso)r< str&ct&res co)str&cte+ to Ait;sta)+ Aater i(1act* s&c; as E++<sto)e Li6;t;o&se i) Britai) a)+ t;e St. Geor6e Reef Li6;t off Ca$ifor)ia. I) s;a$$oAer 'a<s* screA 1i$e iro)AorB str&ct&res are screAe+ i)to t;e sea'e+ a)+ a $oA Aoo+e) str&ct&re is 1$ace+ a'o-e t;e o1e) fra(eAorB* s&c; as T;o(as Poi)t S;oa$ Li6;t;o&se. As screA 1i$es ca) 'e +isr&1te+ '< ice* i) )ort;er) c$i(ates stee$ caisso) $i6;t;o&ses s&c; as Orie)t Poi)t Li6;t are &se+. Orie)t Lo)6 Beac; Bar Li6;t FB&6 Li6;tG is a '$e)+ of a screA 1i$e $i6;t t;at Aas $ater co)-erte+ to a caisso) $i6;t 'eca&se of t;e t;reat of ice +a(a6e FCro(1to)* Sa(&e$* CL R;ei)* Mic;ae$* . The Clti,ate $ook of Aighthouses. Sa) Die6o* CA: T;&)+er Ba< Press* !""!.G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: I) a lighthouse* t;e so&rce of $i6;t is ca$$e+ t;e U$a(1U FA;et;er e$ectric or f&e$e+ '< oi$G a)+ t;e co)ce)tratio) of t;e $i6;t is '< t;e U$e)sU or Uo1ticU. Ori6i)a$$< $it '< o1e) fires a)+ $ater ca)+$es* t;e Ar6a)+ ;o$$oA AicB $a(1 a)+ 1ara'o$ic ref$ector Aas +e-e$o1e+ aro&)+ #@J# i) E&ro1e. I) t;e US* A;a$e oi$ Aas &se+ Ait; so$i+ AicBs as t;e so&rce of $i6;t* &)ti$ t;e Ar6a)+ 1ara'o$ic ref$ector s<ste( Aas i)tro+&ce+ aro&)+ #J#" '< Ci)s$oA LeAis. Co$2a oi$ re1$ace+ A;a$e oi$ i) t;e ear$< #J?"s* '&t US far(ersV $acB of i)terest i) 6roAi)6 t;is ca&se+ t;e ser-ice to sAitc; to $ar+ oi$ i) t;e (i+ #J?"s. Derose)e starte+ re1$aci)6 $ar+ oi$ i) t;e #J@"s a)+ t;e ser-ice Aas fi)a$$< tota$$< co)-erte+ '< t;e $ate #JJ"s. E$ectricit< a)+ car'i+e Facet<$e)e 6asG starte+ to re1$ace Berose)e aro&)+ t;e t&r) of t;e !"t; ce)t&r<.d#e T;e &se of t;e $atter Aas 1ro(ote+ '< t;e Da$|) $i6;t* A;ic; a&to(atica$$< $it t;e $a(1 at )i6;tfa$$ a)+ e,ti)6&is;e+ it at +aA). o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$
a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : 5ar c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@#
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e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este &) t&r)* o c$/+ire sa& a$ta str&ct&r/ fo$osit/ 1e)tr& a e(ite $&(i)/ fo$osi)+ siste(&$ $/(1i$or e$ectrice sa&* 0) trec&t* foc&$ c& sco1&$ +e a a7&ta 0) )a-i6a%ie (ariti(/. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 Di) fr. phare8 $at. pharus8 it. &aro 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Lighthouse ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : t&r) care e(ite $&(i)a B. SINONIME : 6;i+ Fa$ )a-e$orG $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. 5arurile se af$/ 1e coaste$e 1eric&$oase* -/rs/ri$e si6&re $a 1ort&ri* 0) a1ro1rierea 'a)c&ri$or +e )isi1* etc !. 5arurile 1ot a7&ta si $a )a-i6a%ia aeria)/ FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: N&(/r&$ &arurilor +esc;ise a sc/2&t rece)t +i) ca&2a i)tro+&cerii siste(e$or e$ectro)ice +e )a-i6are $a )a-e. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
)+a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Li!esto(: (arrier c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 As t;e )a(e s&66ests* is a $ar6e s;i1 &se+ i) t;e $i-e e,1ort of s;ee1* catt$e a)+ 6oats. T;e< are s1ecia$$< '&i$t )eA or co)-erte+ fro( co)tai)er s;i1s. f. NOTA BENE : Sea6oi)6 -esse$s (o+ifie+ or 1&r1ose4'&i$t for t;e tra)s1ortatio) of $i-e a)i(a$s. S&'7ect to a11ro1riate re6&$atio)* $i-e a)i(a$s (a< 'e tra)s1orte+ as 1art of t;e car6o o) -ario&s c$asses of s;i1. T;at 1artic&$ar (et;o+ of tra)s1ortatio) is (ore co((o) o) s;ort sea
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crossi)6s Fe.6. ferriesG a)+ &s&a$$< i)-o$-es re$ati-e$< s(a$$ )&('ers of a)i(a$s. Li-estocB carriers are t;ose s;i1s* A;ic; s1ecia$ise e,c$&si-e$< i) t;e tra)s1ortatio) of $ar6e )&('ers of $i-e a)i(a$s to6et;er Ait; t;eir re=&ire(e)ts for t;e -o<a6e. Ffoo+* Aater* saA+&st 'e++i)6* (e+icatio)* etc.G. Vo<a6es o) $i-estocB carriers 6e)era$$< $ast fro( t;ree +a<s to t;ree to fo&r AeeBs. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 4 ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o(i)a$ 6r&1 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a s;i1 for a)i(a$s B. SYNONYMS : 'oat* -esse$ $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Vario&s s1ecies ;a-e 'ee) tra)s1orte+ i) t;is Aa<* '&t '< far t;e (ost )&(ero&s are t;e +o(esticate+ 'ree+s of s;ee1 a)+ catt$e. D&ri)6 t;e $atter ;a$f of t;e tAe)tiet; ce)t&r<* (i$$io)s of s;ee1 a)+ (a)< t;o&sa)+s of catt$e Aere tra)s1orte+ o) li!esto(: (arriers. Ot;er +o(esticate+ s1ecies A;ic; ;a-e 'ee) tra)s1orte+* t;o&6; i) s(a$$er )&('ers* i)c$&+e ;orses* ca(e$s* +eer* 6oats a)+* o) at $east o)e occasio)* ostric;es. T;e tra)s1ortatio) of $i-e fis;* o) s(a$$ s1ecia$ise+ -esse$s* is a si(i$ar tra+e A;ic; ;as +e-e$o1e+ i) associatio) Ait; fis; far(i)6 Natio)a$ a&t;orities A;ic; 1er(it t;e e,1ort or i(1ort of $i-e a)i(a$s* re6&$ate a)+ (o)itor t;e s;i1s a)+ t;e associate+ as1ects of t;e tra+e -er< c$ose$<. !. Li!esto(: (arriers carr< (ore creA (e('ers t;a) co)-e)tio)a$ car6o s;i1s of a si(i$ar si2e. E,1erie)ce+ stocB(e) are a) esse)tia$ 1art of t;e creA. T;e tota$ )&('er of stocB(e) re=&ire+ -aries accor+i)6 to t;e )&('er of a)i(a$s a)+ a$so +e1e)+s o) factors s&c; as t;e arra)6e(e)t of t;e $i-estocB 1e)s a)+ t;e e,te)t of a&to(ate+ s<ste(s i)sta$$e+ for fee+i)6 a)+ Aateri)6. FAAA.s;i11i)6ti(es.co.&BG (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: D&ri)6 t;e $ast t;ree +eca+es of t;e tAe)tiet; ce)t&r< t;ere Aas a 1ro6ressi-e tre)+ toAar+s $ar6e -esse$s carr<i)6 6reater )&('ers of a)i(a$s. Prior to t;at* a si6)ifica)t $i(itatio) ;a+ 'ee) fres; Aater stora6e ca1acit< o) s;i1s. To (ai)tai) co)+itio)* a-era6e si2e+ catt$e re=&ire at $east fort< $itres of Aater 1er ;ea+ 4 1er +a<. S;ee1 re=&ire at $east fo&r $itres 1er ;ea+ 4 1er +a<. De-e$o1(e)ts i) Aater 1ro+&ctio) tec;)o$o6< Fsa$t Aater e-a1orators or re-erse4os(osis s<ste(sG e-e)t&a$$< $e+ to li!esto(: (arriers Ait; e=&i1(e)t ca1a'$e of 1ro+&ci)6 &1 to I"" to))es of fres; Aater 1er +a<. S;ee1 a)+ catt$e a$so re=&ire fo++er a(o&)ti)6 to at $east !M of t;eir 'o+< Aei6;t 1er +a<. Li-estocB carriers are re=&ire+ to carr< s&fficie)t fee+st&ffs for t;e (a,i(&( $e)6t; of t;e -o<a6e 1$&s a+e=&ate reser-es for e(er6e)cies. VMe+i&(V si2e+ -esse$s Ait; ca1acit< for a'o&t 9"*""" to >"*""" s;ee1 4 For 9""" to >""" ;ea+ of catt$eG 4 are a co((o) si2e for t;is t<1e of s;i1. HoAe-er* +&ri)6 t;e $ast tAo +eca+es
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of t;e tAe)tiet; ce)t&r< t;ere Aere a s(a$$ )&('er of s;ee1 carriers A;ic; ;a+ ca1acit< for #9"*""" s;ee1. T;ere Aere at $east tAo ot;er $ar6e $i-estocB carriers A;ic; s1ecia$ise+ i) co('i)e+ car6oes of catt$e a)+ s;ee1. O)e ;a+ ca1acit< for a'o&t @*""" catt$e 1$&s @"*""" s;ee1 a)+ t;e ot;er co&$+ carr< #>*""" catt$e 1$&s !"*""" s;ee1. I) !""@ t;e $i-estocB carrier UDe)e' Pri(aU Aas $oa+i)6 car6oes a(o&)ti)6 to !"*""" catt$e 1$&s !""" s;ee1. T;e )&('ers +etai$e+ a'o-e are o)$< 6e)era$ i)+icatio)s. T;e s1ace a$$ocate+ to a)i(a$s o) $i-estocB carriers is officia$$< re6&$ate+ accor+i)6 to t;eir si2e a)+ Aei6;t ra)6es. Lar6er a)+ ;ea-ier a)i(a$s are a$$ocate+ 1ro1ortio)ate$< (ore s1ace 1er ;ea+. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$
),a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Mariner c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a 1erso) A;o )a-i6ates Aater4'or)e -esse$s or assists i) t;eir o1eratio)* (ai)te)a)ce* or ser-ice. T;e ter( ca) a11$< to 1rofessio)a$ (ari)ers* (i$itar< 1erso))e$* a)+ recreatio)a$ sai$ors as Ae$$ as a 1$et;ora of ot;er &ses f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 $ate #9c.* fro( A)6$o4Fr. (ari)er* O.Fr. (ari)ier* fro( M.L. (ari)ari&s* fro( L. (ari)&s. Ear$ier a)+ for $o)6 (ore co((o) t;a) sai$or. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Marinar ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a 1erso) AorBi)6 o)'oar+ a sea46oi)6 s;i1 B. SYNONYMS : sai$or* )a-i6ator* sea(a) $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Professio)a$ /ariners ;o$+ a -ariet< of 1rofessio)s a)+ ra)Bs A;ic; are fair$< sta)+ar+* Ait; t;e e,ce1tio) of s$i6;t )a(i)6 +iffere)ces aro&)+ t;e Aor$+. Co((o) cate6ories '< +e1art(e)t i)c$&+e t;e DecB +e1art(e)t* t;e E)6i)eeri)6 +e1art(e)t* a)+ t;e SteAar+Vs +e1art(e)t. Mari)ers ca) a$so 'e cate6ori2e+ '< stat&s as a se)ior $ice)se+ (ari)ers or &)$ice)se+ (ari)ers. !. Mariners s1e)+ e,te)+e+ 1erio+s at sea. Most +ee14sea (ari)ers are ;ire+ for o)e or (ore -o<a6es t;at $ast for se-era$ (o)t;s. T;ere is )o 7o' sec&rit< after t;at. T;e $e)6t; of ti(e 'etAee) -o<a6es -aries '< 7o' a-ai$a'i$it< a)+ 1erso)a$ 1refere)ce. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G
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(. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: A )&('er of 1rofessio)a$ /ariners ;a-e $eft t;e i)+&str< a)+ $e+ )oteAort;< $i-es i) t;e )a-a$ ser-ices or o) t;e s;ore. For e,a(1$e* Traia) B/sesc&* starte+ ;is career as a t;ir+ (ate i) #H@I a)+ is )oA t;e Presi+e)t of Ro(a)ia. Art;&r P;i$$i1 7oi)e+ t;e Merc;a)t Na-< i) #@?# a)+ 9@ <ears $ater fo&)+e+ S<+)e<* A&stra$ia. Merc;a)t (ari)er Do&6$ass Nort; Ae)t fro( sea(a) to )a-i6ator to Ai) t;e #HH9 No'e$ Pri2e i) Eco)o(ics. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Marinar c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Persoa)/ care face 1arte +i) ec;i1a7&$ &)ei )a-e (ariti(eL 1ersoa)/ care 0i face ser-ici&$ (i$itar $a (ari)/. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 ,arin3 X s&f. Nar F(ari)a 4 K Di) fr. /arin G 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Mariner ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : o( care $&crea2a 1e o )a-a B. SINONIME : (ate$ot* (atro2 $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. U) /arinar t&rc* ce efect&a $&crari +e s&+&ra 1e &) ta)c 1etro$ier +i) Port&$ Co)sta)ta* +&(i)ica )oa1tea* a fost $o-it $a ca1 +e o '&te$ie c& o,i6e). B&te$ia s4a +es1ri)s +i) $oc&$ i) care era fi,ata si $4a ra)it 1e (ari)ar&$ i) -arsta +e !@ +e a)i* i)for(ea2a Rea$itatea TV. FAAA.2iare.co(G !. Viata +e /arinar ofera satisfactii 1rofesio)a$e si (ateria$e* i)sa este 1er(a)e)t e,1&sa risc&ri$or. FAAA1(ari)arul1co,' (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a
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). COMETARIU: Cati-a /arinari ai State$or U)ite +i) a$ +oi$ea ra2'oi (o)+ia$* a& 7&cat ro$&ri +est&$ +e c&)osc&te i) te$e-i2i&)e. Lista ii i)c$&+e 1e Mi$'&r) Dr<s+a$e care a 7&cat i) The $everly :ill"illies* Arc;ie B&)Ber i) All in the Fa,ily* Co$&('o i) olu,"o* i( RocBfor+ i) The Rockfor# Files* Ste-e McGarret i) :a!aii Five&<* U)c$e esse D&Be i) The (ukes of :a??ar# si C;e<e))e Bo+ie i) heyenne. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
)-a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Mines"eeper c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a s(a$$ )a-a$ Aars;i1 +esi6)e+ to co&)ter t;e t;reat 1ose+ '< )a-a$ (i)es. Mi)esAee1ers 6e)era$$< +etect t;e) )e&tra$i2e (i)es i) a+-a)ce of ot;er )a-a$ o1eratio)s. f. NOTA BENE : I) Britai) )a-a$ $ea+ers reco6)i2e+ 'efore t;e o&t'reaB of Cor$+ Car I t;at t;e +e-e$o1(e)t of sea (i)es Aas a t;reat to t;e )atio)Vs s&11$< a)+ 'e6a) efforts to co&)ter t;e t;reat. Sir Art;&r Ci$so) )ote+ t;e rea$ t;reat of t;e ti(e Aas '$ocBa+e ai+e+ '< (i)es a)+ )ot i)-asio). T;e f&)ctio) of t;e fis;i)6 f$eetVs traA$ers Ait; t;eir traA$ 6ear Aas reco6)i2e+ as ;a-i)6 a )at&ra$ co))ectio) Ait; (i)e c$eara)ce. A TraA$er Sectio) of t;e Ro<a$ Na-< Reser-e 'eca(e t;e 1re+ecessor of t;e (i)e sAee1i)6 forces Ait; s1ecia$$< +esi6)e+ s;i1s a)+ e=&i1(e)t to fo$$oA. T;ese reser-e TraA$er Sectio) fis;er(e) a)+ t;eir traA$ers Aere acti-ate+* s&11$ie+ Ait; (i)e 6ear* rif$es* &)ifor(s a)+ 1a< as t;e first (i)esAee1ers.d#e T;e +e+icate+* 1&r1ose4'&i$t (i)esAee1er first a11eare+ +&ri)6 Cor$+ Car I Ait; t;e F$oAer4c$ass (i)esAee1i)6 s$oo1. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 4 ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a s;i1 B. SYNONYMS : 'oat* -esse$ $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : # Mines"eepers are e=&i11e+ Ait; (ec;a)ica$ or i)f$&e)ce sAee1s to +eto)ate (i)es. T;e (o+er) (i)esAee1er is +esi6)e+ to re+&ce t;e c;a)ces of it +eto)ati)6 (i)es itse$fL it is so&)+1roofe+ to re+&ce its aco&stic si6)at&re a)+ ofte) co)str&cte+ &si)6 Aoo+* 6$ass4rei)force+ 1$astic FGRPG or )o)4ferro&s (eta$* or is +e6a&sse+ to re+&ce its (a6)etic si6)at&re.
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!. T;e /ines"eeper +iffers fro( a (i)e;&)terL t;e (i)e;&)ter acti-e$< +etects a)+ )e&tra$ises i)+i-i+&a$ (i)es. Mi)esAee1ers are i) (a)< cases co(1$e(e)tar< to (i)e;&)ters* +e1e)+i)6 o) t;e o1eratio) a)+ t;e e)-iro)(e)tL a (i)esAee1er is* i) 1artic&$ar* 'etter s&ite+ to c$eari)6 o1e)4Aater areas Ait; $ar6e )&('ers of (i)es. Bot; Bi)+s of s;i1s are co$$ecti-e$< ca$$e+ (i)e co&)ter(eas&re -esse$s FMCMVG* a ter( a$so a11$ie+ to a -esse$ t;at co('i)es 'ot; ro$es. T;e first s&c; s;i1 Aas HMS +ilton* a$so t;e first Aars;i1 to 'e co)str&cte+ fro( 6$ass4rei)force+ 1$astic. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Mec;a)ica$ sAee1s are +e-ices +esi6)e+ to c&t t;e a)c;ori)6 ca'$es of (oore+ (i)es* a)+ 1refera'$< attac; a ta6 to ;e$1 t;e s&'se=&e)t $oca$i2atio) a)+ )e&tra$i2atio). T;e< are toAe+ 'e;i)+ t;e /ines"eeper* a)+ &se a toAe+ 'o+< Fe.6. oro1esa* 1ara-a)eG to (ai)tai) t;e sAee1 at t;e +esire+ +e1t; a)+ 1ositio). I)f$&e)ce sAee1s are e=&i1(e)t* ofte) toAe+* t;at e(&$ate a 1artic&$ar s;i1 si6)at&re* t;ere'< ca&si)6 a (i)e to +eto)ate. T;e (ost co((o) s&c; sAee1s are (a6)etic a)+ aco&stic 6e)erators. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$
).a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Motor6oat c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a 'oat A;ic; is 1oAere+ '< a) e)6i)e. f. NOTA BENE : A$t;o&6; t;e ScreA 1ro1e$$er ;a+ 'ee) a++e+ to a) e)6i)e Fstea( e)6i)eG as ear$< as t;e #Jt; ce)t&r< i) Bir(i)6;a(* E)6$a)+ '< a(es Catt* t;e 1etro$ e)6i)e o)$< ca(e a'o&t i) t;e $ater 1art of t;e #Ht; ce)t&r<* at A;ic; 1oi)t Fre+ericB Ci$$ia( La)c;ester reco6)i2e+ t;e 1ote)tia$ of co('i)i)6 t;e tAo co(1o)e)ts to create t;e first a$$ Britis; 1oAer'oat* teste+ i) O,for+ E)6$a)+ t;e 1oAer'oat Aas 'or). Late i) t;at sa(e 1erio+ fis;er(e) i) Sa) Fra)cisco Aere 'ei)6 tra)sfor(i)6 t;eir fe$&ccas i)to ear$< -ersio)s of t;e Mo)tere< c$i11er* a$so B)oA) $oca$$< as put&puts. La)c;ester 'e6a) to fi)+ t;e co)f$ict 'etAee) ;is 7o' as AorBs (a)a6er a)+ ;is researc; AorB irBso(e. T;erefore* i) #JH9* ;e resi6)e+ ;is 1ositio) i) fa-o&r of ;is <o&)6er 'rot;er Geor6e. At a'o&t t;e sa(e ti(e* ;e 1ro+&ce+ a seco)+ e)6i)e si(i$ar i) +esi6) to ;is 1re-io&s o)e '&t r&))i)6 o) 'e)2e)e J"" r.1.(. A) i(1orta)t 1art of ;is )eA e)6i)e Aas t;e re-o$&tio)ar< car'&rettor* for (i,i)6 t;e f&e$ a)+ air correct$<. His i)-e)tio) Aas B)oA) as a AicB car'&rettor* 'eca&se f&e$ Aas +raA) i)to a series of AicBs* fro( A;ere it Aas -a1o&ri2e+. He 1ate)te+ t;is i)-e)tio) i) #H"?. La)c;ester i)sta$$e+ ;is )eA 1etro$ e)6i)e i) a f$at4'otto(e+ $a&)c;* A;ic; t;e e)6i)e +ro-e -ia a ster) 1a++$e A;ee$. La)c;ester '&i$t t;e $a&)c; i) t;e 6ar+e) of ;is ;o(e i) O$to)*
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CarAicBs;ire. T;e 'oat Aas $a&)c;e+ at Sa$terZs s$i1Aa< i) O,for+ i) #H">* a)+ Aas t;e first (otor'oat '&i$t i) Britai). 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Salupa ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a 'oat B. SYNONYMS : -esse$ $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. So(e /otor6oats are fitte+ Ait; i)'oar+ e)6i)es* ot;ers ;a-e a) o&t'oar+ (otor i)sta$$e+ o) t;e rear* co)tai)i)6 t;e i)ter)a$ co('&stio) e)6i)e* t;e 6ear'o, a)+ t;e 1ro1e$$er i) o)e 1orta'$e &)it. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Motor6oats -ar< 6reat$< i) si2e a)+ co)fi6&ratio)* fro( t;e >4(eter* o1e) Bosto) C;a$er t<1e to t;e $&,&r< (e6a4<ac;ts ca1a'$e of crossi)6 a) ocea). o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Salupa c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este o +e)&(ire 6e)eric/ a t&t&ror a('arca%i&)i$or 1&)tate* c& $&)6i(ea 18)/ $a !" (* a&to1ro1&$sate 1ri) (otor. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 K Di) fr. (haloupe. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Motor6oat ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : 'arca c& (otor
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B. SINONIME : -as $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. D&1/ +esti)a%ie* Aalupele 1ot fi: 4 (i$itare 4 a$e 1o$i%iei +e fro)tier/ 4 sa)itare 4 1e)tr& a6re(e)t (ariti(* f$&-ia$ 5i +e a1e i)terioare )a-i6a'i$e FAeDicon ,ariti, engle?&ro,On* E+. ftii)%ific/* B&c&re5ti* #H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Or+i)&$ )r. >#@ +i) !" (artie !""! 1e)tr& a1ro'area Re6&$a(e)t&$&i 1ri-i)+ o'%i)erea certificate$or i)ter)a%io)a$e +e co)+&c/tor +e a('arca%i&)e +e a6re(e)t* P&'$icat 0) Mo)itor&$ Oficia$ c& )&(/r&$ 9"I +i) +ata +e H (ai !""!* 1re-e+e* 0)tre a$te$e* c/ 1ersoa)e$e care +esf/5oar/ acti-it/%i co(ercia$e +e a6re(e)t a& o'$i6a%ia s/ asi6&re co)+&cerea a('arca%i&)i$or +e a6re(e)t 1e care $e &ti$i2ea2/ 1e)tr& aceste acti-it/%i +e c/tre o 1ersoa)/ care tre'&ie s/ 1ose+e &) certificat +e ca1acitate* +&1/ c&( &r(ea2/: aG 1e)tr& )a-e$e care )a-i6;ea2/ 0) a1e$e (ariti(e: certificat +e co)+&c/tor +e Aalup> (ariti(/L 'G 1e)tr& )a-e$e care )a-i6;ea2/ 0) a1e$e i)terioare: certificat +e co)+&c/tor +e Aalup> f$&-ia$/. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
*0a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Mast c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a ta$$* -ertica$* or )ear -ertica$* s1ar* or arra)6e(e)t of s1ars* A;ic; s&11orts t;e sai$s. Lar6e s;i1s ;a-e se-era$ (asts* Ait; t;e si2e a)+ co)fi6&ratio) +e1e)+i)6 o) t;e st<$e of s;i1. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 U$o)6 1o$e o) a s;i1 to s&11ort t;e sai$*U O.E. (Wst* fro( P.G(c. \(asta2 Fcf. O.N. (astr* D&.* Ger. (astG* fro( PIE \(a2+os Ua 1o$e* ro+U Fcf. L. (a$&s U(ast*U O.Ir. (ata) Uc$&'*U Ir. (ai+e Ua sticB*U O.C.S. (ost& U'ri+6eUG. T;e si)6$e (ast of a) o$+ s;i1 Aas t;e 'o&)+ar< 'etAee) =&arters of officers a)+ creA* ;e)ce 'efore t;e (ast i) t;e tit$e of Da)aVs 'ooB* etc. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Catarg ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2
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i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : (ast B. SYNONYMS : $o)6 1o$e $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. U)ti$ t;e !"t; ce)t&r<* s;i1sV /asts Aere Aoo+e). Ori6i)a$$<* t;e< Aere for(e+ fro( si)6$e 1iece of ti('er* t<1ica$$< t;e tr&)Bs of fir trees. Fro( t;e #It; ce)t&r<* s;i1s Aere ofte) '&i$t of a si2e re=&iri)6 (asts ta$$er a)+ t;icBer t;a) co&$+ 'e (a+e fro( si)6$e tree tr&)Bs. O) t;ese $ar6er s;i1s* to ac;ie-e t;e re=&ire+ ;ei6;t* t;e (asts Aere '&i$t fro( &1 to fo&r sectio)s Fa$so ca$$e+ (astsG* B)oA) i) or+er of risi)6 ;ei6;t a'o&t t;e +ecBs as t;e $oAer* to1* to16a$$a)t a)+ ro<a$ (asts. Gi-i)6 t;e $oAer sectio)s s&fficie)t t;icB)ess )ecessitate+ '&i$+i)6 t;e( &1 fro( se1arate 1ieces of Aoo+. S&c; a sectio) Aas B)oA) as a (a+e (ast* as o11ose+ to sectio)s for(e+ fro( si)6$e 1ieces of ti('er* A;ic; Aere B)oA) as 1o$e (asts. !. Most t<1es of s;i1s Ait; tAo /asts Ao&$+ ;a-e a (ai)4(ast a)+ a s(a$$er (i22e)4(ast* a$t;o&6; 'ot; 'ri6s a)+ tAo4(aste+ sc;oo)ers i)stea+ carr< a fore4(ast a)+ (ai)4(ast. O) a tAo4(aste+ -esse$ Ait; t;e (ai)(ast forAar+ a)+ a (&c; s(a$$er seco)+ (ast* s&c; as a Betc;* or 1artic&$ar$< a <aA$* t;e ter(s ,i??en a)+ Pigger are s<)o)<(o&s. FAAA.'$&eAatersai$i)6.co(G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Fro( t;e (i+ #HH"s raci)6 <ac;ts i)tro+&ce+ t;e &se of car'o) fi're a)+ ot;er co(1osite (ateria$s to co)str&ct /asts Ait; e-e) 'etter stre)6t;4to4Aei6;t ratios. Car'o) fi're (asts co&$+ a$so 'e co)str&cte+ Ait; (ore 1recise$< e)6i)eere+ aero+<)a(ic 1rofi$es. Mo+er) (asts for( t;e $ea+i)6 e+6e of a sai$Vs airfoi$ a)+ te)+ to ;a-e a tear+ro14s;a1e+ cross4sectio). O) s(a$$er raci)6 <ac;ts a)+ cata(ara)s* t;e (ast rotates to t;e o1ti(&( a)6$e for t;e sai$Vs airfoi$. If t;e (ast ;as a $o)6* t;i) cross4sectio) a)+ (aBes &1 a si6)ifica)t area of t;e airfoi$* it is ca$$e+ a Ai)64(astL 'oats &si)6 t;ese ;a-e a s(a$$er sai$ area to co(1e)sate for t;e $ar6er (ast area. O) (o+er) Aars;i1s* t;e (ast sti$$ e,ists '&t +oes )ot ser-e t;e 1&r1ose of ;o$+i)6 sai$s* si)ce a$$ (o+er) Aars;i1s are e)6i)e41oAere+. I)stea+* t;e (ast ser-es as a (o&)ti)6 1oi)t for ra+ar a)+ te$eco((&)icatio) a)te))as. T;is is 'e)eficia$ 'eca&se 6e)era$$<* t;e ;i6;er a) a)te))a is (o&)te+* t;e fart;er its ra)6e. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Catarg c. ID TARA : RO
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+. SURSA : Le,ico) (arti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@# e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este o co$oa)/ (asi-/ +e $e() sa& +e (eta$* fi,at/ +e car$i)6a ce)tra$/ a )a-ei* 0) 1o2i%ie -ertica$/ sa& &5or 0)c$i)at/ s1re 1&1a* a-8)+ ro$&$ s/ s&s%i)/: $a -e$iere 4 -er6i$e 5i -e$e$eL $a )a-e$e c& (a5i)i 4 'i6i$e +e 0)c/rcare* a)te)e$e ra+io 5i +e ra+io$oca%ie* i)sta$a%ia +e se()a$i2are o1tic/ 5i $&(i)i$e +e +r&( $a o cora'ie. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 CA%ERNNG Pge n. St8$1 -ertica$ (o)tat 1e o )a-/ 1e)tr& a s&si)e -e$e$e i i)sta$aii$e +e se()a$i2areL ar'ore. .^)6r. katQrti 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Mast ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (arti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : catar6e B. SINONIME : sta$1 +e s&sti)ere $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Pe)tr& fi,area (atargelor Far'ori$orG* 1e )a-/ este co)str&it &) eta('re& +e ar'ore. !. Bar'a4Nea6ra si4a +e2-o$tat o re1&tatie teri'i$a +e o1ort&)ist cr&+ si i)s1ai(a)tator. Do()ia sa i)c&)&)ata +e teroare s4a ce)trat i) 7&r&$ I)+ii$or +e Vest si 1e coasta at$a)tica a A(ericii +e Nor+* a-a)+ se+i&$ atat i) Ba;a(as* cat si Caro$i)a +e Nor+. Sfarsit&$ $&i a -e)it $a sfarsit&$ $&i )oie('rie #@#J* ca)+ $ocote)e)t&$ 'rita)ic Ro'ert Ma<)ar+ $4a +eca1itat si i4a s1a)2&rat ca1&$ +e (atargul )a-ei sa$e ca &) trofe& ;i+os. FAAA.'&c&restico)str&ct.roG (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: _) a)&$ #@HJ* Na1o$eo) Bo)a1arte i)-a+ase E6i1t&$. _) aceast/ ca(1a)ie* fra)ce2ii (o'i$i2ea2/ a1roa1e toat/ f$ota +e care +is1&)ea&: #9 -ase +e $i)ie 5i (ai (&$te fre6ate. Ne$so)* 0('arcat $a 'or+&$ -as&$&i HMS Va)6&ar+* 1$eac/ 0) &r(/rirea )a-e$or fra)ce2e. F&rt&)a care a $o-it f$ota 'rita)ic/ a 2/+/r)icit &r(/rirea. Na-e$e fra)ce2e )& se (ai 2/rea&L (atargul )a-ei HMS Va)6&ar+ f&sese 6ra- a-ariat iar ti(1&$ era +e 1artea fra)ce2i$or. Re1ar8)+ catar6&$ r&1t* Ne$so) a 1$ecat 0) &r(/rirea fra)ce2i$or 5i a 6/sit f$ota $&i Na1o$eo) asc&)s/ 0) Go$f&$ A'& Dir* 0) a1ro1ierea A$e,a)+riei. Atac&$ 1ri) s&r1ri)+ere co)+&s +e Ne$so) a f/c&t ca +i)tre #9 )a-e fra)ce2e* ## s/ a7&)6/ 1e f&)+&$ (/rii sa& s/ fie ca1t&rate +e e)6$e2i. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
*1a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN
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'. ENTRY : 4arro"6oat c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a 'oat of a +isti)cti-e +esi6)* (a+e to fit t;e )arroA ca)a$s of E)6$a)+ a)+ Ca$es f. NOTA BENE : I) t;e co)te,t of Britis; I)$a)+ CaterAa<s* U)arroA 'oatU refers to t;e ori6i)a$ AorBi)6 'oats '&i$t i) t;e #Jt;* #Ht;* a)+ !"t; ce)t&ries for carr<i)6 6oo+s o) t;e narro! canals FA;ere $ocBs a)+ 'ri+6e ;o$es Ao&$+ ;a-e a (i)i(&( Ai+t; of @ feet F!.# (GG. T;e ter( is e,te)+e+ to (o+er) U)arroA'oatsU &se+ for recreatio) a)+ occasio)a$$< as ;o(es* A;ose +esi6) is a) i)ter1retatio) of t;e o$+ 'oats for (o+er) 1&r1oses a)+ (o+er) (ateria$s. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 4 ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a 'oat B. SYNONYMS : +isti)cti-e -esse$ $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;e Be< +isti)6&is;i)6 feat&re of a narro"6oat is its Ai+t;: it (&st 'e )o (ore t;a) @ feet F!.#9 (G Ai+e to )a-i6ate t;e Britis; )arroA ca)a$s. So(e o$+ 'oats are -er< c$ose to t;is $i(it Fofte) '&i$t @ feet #.! i)c; or s$i6;t$< Ai+erG* a)+ ca) ;a-e tro&'$e &si)6 $ocBs t;at are )ot =&ite as Ai+e as t;e< s;o&$+ 'e 'eca&se of s&'si+e)ce. Mo+er) 'oats are &s&a$$< I feet #" i)c;es F!."J (G Ai+e to 6&ara)tee eas< 1assa6e e-er<A;ere. !. T;e first AorBi)6 narro"6oats 1$a<e+ a Be< 1art i) t;e eco)o(ic c;a)6es acco(1a)<i)6 t;e Britis; I)+&stria$ Re-o$&tio). T;e< Aere Aoo+e) 'oats +raA) '< a ;orse Aa$Bi)6 o) t;e ca)a$ toA1at; $e+ '< a creA (e('er* ofte) a c;i$+. NarroA'oats Aere c;ief$< +esi6)e+ for carr<i)6 car6o* t;o&6; t;ere Aere so(e 1acBet 'oats* carr<i)6 1asse)6ers* $etters* a)+ 1arce$s. F9arro!"oats* To( C;a1$i)8 C;ittet BooBs* #H@JG (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Mo+er) narro"6oats are &se+ for a))&a$ ;o$i+a<s* AeeBe)+ 'reaBs or as 1er(a)e)t resi+e)ces. Us&a$$<* t;e< ;a-e stee$ ;&$$s a)+ a stee$ s&1erstr&ct&re* '&t A;e) t;e< Aere first 'ei)6 +e-e$o1e+ for $eis&re &se i) t;e #H@"s 6$ass re4i)force+ 1$astic Ffi're4 6$assG or ti('er Aas ofte) &se+ for t;e s&1erstr&ct&res. T;e< are &s&a$$< 1oAere+ '< (o+er) +iese$ e)6i)es* a)+ are fitte+ i)si+e to a ;i6; sta)+ar+. T;ere Ai$$ 'e at $east I feet F#.J (G i)ter)a$ ;ea+roo(* a)+ si(i$ar +o(estic faci$ities as a s(a$$ $a)+Aar+ ;o(e: ce)tra$ ;eati)6*
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f$&s; toi$ets* s;oAer or e-e) 'at;* fo&r4ri)6 ;o's* o-e)* 6ri$$* (icroAa-e o-e)* a)+ refri6eratorL =&ite a feA a$so ;a-e sate$$ite te$e-isio) a)+ (o'i$e 'roa+'a)+ -ia t;e &se of 9G 'roa+'a)+ tec;)o$o6<. E,ter)a$$<* t;eir rese('$a)ce to tra+itio)a$ 'oats ca) -ar< fro( a fait;f&$ i(itatio) Ffa$se Uri-etsU* a)+ co1ies of tra+itio)a$ 1ai)tAorBG t;ro&6; Ui)ter1retatio)U Fc$ea) $i)es a)+ si(1$ifie+ 1ai)tAorBG t;ro&6; to a free4st<$e a11roac; A;ic; +oes )ot tr< to 1rete)+ i) a)< Aa< t;at t;is is a tra+itio)a$ 'oat. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$
*$a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : O(ean c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a (a7or 'o+< of sa$i)e Aater* a)+ a 1ri)ci1a$ co(1o)e)t of t;e ;<+ros1;ere. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 $ate #9c.* fro( O.Fr. occea) F#!c.G* fro( L. ocea)&s* fro( GB. oBea)os* t;e 6reat ri-er or sea s&rro&)+i)6 t;e +isB of t;e Eart; Fas o11ose+ to t;e Me+iterra)ea)G* of &)B)oA) ori6i). Perso)ifie+ as Ocea)&s* so) of Ura)&s a)+ Gaia a)+ ;&s'a)+ of Tet;<s. I) ear$< ti(es* A;e) t;e o)$< B)oA) $a)+ (asses Aere E&rasia a)+ Africa* t;e ocea) Aas a) e)+$ess ri-er t;at f$oAe+ aro&)+ t;e(. U)ti$ c.#I?"* co((o)$< ocea) sea* tra)s$ati)6 L. (are ocea)&(. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : O(ean ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : -er< $ar6e 'o+< of Aater B. SYNONYMS : +ee1 Aater $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. A11ro,i(ate$< @#M of t;e Eart;Vs s&rface F}9.I# Y #"#> (!G is co-ere+ '< o(ean* a co)ti)&o&s 'o+< of Aater t;at is c&sto(ari$< +i-i+e+ i)to se-era$ 1ri)ci1a$ ocea)s a)+ s(a$$er seas. !. T;e o(ean ;as a si6)ifica)t effect o) t;e 'ios1;ere. Ocea)ic e-a1oratio)* as a 1;ase of t;e Aater c<c$e* is t;e so&rce of (ost rai)fa$$* a)+ ocea) te(1erat&res +eter(i)e c$i(ate a)+ Ai)+ 1atter)s t;at affect $ife o) $a)+. Life Ait;i) t;e ocea) e-o$-e+ 9 'i$$io) <ears 1rior to $ife o) $a)+. Bot; t;e +e1t; a)+ +ista)ce fro( s;ore stro)6$< i)f$&e)ce t;e a(o&)t a)+ Bi)+s of 1$a)ts a)+ a)i(a$s t;at $i-e t;ere.
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FMatt;ias To(c2aB a)+ . St&art Go+fre<. !""9. Regional <ceanography* an 5ntro#uction.G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Geo$o6ica$$<* a) o(ean is a) area of ocea)ic cr&st co-ere+ '< Aater. Ocea)ic cr&st is t;e t;i) $a<er of so$i+ifie+ -o$ca)ic 'asa$t t;at co-ers t;e Eart;Vs (a)t$e. Co)ti)e)ta$ cr&st is t;icBer '&t $ess +e)se. Fro( t;is 1ers1ecti-e* t;e eart; ;as t;ree ocea)s: t;e Cor$+ Ocea)* t;e Cas1ia) Sea* a)+ B$acB Sea. T;e $atter tAo Aere for(e+ '< t;e co$$isio) of Ci((eria Ait; La&rasia. T;e Me+iterra)ea) Sea is at ti(es a +iscrete ocea)* 'eca&se tecto)ic 1$ate (o-e(e)t ;as re1eate+$< 'roBe) its co))ectio) to t;e Cor$+ Ocea) t;ro&6; t;e Strait of Gi'ra$tar. T;e B$acB Sea is co))ecte+ to t;e Me+iterra)ea) t;ro&6; t;e Bos1or&s* '&t t;e Bos1oro&s is a )at&ra$ ca)a$ c&t t;ro&6; co)ti)e)ta$ rocB so(e @*""" <ears a6o* rat;er t;a) a 1iece of ocea)ic sea f$oor $iBe t;e Strait of Gi'ra$tar. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : O(ean c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Vast/ 0)ti)+ere +e a1/ s/rat/ +e 1e s&1rafaa 6$o'&$&i* +e$i(itat/ +e co)ti)e)te f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 K Di) $at. o(eanus8 6er(. O3ean8 fr. o(Qan. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : O(ean ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.ai)ostri.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : i)ti)+ere (are +e a1a B. SINONIME : a1a a+a)ca $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. A1ro,i(ati- trei sfert&ri F@#MG +i) s&1rafa%a P/(8)t&$&i este aco1erit/ +e o(eane !. Gra)i%e$e 0)tre o(eane a& fost sta'i$ite +e Or6a)i2a%ia I)ter)a%io)a$/ +e Hi+ro6rafie* astfe$ c/ Ocea)&$ A)tartic se e,ti)+e +e $a coasta A)tarcticii 18)/ $a I" +e 6ra+e $atit&+i)e s&+ic/.
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FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: O(eanele s&)t ese)%ia$e 1e)tr& tra)s1ort* o (are 1arte +i) '&)&ri$e tra)s1ortate 0) $&(e s&)t c& a7&tor&$ )a-e$or 0)tre 1ort&ri. Ca)a$e i(1orta)te i)c$&+ Ca)a$&$ Pa)a(a 5i Ca)a$&$ S&e2. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
*'a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : O(ean liner c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a s;i1 +esi6)e+ to tra)s1ort 1eo1$e fro( o)e sea1ort to a)ot;er a$o)6 re6&$ar $o)64+ista)ce (ariti(e ro&tes accor+i)6 to a sc;e+&$e. f. NOTA BENE : Ocea) $i)ers Aere t;e 1ri(ar< (o+e of i)terco)ti)e)ta$ tra-e$ for o-er a ce)t&r<* fro( t;e (i+4#Ht; ce)t&r< &)ti$ t;e< 'e6a) to 'e s&11$a)te+ '< air$i)ers i) t;e #HI"s. I) a++itio) to 1asse)6ers* $i)ers carrie+ (ai$ a)+ car6o. S;i1s co)tracte+ to carr< Britis; Ro<a$ Mai$ &se+ t;e +esi6)atio) RMS. Li)ers Aere a$so t;e 1referre+ Aa< to (o-e 6o$+ a)+ ot;er ;i6;4-a$&e car6oes.d!e T;e '&siest ro&te for $i)ers Aas o) t;e Nort; At$a)tic Ait; s;i1s tra-e$$i)6 'etAee) E&ro1e a)+ Nort; A(erica. It Aas o) t;is ro&te t;at t;e fastest* $ar6est a)+ (ost a+-a)ce+ $i)ers tra-e$$e+. B&t A;i$e i) co)te(1orar< 1o1&$ar i(a6i)atio) t;e ter( Uocea) $i)ersU e-oBes t;ese tra)sat$a)tic s&1er$i)ers* (ost ocea) $i)ers ;istorica$$< Aere (i+4si2e+ -esse$s A;ic; ser-e+ as t;e co((o) carriers of 1asse)6ers a)+ frei6;t 'etAee) )atio)s a)+ a(o)6 (ot;er co&)tries a)+ t;eir co$o)ies a)+ +e1e)+e)cies i) t;e 1re47et a6e. S&c; ro&tes i)c$&+e+ E&ro1e to Africa) a)+ Asia) co$o)ies* E&ro1e to So&t; A(erica* a)+ (i6ra)t traffic fro( E&ro1e to Nort; A(erica i) t;e )i)etee)t; a)+ first tAo +eca+es of t;e tAe)tiet; ce)t&ries* a)+ to Ca)a+a a)+ A&stra$ia after t;e Seco)+ Cor$+ Car. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Pa(he6ot ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a -esse$ B. SYNONYMS : s;i1* 'oat $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS :
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#. O(ean liners are &s&a$$< stro)6$< '&i$t Ait; a ;i6; free'oar+ to Ait;sta)+ ro&6; seas a)+ a+-erse co)+itio)s e)co&)tere+ i) t;e o1e) ocea)* ;a-i)6 $ar6e ca1acities for f&e$* -ict&a$s* a)+ ot;er stores for co)s&(1tio) o) $o)6 -o<a6es. !. T;e 1erio+ 'etAee) t;e e)+ of t;e #Ht; ce)t&r< a)+ Cor$+ Car II is co)si+ere+ t;e U6o$+e) a6eU of o(ean liners. Dri-e) '< stro)6 +e(a)+ create+ '< E&ro1ea) e(i6ratio) to t;e U)ite+ States a)+ Ca)a+a* i)ter)atio)a$ co(1etitio) 'etAee) 1asse)6er $i)es a)+ a )eA e(1;asis o) co(fort* s;i11i)6 co(1a)ies '&i$t i)creasi)6$< $ar6er a)+ faster s;i1s. FMa,to)e4Gra;a(* o;)L k&ee) Mar< !: T;e Greatest Ocea) Li)er of O&r Ti(e*B&$$fi)c; Press* NeA YorB !"">.G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Before Cor$+ Car II* aircraft ;a+ )ot 'ee) a ;&6e t;reat to o(ean liners. Most 1re4Aar aircraft Aere )ois<* cra(1e+ a)+ -&$)era'$e to 'a+ Aeat;er* feA ;a+ t;e ra)6e )ee+e+ for tra)socea)ic f$i6;ts* a)+ a$$ Aere e,1e)si-e a)+ ;a+ a s(a$$ 1asse)6er ca1acit<. HoAe-er* Cor$+ Car II acce$erate+ t;e +e-e$o1(e)t of aircraft. Fo&r4e)6i)e+ 'o('ers s&c; as t;e A-ro La)caster a)+ Boei)6 B4!H* Ait; t;eir $o)6 ra)6e a)+ (assi-e carr<i)6 ca1acit<* Aere a )at&ra$ 1rotot<1e for a )e,t46e)eratio) air$i)er. et aircraft tec;)o$o6< a$so acce$erate+ after t;e +e-e$o1(e)t of 7et aircraft for (i$itar< &se i) Cor$+ Car II. I) #H?9* t;e De Ha-i$$a)+ Co(et 'eca(e t;e first co((ercia$ 7et air$i)erL t;e S&+ A-iatio) Cara-e$$e* Boei)6 @"@ a)+ Do&6$as DC4J fo$$oAe+. T;e Michelangelo a)+ Raffaello* '&i$t i) #HI! a)+ #HI9 for t;e Ita$ia) Li)e* Aere tAo of t;e $ast ocea) $i)ers to 'e '&i$t 1ri(ari$< for $i)er ser-ice across t;e Nort; At$a)tic as* i) t;e #HI"s* air$i)es 6ra+&a$$< tooB o-er t;e '&si)ess for(er$< +o)e '< s;i1s. B< t;e ear$< #H@"s* 1asse)6er s;i1s Aere 'ei)6 &se+ a$(ost e,c$&si-e$< for cr&isi)6. After t;e e)+ of t;e $ar6e4sca$e 1asse)6er4$i)er '&si)ess* (a)< s;i1s co)ti)&e+ i) &se as cr&ise s;i1sL as of !""9 a s(a$$ )&('er of for(er $i)ers Aere sti$$ i) ser-ice. A feA (ore* s&c; as t;e Bueen Mary* are sti$$ af$oat '&t 1er(a)e)t$< +ocBe+ a)+ &se+ for ot;er 1&r1oses Ti) t;e case of t;e Bueen Mary* as a (&se&( s;i1. O)e of t;e feA 1asse)6er s;i1s occasio)a$$< &se+ o) sc;e+&$e+ $i)e -o<a6es is C&)ar+Vs Bueen Mary 2 A;ic; re1$ace+ t;e $i)eVs Bueen 6li?a"eth 2 o) t;e tra)sat$a)tic ro&te i) !"">. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Pa(he6ot c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 este +e)&(irea &)&i ti1 +e )a-/ (i,t/* +e 1asa6eri* 1o5t/ 5i (/rf&ri* &ti$i2at/ 1e o $i)ie re6&$at/ c& +o&/ sa& (ai (&$te 1ort&ri 5i c& iti)erar fi,.
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f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 De)&(irea 1ro-i)e +i) fra)%&2esc&$ pa%ue"ot* care $a r8)+&$ s/& este +eri-at +i) $i('a e)6$e2/* +e $a &) ti1 +e )a-/ care 1&rta )&(e$e +e packet "oat sa& packet ship* c& se)s&$ +e i)a-/ 1o5ta$/R. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : O(ean liner ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : )a-a (i,ta B. SINONIME : -a1or $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. U)e$e pa(he6oturi +eser-esc $i)ii $&)6i* ocea)ice 5i a& caracter 1re+o(i)a)t +e )a-e +e 1asa6eri. _) sec&)+ar tra)s1ort/ 1o5t/ 5i ca)tit/%i re+&se +e (/rf&ri 6e)era$e. !. U) pa(he6ot este o )a-/ ra1i+/* +e (ari +i(e)si&)i* c& &) 'or+a7 0)a$t* 1roiectat 1e)tr& a face fa%/ co)+i%ii$or -itre6e +i) $ar6&$ ocea)e$or. FAAA.ro.AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Pa(he6otul Free+o( of t;e Seas 1oate 1ri(i $a 'or+&$ sa& >9@? +e 1asa6eri si #9I? +e (e('ri ai ec;i1a7&$&i. Vas&$ +e $&, 1reia +e $a k&ee) Mar< ! tit$&$ +e ce$ (ai (are 1ac;e'ot +i) $&(e. S&1rafata sa i(1resio)a)ta* +e 99H ( $&)6i(e si ?I ( $ati(e* ec;i-a$ea2a c& !? +e tere)&ri +e fot'a$. I) 1$&s* -as&$ are o i)a$ti(e +e @! +e (etri. Pri)tre )&(eroase$e atractii a$e Free+o( of t;e Seas se af$a &) 'a2i) c& -a$&ri artificia$e 1e)tr& 1ractica)tii +e s&rf* &) 1erete +e esca$a+are 1e)tr& i&'itorii (&)te$&i* &) 1ati)oar si o 6a$erie co(ercia$a. Free+o( of t;e Seas )&4si -a 1astra i)sa 1e)tr& (&$t ti(1 tit$&$ +e ce$ (ai (are 1ac;e'ot +i) $&(e. La sfarsit&$ a)&$&i !""H* &) co$os +e !!" +e (ii +e to)e* Ge)esis* ca1a'i$ sa tra)s1orte ?>"" +e 1asa6eri* -a fi si e$ 6ata sa4si ri+ice a)cora. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
*)a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Pontoon c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a f$at4'otto(e+ 'oat or t;e f$oats &se+ to s&11ort a str&ct&re o) Aater.
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f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 #I@I* fro( Fr. 1o)too)* fro( M.Fr. 1o)to)* fro( L. 1o)to)e( F)o(. 1o)toG Uf$at4'otto(e+ 'oat*U fro( 1o)s U'ri+6e.U Po)too) 'ri+6e is first recor+e+ #@@J. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Ponton ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a f$at4'otto(e+ 'oat B. SYNONYMS : 'oat* craft $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Pontoon 'oats 6e)era$$< are $oA cost a)+ $ess e,1e)si-e to i)s&re t;a) a )or(a$ 'oat* e-e) A;e) e=&i11e+ Ait; e)6i)es of o-er !"" ;1. T;eir s;a$$oA +raft* &s&a$$< a'o&t JU* a$so re+&ces +a(a6e fro( s&'(er6e+ co$$isio)s a)+ 'ei)6 r&) a6ro&)+. As s&c;* t;e< are t;e (ost 1o1&$ar -esse$ st<$e for re)ta$ o1eratio)s o) US fres;Aater AaterAa<s. T;e< are a$so 1o1&$ar Ait; 1art<6oers. T;e< a$so offer t;e $ar6est -a$&e i) ter(s of ca1acit< to 1rice. As a res&$t 1o)too)s are t<1ica$$< 1&rc;ase+ for 1$eas&re 'oati)6 rat;er t;a) serio&s fis;i)6d !. Pontoon 'oats are a$so &se+ as s(a$$ -e;ic$e ferries to cross ri-ers a)+ $aBes i) (a)< 1arts of t;e Aor$+* es1ecia$$< i) Africa. Po)too) ferries (a< 'e (otorise+* s&c; as t;e Da2&)6&$a Ferr< across t;e 3a('e2i Ri-er* or 1oAere+ '< a)ot;er 'oat* or 1&$$e+ '< ca'$es. A t<1e of ferr< B)oA) as t;e ca'$e ferr< Fca$$e+ V1&)tsV i) A&stra$ia a)+ NeA 3ea$a)+G 1&$$ t;e(se$-es across a ri-er &si)6 a (otor or ;&(a) 1oAer a11$ie+ to t;e ca'$e* A;ic; a$so 6&i+es t;e 1o)too). Po)too) 'oat +esi6)ers )ee+ to co)si+er t;e 1o)too) effect. FAAA.Aeeres.co(G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: T;e #H?! i)-e)tio) of t;e pontoon (otor'oat i) t;e USA is cre+ite+ to a far(er A;o $i-e+ o) t;e Horses;oe C;ai) of LaBes* )ear Ric;(o)+* Mi))esota. A('rose Ceeres ;a+ t;e i+ea to 1&t a Aoo+e) 1$atfor( o) to1 of tAo co$&()s of stee$ 'arre$s Ae$+e+ to6et;er e)+ to e)+* t;ere'< creati)6 a st&r+< +ecB t;at Ao&$+ 'e (ore sta'$e o) a $aBe t;a) Ao&$+ a co)-e)tio)a$ 'oat. T;is i+ea 1ro-e+ to 'e correct. As ;e $i-e+ i) t;e U$a)+ of #"*""" $aBes*U Ceeres t;o&6;t t;is i+ea (i6;t ;a-e so(e 1ote)tia$ to 'e (arBete+. He starte+ o&t '< '&i$+i)6 a feA 'oats a)+ so$+ t;e( Ait; t;e ;e$1 of se$ect +ea$ers. He )a(e+ ;is first 'oat UT;e E(1ress.U Ceeres +i+ )ot rea$i2e at first ;oA 1o1&$ar t;ese 'oats Ao&$+ =&icB$< 'eco(e. He co&$+)Vt Bee1 &1 (aBi)6 t;e(* so ;e starte+ ;is oA) co(1a)<* Ceeres I)+&stries. So(e ti(e $ater* A('rose Ceeres* )oA ca$$e+ UMr. Po)too)*U Aas e$ecte+ to t;e Mi))esota Mari)a Ha$$ of Fa(e. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$
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a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Ponton c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6e$24ro(a).#H@# e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este o co)str&c%ie 1$&titoare (eta$ic/* +i) $e() sa& co(1o2it* c& f&)+&$ 1$at* 1&)tea 1$a)/ Ff/r/ se$at&r/G* c& sec%i&)ea tra)s-ersa$/ +re1t&)6;i&$ar/. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 PO4%G48 pontoane, s.). 1 A('arcaie* +e o'icei fi,/* care s&si)e o i)sta$aie &)+e acostea2/ )a-e$e. $ Vas f/r/ (otor i f/r/ 1&)te* care se re(orc;ea2/ $a &) -as c& (otor i c& care se tra)s1ort/ (/rf&ri$e +i)tr4&) 1ort sa& se a)corea2/ 'asti(e)te$e (ai (ari. K Di) fr. ponton 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Pontoon ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6e$24ro(a).#H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : 'arca +i) (eta$ sa& $e() c& f&)+&$ 1$at B. SINONIME : a('arcati&)e $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #.Pontonul este +e re6&$/ )e1ro1&$sat. Se &ti$i2ea2/ ca 1$atfor(/ $a 0)c/rcarea 5i +esc/rcarea )a-e$or care )& o1erea2/ $a c;e&. Dotat c& 6r&ie sa& (acara$e se fo$ose5te $a $&cr/ri ;i+rote;)ice. FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(8)* E+. ftii)%ific/* B&c&re5ti* #H@#G !. U)&$ +i)tre ce$e +o&/ 1o+&ri +e 1o)toa)e care face $e6/t&r/ 0)tre fa$e2a r8&$&i M&re5 5i i)trarea 0) ftra)+&$ Ne1t&) +i) (&)ici1i&$ Ara+ s4a r&1t* (ar%i* +i) ca&2a s$oi&ri$or +e 6;ea%/ care s4a& for(at 0) a-a$* 1e o $&)6i(e +e c8te-a s&te +e (etri. FAAA.rea$itatea.)etG (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: U) ponton +e tra)s1ort F'acG este &) (i7$oc 1$&titor 1ort&ar c& 1&)te 1$atfor(/* fo$osit 1e)tr& tra)s1ort&$ (/rf&ri$or +e $a )a-/ $a c;e& 5i i)-ers. De5i )& are (i7$oace +e 1ro1&$sie* tot&5i 0) &)e$e %/ri este co)si+erat ca )a-/ +i) 1&)ct +e -e+ere 7&ri+ic. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
**a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN
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'. ENTRY : Port c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a faci$it< for recei-i)6 s;i1s a)+.or tra)sferri)6 car6o. It is &s&a$$< fo&)+ at t;e e+6e of a) ocea)* sea* ri-er* or $aBe f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 U6ateAa<*U O.E.* fro( O.Fr. 1orte U6ate* e)tra)ce*U fro( L. 1orta U6ate* +oor*U fro( PIE 'ase \1er4 L officia$$< so '< A+(ira$t< or+er of #J>> a)+ U.S. Na-< De1art(e)t )otice of #J>I. Fi6. se)se U1$ace of ref&6eU is atteste+ fro( #>!IL 1;rase a)< 1ort i) a stor( first recor+e+ #@>H. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Port ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co(
i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : 1$ace for 'oat +ocBi)6* traffic* a)+ stora6e B. SYNONYMS : ref&6e* ;ar'or $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;e 'est ports ;a-e +ee1 Aater i) c;a))e$s or 'ert;s* a)+ 1rotectio) fro( t;e Ai)+ a)+ Aa-es. !. A 1rere=&isite for a port is a ;ar'or Ait; Aater of s&fficie)t +e1t; to recei-e s;i1s A;ose +raft Ai$$ a$$oA 1assa6e i)to a)+ o&t of t;e ;ar'or. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Ports so(eti(es fa$$ o&t of &se. R<e* East S&sse, Aas a) i(1orta)t E)6$is; 1ort i) t;e Mi++$e A6es* '&t t;e coast$i)e c;a)6e+ a)+ it is )oA ! (i$es F9.! B(G fro( t;e sea* A;i$e t;e 1orts of Ra-e)s1&r) a)+ D&)Aic; ;a-e 'ee) $ost to coasta$ erosio). A$so i) t;e U)ite+ Di)6+o(* Lo)+o)* t;e Ri-er T;a(es Aas o)ce a) i(1orta)t i)ter)atio)a$ 1ort* '&t c;a)6es i) s;i11i)6 (et;o+s* s&c; as t;e &se of co)tai)ers a)+ $ar6er s;i1s* 1&t it at a +isa+-a)ta6e. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Port
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c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este* 0) 6e)era$* &) $oc a+/1ostit 0) care )a-e$e se 1ot ref&6ia 1e f&rt&)/ 5i 1ot sta%io)a 0) si6&ra)%/. C& ti(1&$ 0)s/ ter(e)&$ a c/1/tat &) se)s (ai $ar6* i+e)tific8)+&4se c& sfera (ai c&1ri)2/toare a )o%i&)ii i1ortU* +atorit/ fa1t&$&i c/ 1e $8)6/ a+/1ostire* )a-e$e a& trec&t 5i $a o1era%i&)i +e 0)c/rcare. +esc/rcare. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 Di) fr. port8 it. porto 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Port ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : 1ort B. SINONIME : ref&6i& $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Mari$e porturi (o+er)e a& a(e)a7ate 0) ra+/ estaca+e s1ecia$e +e o1erare 1e a+8)ci(i (ari a 1etro$iere$or 6i6a)t 5i a (i)era$iere$or +e (are to)a7. !. E,ti)+erea 5i 6ra+&$ +e a(e)a7are a teritori&$&i &)&i port (ariti( (o+er)* +e1i)+e +e i(1orta)%a acest&ia 0) eco)o(ia )a%io)a$/* c8t 5i ca )o+ +e co(&)ica%ii (ariti(e 5i +e trafic 1e 1$a) co)ti)e)ta$ sa& (o)+ia$. Vo$&(&$ 5i -arietatea (/rf&ri$or trafic&$&i 1ort&ar* 1rec&( 5i )i-e$&$ +e2-o$t/rii eco)o(ice a %/rii sa& re6i&)ii +eser-ite* +eter(i)/ a(1$oarea f&)c%ii$or sa$e 1ri)ci1a$e. Port&$ (ariti( (o+er) 5i4a e,ti)s teritori&$* %i)8)+ sea(a +e 5a)tiere$e +e co)str&c%ie 5i re1ara%ie a )a-e$or 5i +e -asta i)+&stria$i2are a 1ort&$&i. FOr6a)i2area S1ati&$&i Port&ar41ort&$ Mariti( Mo+er)* AAA.scri'+.co(G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: _)tr4&) port 'i)e or6a)i2at s&1rastr&ct&ri$e 1ort&are +e tra)s'or+are 5i tra)2itare a (/rf&ri$or $a +a)e 5i 0) i)ci)t/* co)stit&ie &) factor ;ot/r8tor 0) f&)c%io)a$itatea 5i eficie)%a 1ort&$&i. Aceste s&1rastr&ct&ri co)sta& +i) i)sta$a%ii +e tra)s'or+are 5i +e tra)s1ort +e 1e fro)t&$ +e o1erare a$ teritori&$&i 1ort&ar* c8t 5i +i) a)sa('$&$ +e &)it/%i s1ecia$i2ate* sit&ate i(e+iat 0)a1oia fro)t&$&i +e 1erare +esti)ate s/ fac/ $e6/t&ra )e(i7$ocit/ c& i)sta$a%ii$e +e 1e c;ei&ri care asi6&r/ &) f$&, rit(ic 0) a('e$e se)s&ri. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
*+a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN
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'. ENTRY : Ri!er c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a )at&ra$ Aaterco&rse* &s&a$$< fres;Aater* f$oAi)6 toAar+ a) ocea)* a $aBe* a sea or a)ot;er ri-er f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 c.#9""* fro( O.Fr. ri-iere* fro( V.L. \ri1aria Uri-er'a)B* seas;ore* ri-erU Fcf. S1. ri'era* It. ri-ieraG* )o&) &se of fe(. of L. ri1ari&s Uof a ri-er'a)BU 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Rau ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : AaterAa< B. SYNONYMS : Aater $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. A ri!er is 1art of t;e ;<+ro$o6ica$ c<c$e. Cater Ait;i) a ri-er is 6e)era$$< co$$ecte+ fro( 1reci1itatio) t;ro&6; s&rface r&)off* 6ro&)+Aater rec;ar6e* s1ri)6s* a)+ t;e re$ease of store+ Aater i) )at&ra$ ice a)+ s)oA1acBs !. Ri!ers ;a-e 'ee) &se+ as a so&rce of Aater* for o'tai)i)6 foo+* for tra)s1ort* as a +efe)si-e (eas&re* as a so&rce of ;<+ro1oAer to +ri-e (ac;i)er<* for 'at;i)6* a)+ as a (ea)s of +is1osi)6 of Aaste. FL&)a B. Leo1o$+ F#HH>G. A @ie! of the River. Har-ar+ U)i-ersit< PressG (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: A ri!er f$oAi)6 i) its c;a))e$ is a so&rce of e)er6< A;ic; acts o) t;e ri-er c;a))e$ to c;a)6e its s;a1e a)+ for(. Accor+i)6 to Bra;(Vs $aA Fso(eti(es ca$$e+ Air<Vs $aAG* t;e (ass of o'7ects t;at (a< 'e f$oA) aAa< '< a ri-er is 1ro1ortio)a$ to t;e si,t; 1oAer of t;e ri-er f$oA s1ee+. T;&s* A;e) t;e s1ee+ of f$oA i)creases tAo ti(es* it ca) tra)s1ort I> ti(es $ar6er Fi.e.* (ore (assi-eG o'7ects.d9e I) (o&)tai)o&s torre)tia$ 2o)es t;is ca) 'e see) as erosio) c;a))e$s t;ro&6; ;ar+ rocBs a)+ t;e creatio) of sa)+s a)+ 6ra-e$s fro( t;e +estr&ctio) of $ar6er rocBs. I) U4s;a1e+ 6$aciate+ -a$$e<s* t;e s&'se=&e)t ri-er -a$$e< ca) ofte) easi$< 'e i+e)tifie+ '< t;e V4s;a1e+ c;a))e$ t;at it ;as car-e+. I) t;e (i++$e reac;es A;ere t;e ri-er (a< f$oA o-er f$atter $a)+* (ea)+ers (a< for( t;ro&6; erosio) of t;e ri-er 'a)Bs a)+ +e1ositio) o) t;e i)si+e of 'e)+s. So(eti(es t;e ri-er Ai$$ c&t off a $oo1* s;orte)i)6 t;e c;a))e$ a)+ for(i)6 a) o,'oA $aBe or 'i$$a'o)6. Ri-ers t;at carr< $ar6e a(o&)ts of se+i(e)t (a< +e-e$o1 co)s1ic&o&s +e$tas at t;eir (o&t;s* if co)+itio)s 1er(it. Ri-ers A;ose (o&t;s are i) sa$i)e ti+a$ Aaters (a< for( est&aries.
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o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Rau c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 A1/ c&r6/toare F1er(a)e)t/G for(at/ +i) &)irea (ai (&$tor 18raie i care se -ars/ 0)tr4&) f$&-i&* 0) a$t r8&* 0)tr4&) $ac etc f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie K Di) $at. ri!us 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Ri!er ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : a1a c&r6atoare B. SINONIME : a1a c&rata $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Ori6i)ea rRului se )&(e5te i2-or. A+8)cit&ra 1ri) care c&r6e r8&$ se )&(e5te a$'ia r8&$&i F-a$eG* iar r8&$ 1oate s/ se -erse fie 0)tr4&) a$t r8& sa& f$&-i& Fca af$&e)tG* fie 0)tr4 &) $ac* 0)tr4o (are sa& 0)tr4&) ocea). !. Se co)si+er/ rRuri 5i 18raie to%i c&re)%ii +e a1/* care c&r6 (ai (&$t +e I $&)i 1e a) 0) a$'ia 1e care 5i4a& for(at4o +e $a i2-or 18)/ 0) +e$t/* c& e,ce1%ia i2-oare$or +e 1e 1a)te. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)e ). COMETARIU: A)&(ite rRuri care c&r6 s1re o 2o)/ ari+/ F+e5ertG )& se -ars/ )ic/ieri* e-a1or8)+&4se 18)/ s/ a7&)6/ $a +esti)a%ie. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
*,a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : RMS Tita)ic FRo<a$ Mai$ Stea(erG
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c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.tita)ic4)a&tica$.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Cas a) O$<(1ic4c$ass 1asse)6er $i)er oA)e+ '< t;e C;ite Star Li)e a)+ Aas '&i$t at t;e Har$a)+ a)+ Co$ff s;i1<ar+ i) Be$fast* Ire$a)+. At t;e ti(e of ;er co)str&ctio)* s;e Aas t;e $ar6est 1asse)6er stea(s;i1 i) t;e Aor$+. f. NOTA BENE : T;e Tita)ic Aas '&i$t at t;e Har$a)+ a)+ Co$ff s;i1<ar+ i) Be$fast* a)+ +esi6)e+ to co(1ete Ait; t;e ri-a$ C&)ar+ Li)eVs L&sita)ia a)+ Ma&reta)ia. T;e Tita)ic* a$o)6 Ait; ;er O$<(1ic4c$ass sisters* t;e O$<(1ic a)+ t;e soo)4to4'e4'&i$t Brita))ic FA;ic; Aas to 'e ca$$e+ Gi6a)tic at firstG* Aere i)te)+e+ to 'e t;e $ar6est* (ost $&,&rio&s s;i1s e-er to o1erate. T;e +esi6)ers Aere Lor+ Ci$$ia( Pirrie*d@e a +irector of 'ot; Har$a)+ a)+ Co$ff a)+ C;ite Star* )a-a$ arc;itect T;o(as A)+reAs* Har$a)+ a)+ Co$ffVs co)str&ctio) (a)a6er a)+ ;ea+ of t;eir +esi6) +e1art(e)t*dJe a)+ A$e,a)+er Car$is$e* t;e s;i1<ar+Vs c;ief +ra&6;ts(a) a)+ 6e)era$ (a)a6er.dHe Car$is$eVs ro$e i) t;is 1ro7ect Aas t;e +esi6) of t;e s&1erstr&ct&re of t;ese s;i1s* 1artic&$ar$< t;e s&1erstr&ct&resV strea($i)e+ 7oi)i)6 to t;e ;&$$sdcitatio) )ee+e+e as Ae$$ as t;e i(1$e(e)tatio) of a) efficie)t $ife'oat +a-it +esi6). Car$is$e Ao&$+ $ea-e t;e 1ro7ect i) #H#"* 'efore t;e s;i1s Aere $a&)c;e+* A;e) ;e 'eca(e a s;are;o$+er i) Ce$i) Da-it y E)6i)eeri)6 Co(1a)< Lt+* t;e fir( (aBi)6 t;e +a-its. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : RMS %itani( FRo<a$ Mai$ Stea(er4Vas 1osta$ re6a$G ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.tita)ic4)a&tica$.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o(i)a$ 6ro&1 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : t;e $ar6est 1asse)6er stea(s;i1 i) t;e Aor$+. B. SYNONYMS : a s;i1* a -esse$ $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;e %itani( Aas +esi6)e+ '< so(e of t;e (ost e,1erie)ce+ e)6i)eers* a)+ &se+ so(e of t;e (ost a+-a)ce+ tec;)o$o6< a-ai$a'$e at t;e ti(e. It Aas 1o1&$ar$< 'e$ie-e+ to ;a-e 'ee) &)si)Ba'$e.dIe It Aas a 6reat s;ocB to (a)< t;at* +es1ite t;e e,te)si-e safet< feat&res* t;e Tita)ic sa)B. T;e fre)2< o) t;e 1art of t;e (e+ia a'o&t Tita)icVs fa(o&s -icti(s* t;e $e6e)+s a'o&t t;e si)Bi)6* t;e res&$ti)6 c;a)6es to (ariti(e $aA* a)+ t;e +isco-er< of t;e ArecB ;a-e co)tri'&te+ to t;e co)ti)&i)6 i)terest i)* a)+ )otoriet< of* t;e Tita)ic. !. Co)str&ctio) of RMS %itani(* f&)+e+ '< t;e A(erica) .P. Mor6a) a)+ ;is I)ter)atio)a$ Merca)ti$e Mari)e Co.* 'e6a) o) 9# Marc;* #H"H. Tita)icVs ;&$$ Aas $a&)c;e+ o) 9# Ma< #H##* a)+ ;er o&tfitti)6 Aas co(1$ete+ '< 9# Marc; t;e fo$$oAi)6 <ear. S;e Aas JJ! feet H i)c;es F!IH.# (G $o)6 a)+ H! feet " i)c;es F!J." (G Ai+e*d9e Ait; a 6ross re6ister to))a6e of >I*9!J $o)6 to)s a)+ a ;ei6;t fro( t;e Aater $i)e to t;e 'oat +ecB of ?H feet F#J (G. S;e Aas e=&i11e+ Ait; tAo reci1rocati)6 fo&r4c<$i)+er* tri1$e4e,1a)sio) stea( e)6i)es a)+ o)e $oA41ress&re Parso)s t&r'i)e* A;ic; co('i)e+ +ro-e t;ree 1ro1e$$ers. T;ere Aere !H 'oi$ers fire+ '< #?H coa$ '&r)i)6 f&r)aces t;at (a+e 1ossi'$e a to1 s1ee+ of !9 B)ots F>9 B(.;L !I (1;G. O)$< t;ree of t;e fo&r I! feet F#H (G f&))e$s Aere f&)ctio)a$: t;e fo&rt;*
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A;ic; ser-e+ o)$< for -e)ti$atio) 1&r1oses* Aas a++e+ to (aBe t;e s;i1 $ooB (ore i(1ressi-e. T;e s;i1 co&$+ carr< a tota$ of 9*?>@ 1asse)6ers a)+ creA. FL<)c;* Do)a$+ a)+ Marsc;a$$* De). Titanic* An 5llustrate# :istory H<1erio)* #HH?G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: S;ort$< 'efore (i+)i6;t o) #> A1ri$ #H#!* fo&r +a<s i)to t;e s;i1Vs (ai+e) -o<a6e* %itani( str&cB a) ice'er6 a)+ sa)B tAo ;o&rs a)+ fort< (i)&tes $ater* ear$< o) #? A1ri$ #H#!. T;e si)Bi)6 res&$te+ i) t;e +eat;s of #*?#@ of t;e !*!!9 1eo1$e o) 'oar+* (aBi)6 it o)e of t;e +ea+$iest 1eaceti(e (ariti(e +isasters i) ;istor<. T;e ;i6; cas&a$t< rate Aas +&e i) 1art to t;e fact t;at* a$t;o&6; co(1$<i)6 Ait; t;e re6&$atio)s of t;e ti(e* t;e s;i1 +i+ )ot carr< e)o&6; $ife'oats for e-er<o)e a'oar+. T;e s;i1 ;a+ a tota$ $ife'oat ca1acit< of #*#@J 1eo1$e* a$t;o&6; ;er (a,i(&( ca1acit< Aas 9*?>@. A +is1ro1ortio)ate )&('er of (e) +ie+ +&e to t;e Ao(e) a)+ c;i$+re) first 1rotoco$ t;at Aas fo$$oAe+. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : RMS %itani( FRo<a$ Mai$ Stea(er4Vas 1osta$ re6a$G c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ro.AiBi1e+ia.or6 e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 A fost ce$ (ai (are -as +i) $&(e 18)/ $a (o(e)t&$ sc&f&)+/rii sa$e. f. NOTA BENE : Tita)ic a fost co)str&it $a 5a)tiere$e Har$a)+ a)+ Co$ff +i) Be$fast 5i a fost co)ce1&t 1e)tr& a 1&tea co)c&ra c& )a-e$e co(1a)iei ri-a$e FC&)ar+G* Ausitania 5i Mauretania* c&)osc&te ca fii)+ ce$e (ai ra1i+e +e 1e Ocea)&$ At$a)tic. Tita)ic* 0(1re&)/ c& O$<(1ic 5i Brita))ic F+e)&(it/ i)i%ia$ )iganticG tre'&ia& s/ fie ce$e (ai (ari 5i $&,oase )a-e co)str&ite -reo+at/. Tita)ic a fost 1roiectat +e +irector&$ 5a)tier&$&i )a-a$* Lor+ Pirrie* 5ef&$ +e1arta(e)t&$&i +e 1roiecte a$ 5a)tier&$&i* T;o(as A)+reAs* 5i (a)a6er&$ 6e)era$* A$e,a)+er Car$is$e. Co)str&c%ia Tita)ic&$&i a 0)ce1&t $a +ata +e 9# (artie #H"H. Na-a a fost $a)sat/ +oi a)i 5i +o&/ $&)i (ai t8r2i&* 1e +ata +e 9# (ai #H##. Ec;i1area )a-ei a fost ter(i)at/ 1e +ata +e 9# (artie a a)&$&i &r(/tor. Tita)ic a-ea !I""*# +e (etri $&)6i(e 5i 9? +e (etri $/%i(e. To)a7&$ -as&$&i era +e >I.9!J +e to)e 5i o 0)/$%i(e +e $a )i-e$&$ +e 1$&tire 18)/ $a 1&)tea 1ri)ci1a$/ +e #J (etri. P&tea ati)6e o -ite2/ (a,i(/ +e ># +e B(.;. Doar trei +i) ce$e 1atr& co5&ri a$e sa$e +e #H (etri 0)/$%i(e era& f&)c%io)a$e* a$ 1atr&$ea fii)+ fo$osit 1e)tr& -e)ti$a%ie. Tita)ic&$ 1&tea s/ tra)s1orte &) tota$ (a,i( +e 9?>@ +e 1asa6eri 1$&s ec;i1a7. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : RMS %itani( FRo<a$ Mai$ Stea(erG ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.ro.AiBi1e+ia.or6 i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : 6r&1 )o(i)a$
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7. CONCEPT GENERIC : ce$ (ai (are -as +e 1asa6eri +i) $&(e B. SINONIME : -a1or $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. %itani(ul era co)si+erat a1o6e&$ si6&ra)%ei 1e o )a-/ 0) ca2 +e acci+e)t. A fost )&(it 1ractic i+e )esc&f&)+atR +e c/tre 1roiecta)%i. Na-a era 0(1/r%it/ 0) 5ais1re2ece co(1arti(e)te i(1er(ea'i$e +es1/r%ite 1ri) &5i eta)5e. Era 1roiectat s/ stea $a s&1rafa%/ c& 1atr& astfe$ +e 0)c/1eri i)&)+ate. Dac/ se &(1$ea& c& a1/ (ai (&$te +e 1atr& co(1arti(e)te* -as&$ se sc&f&)+a.I) a)&$ #H#! i) +ata +e #> a1ri$ie ora ##:>" (otoare$e re)&(it&$&i -as 1or)esc s1re NeA YorB far/ a fi a7&tat +e re(orc;ere. !. La -re(ea $&i* %itani(ul era +e )ee6a$at 0) $&,. Oferea o 1isci)/* sa$/ +e 6i()astic/ 5i s1ort* '/i t&rce5ti* o 'i'$iotec/ 5i &) tere) +e Us=&as;U.d#e Ca(ere$e +e 2i +e $a c$asa 0)t8i era& 1$acate c& $e() sc&(1* (o'i$/ 5i a$te +ecora%i&)i e$e6a)te. _) 1$&s* cafe)ea&a 1ari2ia)/ oferea o '&c/t/rie foarte a6rea'i$/ 1e)tr& 1asa6erii c$asei 0)t8i. Co)+i%ii$e +e $a c$ase$e a II4a 5i a III4a era& (ai '&)e +ec8t 1e a$te )a-e a$e -re(ii. Tita)ic&$ a-ea 1atr& asce)soare 1e)tr& 1asa6erii +e $a c$asa 0)t8i. FAAA.ro.AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: RMS %itani( FRo<a$ Mai$ Stea(er4Vas 1osta$ re6a$G a fost &) (are 1ac;e'ot care s4a cioc)it c& &) ais'er6 5i s4a sc&f&)+at 0) #H#!. A$ +oi$ea +i) trio4&$ +e is&1er4)a-eR Fa$/t&ri +e RMS O$<(1ic 5i HMHS Brita))icG co)ce1&te 1e)tr& a oferi fiecare c8te o c&rs/ s/1t/(8)a$/ 5i 1e)tr& a +o(i)a afacerea tra)sat$a)tic/ +i)tre So&t;a(1to) 5i NeA YorB 0) i)teres&$ co(1a)iei C;ite Star Li)e. Co)str&it $a 5a)tiere$e Har$a)+ a)+ Co$ff +i) Be$fast* Tita)ic a fost ce$ (ai (are -as +i) $&(e 18)/ $a (o(e)t&$ sc&f&)+/rii sa$e. _) ti(1&$ c/$/toriei i)a&6&ra$e FSo&t;a(1to)* A)6$ia* a1oi C;er'o&r6* Fra)%a* k&ee)stoA)* Ir$a)+a c& +esti)a%ia NeA YorBG* s4a cioc)it c& &) ais'er6 $a ##:>" PM* 0) 2i&a +e +&(i)ic/* #> a1ri$ie #H#!. Vas&$ s4a sc&f&)+at 0) +o&/ ore 5i 7&(/tate* +&1/ ce s4a r&1t 0) +o&/ $a ora !:!" AM F#? a1ri$ie #H#!G. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
*-a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Roadstead c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 S;e$tere+ a)c;ora6e A;ere s;i1s (a< a)c;or a)+ ri+e safe$<
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f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< K &)B)oA) 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Rada ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : 1$ace for stori)6 'oats i) t;e Aater B. SYNONYMS : 1ort* +ocB $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;e roadstead is a) e)c$ose+ area Ait; a) o1e)i)6 to t;e sea* )arroAer t;a) a 'a< or 6&$f. !. T;e roadstead ;as a s&rface t;at ca))ot 'e co)f&se+ Ait; a) est&ar< FAAA. e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: It ca) 'e create+ artificia$$< '< 7etties or +iBes. Nat&ra$ roadsteads offer s;e$ter fro( stor(s a)+ are fre=&e)t$< &se+ for )a-a$ 'ases. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Rada c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 S&1rafa%a +e a1/ +e $8)6/ coast/* sit&at/ 0) fa%a &)&i 1ort* &)&i 6o$f sa& a &)ei '/i a1/rate* +esti)at/ sta%io)/rii )a-e$or $a a)cor/ sa& $a 6ea(a)+&r/* 0) a5te1tarea r8)+&$&i $a +a)a +e o1erare* rea1ro-i2io)are c& a1/* co('&sti'i$* e$e(e)te si (ateria$e +i-erse* o'%i)erii +oc&(e)te$or oficia$e +e tra)s1ort 5i )a-i6a%ie* ori 1e)tr& e,ec&tarea &)or re1ara%ii (ici. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie K Di) ^ fr. ra#e si it. ra#a 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Roadstead ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(8)* E+. ftii)%ific/* B&c&re5ti* #H@#
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i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : Ba2i) +e a1/ +i) a1ro1ierea &)&i 1ort* ser-i)+ $a staio)area i $a a+/1osti4rea )a-e$or B. SINONIME : a+a1ost $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. S1re a oferi si6&ra)%/ )a-e$or sta%io)ate* o rad> tre'&ie s/ fie a1/rat/* )at&ra$ sa& 1ri) $&cr/ri ;i+rote;)ice* co)tra -8)t&ri$or 5i -a$&ri$or* s/ )& ai'/ 1erico$e +e )a-i6a%ie* s/ ai'/ o a+8)ci(e s&ficie)t/* iar )at&ra f&)+&$&i s/ ofere si6&ra)%/ a)cora7&$&i* s/ 1re2i)te s&ficie)t s1a%i& +e (a)e-r/ 5i e-itare a )a-e$or 5i s/ fie accesi'i$/ 1e (ai (&$te +irec%ii s1re a 1er(ite sosirea 5i 1$ecarea )a-e$or f/r/ i(1e+i(e)te. !. Radele 1ot fi )ea+/1ostite sa& e,terioare c&( este ra+a 1ort&$&i Co)sta)%a 5i a+/1ostite sa& i)terioare* c&( este ra+a 1ort&$&i Gi'ra$tar. Ce$e )ea+/1ostite )& fac 1arte +i) ac-atori&$ 1ort&$&i. Ce$e a+/1ostite 1oart/ &)eori 5i +e)&(irea +e a-a)1ort. FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(8)* E+. ftii)%ific/* B&c&re5ti* #H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)e ). COMETARIU: Radele )at&ra$e 1ot fi a+/1ostite +e &) 5ir +e i)s&$e* +e &) 1ro(o)tori& sa& re1re2i)t/ &) 6o$f FB&r6asG. Ma7oritatea ra+e$or fo$osesc co)+i%ii$e )at&ra$e* care s&)t 0('&)/t/%ite 1ri) $&cr/ri ;i+rote;)ice e,terioare: +i6&ri +e a1/rare care a& &) ca1/t 0)castrat 0) %/r(* +i6&ri s1ar6e-a$ sit&ate s1re $ar6 f/r/ $e6/t&r/ c& &scat&$ 5i a-8)+ &) ro$ +e a1/rare 0(1otri-a -a$&ri$or 5i -8)t&ri$or +i) +irec%ia +o(i)a)t/. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
*.a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Rudder c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 A +e-ice t;at is &se+ to steer a s;i1L a co((o) t<1e ;as a -ertica$ fi) at t;e ster) a)+ a'$e to (o-e fro( 9? +e6rees 1ort to 9? +e6rees star'oar+L r&++ers are c;aracterise+ '< t;eir area* as1ect ratio* a)+ s;a1e* e.6. "alance# ru##er* se,i& "alance# ru##er* un"alance# ru##er or spa#e&type ru##erL t;e lea#ing e#ge is at t;e fore e+6e A;e) t;e s;i1 is 6oi)6 a;ea+ a)+ at t;e aft e+6e A;e) t;e s;i1 is 6oi)6 aster) f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 O.E. ro~or U1a++$e* oar*U fro( P.G(c. \rot;r&4 Fcf. O.Fris. ro+er* M.L.G. ro+er* M.D&. roe+er* D&. roer* O.H.G. r&o+ar* Ger. R&+er UoarUG* fro( \ro4 UsteerU Fsee roA F!GG X s&ffi, 4ra* &se+ to for( )e&tra$ )a(es of too$s. Mea)i)6 U'roa+* f$at
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1iece of Aoo+ attac;e+ to t;e ster) of a 'oat a)+ &se+ for steeri)6U is fro( c.#9"". S1e$$i)6 Ait; 4+4 for 4t;4 first recor+e+ #>>". 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Car/a ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a +e-ice t;at is &se+ to steer a s;i1 B. SYNONYMS : s;i1 e=&i1e(e)t $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Ofte) rudders are s;a1e+ so as to (i)i(i2e ;<+ro+<)a(ic or aero+<)a(ic +ra6. O) si(1$e Aatercraft* a ti$$er 44 esse)tia$$<* a sticB or 1o$e acti)6 as a $e-er ar( 44 (a< 'e attac;e+ to t;e to1 of t;e r&++er to a$$oA it to 'e t&r)e+ '< a ;e$(s(a). I) $ar6er -esse$s* ca'$es* 1&s;ro+s* or ;<+ra&$ics (a< 'e &se+ to $i)B r&++ers to steeri)6 A;ee$s. I) t<1ica$ aircraft* t;e r&++er is o1erate+ '< 1e+a$s -ia (ec;a)ica$ $i)Ba6es or ;<+ra&$ics. !. I) C;i)a* (i)iat&re (o+e$s of s;i1s t;at feat&re steeri)6 oars ;a-e 'ee) +ate+ to t;e 3;o& D<)ast< Fc. #"?" BC K !?I BCG. Ster) (o&)te+ rudders starte+ to a11ear o) C;i)ese s;i1 (o+e$s starti)6 i) t;e #st ce)t&r< AD. HoAe-er* t;e C;i)ese co)ti)&e+ to &se t;e steeri)6 oar $o)6 after t;e< i)-e)te+ t;e r&++er* si)ce t;e steeri)6 oar sti$$ ;a+ $i(ite+ 1ractica$ &se for i)$a)+ ra1i+4ri-er tra-e$. O)e of o$+est B)oA) +e1ictio) of a ster)4(o&)te+ r&++er i) C;i)a ca) 'e see) o) a ! ft. $o)6 to(' 1otter< (o+e$ of a 7&)B +ati)6 fro( t;e #st ce)t&r< AD* +&ri)6 t;e Ha) D<)ast< F!"! BC4!!" ADG. It Aas +isco-ere+ i) G&a)62;o& i) a) arc;eo$o6ica$ e,ca-atio) carrie+ o&t '< t;e G&a)6+o)6 Pro-i)cia$ M&se&( a)+ Aca+e(ia Si)ica of TaiAa) i) #H?J. Cit;i) +eca+es* se-era$ ot;er Ha) D<)ast< s;i1 (o+e$s feat&ri)6 r&++ers Aere fo&)+ i) arc;aeo$o6ica$ e,ca-atio)s. T;e first so$i+ Aritte) refere)ce to t;e &se of a r&++er Ait;o&t a steeri)6 oar +ates to t;e ?t; ce)t&r< FNee+;a(* ose1; F#HJIG. Scie)ce a)+ Ci-i$i2atio) i) C;i)a: Vo$&(e >* P;<sics a)+ P;<sica$ Tec;)o$o6<* Part 9* Ci-i$ E)6i)eeri)6 a)+ Na&tics. Tai1ei: Ca-es BooBs Lt+.G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Ro(a) )a-i6atio) &se+ se,i$$ie =&arter rudders A;ic; Ae)t i) t;e Me+iterra)ea) t;ro&6; a $o)6 1erio+ of co)sta)t refi)e(e)t a)+ i(1ro-e(e)t* so t;at '< Ro(a) ti(es a)cie)t -esse$s reac;e+ e,traor+i)ar< si2es.d9@e T;e stre)6t; of =&arter r&++er $a< i) its co('i)atio) of effecti-e)ess* a+a1ta'i$it< a)+ si(1$e)ess.d9@e Ro(a) =&arter r&++er (o&)ti)6 s<ste(s s&r-i-e+ (ost$< i)tact t;ro&6; t;e (e+ie-a$ 1erio+.d9@e B< t;e first ;a$f of t;e #st ce)t&r< AD* r&++ers (o&)te+ o) t;e ster) Aere a$so =&ite co((o) i) Ro(a) ri-er a)+ ;ar'o&r craft as 1ro-e+ fro( re$iefs a)+ arc;aeo$o6ica$ fi)+s F3Aa((+er+a(* Coer+e) @G. A to(' 1$a=&e of Ha+ria)ic a6e s;oAs a ;ar'o&r t&6 'oat i) Ostia Ait; a $o)6 ster)4(o&)te+ oar for 'etter $e-era6e.d9#e I)teresti)6$<* t;e 'oat a$rea+< feat&re+ a s1ritsai$* a++i)6 to t;e (o'i$it< of t;e ;ar'o&r -esse$.d9Je F&rt;er atteste+ Ro(a) &ses of ster)4(o&)te+ r&++ers i)c$&+es 'ar6es &)+er toA* tra)s1ort s;i1s for Ai)e casBs* a)+ +i-erse ot;er s;i1 t<1es.d9!ed99ed9>e A$so* t;e Ae$$4B)oA) 3Aa((er+a( fi)+* a $ar6e ri-er 'ar6e
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at t;e (o&t; of t;e R;i)e* feat&re+ a $ar6e r&++er (o&)te+ o) t;e ster).d9?ed9Ie Accor+i)6 to )eA researc;* t;e a+-a)ce+ Ne(i s;i1s* t;e 1a$ace 'ar6es of e(1eror Ca$i6&$a F9@4># ADG* (a< ;a-e feat&re+ #> ( $o)6 ster)4(o&)te+ r&++ers.d9He o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Car/a c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este &) +is1o2iti- s&' for(a &)&i 1a)o& -ertica$* artic&$at $a 1&1a* 0) 1$a)&$ +ia(etra$ a$ )a-ei* c& sco1&$ +e a4i asi6&ra 6&-er)area 5i (a)e-rarea. Poate fi (eta$ic/ sa& +i) $e() F$a )a-e$e +e $e()G. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 K Di) s$. :r@/a 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Rudder ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : +is1o2iti- 1e)tr& asi6&rarii (a)e-rarii si 6&-er)arii &)ei )a-e B. SINONIME : 1iesa i(1orta)ta $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. D&1/ (o+&$ +e fi,are +e cor1&$ )a-ei* (Rr/ele 1ot fi: aG artic&$ate 1e eta('o& F1ri) 'a$a(a$eGL 'G fi,ate 1e a,&$ 1ro1ri& Fc& c/$c0i 5i cra1o+i)/GL cG s&s1e)+ate 1e a,&$ 1ro1ri&. !. Pa)o&$* )&(it safra) sa& 1ar/ se 1ri)+e 1ri) 'a$a(a$e s1ecia$e +e eta('o&$ c8r(eiL 1ri) i)ter(e+i&$ &)ei i)sta$a%ii +e 6&-er)are* care ac%io)ea2/ as&1ra a,&$&i c8r(ei. CRr/a 1oate fi orie)tat/ 0) 'or+&ri 10)/ $a &)6;i&ri +e a1ro,i(ati- 9?`. S&1rafa%a acti-/ Fi(ers/G a safra)&$&i se ca$c&$ea2/ 0) ra1ort c& s&1rafa%a 1$a)&$&i +e +eri-/ a$ )a-ei. La (ers&$ 0)ai)te* c0)+ c8r(a este orie)tat/ 0)tr4&) 'or+ a1are o for%/ )or(a$/ 1e safra)* c& 1&)ct +e a1$ica%ie $a a1ro,i(ati- #.9T#.? +i) $/%i(ea acest&ia 5i s1re 1artea sa a)terioar/* care are ca efect 1ri)ci1a$ 6irarea )a-ei 0) 'or+&$ 0) care s4a 1&s c8r(a 5i ca efect sec&)+ar re+&cerea -ite2ei )a-ei. FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(8)* E+. ftii)%ific/* B&c&re5ti* #H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a
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). COMETARIU: Pe)tr& (ic5orarea re2iste)%ei $a 0)ai)tarea )a-ei se co)str&iesc (Rr/e s1ecia$e c& safra) ;i+ro+i)a(ic* ti1 Oert2 sa& c8r(e acti-e. La f$&-ii* 5i 0) 6e)ere 0) a1e 1&%i) a+8)ci* se &ti$i2ea2/ c8r(e +e 0)/$%i(e (ic/ 5i $/%i(e (are sa& c8r(e c& safra)e (&$ti1$e ac%io)ate si(&$ta)* ti1 Nit2$er ori ti1 F$ett)er. Tot $a f$&-ii* &)e$e )a-e +is1&) 5i +e c8r(e $a 1ro-a s1re a &5&ra 0)toarceri$e 0) $oc&ri 0)6&ste. La re(orc;ere$e 1ort&are (o+er)e* caracteri2ate 1ri) (a)e-ra'i$itate (a,i(/ se &ti$i2ea2/ c8r(e$e +i&2/* care a& for(a &)or t&'&ri &5or tro)co)ice 0) i)terior&$ c/rora s&)t (o)tate e$ici$e 1ro1&$soare. C8r(e$e +i&2/ 05i e,ercit/ ca1acitatea +e 6&-er)are at8t 1ri) efect&$ -ite2ei )a-ei* +ar (ai a$es 1ri) efect&$ c&re)t&$&i as1irat sa& res1i)s a$ e$icei* care ac%io)ea2/ s&' for(a &)&i 7et reacti-. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
+0a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Sailing ship c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is )oA &se+ to refer to a)< $ar6e Ai)+41oAere+ -esse$. f. NOTA BENE : I) tec;)ica$ ter(s* a s;i1 Aas a sai$i)6 -esse$ Ait; a s1ecific ri6 of at $east t;ree (asts* s=&are ri66e+ o) a$$ of t;e(* (aBi)6 t;e sailing a+7ecti-e re+&)+a)t. I) 1o1&$ar &sa6e Us;i1U 'eca(e associate+ Ait; a$$ $ar6e sai$i)6 -esse$s a)+ A;e) stea( 1oAer ca(e a$o)6 t;e a+7ecti-e 'eca(e )ecessar<. Lar6e sai$i)6 -esse$s A;ic; are )ot s;i1 ri66e+ (a< 'e (ore a11ro1riate$< ca$$e+ 'oats. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Celier ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o(i)a$ 6ro&1 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a sai$i)6 'oat B. SYNONYMS : Ai)+'oat* Ai)+s;i1 $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;ere are (a)< +iffere)t t<1es of sailing ship* '&t t;e< a$$ ;a-e certai) 'asic t;i)6s i) co((o). E-er< sai$i)6 s;i1 ;as a ;&$$* ri66i)6 a)+ at $east o)e (ast to ;o$+ &1 t;e sai$s t;at &se t;e Ai)+ to 1oAer t;e s;i1. T;e creA A;o sai$ a s;i1 are ca$$e+ sai$ors or han#s. T;e< taBe t&r)s to taBe t;e Aatc;* t;e acti-e (a)a6ers of t;e s;i1 a)+ ;er 1erfor(a)ce for a 1erio+. Catc;es are tra+itio)a$$< fo&r ;o&rs $o)6. So(e sai$i)6 s;i1s &se tra+itio)a$ s;i1Vs
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'e$$s to te$$ t;e ti(e a)+ re6&$ate t;e Aatc; s<ste(* Ait; t;e 'e$$ 'ei)6 r&)6 o)ce for e-er< ;a$f ;o&r i)to t;e Aatc; a)+ r&)6 ei6;t ti(es at Aatc; e)+ Fa fo&r4;o&r Aatc;G. !. Ocea) 7o&r)e<s '< sailing ship ca) taBe (a)< (o)t;s* a)+ a co((o) ;a2ar+ is 'eco(i)6 'eca$(e+ 'eca&se of $acB of Ai)+* or 'ei)6 '$oA) off co&rse '< se-ere stor(s or Ai)+s t;at +o )ot a$$oA 1ro6ress i) t;e +esire+ +irectio). A se-ere stor( co&$+ $ea+ to s;i1ArecB* a)+ t;e $oss of a$$ ;a)+s. FAAA.sai$i)6.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Sailing ships ca) o)$< carr< a certai) =&a)tit< of s&11$ies i) t;eir ;o$+* so t;e< ;a-e to 1$a) $o)6 -o<a6es caref&$$< to i)c$&+e (a)< sto1s to taBe o) 1ro-isio)s a)+* i) t;e +a<s 'efore Aater(aBers* fres; Aater. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Celier c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este o )a-/ care fo$ose5te ca (i7$oc +e 1ro1&$sie )&(ai -e$e$e f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 CELISR s1 n1 )a-/ c& -e$e. F^ it. velieroG 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Sailing ship ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : )a-a c& 1a)2e B. SINONIME : cora'ie $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Datorit/ 6ra+&$&i eco)o(ic +e e,1$oatare a acestor )a-e 0) a)&(ite re6i&)i +e )a-i6a%ie* &)e$e state co)ti)&/ s/ (e)%i)/ o f$ot/ co(ercia$/ +e !eliere T #e2i epoca naviga7iei cu vele se consi#er3 #e,ult Rncheiat3 T aceste )a-e fii)+ fo$osite (ai a$es 1e)tr& tra)s1ortarea +e (/rf&ri 0) 2o)e c& ar;i1e$a6&ri* 0) re6i( +e ca'ota7. !. C&tter este &) !elier ase(a)ator c& s$oo1&$* +ar care are +o&/ sa& (ai (&$te foc&ri 5i +e o'icei &) 'o(1res.
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FAAA.'arca;o$ic.roG (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Pe )a-e$e co(ercia$e e,ista& 5i 1asa6eri* iar co)+&c/tor&$ )& a-ea 1&teri )e$i(itate 1e !elier Ec;i1a7&$ era a$c/t&it +i #! 18)/ $a !" +e 1ersoa)e* $a care se a+/&6a& -8s$a5ii care era& 0) (e+ie #9 1ersoa)e. Loc&ri$e +e +or(it i r(R ca. 9 4 > $oc&ri se af$a& s&' 1&)te. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
+1a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : S(hooner c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a t<1e of sai$i)6 -esse$ c;aracteri2e+ '< t;e &se of fore4a)+4aft sai$s o) tAo or (ore (asts Ait; t;e forAar+ (ast 'ei)6 s;orter or t;e sa(e ;ei6;t as t;e rear (asts f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 Accor+i)6 to t;e #H## 6ncyclopS#ia $ritannica* t;e first -esse$ ca$$e+ a sc;oo)er Aas '&i$t '< '&i$+er A)+reA Ro'i)so) a)+ $a&)c;e+ i) #@#9 fro( G$o&cester* Massac;&setts. Le6e)+ ;as it t;at t;e )a(e Aas t;e res&$t of a s1ectator e,c$ai(i)6 UO; ;oA s;e scoo)sU* scoon 'ei)6 a Scots Aor+ (ea)i)6 to sBi1 or sBi( o-er t;e Aater. Ro'i)so) re1$ie+* UA sc;oo)er $et ;er 'e.Ud#e Accor+i)6 to Ca$ter Ci$$ia( SBeat* t;e ter( schooner co(es fro( scoon* A;i$e t;e sch s1e$$i)6 co(es fro( t;e $ater a+o1tio) of t;e D&tc; a)+ Ger(a) s1e$$i)6s FUSc;o)erUG. Ot;er so&rces state t;e et<(o$o6< as &)B)oA) a)+ &)certai). . 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Goeleta ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a t<1e of s;i1 B. SYNONYMS : a -eese$* a 'oat $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;e s(hooner sai$41$a) ;as tAo or (ore (asts Ait; t;e forAar+ (ast 'ei)6 s;orter or t;e sa(e ;ei6;t as t;e rear (asts. Most tra+itio)a$$< ri66e+ sc;oo)ers are 6aff ri66e+* so(eti(es carr<i)6 a s=&are to1sai$ o) t;e fore(ast a)+* occasio)a$$<* a s=&are fore4
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co&rse Fto6et;er Ait; t;e 6aff foresai$G. Sc;oo)ers carr<i)6 s=&are sai$s are ca$$e+ s=&are4 to1sai$ sc;oo)ers. !. T;ree of t;e (ost fa(o&s raci)6 <ac;ts* A,erica a)+ Atlantic* Aere s(hooners T;e< Aere a'o&t #?! feet i) $e)6t;. FBa'so)* o;). :istory of the To!n of )loucester, ape Ann, inclu#ing the to!n of Rockport. #JI".G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: S(hooners Aere &se+ to carr< car6o i) (a)< +iffere)t e)-iro)(e)ts* fro( ocea) -o<a6es to coasta$ r&)s a)+ o) $ar6e i)$a)+ 'o+ies of Aater. T;e< Aere 1o1&$ar i) Nort; A(erica* a)+ i) t;eir ;e<+a< +&ri)6 t;e $ate #Ht; ce)t&r< o-er !*""" sc;oo)ers carrie+ car6o 'acB a)+ fort; across t;e Great LaBes. T;ree4(aste+ Uter)sU Aere a fa-o&rite ri6 of Ca)a+aVs Mariti(e Pro-i)ces. T;e scoA sc;oo)er* A;ic; &se+ a sc;oo)er ri6 o) a f$at4 'otto(e+* '$&)t4e)+e+ scoA ;&$$* Aas 1o1&$ar i) Nort; A(erica for coasta$ a)+ ri-er tra)s1ort. Sc;oo)ers 'eca(e 1o1&$ar Ait; s(&66$ers a)+ 1ri-ateers i) t;e $ate #Jt; ce)t&r< a)+ Aere &se+ '< so(e 1irates* a$t;o&6; (ost acco&)ts of 1irates +escri'e t;eir &se of s$oo1s. Sc;oo)ers Aere ;ea-i$< &se+ i) Nort; A(erica) fis;i)6* es1ecia$$< t;e Gra)+ Ba)BsV fis;er<. So(e Ba)Bs fis;i)6 sc;oo)ers s&c; as B$&e)ose a$so 'eca(e fa(o&s racers. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Goeleta c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)* #H@# e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este &) a)&(it ti1 +e -as c& 18)2e* caracteri2at +e &ti$i2area a ce$ 1&%i) +o&/ catar6e 1e care se 6/sesc 18)2e (&$ti1$e af$ate $a +iferite 6ra+e +e 0)c$i)are fa%/ +e a,a +e si(etrie a )a-ei (ariti(e. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 +i) c&-8)t&$ +i) $i('a fra)ce2/* goQlette F0) )eer$a)+e2/* Schoener* 0) e)6$e2/* schooner* 0) 6er(a)/* SchonerG 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : S(hooner ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)* #H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : &) ti1 +e -as c& 1a)2e B. SINONIME : 'arca* )a-a
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$. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Caracteristica +isti)ct/ a 6oe$ete$or este fo$osirea acestor 18)2e (&$ti1$e 0)c$i)ate si(&$ta) $a +iferite 6ra+e +e 0)c$i)are 1e)tr& a ca1ta c8t (ai co(1$et for%a -8)t&$&i. _) ca2&$ ce$or (ai eficie)te 5i ra1i+e 6oe$ete* 18)2e$e s&)t foarte rar orie)tate 1er1e)+ic&$ar 1e +irec%ia +e 0)ai)tare a -as&$&i. !. Pri(e$e &ti$i2/ri a$e goeletelor se +atoresc o$a)+e2i$or 0) seco$e$e a$ YV4$ea 5i a$ YVI4$ea fii)+ a1oi 1erfec%io)ate +e fra)ce2i* e)6$e2i* a(erica)i 5i ca)a+ie)i 0) seco$e$e$e &r(/toare. FAAA. (&se&(.6o-.)s.caG (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Trei +i)tre ce$e (ai fai(oase ia;t&ri +e co)c&rs* A,erica* Atlantic 5i $luenose* a& fost goelete. Fiecare +i) e$e era& a1ro,i(ati- >? +e (etri 0) $&)6i(e. Speran7a* fost/ A06sperance* 6oe$eta $&i A)to) L&1a) +i) ro(a)&$ Toate 18)2e$e s&s] +e Ra+& T&+ora) K (o+e$&$ rea$ a$ S1era)%ei a fost o 6oe$et/ a+e-/rat/* 1ro1rietatea 1erso)a$/ a scriitor&$&i o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
+$a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Sea c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Ge)era$$< refers to a $ar6e 'o+< of sa$t Aater f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 O.E. sW Us;eet of Aater* sea* $aBe*U fro( P.G(c. \saiAa2 Fcf. O.S. seo* O.Fris. se* M.D&. seeG* of &)B)oA) ori6i)* o&tsi+e co))ectio)s UA;o$$< +o&'tf&$U FB&cBG. G(c. $a)6&a6es a$so &se t;e 6e)era$ IE Aor+ Fre1rese)te+ '< E)6. (ereG* '&t ;a-e )o fir( +isti)ctio) 'etAee) UseaU a)+ U$aBe*U eit;er '< si2e or '< sa$t -s. fres;. T;is (a< ref$ect t;e Ba$tic 6eo6ra1;< A;ere t;e $a)6&a6es are t;o&6;t to ;a-e ori6i)ate+. T;e tAo Aor+s are &se+ (ore or $ess i)terc;a)6ea'$<* a)+ e,ist i) o11osite se)ses Fe.6. Got;. saiAs U$aBe*U (arei UseaLU 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Mare ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co(. i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : $ar6e 'o+< of AaterL $ar6e (ass
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B. SYNONYMS : Aater $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;e ter( OseaR is a$so &se+ so(eti(es to +escri'e a $ar6e sa$i)e $aBe t;at $acBs a )at&ra$ o&t$et* s&c; as t;e Cas1ia) Sea. !. Mea) sea $e-e$ FMSLG is a (eas&re of t;e a-era6e ;ei6;t of t;e ocea)Vs s&rface Fs&c; as t;e ;a$fAa< 1oi)t 'etAee) 'etAee) t;e (ea) ;i6; ti+e a)+ t;e (ea) $oA ti+eGL &se+ as a sta)+ar+ i) recBo)i)6 $a)+ e$e-atio). FAAA.c(ar.csiro.a&G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Sea sa$t* o'tai)e+ '< t;e e-a1oratio) of seaAater* is &se+ i) cooBi)6 a)+ cos(etics. Historica$$< ca$$e+ 'a< sa$td#e or so$ar sa$t* its (i)era$ co)te)t 6i-es it a +iffere)t tasted!e fro( ta'$e sa$t* A;ic; is 1&re so+i&( c;$ori+e* &s&a$$< refi)e+ fro( (i)e+ rocB sa$t F;a$iteG or fro( sea sa$t. Areas t;at 1ro+&ce s1ecia$i2e+ sea sa$t i)c$&+e t;e Ca<(a) Is$a)+s* Greece* Fra)ce* Ire$a)+* So&t; Dorea* Co$o('ia* Sici$<* A1&$ia i) Ita$<* Ma$+o) i) Esse, UD*d9e a)+ HaAaii*d>e Mai)e* Uta;* t;e Sa) Fra)cisco Ba<* a)+ Ca1e Co+ i) t;e U)ite+ States. Ge)era$$< (ore e,1e)si-e t;a) ta'$e sa$t* it is co((o)$< &se+ i) 6o&r(et cooBi)6 a)+ s1ecia$t< 1otato c;i1s* 1artic&$ar$< t;e Bett$e cooBe+ -ariet<. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Mare c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)* #H@# e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este &) )&(e 6e)eric +at -aste$or 0)ti)+eri +e a1/ st/t/toare* a+8)ci 5i s/rate* +e 1e s&1rafa%a P/(8)t&$&i* care +e o'icei s&)t &)ite c& ocea)&$ 1ri)tr4o str8(toareL f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie K Di) ^$at. (are* }is 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Sea ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)* #H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : i)ti)+erea +e a1a
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B. SINONIME : a1a $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Se (ai )&(e5te /are 5i o 1arte a ocea)&$&i +e $8)6/ %/r(. !. _) ti(1&$ ce$ei (ai rece)te ere 6$aciare* se cre+e c/ )i-e$&$ />rii era s&ficie)t +e 7os 1e)tr& a 1er(ite oa(e)i$or 5i a)i(a$e$or s/ (i6re2e +i) Asia 0) A(erica +e Nor+ 1e 7os* 1e &)+e ac&( se af$/ Str8(toarea Beri)6* $oca$i2at/ 0) 1artea )or+ic/ a (/rii. Acest $oc este c&)osc&t ca UTrec/toarea Beri)6U 5i &)ii oa(e)i +e 5tii)%/ cre+ c/ a fost $oc&$ 1ri) care a& a7&)s 0) A(erica 1ri(ii $oc&itori. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Sit&ata i) (i7$oc&$ +esert&$&i I&+eea* Marea Moarta este cea (ai sarata +i) $&(e* a-a)+ i)tre !JJ6 si 9!?6 +e sare.$itr& +e a1aFi) co(1aratie c& a1a +e (are care co)ti)e i) (e+ie 9?6. Marea Moarta este atat +e sarata* i)cat )ici &) 1este )& 1oate trai i) ea. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
+'a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Seaplane c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a fi,e+4Ai)6 aircraft ca1a'$e of taBi)6 off a)+ $a)+i)6 Fa$i6;ti)6G o) Aater. f. NOTA BENE : T;e first (a))e+ a)+ co)tro$$e+ Ft;o&6; &)1oAere+G sea1$a)e f$i6;t Aas esta'$is;e+ '< Fre)c; aircraft +esi6)er* '&i$+er a)+ 1i$ot Ga'rie$ Voisi) o) &)e #H"?* o) ri-er Sei)e FParisGL it Aas a toAe+ f$i6;t* at #? to !" ( a$tit&+e F?" to II ftG* a)+ I"" (eters F!""" ftG $o)6. T;e aircraft Aas a 'i1$a)e co)fi6&ratio) Ait; a) aft tai$ a)+ a fro)t e$e-ator* s&11orte+ at rest '< ! 1$a)i)6 f$oats Fcata(ara)G. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 7idroa!ion ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a 1$a)e t;at $a)+s o) t;e Aater B. SYNONYMS : aircraft*;<+ro1$a)e
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$. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Seaplanes a)+ a(1;i'ia)s are &s&a$$< +i-i+e+ i)to tAo cate6ories 'ase+ o) t;eir tec;)o$o6ica$ c;aracteristics: f$oat1$a)es a)+ f$<i)6 'oats* A;ic; are 6e)era$$< far $ar6er a)+ ca) carr< far (ore. T;ese aircraft are occasio)a$$< ca$$e+ ;<+ro1$a)es. !. T;e first (a))e+ a)+ co)tro$$e+ Ft;o&6; &)1oAere+G seaplane f$i6;t Aas esta'$is;e+ '< Fre)c; aircraft +esi6)er* '&i$+er a)+ 1i$ot Ga'rie$ Voisi) o) &)e #H"?* o) ri-er Sei)e FParisGL it Aas a toAe+ f$i6;t* at #? to !" ( a$tit&+e F?" to II ftG* a)+ I"" (eters F!""" ftG $o)6. T;e aircraft Aas a 'i1$a)e co)fi6&ratio) Ait; a) aft tai$ a)+ a fro)t e$e-ator* s&11orte+ at rest '< ! 1$a)i)6 f$oats Fcata(ara)G. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: T;e first a&to)o(o&s f$i6;t '< a seaplane Aas +o)e '< t;e Fre)c; e)6i)eer He)ri Fa're i) Marc; #H#". Its )a(e Aas Ae anar# FVt;e +&cBVG* a)+ tooB off fro( t;e Aater a)+ f$eA #VI?" feet o) its first f$i6;t o) Marc; !J* #H#". T;ese e,1eri(e)ts Aere c$ose$< fo$$oAe+ '< t;e aircraft 1io)eers Ga'rie$ a)+ C;ar$es Voisi)* A;o 1&rc;ase+ se-era$ of t;e Fa're f$oats a)+ fitte+ t;e( to t;eir Ca)ar+ Voisi) air1$a)e. I) Octo'er #H#"* t;e Ca)ar+ Voisi) 'eca(e t;e first sea1$a)e to f$< o-er t;e ri-er Sei)e* a)+ i) Marc; #H#!* t;e first sea1$a)e to 'e &se+ (i$itari$< fro( a sea1$a)e carrier* Aa Fou#re FVt;e $i6;t)i)6VG. T;e Aor$+Vs first airAort;< sea1$a)e* t;e Fre)c; #H#" Ae anar# I) t;e U)ite+ States* ear$< +e-e$o1(e)t Aas carrie+ o&t at Ha((o)+s1ort* NeA YorB '< G$e)) C&rtiss A;o ;a+ 'eate) A$e,a)+er Gra;a( Be$$ a)+ ot;ers i) t;e Aeria$ E,1eri(e)t Associatio). T;e first A(erica) sea1$a)e f$i6;t occ&rre+ o) a)&ar< !I* #H##. E)6$is;(a) o;) C<ri$ Porte 7oi)e+ Ait; C&rtiss to +esi6) a tra)sat$a)tic f$<i)6 'oat* a)+ +e-e$o1e+ a (ore 1ractica$ ;&$$ for C&rtissV airfra(e a)+ e)6i)es Ait; t;e +isti)cti-e Vste1V A;ic; e)a'$e+ t;e ;&$$ a)+ f$oats to c$ea)$< 'reaB free of t;e AaterVs s&rface at taBe4off. I) t;e UD t;e C&rtiss f$<i)6 'oat Aas +e-e$o1e+ i)to t;e Fe$i,stoAe series of f$<i)6 'oats* A;ic; Aere &se+ i) t;e First Cor$+ Car to 1atro$ for Ger(a) s&'(ari)es. C&rtiss N4H sea1$a)es Aere &se+ +&ri)6 Cor$+ Car I as 1ri(ar< trai)ers* a)+ o-er !*?"" Na-< 1i$ots $ear)e+ to f$< i) t;e(. A ;a)+f&$ of N4Hs Aere &se+ i) t;e HeAitt4S1err< A&to(atic Air1$a)e 1ro7ect to +e-e$o1 a) Uaeria$ tor1e+oU or f$<i)6 'o('* a) ear$< RPV. O) Marc; !@* #H#H* t;e first tra)sat$a)tic f$i6;t Aas co(1$ete+ '< a U.S. Na-< NC f$<i)6 'oat. D&e to t;e $acB of r&)Aa<s a)+ t;e 1ercei-e+ safet< factor o-er Aater* (a)< co((ercia$ air$i)es i)c$&+i)6 I(1eria$ AirAa<s Ffore4r&))er of BOACG* a)+ Pa)4A(erica) Cor$+ AirAa<s &se+ $ar6e sea1$a)es to 1ro-i+e ser-ice for $o)6 +ista)ce ser-ice across t;e At$a)tic* Pacific a)+ I)+ia) Ocea)s. Aircraft s1ecia$$< '&i$t for t;ese ro&tes i)c$&+e+ so(e of t;e $ar6est aircraft '&i$t 'etAee) t;e Aars. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : 7idroa!ion
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c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)* #H@# e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este &) a1arat +e 2'or care este creat 1e)tr& a 1&tea a(eri2a* a+ic/ 1e)tr& a 1&tea +eco$a 5i ateri2a 1e a1/. f. NOTA BENE : Pro'a'i$ c/ -ia%a acest&i a1arat +e 2'or a 0)ce1&t +i) -is&$ &)&i ofi%er ita$ia) care a re(arcat a'i$itatea 1esc/r&5i$or +e a +eco$a* 2'&ra 5i ateri2a 1e &scat 5i a1/. Te)ace 05i &r(ea2/ -is&$ 5i creea2/ 1ri(&$ ;i+roa-io). Pri(&$ ;i+roa-io) care a f/c&t tra-ersarea Ocea)&$&i At$a)tic a fost NC4> 0) a)&$ #H#H. Aceast a-io) a fost o 0)cercare 5i o 1osi'i$/ a$ter)ati-/ 1e)tr& tra)s1ort&$ )a-a$ care era e,tre( +e afectat +e c/tre r/2'oi&$ s&'(ari). _) a)ii &r(/tori F#H!"4#H9"G ;i+roa-ioa)e$e re&5esc s/ ai'/ tra)s1ort&ri re6&$ate 0)tre State$e U)ite a$e A(ericii 5i E&ro1a* 1rec&( 5i +esc;i+erea &)or a$te )oi r&te c/tre A(erica +e S&+* Africa 5i Asia. Ora5&$ Fo<)es +i) Ir$a)+a* +e4a $&)6&$ r8&$&i S;a))o) &)+e se af$/ act&a$&$ Aero1ort I)ter)a%io)a$ S;a))o) a fost 1&)ct&$ ter(i)&s 1e)tr& ti(1&rii$e 2'or&ri tra)sat$a)tice. U)+e a-ioa)e$e c& ra2/ (are +e ac%i&)e a$e ace$or ti(1&ri a-ea& )e-oie +e tere)&ri s1ecia$ a(e)a7ate 1e)tr& ateri2are* rea$i(e)tare* )ecesare 1e)tr& aco1erirea +ista)%e$or (ari* ;i+roa-ioa)e$e 1&tea& o1rii $8)6/ orice i)s&$/ (ic/* $ac* r8& sa& sta%i&)e F+e coast/G 1e)tr& a 0)+e1$i)ii aceast/ ac%i&)e. Co(1a)ia Pa) A( c& a$e $or ;i+roa-ioa)e Boei)6 9#> UC$i11erU a& f/c&t acesi'i$e +esti)a%ii e,otice ca E,tre(&$ Orie)t 5i a a7&)s s/ re1re2i)te 1$/cerea c/$/torii$or 1e ca$ea aer&$&i. BOAC 5i I(1eria$ AirAa<s a& oferit ser-icii +e 1o5t/* 1rec&( 5i ser-icii t&ristice* care a& f/c&t $e6/t&ra 0)tre Marea Brita)ie 5i Africa +e S&+* A&stra$ia 5i No&a 3ee$a)+/ &ti$i28)+ a-ioa)e ca S;ort E(1ire 5i S;ort S.J Ca$c&tta. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Seaplane ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)* #H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : a-io) care ateri2ea2a si +eco$ea2a +e 1e a1a B. SINONIME : a1arat +e 2'or $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Se 1ot co)si+era +o&/ ti1&ri +e hidroa!ioane* ce$e care &ti$i2ea2/ f$otoare 1e)tr& a 1&tea 1$&ti 1e a1/* 5i ce$e care &ti$i2ea2a f&se$a7&$ 1e 1ost +e coc/* 0) acest ca2 f$otoare$e +is1&se s&' ari1i a& +oar ro$&$ +e ec;i$i'rare a )a-ei. _) e)6$e2/ este c&)osc&t s&' )&(e ca flying "oat* seaplane* a,phi"ious aircraft. !. Mai (&$%i factori a& co)tri'&it $a +ec$i)&$ hidroa!ioanelor A'i$itatea +e a a(eri2a +e-i)e &) (ai (ic a-a)ta7 +atorit/ cre5terii )&(/r&$&i +e 1iste +e ateri2are* 1rec&( 5i cre5terii +i(e)si&)i$or acestora* ceri)%/ c/$/&2it/ +e )ecesar&$ for%e$or aerie)e +i) ti(1&$ R/2'oi&$&i Mo)+ia$. Mai (&$t* 0) ti(1 ce -ite2a 5i ra2a +e ac%i&)e a a-ioa)e$or a& cresc&t* co(1etiti-itatea co(ercia$/ a ;i+roa-ioa)e$or este +i(i)&at/ 5i +atorit/ co(1ro(iterii for(ei aero+i)a(ice* care +&ce $a +i(i)&area -ite2ei* 1ier+&te 0) a-a)ta7&$ a(eri2/rii. _) co(1eti%ie c& )oi$e a-ioa)e ci-i$e c& t&r'o1ro1&$sie* ca De Ha-i$$a)+ Co(et 5i Boei)6 @"@* ;i+roa-io)&$
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ia $o-it&ra +ecisi-/. E$ico1tere$e 1reia& (isi&)i$e +e sa$-are 1e (are. A-ioa)e ca P49 Orio)* c& $a)sare +e 1e &scat* 1rec&( 5i S49 ViBi)6* c& $a)sare +e 1e 1orta-io)* +e-i) &)e$e +i)tre ce$e (ai &ti$i2ate a-ioa)e +e 1atr&$are a)tis&'(ari)/ &ti$i2ate +e c/tre State$e U)ite. FAAA.ro.AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: 7idroa!ioanle a& fost &)e$e +i) ce$e (ai (ari a1arate +e 2'or 0) 1ri(a 7&(/tate a seco$&$&i !". A'i$itatea $or +e a a(eri2a a fost &)&$ +i) (oti-e$e 1e)tr& care )& s4a %i)&t co)t +e +i(e)si&)i* care 0) (o+ )or(a$ co)ta& foarte (&$t 1e)tr& 2o)e$e +e ateri2are. Aceea5i a'i$itate a fost fo$osit/ 1e)tr& sa$-area 5i rec&1erarea 1i$o%i$or c/2&%i 0) ti(1&$ ce$&i +e4A$ Doi$ea R/2'oi Mo)+ia$. D&1/ 0)c;eierea r/2'oi&$&i &ti$i2area $or a sc/2&t si(%itor* o (are 1arte +i) (isi&)i a& fost 1re$&ate +e a$te ti1&ri +e a1arate +e 2'or. _) seco$&$ !# aceste re(arca'i$e a1arate +e 2'or (e)%i) a)&(ite )i5e 0) care +oar e$e 1ot ac%io)a c&( ar fi sti)6erea i)ce)+ii$or 1rec&( 5i 2'or&$ i)teri)s&$ar* &)+e )& e,ist/ tere)&ri +e ateri2are. Aceast/ +i) &r(/ &ti$i2are +e)ot/ +i) 1$i) ca1acit/%i$e acest&i a1arat* 5i a)&(e aceea +e a 1&tea a(eri2a 1e Fa1roa1eG orice s&1rafa%/ +e a1/. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
+)a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Ship c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a $ar6e -esse$ t;at f$oats o) Aater. S;i1s are 6e)era$$< +isti)6&is;e+ fro( 'oats 'ase+ o) si2e a)+ car6o or 1asse)6er ca1acit<. I) tra+itio)a$ ter(s* s;i1s Aere co)si+ere+ to 'e -esse$s A;ic; ;a+ at $east o)e co)ti)&o&s Aater4ti6;t +ecB e,te)+i)6 fro( 'oA to ster). f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 O.E. sci1 Us;i1* 'oat*U fro( P.G(c. \sBi1a) Fcf. O.N.* O.S.* Got;. sBi1* Da). sBi'* SAe+. sBe11* M.D&. sci1* D&. sc;i1* O.H.G. sBif* Ger. Sc;iffG 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 4a!a ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : -e;ic$e for Aater tra-e$ B. SYNONYMS : -esse$ $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS :
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#. Ships a)+ 'oats ;a-e +e-e$o1e+ a$o)6si+e (a)Bi)+. I) (a7or Aars* a)+ i) +a< to +a< $ife* t;e< ;a-e 'eco(e a) i)te6ra$ 1art of (o+er) co((ercia$ a)+ (i$itar< s<ste(s. Fis;i)6 'oats are &se+ '< (i$$io)s of fis;er(e) t;ro&6;o&t t;e Aor$+. Mi$itar< forces o1erate ;i6;$< so1;isticate+ -esse$s to tra)s1ort a)+ s&11ort forces as;ore. Co((ercia$ -esse$s* )ear$< 9?*""" i) )&('er* carrie+ @.> 'i$$io) to)s of car6o i) !""@.d !. Ships (a< 'e fo&)+ o) $aBes* seas* a)+ ri-ers a)+ t;e< a$$oA for a -ariet< of acti-ities* s&c; as t;e tra)s1ort of 1eo1$e or 6oo+s* fis;i)6* e)tertai)(e)t* 1&'$ic safet<* a)+ Aarfare. FCotteri$$* C;ar$es C$e(e)tL Litt$e* E+Aar+ De$a)o< F#JIJG. Ships an# sailors, ancient an# ,o#ern. Lo)+o): See$e<* acBso) a)+ Ha$$i+a<G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: D&ri)6 t;e first ;a$f of t;e ei6;tee)t; ce)t&r<* t;e Fre)c; Na-< 'e6a) to +e-e$o1 a )eA t<1e of -esse$ B)oA) as a s;i1 of t;e $i)e* feat&ri)6 se-e)t<4fo&r 6&)s. T;is t<1e of ship 'eca(e t;e 'acB'o)e of a$$ E&ro1ea) fi6;ti)6 f$eets. T;ese s;i1s Aere ?I (etres F#J" ftG $o)6 a)+ t;eir co)str&ctio) re=&ire+ !*J"" oaB trees a)+ >" Bi$o(etres F!? (iG of ro1eL t;e< carrie+ a creA of a'o&t J"" sai$ors a)+ so$+iers. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : 4a!a c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este &) ter(e) )a-a$ 1ri) care se 0)%e$e6e o co)str&c%ie 1$&titoare +e +i(e)si&)i s&1erioare &)ei a('arca%i&)i* F+e e,e(1$& -a1or&$G a-0)+ for(/* re2iste)%/ str&ct&ra$/* ca$it/%i )a&tice 5i ec;i1a(e)t care s/4i 1er(it/ )a-i6a%ia 5i &ti$i2area 0) tra)s1ort&ri +e (/rf&ri 5i 1asa6eri* 0) sco1&ri (i$itare sa& 1e)tr& a6re(e)t* cercetare 5tii)%ific/* $&cr/ri te;)ice etc* 1ri) 1ro1&$sie 1ro1rie. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 K Di) fr. na!e* $at. na!is* it. na!e. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Ship ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.ai)ostri.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : Ve;ic&$ co)str&it* a(e)a7at i ec;i1at 1e)tr& a 1$&ti i a se +e1$asa 1e a1a B. SINONIME : -as* -a1or
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$. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. O na!> 1oate a7&)6e 0)tr4o sit&a%ie F+e e5&are sa& )a&fra6i&G 0) care este i(1osi'i$ +e a )a-i6a (ai +e1arte. !. _) co)str&c%ii$e )a-a$e (o+er)e* ter(e)&$ ina!>U 1res&1&)e* f/r/ $i(itare a'so$&t/* &) +e1$asa(e)t 1este #"" tL 0) $i('a7&$ c&re)t se a1$ic/ 0)s/ c& tit$& 6e)eric 0) c$asificarea t&t&ror ti1&ri$or +e (i7$oace 1$&titoare a1te at8t 1e)tr& )a-i6a%ia $a $ar6* c8t 5i 0) a1e i)terioare* c& e,ce1%ia '/rci$or. FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(8)* E+. ftii)%ific/* B&c&re5ti* #H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Di) 1&)ct +e -e+ere co)str&cti- o na!> are trei 1/r%i 1ri)ci1a$e: cor1* (a5i)i 5i ec;i1a(e)t sa& i)sta$a%ii. Cor1&$ )a-ei este +e$i(itat +e 'or+a7&$ e,terior 5i 'or+a7&$ 1&)%ii. Partea af&)+at/ 0) a1/ este +e)&(it/ o1er/ -ie* iar 1artea +e $a s&1rafa%a a1ei* o1er/ (oart/. S1a%i&$ 0)c;is a$ cor1&$&i )a-e$or (o+er)e (ari este 0(1/r%it 0) co(1arti(e)te eta)5e* +&1/ re6&$i sta'i$ite 1ri) C.I.O.V.U.M. F onven7ia interna7ional3 pentru ocrotirea vie7ii u,ane pe ,areG. Aceea5i co)-e)%ie sta'i$e5te 5i 1ri)ci1ii$e co)str&cti-e 5i +e +otare 1ri-itoare $a si6&ra)%a )a-i6a%iei. Orice na!> tre'&ie s/ 1ose+e 1ri) co)str&c%ie ca$it/%i )a&tice +e: f$ota'i$itate* sta'i$itate* i)s&'(ersi'i$itate* (a)e-ra'i$itate 5i sta'i$itate +e +r&(. O )a-/ tre'&ie s/ +is1&)/ +e &) certificat +e co)str&c%ie 5i 0)re6istrare 5i +e a$te acte care 0i atest/ si6&ra)%a 0) )a-i6a%ie 5i 0) e,1$oatare. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
+*a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Ship"re(: c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is t;e re(ai)s of a s;i1 t;at ;as ArecBe+* it ;a-i)6 eit;er 'ee) s&)B or 'eac;e+. A s;i1ArecB ca) refer to a ArecBe+ s;i1 or to t;e e-e)t t;at ca&se+ t;e ArecB* s&c; as t;e striBi)6 of so(et;i)6 t;at ca&ses t;e s;i1 to si)B* t;e stra)+i)6 of t;e s;i1 o) rocBs* $a)+ or s;oa$* or t;e +estr&ctio) of t;e s;i1 at sea '< -io$e)t Aeat;er. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 (i+4#?c.* fro( s;i1 F).G X ArecB. Ear$ier it (ea)t Ut;i)6s cast &1 fro( a s;i1ArecBU Fc.##""G. T;e -er' is recor+e+ fro( #?J"s. T;e ear$ier Aor+ for Us;i1ArecBU i) t;e (o+er) se)se Aas M.E. sc;i1'reBe* fro( O.E. sci1'r<ce. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Epa!a
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;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : t;e re(ai)s of a s;i1 B. SYNONYMS : re(ai)s $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Historic ship"re(:s are attracti-e to (ariti(e arc;aeo$o6ists 'eca&se t;e< 1reser-e ;istorica$ i)for(atio)L for e,a(1$e* st&+<i)6 t;e ArecB of Mar< Rose re-ea$e+ i)for(atio) a'o&t seafari)6* Aarfare a)+ $ife i) t;e #?""s. Mi$itar< ArecBs t;at Aere ca&se+ '< a sBir(is; at sea are st&+ie+ to fi)+ +etai$s a'o&t t;e ;istoric e-e)t a)+ re-ea$ (&c; a'o&t t;e 'att$e t;at occ&rre+. Disco-eries of treas&re s;i1s* ofte) fro( t;e 1erio+ of E&ro1ea) co$o)isatio)* A;ic; sa)B i) re(ote 1$aces* $ea-i)6 feA $i-i)6 Ait)esses* s&c; as t;e $atavia* +o occ&r '&t o)$< -er< i)fre=&e)t$<. !. Ver< feA ship"re(:s are fa(o&s catastro1;es $iBe t;e ArecBs of t;e Titanic* $ritannic* Ausitania or 6stonia. FParBer* A. . F#HJ#G. UStratificatio) a)+ co)ta(i)atio) i) a)cie)t Me+iterra)ea) s;i1ArecBs.U. The 5nternational Tournal of 9autical Archaeology an# Cn#er!ater 6DplorationG (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Ma)< ship"re(:s ;a-e occ&rre+ A;e) t;e creA of t;e s;i1 a$$oAe+ t;e s;i1 to co$$i+e Ait; rocBs* reefs* ice'er6s* or ot;er s;i1s. Co$$isio) ;as 'ee) o)e of t;e (a7or ca&ses of s;i1ArecB. Acc&rate )a-i6atio) is (a+e (ore +iffic&$t '< 1oor -isi'i$it< i) 'a+ Aeat;er. A$so* (a)< $osses ;a11e)e+ 'efore (o+er) )a-i6atio) ai+s s&c; as GPS* ra+ar a)+ so)ar Aere a-ai$a'$e. U)ti$ t;e tAe)tiet; ce)t&r<* t;e (ost so1;isticate+ )a-i6atio)a$ too$s a)+ tec;)i=&es a-ai$a'$e 4 +ea+ recBo)i)6 &si)6 t;e (a6)etic co(1ass* (ari)e c;ro)o(eter Fto ca$c&$ate $o)6it&+eG a)+ s;i1s $o6'ooB FA;ic; recor+e+ t;e -esse$Vs ;ea+i)6 a)+ t;e s1ee+ (eas&re+ '< $o6G or ce$estia$ )a-i6atio) &si)6 (ari)e c;ro)o(eter a)+ se,ta)t 4 Aere s&fficie)t$< acc&rate for 7o&r)e<s across ocea)s* '&t t;ese tec;)i=&es Fa)+ i) (a)< cases a$so t;e c;artsG $acBe+ t;e 1recisio) to a-oi+ reefs c$ose to s;ore. Mari)e c;ro)o(eters Aere as re-o$&tio)ar< i) t;e #Ht; ce)t&r< as GPS is to+a<. HoAe-er t;e cost of t;ese i)str&(e)ts co&$+ 'e 1ro;i'iti-e* so(eti(es res&$ti)6 i) tra6ic co)se=&e)ces for s;i1s t;at Aere &)a'$e to +eter(i)e t;eir $o)6it&+e* as i) t;e case of t;e Arniston. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Epa!a c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico( (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@#
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e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este o )a-/ sa& &) cor1 1$&titor* f/r/ 1ersoa)e $a 'or+* 1rec&( 5i orice rest a$ &)ei )a-e )a&fra6iate sa& &) o'iect oarecare* e5&at ori ar&)cat $a &scat 5i a$ c/r&i 1ro1rietar )& este a1are)t. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 K Di) fr. Qpa!e 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Ship"re(: ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : ra(asite$e &)ei )a-e B. SINONIME : ra(asite $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Toata $&(ea a -a2&t epa!a8 1&ti)i s&)t cei care c&)osc 1o-estea acest&i -as. N&(e$e* i)ca -i2i'i$ E.E-a)6e$ia este a$ >4$ea 1e care )a-a $a 1&rtat i) cei a1ro,i(ati- !? +e a)i +e acti-itate. A fost co)str&ita $a sa)tiere$e )a-a$e Har$a)+ y Co$ff +i) Be$fast* sa)tier &)+e a fost co)str&it si Tita)ic&$. Na-a a fost $a)sata $a a1a 1e +ata +e !J (ai #H>! s&' )&(e$e +e E(1ire Stre)6t;* fii)+ co)str&ita 1e)tr& UMi)istr< of Car Tra)s1ortU. Vas&$ a fac&t 1arte +i)tr4o serie &riasa +e )a-e F E(1ireG care a& ser-it 6&-er)&$ 'rita)ic. Cea (ai (are 1arte a )a-e$or +i) aceasta serie a& fost co)str&ite s1ecia$ 1e)tr& (i)ister&$ +e ra2'oi* i)sa a& e,istat si )a-e 1ri(ite +i) 1artea 6&-er)&$&i state$or &)ite* 1rec&( si )a-e ca1t&rate +e $a 1&teri$e i)a(ice. !. La epa!a )a-ei E.E-a)6;e$ia se 1oate a7&)6e i)ot sa& c& a7&tor&$ 'arci$or $oca$)ici$or. FAAA.$acosti)esti.ro' (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: De o'icei* 1e)tr& a feri )a-e$e +e o co$i2i&)e* o epa!> se (arc;ea2/ c& o 6ea(a)+&r/ i)sta$at/ 0) a1ro1ierea sa& +eas&1ra $oc&$&i &)+e se 6/se5te e1a-a. Gea(a)+&ra* +e)&(it/ 6ea(a)+&r/ +e e1a-/ este 1it&rat/ 0) c&$oarea -er+e 5i f&)c%io)ea2/ c& $&(i)/ -er+e c& sc$i1iri. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$ ++a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Sonar c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2
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e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a tec;)i=&e t;at &ses so&)+ 1ro1a6atio) F&s&a$$< &)+erAater* as i) S&'(ari)e )a-i6atio)G to )a-i6ate* co((&)icate Ait; or +etect ot;er -esse$s. f. NOTA BENE : A$t;o&6; so(e a)i(a$s F+o$1;i)s a)+ 'atsG ;a-e &se+ so&)+ for co((&)icatio) a)+ o'7ect +etectio) for (i$$io)s of <ears* &se '< ;&(a)s i) t;e Aater is i)itia$$< recor+e+ '< Leo)ar+o Da Vi)ci i) #>H": a t&'e i)serte+ i)to t;e Aater Aas sai+ to 'e &se+ to +etect -esse$s '< 1$aci)6 a) ear to t;e t&'e. I) t;e #Ht; ce)t&r< a) &)+erAater 'e$$ Aas &se+ as a) a)ci$$ar< to $i6;t;o&ses to 1ro-i+e Aar)i)6 of ;a2ar+s. T;e &se of so&)+ to Vec;o $ocateV &)+erAater i) t;e sa(e Aa< as 'ats &se so&)+ for aeria$ )a-i6atio) see(s to ;a-e 'ee) 1ro(1te+ '< t;e Titanic +isaster of #H#!. T;e Aor$+Vs first 1ate)t for a) &)+erAater ec;o ra)6i)6 +e-ice Aas fi$e+ at t;e Britis; Pate)t Office '< E)6$is; (eteoro$o6ist LeAis Ric;ar+so) a (o)t; after t;e si)Bi)6 of t;e Tita)ic* a)+ a Ger(a) 1;<sicist A$e,a)+er Be;( o'tai)e+ a 1ate)t for a) ec;o so&)+er i) #H#9. Ca)a+ia) Re6i)a$+ Fesse)+e)* A;i$e AorBi)6 for t;e S&'(ari)e Si6)a$ Co(1a)< i) Bosto)* '&i$t a) e,1eri(e)ta$ s<ste( 'e6i))i)6 i) #H#!* a s<ste( $ater teste+ i) Bosto) Har'or* a)+ fi)a$$< i) #H#> fro( t;e U.S. Re-e)&e F)oA Coast G&ar+G C&tter Mia(i o) t;e Gra)+ Ba)Bs off NeAfo&)+$a)+ Ca)a+a. I) t;at test* Fesse)+e) +e(o)strate+ +e1t; so&)+i)6* &)+erAater co((&)icatio)s FMorse Co+eG a)+ ec;o ra)6i)6 F+etecti)6 a) ice'er6 at tAo (i$es F9 B(G ra)6eG.d#e T;e so4ca$$e+ Fesse)+e) osci$$ator* at ca. ?"" H2 fre=&e)c<* Aas &)a'$e to +eter(i)e t;e 'eari)6 of t;e 'er6 +&e to t;e 9 (eter Aa-e$e)6t; a)+ t;e s(a$$ +i(e)sio) of t;e tra)s+&cerVs ra+iati)6 face F$ess t;a) # (eter i) +ia(eterG. T;e te) Mo)trea$4'&i$t Britis; H c$ass s&'(ari)es $a&)c;e+ i) #H#? Aere e=&i11e+ Ait; a Fesse)+e) osci$$ator 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Sonar ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a tec;)i=&e t;at &ses so&)+ 1ro1a6atio) B. SYNONYMS : -ieAfi)+er* te$esco1ic si6;t $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;ere are tAo Bi)+s of sonar: acti-e a)+ 1assi-e. So)ar (a< 'e &se+ as a (ea)s of aco&stic $ocatio) a)+ of (eas&re(e)t of t;e ec;o c;aracteristics of Utar6etsU i) t;e Aater. Aco&stic $ocatio) i) air Aas &se+ 'efore t;e i)tro+&ctio) of ra+ar. So)ar (a< a$so 'e &se+ i) air for ro'ot )a-i6atio)* a)+ SODAR Fa) &1Aar+ $ooBi)6 i)4air so)arG is &se+ for at(os1;eric i)-esti6atio)s. T;e ter( sonar is a$so &se+ for t;e e=&i1(e)t &se+ to 6e)erate a)+ recei-e t;e so&)+. T;e fre=&e)cies &se+ i) so)ar s<ste(s -ar< fro( -er< $oA Fi)fraso)icG to e,te(e$< ;i6; F&$traso)icG. T;e st&+< of &)+erAater so&)+ is B)oA) as &)+erAater aco&stics or so(eti(es ;<+roaco&stics. !. I) Cor$+ Car II* t;e A(erica)s &se+ t;e ter( SO4AR for t;eir s<ste(s* coi)e+ as t;e e=&i-a$e)t of RADAR. RADAR Aas co)si+ere+ -er< 6$a(oro&s a)+ effecti-e* a)+ t;e< Aa)te+ to cas; i) o) t;e )a(e.dcitation nee#e#e Sta)+ar+isatio) of si6)a$s for a$$ NATO co&)tries $e+ to t;e +ro11i)6 of AS(5 i) fa-or of S<9AR
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FHacB(a))* Ci$$e( D. SeeB y StriBe: So)ar* A)ti4s&'(ari)e Carfare* a)+ t;e Ro<a$ Na-<* #H#>K?>. FLo)+o): HMSO* #HJ>G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Sonar o1eratio) is affecte+ '< -ariatio)s i) so&)+ s1ee+* 1artic&$ar$< i) t;e -ertica$ 1$a)e. So&)+ tra-e$s (ore s$oA$< i) fres; Aater t;a) i) sea Aater* t;o&6; t;e +iffere)ce is s(a$$. T;e s1ee+ is +eter(i)e+ '< t;e AaterVs '&$B (o+&$&s a)+ (ass +e)sit<. T;e '&$B (o+&$&s is affecte+ '< te(1erat&re* +isso$-e+ i(1&rities F&s&a$$< sa$i)it<G* a)+ 1ress&re. T;e +e)sit< effect is s(a$$. T;e s1ee+ of so&)+ Fi) feet 1er seco)+G is a11ro,i(ate$<: >9JJ X F##.!? c te(1erat&re Fi) `FGG X F"."#J! c +e1t; Fi) feetGG X sa$i)it< Fi) 1arts41er4 t;o&sa)+ G. T;is e(1irica$$< +eri-e+ a11ro,i(atio) e=&atio) is reaso)a'$< acc&rate for )or(a$ te(1erat&res* co)ce)tratio)s of sa$i)it< a)+ t;e ra)6e of (ost ocea) +e1t;s. Ocea) te(1erat&re -aries Ait; +e1t;* '&t at 'etAee) 9" a)+ #"" (eters t;ere is ofte) a (arBe+ c;a)6e* ca$$e+ t;e t;er(oc$i)e* +i-i+i)6 t;e Aar(er s&rface Aater fro( t;e co$+* sti$$ Aaters t;at (aBe &1 t;e rest of t;e ocea). T;is ca) fr&strate so)ar* 'eca&se a so&)+ ori6i)ati)6 o) o)e si+e of t;e t;er(oc$i)e te)+s to 'e 'e)t* or refracte+* t;ro&6; t;e t;er(oc$i)e. T;e t;er(oc$i)e (a< 'e 1rese)t i) s;a$$oAer coasta$ Aaters. HoAe-er* Aa-e actio) Ai$$ ofte) (i, t;e Aater co$&() a)+ e$i(i)ate t;e t;er(oc$i)e. Cater 1ress&re a$so affects so&)+ 1ro1a6atio): ;i6;er 1ress&re i)creases t;e so&)+ s1ee+* A;ic; ca&ses t;e so&)+ Aa-es to refract aAa< fro( t;e area of ;i6;er so&)+ s1ee+. T;e (at;e(atica$ (o+e$ of refractio) is ca$$e+ S)e$$Vs $aA. If t;e so&)+ so&rce is +ee1 a)+ t;e co)+itio)s are ri6;t* 1ro1a6atio) (a< occ&r i) t;e V+ee1 so&)+ c;a))e$V. T;is 1ro-i+es e,tre(e$< $oA 1ro1a6atio) $oss to a recei-er i) t;e c;a))e$. T;is is 'eca&se of so&)+ tra11i)6 i) t;e c;a))e$ Ait; )o $osses at t;e 'o&)+aries. Si(i$ar 1ro1a6atio) ca) occ&r i) t;e Vs&rface +&ctV &)+er s&ita'$e co)+itio)s. HoAe-er i) t;is case t;ere are ref$ectio) $osses at t;e s&rface. I) s;a$$oA Aater 1ro1a6atio) is 6e)era$$< '< re1eate+ ref$ectio) at t;e s&rface a)+ 'otto(* A;ere co)si+era'$e $osses ca) occ&r. So&)+ 1ro1a6atio) is a$so affecte+ '< a'sor1tio) i) t;e Aater itse$f as Ae$$ as at t;e s&rface a)+ 'otto(. T;is a'sor1tio) is fre=&e)c< +e1e)+e)t* Ait; se-era$ +iffere)t (ec;a)is(s i) sea Aater. T;&s so)ars re=&ire+ to o1erate o-er $o)6 ra)6es te)+ to &ti$ise $oA fre=&e)cies to (i)i(ise a'sor1tio) effects. T;e sea co)tai)s (a)< so&rces of )oise t;at i)terfere Ait; t;e +esire+ tar6et ec;o or si6)at&re. T;e (ai) )oise so&rces are Aa-es a)+ s;i11i)6. T;e (otio) of t;e recei-er t;ro&6; t;e Aater ca) a$so ca&se $oA fre=&e)c< )oise* A;ic; is s1ee+ +e1e)+e)t. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Sonar c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6e$e24ro(a)*#H@#
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e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 este &) +etector so)ic 1e)tr& te$eco(&)ica%ii s&'ac-atice. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 SO4ER s.). Detector so)ic 1e)tr& o'iecte s&'ac-atice* a)a$o6 c& ra+ar&$* care 0) $oc&$ &)+e$or e$ectro(a6)etice fo$osete &)+e e$astice. V. as+ic. d^ e)6$. so)ar ^ soF&)+G )aF-i6atio) a)+G rFa)6i)6G K )a-i6are i $oca$i2are 1ri) s&)ete. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Sonar ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6e$e24ro(a)*#H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : +etector so)ic 1e)tr& o'iecte s&'ac-atice B. SINONIME : +etector* ra+ar $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Sonarul este fo$osit +e ce$e (ai (&$te ori 1e)tr& +e1istarea +i-erse$or o'iecte af$ate s&' a1/. U)a +i) 1ri(e$e f&)c%ii a fost +eter(i)area a+8)ci(ii F+ista)%ei 18)/ $a f&)+&$ a1eiG. Este fo$osit 1e $ar6 0) )a-i6a%ie 5i $a 1esc&it&$ i)+&stria$. Na-e$e (i$itare $e a& 0) +ota%ie 1e)tr& s&1ra-e6;erea sit&a%iei s&'ac-atice 0) s1ecia$ 1e)tr& +e1istarea s&'(ari)e$or 5i -ice4 -ersa 4 s&'(ari)e$e fo$osesc so)are$e 1e)tr& a e-ita o e-e)t&a$/ a1ro1iere +e $oc&ri 1eric&$oase 5i 1e)tr& a +eter(i)a +irec%ia 5i +ista)%a s1re %i)t/. U)&$ +i) 1ost&ri$e i(1orta)te 1e s&'(ari) este ce$ ;i+roac&stic. !. D&1/ 1ri)ci1i&$ +e f&)c%io)are e$e se 0(1art 0) +o&/ cate6orii: acti-e 5i 1asi-e. So)ar&$ acti- e(ite &)+e +e sc&rt/ +&rat/ care* 0)t8$)i)+ 0) ca$ea sa +i-erse o'staco$e* s&)t ref$ectate 5i rece1%io)ate +e so)ar. Sonarele 1asi-e )& e(a)/ &)+e ci +oar rece1%io)ea2/ &)+e$e care se r/s18)+esc 1ri) a1/. S&rsa s&)ete$or 0) a1a 1oate fi )& )&(ai artificia$/ 4 rota%ii$e e$ice$or Fco)act&$ 1a$ete$or c& a1aG* t&ra%ii$e (otoare$or ci 5i )at&ra$/ 4 1isc&it&$ +e$fi)i$or* 1ert&r'a%ii$e a1ei. FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: E,ist/ (ai (&$te ti1&ri +e sonare* a c/ror f&)c%io)are +e1i)+e +e (o+&$ 0) care o1erea2/ tra+&ctor&$ &$traso): 0)tr4&) si)6&r 1$a) Ffie ori2o)ta$* fie -ertica$ sa& 1er1e)+ic&$ar 1e +irec%ia +e +e1$asareG* sa& 0) +o&/ 1$a)e F&)&$ ori2o)ta$ sa& fi, 5i a$t&$ -ertica$ sa& rotati-G. So)are$e (o+er)e &ti$i2ea2/ o frec-e)%/ )or(a$/ +e $&cr& +e #"" BH2 +ar* +atorit/ ceri)%e$or +iferite 1ri-i)+ &ti$i2area acestora* a& fost co)ce1&te 5i so)are c& frec-e)%e +e ?" BH2 sa& +e ?"" BH2* acestea +i) &r(/ oferi)+ o re2o$&%ie (ai 0)a$t/ 5i +eta$ii (ai fi)e. I)+ifere)t +e ti1&$ s/&* &) siste( so)ar este a$c/t&it +i) c8te-a e$e(e)te +e 'a2/ 5i a)&(e: &) tra+&ctor &$traso) re(orca'i$* &) ca'$& +e re(orcare 5i &) 0)re6istrator 6rafic af$at 1e a('arca%i&)ea +e $a s&1rafa%/. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
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+,a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Ste/ c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 T;e fore(ost ri6i+ str&ct&re A;ic; t;e 1$ati)6 of 'ot; si+es of a s;i1Vs ;&$$ is 'ei)6 attac;e+ as t;e ;&$$ ta1ers toAar+s 'ot; fore a)+ aft e)+s f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 T;e )a&tica$ se)se is 1reser-e+ i) t;e 1;rase ste( to ster) Ua$o)6 t;e f&$$ $e)6t;U Fof a s;i1G* atteste+ fro( #I!@. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Etra!a ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co(.+ictio)ar< i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : fro)t 1art of a -esse$ B. SYNONYMS : root $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;e ste/ is (ore ofte) fo&)+ o) Aoo+e) 'oats or s;i1s* '&t )ot e,c$&si-e$<. T;e ste( is 1art of t;e 1;<sica$ str&ct&re of a Aoo+e) 'oat or s;i1 t;at 6i-es it stre)6t; at t;e critica$ sectio) of t;e str&ct&re* 'ri)6i)6 to6et;er t;e 1ort a)+ star'oar+ si+e 1$a)Bs of t;e ;&$$. FAAA. e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G !. A ste/ +&ct of a s;i1 &se+ to ac;ie-e t;e re+&ctio) of t;e s;i1Vs 1ro1&$sio) Aa-e ;ei6;t a)+ t;e i(1ro-e(e)t i) t;e $a(i)arit< of t;e f$oA aro&)+ t;e s;i1Vs 'oA* so t;at t;e s;i1 is a'$e to (o-e Ait; a) i)crease+ s1ee+ a)+.or Ait; re+&ce+ f&e$ co)s&(1tio). FAAA.free1ate)tso)$i)e.co(G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: I) Seagoing Ships an# Sea,anship in the $ron?e Age Aevant S;e$$e< Cac;s(a)) 1rese)ts a o)e4of4a4Bi)+ co(1re;e)si-e e,a(i)atio) of ;oA t;e ear$< easter) Me+iterra)ea) c&$t&res tooB to t;e sea44a)+ ;oA t;e< e-o$-e+ as a res&$t. T;e a&t;or s&r-e<s t;e '$&e4Aater s;i1s of t;e E6<1tia)s* S<ro4Ca)aa)ites* C<1riots* Ear$< Bro)2e A6e Ae6ea)s* Mi)oa)s* M<ce)aea)s* a)+ Sea Peo1$es* a)+ +isc&sses B)oA) Bro)2e A6e s;i1ArecBs. Re$<i)6 o) arc;aeo$o6ica$* et;)o$o6ica$* ico)o6ra1;ic* a)+ te,t&a$ e-i+e)ce* Cac;s(a)) +e$i-ers a fasci)ati)6 a)+ i)tricate re)+eri)6 of -irt&a$$< e-er< as1ect of ear$< sea tra-e$44fro(
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s;i1 co)str&ctio) a)+ 1ro1&$sio) to Aar o) t;e o1e) Aater* 1irac<* a)+ $aAs 1ertai)i)6 to co)+&ct at sea. T;is 'roa+ st&+< is f&rt;er e);a)ce+ '< co)tri'&tio)s fro( ot;er re)oA)e+ sc;o$ars. . Hofti72er a)+ C. H. -a) So$+t offer )eA a)+ i$$&(i)ati)6 tra)s$atio)s of U6aritic a)+ ABBa+ia) +oc&(e)ts t;at refer to seafari)6. . R. Le)2 +e$-es i)to t;e Ho(eric GreeB $e,ico) to searc; o&t 1ossi'$e refere)ces to t;e 'ir+$iBe s;a1es t;at a+or)e+ ear$< s;i1sV ste/ a)+ ster). F. HocBer 1ro-i+es a &sef&$ a11e)+i, a)+ 6$ossar< of )a&tica$ ter(s* a)+ Geor6e F. BassVs foreAor+ fra(es t;e st&+<Vs sc;o$ar$< si6)ifica)ce a)+ +isc&sses its 1$ace i) t;e )a&tica$ arc;aeo$o6ica$ ca)o). o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Etra!a c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 E$e(e)t +e re2iste)/ care 0)c;i+e cor1&$ &)ei )a-e $a 1rora i c& care )a-a 0i +esc;i+e +r&(&$ $a 0)ai)tarea 1ri) a1/ f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie: K Di) fr. Qtra!e 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Ste/ ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : 1ies/ +e re2iste)/ +i) osat&ra &)ei )a-e* sit&at/ $a 1ror/. B. SINONIME : 1arte 1ri)ci1a$a* 1iesa 1ri)ci1a$a $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Pri) etra!> se 0)%e$e6e o 1ies/* (asi-/ +i) o%e$ t&r)at sa& for7at* ori +i) ta'$/ 6roas/ ro$&it/* co)stit&i)+ e,tre(itatea 1ro-a a &)ei )a-e. _(1re&)/ c& c;i$a 5i c& eta('o&$ for(ea2/ co$oa)a osat&rii $o)6it&+i)a$e. !. De etra!> se 0('i)/: stri)6;erii +e 1&)te* stri)6;erii +e 'or+a7* 1rec&( 5i fi$e$e 'or+a7&$&i e,terior. FAAA.ro.AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)e ). COMETARIU: Etra!a 1oate fi etra-/ +rea1t/ sa& etra-/ e$a)sat/. U)e$e )a-e (o+er)e a& etra-/ c& '&$'.
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o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
+-a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Stern c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 T;e after e)+ of a s;i1L 'ase+ o) t;e +iffere)t cross sectio)a$ s;a1e* a s;i1 (a< 'e +escri'e+ as ;a-i)6 a co&)ter ster)* cr&iser s1oo) ster)* f&$$ cr&iser ster)* tra)so( ster)* etc. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 c.#9""* U;i)+ 1art of a s;i1* steeri)6 6ear of a s;i1*U 1ro'a'$< fro( O.N. st7or) Ua steeri)6*U re$ate+ to st<ra Uto 6&i+eU Fsee steer F-.GG. Or t;e Aor+ (a< co(e fro( O.Fris. stiar)e Ur&++er*U A;ic; is a$so re$ate+ to steer F-.G 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Pupa ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : e)+ 1art of a s;i1 B. SYNONYMS : 'acBsi+e* aft* 'acB e)+ $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;e stern $ies o11osite of t;e 'oA* t;e fore(ost 1art of a s;i1. T;e ster) si+e of a -esse$ is i)+icate+ Ait; a A;ite )a-i6atio) $i6;t at )i6;t. !. I) t;e ear$< 1art of t;e #Ht; ce)t&r<* t;e stern of $ar6er s;i1s 'eca(e 6ra+&a$$< (ore ro&)+e+* a)+ Ait; t;e a+-e)t of screA41oAere+ -esse$s* t;e ster) 'eca(e t;e $ocatio) of t;e e=&i1(e)t* t;e officers (o-i)6 e$seA;ere* t;o&6; Britis; s;i1s sti$$ co)tai)e+ a) A+(ira$Vs ster)Aa$B &)ti$ Ae$$ i)to t;e tAe)tiet; ce)t&r<. FAAA.'atea&.co(G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: I) (o+er) Aars;i1s* 1artic&$ar$< cr&isers a)+ +estro<ers* t;e stern is &s&a$$< A;ere t;e ;e$ico1ter 1a+ is $ocate+. T;e ster) te)+s to 'e $oAer set A;e) co(1are+ to ot;er 1arts of t;e s;i1* a)+ (a< co)tai) a $ar6e ca$i'er 6&) (o&)t or (issi$e (a6a2i)es. Aircraft carriers t<1ica$$< &se t;e +ecB s1ace i) t;e ster) 1art of t;e s;i1 for t;e reco-er< of i)co(i)6 aircraft. Aircraft carriers (a< ;a-e aircraft e$e-ators i) t;e ster) area to 1re-e)t i)terfere)ce of f$i6;t o1eratio)s* A;ic; are $a&)c;e+ fro( t;e 'oA. For s&'(ari)es* 'ot; fast
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attacB a)+ 'a$$istic (issi$e* t;e ster) is 6e)era$$< t;e $ocatio) of t;e e)6i)e roo( a)+ t;e (otor roo(* if t;e s&'(ari)e ;as o)e. If t;e s&'(ari)e r&)s o) )&c$ear 1oAer t;e ster) (a< co)tai) a ;eat e,c;a)6er a)+ ot;er 1arts associate+ Ait; a )&c$ear reactor. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Pupa c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6e$e24ro(a)* #H@# e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este 1artea +i)a1oi a )a-ei sa& a('arca%i&)ii. _) se)s strict* ea re1re2i)t/ 1artea cor1&$&i )a-ei sit&at/ 0)a1oia eta('o&$&i. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 PTPO1 s1f1 Partea +e +i)a1oi a &)ei )a-e. d^ fr. poupe* cf. $at. puppise. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Ster) ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6e$e24ro(a)* #H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : s1ate$e &)ei )a-e B. SINONIME : 1artea +i) s1ate Fa &)ei )a-eG $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. O )a-a se 0(1arte 0) trei 1/r%i: 4 1ro-a 4 ce)tr&$ 2i = pupa !. Co(1arti(e)t&$ pupa este se1arat eta)5 1ri) 1erete$e +e 1reset&1/. (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: La )a-e$e c& 1or%i&)e ci$i)+ric/* 1artea +i)a1oia &$ti(ei coaste +re1te este +e)&(it/ pupa. For(a i(ers/ a 1&1ei se 0)6&stea2/ s1re eta('o&* s1re a re+&ce re2iste)%a $a 0)ai)tare a )a-ei 5i a fa-ori2a ra)+a(e)t&$ e$icei 5i -ite2a. Partea e(ers/ se e-a2ea2/ 0) for(e e$i1soi+a$e sa& o-oi+a$e* cre8)+ s1a%ii $ar6i 1e 1&)te 5i s1a%ii +e ca2are sa& 1e)tr& (a6a2ii. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
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+.a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Sternpost c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is t;e &1ri6;t str&ct&ra$ (e('er or 1ost at t;e ster) of a F6e)era$$< Aoo+e)G s;i1 or a 'oat* to A;ic; is attac;e+ t;e tra)so(s a)+ t;e rear(ost $eft cor)er 1art of t;e ster) f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 post= 1refi, (ea)i)6 Uafter*U fro( L. 1ost U'e;i)+* after* afterAar+*U fro( \1os4ti Fcf. Arca+ia) 1os* Doric 1oti UtoAar+* to* )ear* c$ose '<LU O.C.S. 1o U'e;i)+* after*U 1o2+& U$ateLU Lit;. 1as Uat* '<UG* fro( PIE \1o4 Fcf. GB. a1o Ufro(*U L. a' UaAa< fro(UG. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Eta/6ou ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co(
i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : is t;e &1ri6;t str&ct&ra$ (e('er or 1ost B. SYNONYMS : a &1ri6;t 1art $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;is e$a'orate$< car-e+ ta&ra1a Fca)oe sternpostG Ao&$+ ;a-e o)ce stoo+ -ertica$$< at t;e ster) of a 6reat AaBa ta&a FAar ca)oeG. To car-e a AaBa ta&a tooB 6reat sBi$$* a)+ ca)oe4(aBers ac=&ire+ 6reat (a)a F1resti6eG a)+ re1&tatio)s as 1riests a)+ crafts(e) for t;eir rit&a$ a)+ tec;)ica$ e,1ertise FQG. FAAA.co$$ectio)s.te1a1a.6o-t.)2G !. T;e +i(e)sio)s of t;e sternpost* or t;e 1ro1ortio)a$ 'rea+t; a)+ t;icB)ess* i) t;e +iffere)t 1arts of its ;ei6;t* are 6eo(etrica$$< +e$i)eate+ i) t;e %uarter a)+ ster) of a @> 6&)4 s;i1* 1$ate VIII. a)+ Y. 'ei)6 e,1resse+ i) 'ot; '< A B. It is &s&a$$< (arBe+ $iBe t;e ster)* Ait; a sca$e of feet fro( t;e Bee$ &1Aar+s* i) or+er to ascertai) t;e +ra&6;t of Aater< at t;at 1art of t;e -esse$. FAAA. so&t;seas.)$a.6o-.a&G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: T;e +iffic&$t< of 1roc&ri)6 a sternpost of s&fficie)t 'rea+t; i) o)e 1iece* ;as i)tro+&ce+ t;e 1ractice of fi,i)6 a) a++itio)a$ 1iece 'e;i)+ it* A;ic; is stro)6$< 'o$te+ to t;e for(er. T;e ;i)6es* A;ic; s&11ort t;e r&++er* are accor+i)6$< fi,e+ to t;is $atter*
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A;ic; is a$so te)a)te+ i)to t;e Bee$* a)+ +e)o(i)ate+ t;e 'acB of t;e 1ost* 'ei)6 e,1resse+ '< E i) t;e pieces of t;e hull referre+ to a'o-e. It is ;a$f t;e 'rea+t; of t;e ster) 1ost at t;e ;ee$* '&t. +i(i)is;es 6ra+&a$$< toAar+s t;e &11er e)+* A;ere it is o)e t;ir+ )arroAer. T;e ster)1ost is stro)6$< attac;e+ to t;e Bee$ '< a B)ee* G* PIECEs of t;e HULL* of A;ic; o)e 'ra)c; e,te)+s a$o)6 t;e Bee$* 'ei)6 scarse# a)+ 'o$te+ to t;e #ea#&!oo#* a)+ fore4 $ocBe+* &)+er t;e Bee$L A;i$st t;e ot;er 'ra)c; i)c$i)es &1Aar+s* a)+ corres1o)+s Ait; t;e i)si+e* or fore 1art of t;e ster)41ostL to A;ic; it is a$so 'o$te+ i) t;e sa(e (a))er. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Eta/6ou c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)* #H@# e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este o 1ies/* (asi-/ 5i re2iste)t/* f/c8)+ 1arte +i) osat&ra )a-ei* +is1&s/ -ertica$ $a e,tre(itatea 1&1a &)+e se 0('i)/* toate e$e(e)te$e str&ct&ra$e $o)6it&+i)a$e a$e f&)+&$&i 5i a$e ce$or +o&/ 'or+&ri. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 E%AMBG<* eta('o&ri* s.). #. E$e(e)t +e re2iste)/ a$ sc;e$et&$&i &)ei )a-e* a(1$asat $a 1&1/ i care s&si)e c8r(aL K Di) fr. Qta/6ot. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Sternpost ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)* #H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : 1arte i(1orta)ta a &)ei )a-e B. SINONIME : 1iesa $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Eta/6oul se co)fec%io)ea2/ +i) o%e$ for7at $a )a-e$e (ici sa& +i) c8te-a 1iese t&r)ate* asa('$ate 1ri) 0('i)/ri so$i+e* $a ce$e (ari. Se 0('i)/ $a 1artea sa i)ferioar/ c& c;i$a 5i c& -ara)6e$e 1&1ei* 1ri)tr4o ta$1/ 1re$&)6it/ s1re 1ro-a. !. For(a eta/6oului -aria2/ +&1/ )&(/r&$ e$ice$or )a-ei 5i ti1&$ c8r(ei. FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(8)* E+. ftii)%ific/* B&c&re5ti* #H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: La )a-e$e c& e$ice 0) 1$a)&$ +ia(etra$* eta/6oul se +esface 0) +o&/ ra(&ri* a('e$e 0) 1$a)&$ +ia(etra$* 1e)tr& a 1&tea c&1ri)+e 0)tre e$e s1a%i&$ e$icei. La )a-e$e c& e$ice 0) a('e$e 'or+&ri* eta('o&$ s&s%i)e s&1ort&ri$e a,e$or 1ort4e$ice +i) +rea1ta 5i st8)6a.
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,0a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Su6/arine c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co(.+ictio)ar< e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a Aatercraft ca1a'$e of i)+e1e)+e)t o1eratio) 'e$oA t;e s&rface of t;e Aater. f. NOTA BENE : T;e ter( s&'(ari)e (ost co((o)$< refers to $ar6e creAe+ a&to)o(o&s -esse$sL ;oAe-er* ;istorica$$< or (ore cas&a$$<* s&'(ari)e ca) a$so refer to (e+i&( si2e+ or s(a$$er -esse$s F(i+6et s&'(ari)es* Aet s&'sG* Re(ote$< O1erate+ Ve;ic$es or ro'ots. T;e Aor+ s&'(ari)e Aas ori6i)a$$< a) a+7ecti-e (ea)i)6 U&)+er t;e seaU* a)+ so co)se=&e)t$< ot;er &ses s&c; as Us&'(ari)e e)6i)eeri)6U or Us&'(ari)e ca'$eU (a< )ot act&a$$< refer to s&'(ari)es at a$$. S&'(ari)e Aas s;orte)e+ fro( t;e ter( Us&'(ari)e 'oatU* a)+ is ofte) f&rt;er s;orte)e+ to Us&'U. S&'(ari)es are referre+ to as U'oatsU* re6ar+$ess of t;eir si2e* for ;istorica$ reaso)s 'eca&se -esse$s +e1$o<e+ fro( a s;i1 are referre+ to as 'oats.dcitatio) )ee+e+e T;e first s&'(ari)es Aere $a&)c;e+ i) s&c; a (a))er. T;e E)6$is; ter( U4'oat for a Ger(a) s&'(ari)e co(es fro( t;e Ger(a) Aor+ for s&'(ari)e* U4Boot* itse$f a) a''re-iatio) for U)tersee'oot FU&)+ersea 'oatUG. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Su6/arin ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co(.+ictio)ar< i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : &)+erAater 'oat B. SYNONYMS : &)+erAater craft $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;e first &se of a su6/arine i) co('at Aas t;e Actio) of #@ Fe'r&ar< #JI> +&ri)6 t;e A(erica) Ci-i$ Car. T;e Co)fe+erate States Na-< -esse$ CSS H&)$e< 'eca(e t;e first s&'(ari)e to si)B a) e)e(< -esse$ i) co('at* t;e USS Ho&sato)ic. !. Su6/arines co&$+ &s&a$$< $ocate a)+ attacB ot;er s&'(ari)es o)$< o) t;e s&rface* a$t;o&6; Ve)t&rer FPIJG (a)a6e+ to si)B U4JI> Ait; a fo&r tor1e+o s1rea+ A;i$e 'ot; Aere s&'(er6e+. T;e Britis; +e-e$o1e+ a s1ecia$i2e+ a)ti4s&'(ari)e s&'(ari)e i) Cor$+ Car I* t;e R c$ass. After Cor$+ Car II* Ait; t;e +e-e$o1(e)t of t;e ;o(i)6 tor1e+o*
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'etter so)ar s<ste(s* a)+ )&c$ear 1ro1&$sio)* s&'(ari)es a$so 'eca(e a'$e to ;&)t eac; ot;er effecti-e$<. FB$air* C$a< F#H@?G. Silent @ictory* The C1S1 Su",arine +ar Against Tapan. P;i$a+e$1;ia: Li11i)cott.G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Mo+er) su6/arines are ci6ar4s;a1e+. T;is +esi6)* -isi'$e i) ear$< s&'(ari)es Fsee 'e$oAG is so(eti(es ca$$e+ a Utear+ro1 ;&$$U. It re+&ces t;e ;<+ro+<)a(ic +ra6 A;e) s&'(er6e+* '&t +ecreases t;e sea4Bee1i)6 ca1a'i$ities a)+ i)creases +ra6 A;i$e s&rface+. Si)ce t;e $i(itatio)s of t;e 1ro1&$sio) s<ste(s of ear$< s&'(ari)es force+ t;e( to o1erate s&rface+ (ost of t;e ti(e* t;eir ;&$$ +esi6)s Aere a co(1ro(ise. Beca&se of t;e s$oA s&'(er6e+ s1ee+s of t;ose s&'s* &s&a$$< Ae$$ 'e$oA #" Bt F#J B(.;G* t;e i)crease+ +ra6 for &)+erAater tra-e$ Aas acce1ta'$e. Late i) Cor$+ Car II* A;e) tec;)o$o6< a$$oAe+ faster a)+ $o)6er s&'(er6e+ o1eratio) a)+ i)crease+ aircraft s&r-ei$$a)ce force+ s&'(ari)es to sta< s&'(er6e+* ;&$$ +esi6)s 'eca(e tear+ro1 s;a1e+ a6ai) to re+&ce +ra6 a)+ )oise. O) (o+er) (i$itar< s&'(ari)es t;e o&ter ;&$$ is co-ere+ Ait; a $a<er of so&)+4a'sor'i)6 r&''er* or a)ec;oic 1$ati)6* to re+&ce +etectio). o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Su6/arin c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico( (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)* #H@# e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este &) -e;ic&$ ac-atic care se 1oate +e1$asa s&' a1/* $a 1resi&)i foarte 0)a$te* +i)co$o +e a+8)ci(i$e &)+e se 1ot sc&f&)+a oa(e)i. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 S<BMARM4* 4* s&'(ari)i* 4e* a+7.* s.). #. A+7. Care se 6/sete sa& se 1ro+&ce s&' s&1rafaa (/rii sa& ocea)&$&i* ori 1e f&)+&$ $orL referitor $a re6i&)ea +e s&' s&1rafaa (/rii sa& ocea)&$&i. !. S.). Na-/ +e $&1t/ sa& +e cercetare care 1oate )a-i6a at8t $a s&1rafa/ c8t i s&' s&1rafaa &)ei a1eL s&'(ersi'i$ F!G. K S&'#4 X (ari) F+&1/ fr. sous&,arinG. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Su6/arine ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico( (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)* #H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : -ec;ic&$ ac-atic B. SINONIME : )a-a
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$. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Su6/arinele* fo$osite 1e scar/ $ar6/ 1e)tr& 1ri(a +at/ 0) Pri(&$ r/2'oi (o)+ia$* s&)t ac&( fo$osite +e toate (ari)e$e (i$itare (a7ore +i) $&(e* (ai a$es +e cea a(erica)/* r&s/* 'rita)ic/ 5i fra)ce2/. !. Su6/arinele 5i s&'(ersi'i$e ci-i$e s&)t fo$osite 1e)tr& acti-it/%i 5tii)%ifice* $a a+8)ci(i care s&)t 1rea (ari 1e)tr& scafa)+ri. FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6e$e24ro(a)*#H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: NMS De$fi)&$U FNMS x Na-a Ma7est/%ii Sa$eG* 1ri(&$ +i)tre ce$e trei s&'(ersi'i$e a$e Mari)ei (i$itare ro(8)e* a fost $a)sat $a !! i&$ie #H9" 0) 1re2e)%a i)6i)eri$or )a-a$i ro(8)i 5i ita$ie)i* 1rec&( 5i a &)ei +e$e6a%ii a Mi)ister&$&i ro(8) +e R/2'oi* 5i (i)istr& 1$e)i1ote)%iar a$ Ro(8)iei 0) Ita$ia: Di(itrie I. G;ica. _)s/ su6/arinul )& era 6ata s/ fie 1re+at. _) &r(a &)or $iti6ii 0)tre Stat&$ ro(8) 5i 5a)tier&$ k&ar)aro +i) Ita$ia* s&'(ari)&$ a fost 0) fi)e 1re+at $a H (ai #H9I. D&1/ ce 5i4a $&at tor1i$e$e +e $a Nea1o$e* s&'(ari)&$ a a7&)s $a Co)sta)%a 0) !@ i&)ie 5i a fost 0)ca+rat 0) Di-i2ia +e Mare c& oca2ia 3i$ei Mari)ei* 0) #? a&6&st. Deoarece +e $a 1&)erea 1e ca$/ trec&se a1roa1e &) +ece)i&* s&'(ari)&$ era oarec&( +e1/5it (ora$* astfe$ c/ 1ri)ci1a$a sa +esti)a%ie a fost +e )a-/ 5coa$/* iar 0) ti(1&$ r/2'oi&$&i +e i)a-/ 0) -ia%/R Fe)6$e2/ ship in "eingG* care o'$i6a a+-ersar&$ s/ ia (/s&ri 0(1otri-a 1erico$&$&i 6e)erat +e 1re2e)%a sa.d#e _) 1ri(&$ +ece)i& a$ e,iste)%ei sa$e* UNMS De$fi)&$U a efect&at )&(eroase c&rse 0) Marea Nea6r/* Marea Me+itera)/ 5i Ocea)&$ At$a)tic* c& (isi&)i +e e,erci%i&* +e a)tre)a(e)t 5i +e i)str&cta7* foarte c/&tate +e ofi%erii Mari)ei (i$itare ro(8)e* +i)tre care &)ii &r(aser/ 0) acest sco1 c&rs&ri +e s1ecia$i2are 0) s&'(ersi'i$e$e fra)ce2e 5i ita$ie)e. A efect&at +e ase(e)ea (isi&)i ;i+ro6rafice 5i 5tii)%ifice 1e)tr& I)stit&t&$ Ocea)o6rafic +i) Co)sta)%a 0)te(eiat +e Gri6ore A)ti1a. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
,1a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : %ri/aran c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a (&$ti;&$$e+ 'oat co)sisti)6 of a (ai) ;&$$ F-aBaG a)+ tAo s(a$$er o&tri66er ;&$$s Fa(asG* attac;e+ to t;e (ai) ;&$$ Ait; $atera$ str&ts FaBasG f. NOTA BENE : T;e first tri(ara)s Aere '&i$t '< i)+i6e)o&s Po$<)esia)s a$(ost >*""" <ears a6o* a)+ (&c; of t;e c&rre)t ter(i)o$o6< is i);erite+ fro( t;e(. M&$ti;&$$ sai$'oats
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Fcata(ara)s a)+ tri(ara)sG 6ai)e+ fa-or +&ri)6 t;e #HI"s a)+ #H@"s. Mo+er) recreatio)a$ tri(ara)s are roote+ i) t;e sa(e ;o(e'&i$t tra+itio) as ot;er (&$ti;&$$s '&t t;ere are a$so a )&('er of 1ro+&ctio) (o+e$s o) t;e (arBet. A )&('er of tri(ara)s i) t;e #H K 9I foot $e)6t;s ;a-e 'ee) +esi6)e+ o-er t;e $ast 9" <ears to 'e acco((o+ate+ o) a roa+ trai$er. T;ese i)c$&+e t;e ori6i)a$ Farrier 4 Corsair fo$+i)6 tri(ara)s 4 a)+ ori6i)a$ o;) Ceste$$ sAi)64Ai)6 fo$+i)6 tri(ara) F&si)6 t;e sa(e fo$+i)6 s<ste( $ater a+o1te+ a$so o) k&or)i)6 Dra6o)f$<G a)+ $iBe tri(ara)s. Ma)< sai$'oat +esi6)ers ;a-e a$so +esi6)e+ +e(o&)ta'$e tri(ara)s t;at are a'$e to 'e trai$ere+ F$iBe t;e SeaCart 9" '< Ocea)$aBe Mari) 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 4 ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a 'oat B. SYNONYMS : -esse$* s;i1 $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;e +esi6) a)+ )a(es for t;e tri/aran co(1o)e)ts are +eri-e+ fro( t;e ori6i)a$ 1roa co)str&cte+ '< )ati-e Pacific Is$a)+ers. !. A$t;o&6; it is 1ossi'$e for a tri/aran to ca1si2e* t;is is $ess fre=&e)t t;a) Ait; (o)o;&$$ 'oats 'eca&se of t;e 6reater resista)ce to ro$$i)6 t;at t;e a(as offer. Most tri(ara) +esi6)s are co)si+ere+ )ear$< &)si)Ba'$e 'eca&se e-e) A;e) fi$$e+ Ait; Aater* t;e f$otatio) of o)e a(a is e)o&6; to Bee1 t;e e)tire -esse$ af$oat. Beca&se of t;eir sta'i$it< a)+ safet<* s1ecia$ tri(ara)s s&c; as t;e C;a$$e)6er* ;a-e 'eco(e 1o1&$ar Ait; sai$ors A;o ;a-e restricte+ (o'i$it<. FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: T;e tri/aran +esi6) is a$so 'eco(i)6 (ore Ai+es1rea+ as a 1asse)6er ferr<. I) !""? t;e #!@ (etre F>#@ ftG tri(ara) $enchiPigua 6Dpress Aas +e$i-ere+ '< A&sta$ to S1a)is; ferr< o1erator Fre+.O$se)* S.A. for ser-ice i) t;e Ca)ar< Is$a)+s. Ca1a'$e of carr<i)6 #!J" 1asse)6ers a)+ 9>" cars* or e=&i-a$e)ts* at s1ee+s &1 to >" B)ots* t;is 'oat Aas t;e $o)6est a$&(i)&( s;i1 i) t;e Aor$+ at t;e ti(e of +e$i-er<.d!e T;e tri(ara) co)ce1t ;as a$so 'ee) co)si+ere+ for (o+er) Aars;i1s. T;e RV Triton Aas co((issio)e+ '< Britis; +efe)se co)tractor ki)etik i) !""". I) Octo'er !""?* t;e U)ite+ States Na-< co((issio)e+ for e-a$&atio) t;e co)str&ctio) of a Ge)era$ D<)a(ics Littora$ Co('at S;i1 FLCSG tri(ara) +esi6)e+ a)+ '&i$t '< A&sta$. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$
,$a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN
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'. ENTRY : %ug6oat c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co(. e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 A s(a$$ 'oat +esi6)e+ for toAi)6 -esse$s s&c; as 'ar6eL ;as 6reat (a)oe&-ra'i$it< a)+ e)6i)e 1oAerL a$so B)oA) si(1$< as tug f. NOTA BENE : Historica$$< t&6'oats Aere t;e first sea6oi)6 -esse$s to recei-e stea( 1ro1&$sio)* free+o( fro( t;e restrai)t of t;e Ai)+* a)+ ca1a'i$it< of 6oi)6 i) a)< +irectio). As s&c;* t;e< Aere e(1$o<e+ i) ;ar'ors to assist s;i1s i) +ocBi)6 a)+ +e1art&re. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Re/or(her ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co(. i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a s(a$$ 'oat +esi6)e+ for toAi)6 -esse$s B. SYNONYMS : 'oat* -esse$ $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. %ug6oats are 1oAerf&$ for t;eir si2e a)+ stro)6$< '&i$tL so(e are ocea)46oi)6. So(e t&6'oats ser-e as ice'reaBers or sa$-a6e 'oats. Ear$< t&6'oats ;a+ stea( e)6i)esL to+a< +iese$ e)6i)es are &se+. I) a++itio) to toAi)6 6ear* (a)< t&6'oats co)tai) firefi6;ti)6 (o)itors or 6&)s* a$$oAi)6 t;e( to assist i) firefi6;ti)6 +&ties* es1ecia$$< i) ;ar'ors. !. To +ate t;ere ;a-e 'ee) t;ree c;i$+re)Vs s;oAs re-o$-i)6 aro&)+ a)t;ro1o(or1;ic F$i-i)6G tug6oats. I) t;e #HJ"s* #9 e1iso+es Aere (a+e of TC)S. It ;a+ a) A(erica) s1i)off ca$$e+ Salty0s Aighthouse. O)e of t;e creators of t;at series Ae)t o) to (aBe Theo#ore Tug"oat. O) Tugs* t;e (o+e$s Aere a'$e to (o-e t;eir ;ea+s a)+ e<es a)+ +i+)Vt ;a-e (otors. O) Theo#ore Tug"oat* t;e (o+e$s ;a-e (otors a)+ (o-i)6 e<es. F<n Tug"oats* Stories of +ork an# Aife A"oar# . Vir6i)ia T;or)+iBe 4 DoA) East BooBs* !"">.G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: %ug6oat e)6i)es t<1ica$$< 1ro+&ce ?"" to !*?"" BC F} IJ" to 9*>"" ;1G* '&t $ar6er 'oats F&se+ i) +ee1 AatersG ca) ;a-e 1oAer rati)6s &1 to !"*""" BC F} !@*!"" ;1G a)+ &s&a$$< ;a-e a) e,tre(e 1oAer:to))a6e4ratio F)or(a$ car6o a)+ 1asse)6er s;i1s ;a-e a P:T4ratio Fi) BC:GRTG of ".9? to #.!"* A;ereas $ar6e t&6s t<1ica$$< are !.!" to >.?" a)+ s(a$$ ;ar'o&r4t&6s >." to H.?G. T;e e)6i)es are ofte) t;e sa(e as t;ose &se+ i) rai$roa+ $oco(oti-es* '&t t<1ica$$< +ri-e t;e 1ro1e$$er (ec;a)ica$$< i)stea+ of co)-erti)6 t;e e)6i)e o&t1&t to 1oAer e$ectric (otors* as is co((o) for rai$roa+ e)6i)es. For safet<* t&6'oatsV e)6i)es ofte) feat&re tAo of eac; critica$ 1art for re+&)+a)c<.
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o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Re/or(her c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este o )a-/ s1ecia$/ +e +i(e)si&)i re$ati- (ici* +otat/ c& i)sta$a%ie +e 1ro1&$sie 1&ter)ic/ 0) sco1&$ efect&/rii re(orca7e$or (ariti(e sa& f$&-ia$e* (a)e-re$or 1ort&are 5i &)eori 1e)tr& i)ter-e)%ii 0) ca2 +e sa$-/ri 5i i)ce)+ii. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie: K Di) fr. re/or2ueur 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : %ug6oat ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : )a-a +e re(orcat B. SINONIME : -as* 'arca +e re(orcat $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Re/or(herul se caracteri2ea2/ 1ri) (a)e-ra'i$itate 5i $&)6i(e re+&s/* 1ri)tr4&) ra1ort (ic 0)tre +e1$asa(e)t 5i 6re&tatea (a5i)i$or 5i 1ri) $i)ia c;i$ei* care este o'$ic/* c& 1esca7 (ai (are $a 1&1a 0) 1o2i%ie +e asiet/ )or(a$/* 1e)tr& a 1re-e)i te)+i)%a +e sc;i('are a asietei 0) ti(1&$ re(orca7&$&i 5i 1e)tr& a 1/stra o '&)/ sta'i$itate +e +r&( 1ri) +e1$asarea s1re 1&1a a ce)tr&$&i +e care)/. FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(8)* E+. ftii)%ific/* B&c&re5ti* #H@#G !. Pri(&$ re/or(her ;i'ri+ +i) $&(e a fost $a)sat $&)a trec&ta i) 1ort&$ Lo)6 Beac;. La e-e)i(e)t&$ +e $a)sare a& fost 1re2e)ti 6&-er)ator&$ Ca$ifor)iei* Ar)o$+ Sc;Aar2e)e66er* si 1este 9"" +e $i+eri i) afaceri +i) s&+&$ Ca$ifor)iei* i)for(ea2a E)-iro)(e)ta$ Lea+erFQG. FAAA.6ree)4re1ort.roG (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)e ). COMETARIU: Re(orca7&$ se face 1ri) trac%i&)e* 0) ca2&$ c&rse$or $&)6i 5i &)eori 1ri) 0(1i)6ere F$a f$&-i& sa& 0) ca2&$ &)or (a)e-re 1ort&are* 0) care sco1 re/or(herul este +otat c& -i)ci +e re(orcareG
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,'a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Ci:ing ship c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a co$$ecti-e ter( for s;i1s &se+ +&ri)6 t;e ViBi)6 A6e F@H9K#"IIG i) Nort;er) E&ro1e. T;e< ofte) ;a+ a +ra6o) ;ea+ or ot;er circ&$ar o'7ect 1rotr&+i)6 fro( t;e fro)t a)+ 'acB* for +esi6). f. NOTA BENE : ViBi)6 -esse$s Aere ca$$e+ ODra6o) S;i1sR 'eca&se a cere(o)ia$ +ecoratio) i) t;e s;a1e of a +ra6o)Vs ;ea+ Aas 1$ace+ o) t;e 'oA of t;e s;i1. T;e 1artic&$ar +esi6)* s;a1e a)+ +ecoratio) of t;e +ra6o)Vs ;ea+ a$so Aas s<('o$ic of t;e $ea+er of t;e 6ro&1 or creA. T;e< s<('o$i2e+ t;e ViBi)6 force a)+ 1oAer 'eca&se t;e ViBi)6s Aere 6reat rai+ers. T;e s;i1s Aere =&ite fast F@4#! B)ots s1ee+G a)+ e,tre(e$< sta'$e i) t;e ro&6; seas off Sca)+i)a-ia a)+ t;e Nort; At$a)tic. T;e ViBi)6s Aere feare+ a(o)6 (a)< ci-i$i2atio)s i) a)cie)t E&ro1e a)+ t;e +ra6o) fi6&re;ea+s +e1icte+ t;eir stre)6t; a)+ 'r&ta$it< as Ae$$ as t;eir fear$ess)ess. Beca&se ViBi)6s Aere -er< s&1erstitio&s* t;e ;ea+s o) t;eir +ra6o) s;i1s Aere i)te)+e+ to Aar+ off sea (o)sters a)+ s1irits. O) $a)+ t;e ;ea+s co&$+ 'e re(o-e+ so t;e< +o )ot Aar+ off frie)+$< $a)+ s1irits. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Cora6ia !i:inga ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o(i)a$ 6ro&1 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a -iBi)6 'oat B. SYNONYMS : a -eese$* a s;i1 $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. Ci:ing ships Aere B)oA) for 'ei)6 a'$e to )a-i6ate ri-ers a)+ s;oa$s A;ic; ot;er )a-<Vs s;i1s co&$+ )ot )e6otiate. T;e< Aere a$so a'$e to ;a)+$e ro&6; seas* s&c; as t;e Nort; At$a)tic Ocea). T;e< ra)6e+ i) t;e Ba$tic Sea a)+ far fro( t;e Sca)+i)a-ia) ;o(e areas* to Ice$a)+* Gree)$a)+* NeAfo&)+$a)+* t;e Me+iterra)ea)* a)+ Africa. !. Dar-es Aere a t<1e of s(a$$ Ci:ing ship si(i$ar to t;e D)arr. T;e< Aere &se+ for ;&(a) a)+ tra)s1ort a)+ t;e (o-e(e)t of $i-estocB a)+ ot;er 6oo+s. Beca&se t;e< Aere a'$e to )a-i6ate i) -er< s;a$$oA Aater* t;e< Aere a$so &se+ for coasti)6. Dar-es ;a+ 'roa+ 'ea(s of a11ro,i(ate$< #@ feet F? (etersG. FPeter SaA<er* F#HH@G The <Dfor# 5llustrate# history of the @ikings. O,for+ U)i-ersit< PressG
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(. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: Ci:ing ships -arie+ fro( ot;ers of t;e 1erio+* 'ei)6 6e)era$$< (ore seaAort;< a)+ $i6;ter. T;is Aas ac;ie-e+ t;ro&6; &se of c$i)Ber or $a1straBe co)str&ctio). T;e 1$a)Bs fro( A;ic; ViBi)6 -esse$s Aere co)str&cte+ Aere ri-e+ Fs1$itG fro( $ar6e* o$+4 6roAt; treesTes1ecia$$< oaBs. A s;i1Vs ;&$$ co&$+ 'e as t;i) as o)e i)c; F!.? CMG* as a s1$it 1$a)B is stro)6er t;a) a saAe+ 1$a)B fo&)+ i) $ater craft. CorBi)6 &1 fro( a sto&t oaBe) Bee$* t;e s;i1Ari6;ts Ao&$+ ri-et t;e 1$a)Bs to6et;er &si)6 Aro&6;t iro) ri-ets a)+ ro-es. Ri's (ai)tai)e+ t;e s;a1e of t;e ;&$$ si+es* '&t Aere )ot i)te)+e+ to 1ro-i+e stre)6t; to t;e ;&$$. Eac; tier of 1$a)Bs o-er$a11e+ t;e o)e 'e$oA* a)+ Aater1roof ca&$Bi)6 Aas &se+ 'etAee) 1$a)Bs to create a stro)6 '&t s&11$e ;&$$. Re(arBa'$< $ar6e -esse$s co&$+ 'e co)str&cte+ &si)6 tra+itio)a$ c$i)Ber co)str&ctio). Dra6o)4 s;i1s carr<i)6 #"" Aarriors Aere )ot &)co((o). o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Cora6ie !i:inga c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@# e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Defi)e5te ti1&$ +e cora'ie +i) E&ro1a +e Nor+ 0) 1erioa+a -iBi)6i$or FJ"" 4 ##""G. f. NOTA BENE : Aceste cor/'ii a& fost co)str&ite 5i +&1/ 1erioa+a +e +o(i)a%ie -iBi)6/* fii)+ cor/'ii i&%i care 1&te& )a-i6a i)+e1e)+e)t +e -8)t a-8)+ catar6e 5i -8s$e. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Ci:ing ship ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@# i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : a 'i6 'oat B. SINONIME : a -esse$* a s;i1 $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. Mo+e$ +e co)str&c%ie a (or>6iilor !i:inge se af$/ 0) $iterat&ra iH7a$(ar Fa$BR +i) #H#!. !. O (ora6ie !i:inga re1re2e)tati-/ este )a-a +e r/2'oi O$a- Tr<66-aso)s iDra)ic;O FCocorG sa& iC&r(R FVier(eG care a-ea& 9> +e 1erec;i +e -8s$e.
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FAAA.'arca;o$ic.roG (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: Ec;i1a7&$ (ora6iei !i:inge F)&(it: OsBi1ss{6)R* isBi1s;{f)O* Os-eitR* OsBi1-er7arR* OsBi1ararRG co)+&c/to&$ cora'iei )&(it* Ostri(a~&rR* OsBi1st7r)a(a~rR* OsBi1+rtti))R* sa& OsBi1;erraR* $a )a-e$e +e r/2'oi acesta tre'&ia s/ fie )ec/storit* a-ea 1&teri )e$i(itate* e$ fii)+ )&(it +irect +e re6e. Ec;i1a7&$ +e $a -8s$e era )&(it O;jsetarR* sa& O;{($&(e))R +&1/ )e-oie (8)&ia& 5i -e$e$e* sa& f/cea& 1a2a. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
,)a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Uind "a!e c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Are s&rface Aa-es t;at occ&r o) t;e free s&rface of ocea)s* seas* $aBes* ri-ers* a)+ ca)a$s or e-e) o) s(a$$ 1&++$es a)+ 1o)+s. T;e< &s&a$$< res&$t fro( t;e Ai)+ '$oAi)6 o-er a -ast e)o&6; stretc; of f$&i+ s&rface. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 U(o-i)6 'i$$oA of Aater*U #?!I* fro( Aa-e F-.G* re1$aci)6 M.E. AaA* A;ic; is fro( O.E. Aa6ia) Uto (o-e to a)+ froU Fcf. O.S.* O.H.G. Aa6* O.Fris. Ae6* O.N. -a6r UAater i) (otio)* Aa-e* 'i$$oA*U Got;. Ae6s Ute(1estLU see Aa6 F-.GG. T;e &s&a$ O.E. Aor+ for U(o-i)6 'i$$oA of AaterU Aas <~. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Cal de !ant ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o(i)a$ 1;rase 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : Aa-e B. SYNONYMS : Aater c&rre)t $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. So(e Ai)+ Aa-es i) t;e ocea)s ca) tra-e$ t;o&sa)+s of (i$es 'efore reac;i)6 $a)+. Uind "a!es ra)6e i) si2e fro( s(a$$ ri11$es to ;&6e ro6&e Aa-es. T;ere is $itt$e forAar+ (otio) of i)+i-i+&a$ Aater 1artic$es i) a Aa-e* +es1ite t;e $ar6e a(o&)t of e)er6< it (a< carr< forAar+. !. Ts&)a(is are a s1ecific t<1e of "a!e )ot ca&se+ '< "ind '&t '< 6eo$o6ica$ effects. I) +ee1 Aater* ts&)a(is are )ot -isi'$e 'eca&se t;e< are s(a$$ i) ;ei6;t a)+ -er< $o)6
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i) Aa-e$e)6t;. T;e< (a< 6roA to +e-astati)6 1ro1ortio)s at t;e coast +&e to re+&ce+ Aater +e1t;. FP;i$$i1s* O.M. F#H@@G* The #yna,ics of the upper ocean U2n# e#1', Ca('ri+6e U)i-ersit< PressG (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: C;e) +irect$< 'ei)6 6e)erate+ a)+ affecte+ '< t;e $oca$ Ai)+s* a Ai)+ Aa-e s<ste( is ca$$e+ a Ai)+ sea. After t;e Ai)+ ceases to '$oA* Ai)+ Aa-es are ca$$e+ s!ell. Or* (ore 6e)era$$<* a sAe$$ co)sists of Ai)+ 6e)erate+ Aa-es t;at are )ot T or ;ar+$< T affecte+ '< t;e $oca$ Ai)+ at t;e sa(e (o(e)t. T;e< ;a-e 'ee) 6e)erate+ e$seA;ere* or so(e ti(e a6o.d#e Ci)+ Aa-es i) t;e ocea) are ca$$e+ ocea) s&rface "a!es. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Cal de !ant c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este o o)+&$a%ie a &)ei s&1rafe%e 0)ti)se +e a1/ F$ac* (are* ocea)G* ca re2&$tat a$ (i5c/ri$or +e osci$a%ie +eter(i)ate +e ac%i&)ea -8)t&$&i* +e c&tre(&re* +e -aria%ia 'r&sc/ a 1resi&)ii at(osferice* +e atrac%ia L&)ii 5i Soare$&i 5i +e +e1$asarea &)ei )a-e 1ri) a1/. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6ie 4 K Di) s$. !al@ 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : Uind "a!e ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.+e,o)$i)e.ro i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : 6r&1 )o(i)a$ 7. CONCEPT GENERIC : &)+a +e a1a B. SINONIME : c&re)t +e a1a* (asa +e a1a*&)+a +e a1a* ta$a2 $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. D&1/ ca&2e$e care $e +a& )a5tere* +eose'i(: aG !aluri de !RntF 'G -a$&ri seis(iceL cG -a$&ri a)e(o'ariceL +G -a$&ri +e (areeL eG -a$&ri +e )a-/.
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!. Calurile de !Rnt se for(ea2/ 0) &r(a ac%i&)ii i)ter(ite)te a -8)t&$&i as&1ra strat&$&i +e a1/ +e $a s&1rafa%a (/rii af$at 0) stare +e re1a&s. Aceast/ ac%i&)e co)st/ 0)tr4o a1/sare* co)co(ite)t c& frecarea (ase$or +e aer 0) (i5care +e 1artic&$e$e +e a1/* care s&)t scoase +i) 1o2i%ia +e ec;i$i'ra 5i +eter(i)ate s/ e,ec&te o (i5care +e osci$a%ie. I)i%ia$ se for(ea2/ 0)cre%it&ri (ici* )&(ite i-a$&ri ca1i$areU care* $a 0)cetarea -8)t&$&i* se a(orti2ea2/ +atorit/ te)si&)ii s&1erficia$e. FLe,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(8)* E+. ftii)%ific/* B&c&re5ti* #H@#G (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)a ). COMETARIU: _) ca2&$ coaste$or a'r&1te 5i c& a+8)ci(i (ari* 1rec&( 5i 0) ca2&$ co)str&c%ii$or ;i+rote;)ice* -a$&ri$e se $o-esc +e 1erete$e -ertica$ a$ acestora 5i a1oi se ref$ect/ 5i* co('i)8)+&4se c& -a$&ri$e i)ci+e)te +a& )a5tere &)or -a$&ri c& a(1$it&+i)e (are* a c/ror for%/ +e i2'ire este co)si+era'i$/ 5i a c/ror creast/ se ri+ic/ $a 0)/$%i(i (ari Fc;iar 18)/ $a I" (G. _) &)e$e sectoare* coaste$e s&)t s&1&se &)or +istr&6eri &ria5e 1ro-ocate +e aceste -a$&ri +e s1ar6ere. P/tr&)28)+ 0)tr4&) 'a2i) 1ort&ar* !alurile de !Rnt sa& +e ;&$/ se $o-esc +e 1erete$e -ertica$ a$ c;e&ri$or* se ref$ect/ 5i a1oi i)tr/ 0) i)terfere)%/ c& -a$&ri$e )oi* +8)+ )a5tere &)ei a6ita%ii +eose'ite )&(it/ iresac/U sa& ic$a1otiU* caracteri2at/ 1ri) -a$&ri sc&rte c& 1a)t/ (are 5i c& osci$a%ie 1e -ertica$/L aceast/ a6ita%ie 0)6re&ia2/ sta%io)area )a-e$or $a c;e& 5i creea2/ +ific&$t/%i o1era%i&)i$or +e 0)c/rcare T +esc/rcare. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
,*a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : ;a(ht c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 A 1$eas&re -esse$* a 1$eas&re 'oatL i) A(erica) &sa6e t;e i+ea of si2e a)+ $&,&r< is co)-e<e+* eit;er sai$ or 1oAer. f. NOTA BENE : Eti(o$o6< 4 #??@* <ea6;e Ua $i6;t* fast4sai$i)6 s;i1*U 1ro'a'$< fro( NorA. 7a6;t* fro( M.L.G. 7ac;t* s;orte)e+ for( of 7ac;tsc;i1 Ufast 1irate s;i1*U $it. Us;i1 for c;asi)6*U fro( 7ac;t Uc;ase*U fro( 7a6e) Uto c;ase* ;&)t*U fro( O.H.G. 7a6o)* fro( P.G(c. \7a6o7a)a). 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : Iaht ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(arB7o)es.co.)2 i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : 1$eas&re 'oat
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B. SYNONYMS : 'oat* sai$'oat* -esse$ $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. ;a(hts are +iffere)t fro( AorBi)6 s;i1s (ai)$< '< t;eir $eis&re 1&r1ose* a)+ it Aas )ot &)ti$ t;e rise of t;e stea('oat a)+ ot;er t<1es of 1oAer'oat t;at sai$i)6 -esse$s i) 6e)era$ ca(e to 'e 1ercei-e+ as $&,&r<* or recreatio)a$ -esse$s. Later t;e ter( ca(e to e)co(1ass (otor 'oats for 1ri(ari$< 1ri-ate 1$eas&re 1&r1oses as Ae$$. !. ;a(ht $e)6t;s 6e)era$$< ra)6e fro( !" feet FI (G &1 to ;&)+re+s of feet. L&,&r< crafts s(a$$er t;a) >" feet are (ore co((o)$< ca$$e+ Uca'i) cr&isersU or si(1$< Ucr&isers.U A (e6a <ac;t 6e)era$$< refers to a)< <ac;t Fsai$ or 1oAerG a'o-e #"" ft F9> (G a)+ a s&1er <ac;t 6e)era$$< refers to a)< <ac;t o-er !"" ft F@" (G. T;is si2e is s(a$$ i) re$atio) to t<1ica$ cr&ise $i)ers a)+ oi$ ta)Bers. FGar+i)er* R y La-er<* B* UThe Aine of $attle * The Sailing +arship 1.5-&1>=-U* #HH! F!""> e+itio)G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: ;a(ht F1ro)o&)ce+ .7t.* fro( D&tc; Pacht (ea)i)6 hunting or hunt* co(1are Ger(a) Tag#G Aas ori6i)a$$< +efi)e+ as a $i6;t* fast sai$i)6 -esse$ &se+ '< t;e D&tc; )a-< to 1&rs&e 1irates a)+ ot;er tra)s6ressors aro&)+ a)+ i)to t;e s;a$$oA Aaters of t;e LoA Co&)tries. T;e< Aere a$so &se+ for )o)4(i$itar< 6o-er)(e)ta$ ro$es s&c; as c&sto(s +&ties a)+ +e$i-eri)6 1i$ots to Aaiti)6 s;i1s.d#e T;e $atter &se attracte+ t;e atte)tio) of Aea$t;< D&tc; (erc;a)ts A;o 'e6a) to '&i$+ 1ri-ate <ac;ts so t;e< co&$+ 'e taBe) o&t to 6reet t;eir ret&r)i)6 s;i1s. Soo) Aea$t;< i)+i-i+&a$s 'e6a) to &se t;eir V7ac;tsV for 1$eas&re tri1s. B< t;e start of t;e #@t; ce)t&r< V7ac;tsV ca(e i) tAo 'roa+ cater6ories4 speel&Pachts for s1ort a)+ oorlog&Pachts for )a-a$ +&ties.d!e B< t;e (i++$e of t;e ce)t&r< $ar6e V7ac;tV f$eets Aere fo&)+ aro&)+ t;e D&tc; coast a)+ t;e D&tc; states or6a)ise+ $ar6e Vre-ieAsV of 1ri-ate a)+ Aar <ac;ts for s1ecia$ occasio)s* t;&s 1&tti)6 i) 1$ace t;e 6ro&)+AorB for t;e (o+er) s1ort of <ac;ti)6. Tachts of t;is 1erio+ -arie+ 6reat$< i) si2e* fro( aro&)+ >"ft i) $e)6t; to 'ei)6 e=&a$ to t;e $oAer c$asses of t;e s;i1 of t;e $i)e.d9e A$$ ;a+ a for( of fore.aft 6aff ri6 Ait; a f$at 'otto( a)+ $ee 'oar+s to a$$oA o1eratio)s i) s;a$$oA Aaters. T;e 6aff ri6 re(ai)e+ t;e 1ri)ci1$e ri6 fo&)+ o) s(a$$ E&ro1ea) <ac;ts for ce)t&ries &)ti$ 6i-i)6 Aa< to t;e VBer(&+a) s$oo1V ri6 i) t;e #HI"s. o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$ a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Iaht c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : AAA.ai)ostri.ro e. DEFINITIE STANDARD : 4 Este o )a-/ +e a6re(e)t* 1re-/2&t c& (otor 5i c& catar6e F-e$eG* +ar $a &)e$e ia;t&ri 1oate (otor&$ sa& -e$e$e s/ $i1seasc/. #J"
f. NOTA BENE : Pri(e$e ia;t&ri a& fost co)str&ite 0) seco$&$ YVII 0) O$a)+a fii)+ +esti)ate ca 5i ca+o&ri 0)tre case$e re6a$e. Di) 1&)ct +e -e+ere o1tic ia;t&ri$e a& 1/strat caracter&$ 1&)%ii ia;t&ri$or o$a)+e2e. La sf8r5it&$ seco$&$&i YIY s4a i)te)sificat 1ro+&c%ia ia;t&ri$or 1e)tr& c/$/torii +e a6re(e)t 1e (are 5i 1e)tr& 1artici1are $a co(1eti%ii +e 0)treceri s1orti-e )a-a$e. 6. CORRESPONDENT EN : ;a(ht ;. SURSA DEFINITIEI : AAA.ro.AiBi1e+ia.or6 i. CATEGORIE GRAMATICALA : s&'sta)ti7. CONCEPT GENERIC : Na-/ (ic/ i e$e6a)t/ 1e)tr& c&rse +e 1$/cere. B. SINONIME : 'arca* -as $. CONTEYT . COLOCATII : #. De)&(irea +e iaht se acor+/ &)or )a-e* care a& o a)&(it/ $&)6i(e* a('arca%i&)i$e s&' @ ( s&)t )&(ite '/rci. Di(e)si&)i$e ti1ice 1e)tr& &) ia;t 0) 1re2e)t s&)t )a-e$e care a& o $&)6i(e 0)tre #" 4 #? (* 5i este 1re-/2&t c& (ai (&$te ca'i)e. Ia;t&ri$e c& $&)6i(ea +e 1este #? ( F?" 1icioareG s&)t )&(ite (e6a4ia;t&ri sa& s&1er4ia;t&ri. FAAA.ro.AiBi1e+ia.or6G !. Cei care -or s/ 05i 1etreac/ -aca)%a 1e a1a Marii Ne6re a& $a +is1o2i%ie (ai (&$te o1%i&)i. La 'or+&$ iahtului UE$ Co(a)+a)teU se 1ot &rca (a,i( #? 1ersoa)e care a& 1arte +e tot co(fort&$ &)&i ;ote$ +e 1atr& ste$e. FAAA.rea$itatea.)etG (. ARIA DE UTILI3ARE : Mari)e ). COMETARIU: I) ca2&ri$e ia;t&ri$or (a,i sa& (e6a* i)+ifere)t +ac/ a& sa& )4a& &) (otor* co)fort&$ 7oac/ &) ro$ i(1orta)t* $&)6i(ea ia;t&$&i tre'&ie s/ fie (i)i(&( !# +e ( F@" 1icioareG* 5i c& &) ec;i1a7 1rofesio)ist* for(at +i) ce$ 1&%i) +o&/ 1ersoa)e Fc/1ita) 5i steAartG. Materia$e$e +i) &2&a$e care se fo$osec $a co)str&ierea &)&i ia;t s&)t 0) 1re2e)t fi'ra +e stic$/* $e()&$* o%e$&$* a$&(i)i&$* (ai rar 'eto)&$. o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$
,+a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : ;a"l c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.'arca;o$ic.ro
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e. STANDARD DEFINITION : 4 Is a tAo4(aste+ sai$i)6 craft si(i$ar to a s$oo1 or c&tter '&t Ait; a) a++itio)a$ (i22e) (ast Ae$$ aft of t;e (ai) (ast* ofte) ri6;t o) t;e tra)so(. A s(a$$ (i22e) sai$ is ;oiste+ o) t;e (i22e) (ast. f. NOTA BENE : T;e a'o-e is a) acce1te+ (o+er) +efi)itio)* '&t it (a< )ot 'e correct Ait;i) a ;istorica$ co)te,t. VA+A, n1 A s,all ships "oat, usually ro!e# "y four or siD oars1 U+e"ster0s #ictionary 1>2>' T;e se(i)a$ A(erica) Yac;t Desi6)er of t;e first ;a$f of $ast ce)t&r<* Fra)cis Herres;off* ref$ecte+ t;is tra+itio)a$ +efi)itio) of a YaA$ Aas as Ua s;i1Vs 'oat rese('$i)6 t;e 1i))aceU set &1 to 'e 1ri(ari$< roAe+. To a++ a sai$i)6 ri6 to a roA'oat t;e (asts (&st )ot i)terfere Ait; t;e roAers. T;e Mai)(ast is 1$ace+ Ae$$ forAar+ a)+ t;e (i22e) as far 'acB as 1ossi'$e. T;e (i22e) ;as to 'e s(a$$ i) si2e to Bee1 t;e sai$ area 'a$a)ce+ aro&)+ t;e ;&$$Vs ce)tre of $atera$ resista)ce to e)s&re t;e 'oat Ai$$ sai$ i) a strai6;t $i)e Ait;o&t e,cessi-e correctio). Accor+i)6 to Herres;off U<aA$U ;a+ )ot;i)6 to +o Ait; r&++er 1$ace(e)t re$ati-e to t;e (i22e) 4 a <aA$ ri6 is t;e sai$ a)+ (ast co)fi6&ratio) t;at s&its a <aA$'oat. 6. RO CORRESPONDENT : 4 ;. DEFINITION SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co( i. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY : )o&) 7. GENERIC CONCEPT : a 'oat B. SYNONYMS : -esse$* s;i1 $. CONTEYT . COLLOCATIONS : #. T;e ya"l is ofte) co)f&se+ Ait; t;e Betc;* A;ic; a$so ;as tAo (asts Ait; t;e (ai) (ast fore(ost. T;e co((o) -ieA is t;at a Betc; ;as t;e (i22e) (ast forAar+ of t;e r&++er 1ost A;ereas t;e (i22e) o) a <aA$ is aft of t;e r&++er 1ost.d#ed!e T;is +efi)itio) is a re$ati-e$< rece)t +efi)itio) a)+ t;e ;istorica$ +efi)itio) is $iBe$< to 'e =&ite +iffere)t. !. I) t;e #H?"s a)+ I"s ya"ls Aere +e-e$o1e+ for ocea) raci)6 to taBe a+-a)ta6e of t;e ;a)+ica11i)6 r&$e t;at +i+ )ot 1e)a$i2e t;e( for f$<i)6 a (i22e) sta<sai$* A;ic; o) $o)6 ocea) races* ofte) +oA) Ai)+* Aere a 6reat a+-a)ta6e* t;e 'est e,a(1$e of t;is 'ei)6 O$i) Ste1;e)sV FAAA.e).AiBi1e+ia.or6G (. USE AREA : Mari)e ). COMMENTARY: T;e ya"l Aas ori6i)a$$< +e-e$o1e+ as a ri6 for co((ercia$ fis;i)6 'oats* o)e 6oo+ e,a(1$e of t;is 'ei)6 t;e Sa$co('e YaA$ Fa tra+itio)a$ s(a$$ fis;i)6 'oat '&i$t i) De-o)G. I) its ;e<+a<* t;e ri6 Aas 1artic&$ar$< 1o1&$ar Ait; si)6$e4;a)+e+ sai$ors* s&c; as circ&()a-i6ators Harr< Pi+6eo) a)+ Fra)cis C;ic;ester. T;is Aas +&e to t;e a'i$it< of a <aA$ to 'e tri((e+ to sai$ Ait;o&t r&++er i)1&t. Mo+er) se$f4steeri)6 a)+ )a-i6atio) ai+s ;a-e (a+e t;is $ess i(1orta)t* a)+ t;e <aA$ ;as 6e)era$$< fa$$e) o&t of fa-or.
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C;a1ter ## Co)c$&sio)
H&(a) ;a-e te)+et to $i-e )ear Aater* a)+ it is )or(a$ to (aBe &se of t;i)6s t;at f$oat. Lo6s or '&)+$es of ree+s ca) 'e $as;e+ to6et;er to for( raftsL ;o$$oA tr&)Bs ca) 'e i(1ro-e+ to 'eco(e +&6o&t ca)oes. O)ce t;e 1ri)ci1$e of a Aaterti6;t ;&$$ is &)+erstoo+* a)i(a$ ;i+esor t;e 'arB of trees ca) 'e attac;e+ to a fra(eAorB of 'a('oo or AicBer to (aBe a si(1$e corac$e. Boats of t;ese Bi)+s ;a-e 'ee) (a+e '< tec;)o$o6ica$$< 1ri(iti-e co((&)ities* a)+ (a)< co)ti)&e to 'e (a+e i)to t;e !"t; ce)t&r<. If 1$a)Bs are a++e+ to to raise t;e e+6es of a +&6o&t ca)oe* Ait; Aoo+e) str&ts to ;o$+ t;e( i) 1$ace* t;e 1ri(iti-e 'oat'&i$+er is a$rea+< o) t;e Aa< toAar+s t;e o)$< +esi6) of Aoo+e)
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'oat ca1a'$e of 'ei)6 '&i$t o) a $ar6e sca$e. T;is co)sists of a Bee$ to A;ic; a ri''e+ fra(e is attac;e+ K (&c; as a)i(a$ ri's c&r-e o&tAar+s fro( a 'acB'o)e. P$a)Bs are attac;e+ to t;is ri's. T;e< eit;er o-er$a1 F c$i)Ber K '&i$t G or are faste)e+ e+6e K to K e+6e F car-e$ K '&i$t G. T;ese re(ai) t;e 'asic +esi6)s for $ar6e 'oats a)+ s;i1s &)ti$ t;e 6ra+&a$ i)tro+&ctio) of (eta$ ;&$$s i) t;e #Ht; ce)t&r<. T;e i)+&stria$ re-o$&tio)* )eA (ec;a)ica$ (et;o+s of 1ro1&$sio)* a)+ t;e a'i$it< to co)str&ct s;i1s fro( (eta$ tri66ere+ a) e,1$osio) i) t;e s;i1 +esi6). Factors i)c$&+i)6 t;e =&est for (ore efficie)t s;i1s* t;e e)+ of $o)6 r&))i)6 a)+ Aastef&$ (ariti(e co)f$icts* a)+ t;e i)crease+ fi)a)cia$ ca1acit< of i)+&stria$ 1oAers create+ a) a-a$a)c;e of (ore s1ecia$i2e+ 'oats a)+ s;i1s. S;i1s o1erati)6 i) t;e !#st ce)t&r< Ai$$ 'e e,1ecte+ to (eet i)creasi)6$< stri)6e)t e)-iro)(e)ta$ re6&$atio)s. Ma)< 6o-er)(e)ts ;a-e co(1re;e)si-e s;i1'oar+ 1o$$&sio) a'ate(e)t 1ro6ra(s &)+er Aa< t;at Ai$$ e)a'$e s;i1s of t;e !#st ce)t&r< to 'e e)-iro)(e)ta$ so&)+. T;e 6oa$ is for s;i1s to o1erate Aor$+Ai+e Ait; (i)i(a$ 1ote)tia$ for re6&$ator< co)strai)ts* Ait;o&t i))a1ro1riate +e1e)+e)ce o) s;ore faci$ities* a)+ Ait;o&t &)reaso)a'$e costs i(1ose+ '< e)-iro)(e)ta$ re6&$atio)s. T;e fo$$oAi)6 is t;e 'asic strate6< : Desi6) a)+ o1erate s;i1s to (i)i(i2e e(issio)s a)+ Aaste 6e)eratio) A;i$e o1ti(i2i)6 Aaste (a)a6e(e)t* a)+ +e-e$o1 s;i1'oar+ s<ste(s t;at Ai$$ +estro< a11ro1riate$< treat t;e Aastes 6e)erate+ o) 'oar+. If Aastes are &)a-oi+a'$e a)+ ca))ot 'e +estro<e+ or retai)e+ o) 'oar+ for rec<c$i)6 as;ore* t;e< (&st 'e s&fficie)t$< treate+ so t;at o-er'oar+ +isc;ar6es are co)si+ere+ e)-iro)(e)ta$$< i)si6)ifica)t. A$t;o&6; t;e &$ti(ate so$&tio) for o)'oar+ +estr&ctio) ;as )ot 'ee) (a+e toAar+ +e-e$o1i)6 o)'oar+ ca1a'i$ities for treati)6 or rocessi)6 so$i+ Aastes* oi$< Aastes* ;a2ar+o&s (ateria$s* a)+ (e+ica$ Aastes. Satisfactor< i)ter) or $o)6 4 ter( so$&tio)s are 'ei)6 so&6;t for '$acB Aater a)+ 6re< Aater treat(e)t. I)ter)atio)a$ coo1erati-e efforts +irecte+ toAar+s ac;ie-i)6 e)-iro)(e)ta$$< so&)+ s;i1s are &)+er Aa< a(o)6 6o-er)(e)ts to s;are i)for(atio) a)+ tec;)o$o6ies* a)+ to sa-e ti(e a)+ (o)e<.
C;a1ter#! Refere)ces
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Le,ico) (ariti(e e)6$e2 K ro(a)* E+. ftii)%ific/* B&c&re5ti* #H@# BroA)* D. D. F !""9 G. T;e Gra)+ F$eet : +arship #esign an# (evelop,ent 19-. / 1922. Ca,to) E+itio) Baro) -o) M&$$e);ei( K Rec;'er6* B&cB;ar+ F#HJ" G* $attleship $is,arck, A SurvivourW s story1 A))a1o$is: U)ite+ States Na-a$ I)stit&te Press T;e I)ter)atio)a$ Mari)e BooB of SAILING* Ci$$ia( Ro'i)so)* McGraAHi$$ !""J Di)& D&(itr&* V$a+ Co)sta)ti) : Scafan#ri si vehicule su"agvatice. E+. ftii)%ific/ 5i E)cic$o1e+ic/* B&c&re5ti* #HJI #J>
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UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND LITTERATURES APPLIED MODERN LANGUAGES ENGLISH

COORDINATOR Associate Professor Dr. IONITA DIANA

GRADUATE GHERMENI DIANA

Boats and Ships An Endless Story Bilingual Glossary

Chapter + Measuring ships Chapter , Ship pollution

C;a1ter # Ge)era$ o-er-ieA: ;istor<

C;a1ter ! T<1es of s;i1s

C;a1ter > Desi6) co)si+eratio)s

C;a1ter I Meas&ri)6 s;i1s

C;a1ter @ S;i1 1o$$&tio)

C;a1ter H Co)ce1t Ma1

C;a1ter #" Refere)ces

11a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Bo" c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.(4i4$i)B.co(

1$a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Buoy c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA

1,a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : Canal

o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$

a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : Chila c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@#

o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$

a. ID LIMBA : RO '. INTRARE : 5ar c. ID TARA : RO +. SURSA : Le,ico) (ariti( e)6$e24ro(a)*#H@#

*,a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : RMS Tita)ic FRo<a$ Mai$ Stea(erG

o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$

o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$

o. DESEMNAREA STATUTULUI : for(a$*oficia$

,+a.. ID LANGUAGE : EN '. ENTRY : ;a"l c. ID COUNTRY : UD .USA +. SOURCE : AAA.'arca;o$ic.ro

o. DESIGNATION STATUS : for(a$* officia$

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