INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY

Early Life

CRITICAL THINKING
INSTRUCTO: TERESA WELCH

2014

SONDRA KRANENDONK

Contents Buddha he was my first pick. But my second Philosopher was randomly. David Home (Hume) it was so hard to found information about is childhood and life.
Children story about Buddha The life of Shakyamuni Ancient Philosophers by Don Nardo There was lots of information about Buddha David Hume (1711- 1776) Early Life I had to go a family history search Career Later a life & Death Family history chart Archetypes of Wisdom Soccio

EARLY LIFE BUDDHA

Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha was born in the sixth century BCE in Lumbini, which today is inside Nepal, not far from Kapilavastu. His father, Suddhodana, King of the Shakya clan and ruler of one of several kingdoms that existed in India at the time; Queen Mayadevi died soon after and the birth and Siddhartha was brought up by his aunt: who he love. He was showed compassionate meditative qualities. When a great sage by the name of Asita came to visit the Shakya court, he told the King that Siddhartha would not become a universal monarch but a Buddha, an enlightened one. The child endowed with thirty-two auspicious marks of spiritual awareness, such as a broad forehead, thick eyelashes and so on, which indicated a life of spiritual achievement.

EARLY LIFE DAVID HUME

David Hume, originally David Home, was born on April 26 1711 he is son to Joseph Home and Katherine Falconer his parent werent married on May 1711 in a tenement of the Lawnmarket in Edinburgh, Scotland, and he was raised by his mother under a strict Presbyterian regimen. His father was an advocate. But sadly one year after he was born, his father died leaving his son a small income. When David was old he went three-hour in the morning at services, went back for an hour in the afternoon, his family prayers at night. And when he was about twelve year old his went to English and faced problems in pronouncing his name Home in the Scottish accent correctly, in 1743 he changed his name to Hume. (Soccio at 292 but more of the information was on David Hume life)

DISCOVERING LIFE
One day Siddhartha went out riding with his Chandaka he came upon an old man with bent body 1

and legs trembling with decrepitude of age. Slowly, painfully and learning heavily upon his with stick on his back the old man was struggling down the road. Siddhartha had never seen old age. He pulled his chariot to stop and asked Chandaka about that man. Chandaka replied that the man was old and his body is falling. Prince Siddhartha asked a question about the old man that the body grow old that the fact of life. Search for the truth Siddhartha travelled through the Gangetic plain in search plain in search for truth. To study with renowned teachers and in time to the city of Vasishali. The teacher living there named Kalapa Arada who lived with 300 disciples. Siddhartha listened and instructions but remained unsatisfied. When he decide to move on he came to a grass cutter the soft green kusha grass he walked seven time around and seat down face eastwards Buddha remained seated for seven days he followed enlightenment. Buddha had four happening marked a turning point in Siddharthas. The sight he had seen brought about a realization the old age, sickness and death were the fate of all human to understand it.

DISCOVERING LIFE
When David was 12 years old he started the University of Edinburgh but after three years he dropped out with no degree, he initially build his career in the field of law but later turned towards philosophy. Hume never respected his professors he didnt believe that nothing can be learnt from them. But he came out with a philosophical discovery. Hume spent ten years of his life reading and writing, but after which he decided to have a more active life to better continue his learning. Hume admitted he had lost the faith of his childhood, writing the once he read Locke and other philosophers his never what back to religion again.

LIFE CHANGING BUDDHA

The king suggested that a wife and children would help to turn the Princes so the search for a 2

bride was on. The daughter of Shakya, she was beautiful her name was Yashohara she was well accomplished with great inner strength. The wedding of the Prince Siddhartha and Yashodhara was a celebrated and the king was overjoyed. Prince lived in comfort his wife bore a son, whom hide him from unpleasant realities of sickness and old age. One night the guards fall asleep and the gates doors was open Siddhaarrtha rode out of the city and travelled far beyond his fathers kingdom. He cut his hair with a sword meet a poor hunter exchanged his cloths for his; he heard of a great teacher living there named Kalpa Arada who lived with 300 disciples in strict monastic. That Kalapa Aradas path was not the one he wished to pursue and so he move on. Siddhartha thanked the king but refused his offer, worldly comforts like poison.

LIFE CHANGING HUME

The gates open in front of Hume were between a traveling tutorship and a stool in a merchants office and he selected the later one. After spending some moths in Bristol in 1734, Hume headed to La Fleche in Anjou, France. The college of La Fleche he spent a large portion of his savings during the 4 years there writing A Treatise of Hume Nature. He was 26 years old as most influential works of Hume in todays time, some critics of Great Britain disagreed at that time. While in France, Hume had what contemporary philosopher Richard Watson calls a skeptical crisis. In six weeks he gained sixty pounds, and remained a fat, jolly fellow for the rest of his life (Soccio at 293) Once all a party they made fun of a Hume weight; quoting the Gospel verse And the word was made flash. One Humes many lady admirers quickly countered, And the word was made lovable. (Soccio at 293)

PASSING AWAY BUDDHA

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When the Buddha was eighty years of age, he announces that his time was at an end, and he prepared his followers for his Paranivana, the great cessation of his earthly being. His constantattendant during this during time was his disciple Ananda. The Buddha told Ananda that after his death the Sangha should not think their masters words had come to an end. The truth of the Dharma and the Sangha would continue to guide and teach those who come after he had died.

PASSING AWAY HUME

He shifted base to his birth place, Edinburgh the following year, in 1768 and lived there until his death. August 25. 1776, Hume died of either bowel or liver cancer at the southwest corner of St. Andrews Square, in Edinburghs New Town, at what is now 21 Saint David Street. The Death of David Hume this is his Doctor last entry Dr. Black writes On the 22d of August, the Doctor wrote me the following letter: "Since my last, Mr. Hume has passed his time pretty easily, but is much weaker. He sits up, goes down stairs once a day, and amuses himself with reading, but seldom sees anybody. He finds that even the conversation of his most intimate friends fatigues and oppresses him; and it is happy that he does not need it, for he is quite free from anxiety, impatience, or low spirits, and passes his time very well with the assistance of amusing books."

I received the day after a letter from Mr. Hume himself, of which the following is an extract.
Edinburgh, 23d August, 1776. MY DEAREST FRIEND,I am obliged to make use of my nephew's hand in writing to you, as I do not rise today. "I go very fast to decline, and last night had a small fever, which I hoped might put a quicker period to this tedious illness, but unluckily it has, in a great measure, gone off. I cannot submit to your coming over here on my account, as it is possible for me to see you so small a part of the day, but Doctor Black can better inform you concerning the degree of strength which may from time to time remain with me. Adieus" etc.

Three days after I received the following letter from Doctor Black. 4

Edinburgh, Monday, 26th August, 1776. . "DEAR SIR, Yesterday, about four o'clock, afternoon, Mr. Hume expired. The near approach of his death became evident in the night between Thursday and Friday, when his disease became excessive, and soon weakened him so much that he could no longer rise out of his bed. He continued to the last perfectly sensible, and free from much pain or feelings of distress. He never dropped the smallest expression of impatience; but when he had occasion to speak to the people about him, always did it with affection and tenderness. I thought it improper to write to bring you over, especially as I heard that he had dictated a letter to you desiring you not to come. When he became very weak, it cost him an effort to speak, and he died in such a happy composure of mind, that nothing could exceed it."

MY FEELINGS
I love Buddha for the prince and poor, and maybe being so in tuned with life to understanding life and death for seeing the hard and sad that life can bring to all of as it made him a teacher he has had the good in life and bad he was and still and man among men. He found peace which most people will never fined. At every moment he is close to God, and nothing has meaning for him but God and Gods will. The idea of God is subject to on condition, but giving knowledge of the simple things. Hume I didnt care for him; he was middle class he is very education but there was no Family. He love his self he never married but his life was about friend writing reading his time drinking; his childhood was very hard going to service three hours a week and weekend; I think he had a foundation of God. He what to college at the age of twelve and then drop out shut the world out for three years. I read this it said Hume uses the familiar example of a golden mountain: this idea is a combination of an idea of gold and idea of a mountain. (David Hume Life) I guess family and God was a foundation Its sad he died the way he life by his self. 5

Sondra Kranendonk Philosophy1000 Instructor: Teresa Welch Critical Thinking-Class Group Ten Questions 1. Money makes us both master and slave. Our power over money is real only inasmuch as we are able to understand its power over us. Money creates problems when we do not have it, and yet more problems when we do have it. We have to ask ourselves how to take into account the interests of others. For example, we have to ask what we would choose if we were in their position rather than in ours? What emerges at that point is the priority of reducing or preventing suffering. Because ethics is not just about what we actually do and the impact of that but it is also about what we omit to do, what we choose not to do. That is why questions about what we spend our money on are also questions about what we choose not to spend our money on. A lot of us forget that he points out. Further, a lot of philosophers have asked about the meaning of life. According to Singer, life becomes meaningful when we connect ourselves with some really important causes or issues and help. Giving aid to the poor in other nations may require some inconvenience or some sacrifice of luxury on the part of peoples of rich nations, but to ignore the plight of starving people is as morally reprehensible as failing to save a child drowning in a pool because of the inconvenience of getting one's clothes wet. In fact, according to Singer, allowing a person to die from hunger when it is easily within one's means to prevent it is no different, morally speaking, from killing another human being. I agree with Singer we need to help!!! But my family will come first. 2. Peter Singers views on the ethics of eating animals were somewhat persuasive, but only to a

certain extent. It is true that mankind has only very recently started to give any thought to the way animals are treated in modern farming systems. The argument Peter Singer presented about animal consciousness was not very convincing. From what I understood, he defined animal consciousness as an animals ability to feel pain yet I did not understand how he could simply rank different animals at different levels of consciousness. I think he should take an absolute stance on the situation. If he claims that all animals are conscious, then all should fall under the same level. Does a lobster that is thrown into a boiling pot of water feel any less pain than a turkey that is slaughtered? I do not agree. Some of as people enjoy eating meat and fish, the interest is staying alive not with just vegetable or fruit. 3. The difference between belief and knowledge. Beliefs doxai are deficient cognitive attitudes. In believing something, one accepts some content as true without knowing that it is true; one holds something to be true that could turn out to be false. There is no perfect epistemology or foolproof philosophy. No matter how we acquire or analyze our beliefs, some are going to be wrong. We are going to believe some falsehoods and we are going to disbelieve some truths, and the less we do of one, the more we will unavoidably do of the other people have a strong aversion to not believing true things, and their thinking tends to be credulous. They rarely disbelieve what is true, but they also believe many falsehoods. 4. A comparison of scientific studies on moral and immoral behavior suggests that individuals are drawn to either good or bad actions depending on how they recall their past choices. When people are faced with a moral dilemma and remember their past selves more abstractly, as someone who is built of strong moral fiber, they are more likely act in beneficent ways. But when past actions are recalled concretely, as something that produced a measurably good outcome, individuals are more likely to compensate for that behavior by engaging in less noble acts.

Guilt makes you give into more temptation again and again, but you can be forgiven and youre past wiped clean, then when you see yourself as a new person, clean, forgiven, and free of your past, your behavior changes. 5. I saw this on Yahoo!!! Question Does doing the right thing for the wrong reasons make it any less right? So in the Harry Potter books, about how he was such a brave character and did everything he could to put an end to Voldemort, and did everything Dumbledore asked of him. But he did it for reasons that werent right, it wasnt because he wanted to stand up for Muggle right to stop people from dying; to me, this seems like doing the right thing for the wrong reasons. My thought! Well, it doesnt necessarily make it wrong; it just makes that person who knows, to do the right thing for a self reason. It doesnt make it any less good because what might be the wrong reason for some people might be the right one for others. 6. The determination of the moral value of a motive like stealing intention is not an easy thing, because a bad motive or intention I usually hidden, and sometimes we have no way to disclose it. If a bad motive or a bad intention, since intellectually human beings are rational, the person will be unwilling to admit or recognize, at least consciously, you need a big moral courage to accept or recognize your moral badness. Usually, you find a justification to deceive yourself as well as other. 7. SPENDING MONEY Living the good life means different things to different people. There is, however, a slightly ambiguous, mutual understanding. The good life is the life that you would like to live. It deals with the simple pleasures that make you happy. Slow down, freedom is the greatest gift. Bring awareness and being happiness. That is a big difference between getting things done and getting things done effectively.

8. We're certainly very cognizant of some of the superior individuals that we have on our team, thank goodness, but it is the team that provides us with our strength, and our ability to perform under pressure, whether it is good or bad, and that's the way we think. To give the impression that you are a superior individual to those who provide you with your living is a sure-fire way to move rapidly into the ranks of the unemployed or your business towards disaster All humans have an equal basic moral status. They possess the same fundamental rights, and the comparable interests of each person should count the same in calculations that determine social policy, neither supposed racial differences, nor skin color, sex, sexual orientation, ethnicity, intelligence, nor any other differences among humans negate their fundamental equal worth and 9. What is the relation between living a good life and being happy? Too many, the good life is a financially prosperous life, and happiness lies in the possession of wealth. Worldly success is what counts, and anyone who is not successful in the usual sense is counted a failure. Others strive for a life based on honor and public recognition. A good life is made up of hobnobbing with the right settings, and happiness is a matter of gaining respect. A good and happy life is one in which pleasures outweigh the pains overall. Many questions have been asked about the good life and happiness. People constantly answer those questions with their lives, and we see many different ideas of the good life and happiness playing out in the strivings of human beings to live well and be happy. 10. Living a good life is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for happiness. In other words, it is possible to live a good life without being happy, but not happy without living a good life. Many philosophers have a particular idea of happiness and the good life that is not shared by everyone.