FM Experiments

DATACONES
INSTRUCTION MANUAL

FOR

HYDRAULIC BENCH

Manufacturer Of

STANDARD EQUIPMENTS

FOR

TECHNICAL INSTITUTES

AND

INDUSTRIES

DESIGNED AND MANUFACTURED BY

DATACONE ENGG. PVT. LTD.

Near Sangliwadi High - School.

SANGLIWADI - 416 416 [M.S]

VENTURIMETER

AIM : To determine the Coefficient of Discharge of the given Venturimeter.

INTRODUCTION :
It is often desired to know the quantity of material Entering & Leaving the process
to control it - by & Large. The materials with which chemical industries deal are
fluids. It is important to measure the flow rate of fluids flowing through the pipes,
one of the dynamic methods is Venturimeter.

THEORY :
This is an instrument in which the practical application of Bernoullis theorem is
found. It consists of short piece of pipe which is converting upto certain length &
then which diverging upto certain length & then diverging upto certain length &
then diverging for remaining length. The section the conveying & diverging part
meets known of throat of the venturimeter. To read the pressure difference the
tapping are connected to U-Tube manometer or to pressure gauges. As liquid
flows through the meter, to the velocity will increase at the throat owing the
pressure will be reduced which nay be read by the device fitted to it.
Let :
H : Difference of pressure head of water in the piezometer
tubes
A1 : Area of enlarge end ( i.e. area of pipe for which the
discharge is to be measured ) m
2
.
A2 : Area of throat. m
2

Q : Rate of discharge. m
2
/sec
V1 : Velocity of fluid at entrance to Venturimeter
V
2
: Velocity of fluid of throat - m/sec.

The theoretical discharge of water through the venturimeter is Q
th

=
1
2
4
2
1
1
|
.
|
\
|
d
d
gH A
m
3
/sec
Now, actual discharge, Q = Cd x Q
th

Where Cd is coefficient of discharge of the meter.
=
1
2
4
2
1
1
|
.
|
\
|
d
d
gH xA C
d
m
3
/sec

OBSERVATIONS :

Diameter of Pipe (d
1
) : 26 mm.
Throat Diameter (d
2
) : 16 mm.
Area of Pipe (A
1
) : 5.22 x 10
-4
m
2

Area of Throat (A
2
) : 2.01 x 10
-4
m
2

Area of Tank (A) : 0.5 x 0.35 = 0.175 m
2

OBERVATION TABLE :

Sr. No. Manometer Difference
In (H
hg
) mm.
Time for 50mm Rise of
Water Level (t) Sec
1.
2.
3.
4.

CALCULATIONS :

1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE (Q
A
) :

A x H
= m
3
/Sec
t

2. MANOMETER DIFFERENCE IN TERMS OF WATER COLUMN (H) :

S
1
- S
2

= H
hg
Mtr. Of Water.

S
2

3. THEORETICAL DISCHARGE ( Q
TH
) :

A
1
x A
2
x 2 g H
= m
3
/Sec

A
1
2
- A
2
2

4. Coefficient Of Discharge Of Venturimeter (Cd) :

Actual Discharge
=
Theoretical Discharge

CONCLUSIONS :

1. The venturimeter coefficient Cd is determined experimentally is comparable with
the reported value in the literature.

2. Using the average value of Cd it is possible to predict the flow rate with reasonable
accuracy.

A. VENTURIMETER

OBSERVATIONS :

Diameter of Pipe (d
1
) : 26 mm.
Throat Diameter (d
2
) : 16 mm.
Area of Pipe (A
1
) : 5.22 x 10
-4
m
2

Area of Throat (A
2
) : 2.01 x 10
-4
m
2

Area of Tank (A) : 0.5 x 0.35 = 0.175 m
2

OBERVATION TABLE :

In (H
hg
) mm.
Water Level (t) Sec
1. 78 10.52
2. 170 7.65
3. 290 5.74

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS (Reading No. 3) :

1. Actual Discharge (Q
A
) :

A x H
=
t

0.175 x 0.05
=
5.74

= 1.52 x 10
-3
m
3
/Sec

2. Manometer Difference In Terms Of Water Column (H) :
S
1
- S
2

= H
hg

S
2

13.6 - 1
= 0.29 x
1

= 3.65 Mtr. Of Water.

3. Theoretical Discharge ( Q
TH
) :

A
1
x A
2
x 2 g H
=

A
1
2
- A
2
2

5.22 x 10
-4
x 2.01 x 10
-4
x 2 x 9.81 x 3.65
=
(5.22 x 10
-4
)
2
- ( 2.01 x 10
-4
)
2

= 1.84 x 10
-3
m
3
/Sec

4. Coefficient Of Discharge Of Venturimeter (Cd) :

Actual Discharge
=

1.52 x 10
-3
=
1.84 x 10
-3

= 0.82

5. Result Table :

Sr.
No.
Height Of
Water (H)
Mtr. Of
Water
Actual
Discharge
(Q
A
)
m
3
/Sec
Theoretical
Discharge
(Q
TH
)
m
3
/Sec
Co-Efficien
cy Of
Discharge
Average
Co-Efficient Of
Discharge(Cd)
1 0.98 0.83 x 10
-3
0.95 x 10
-3
0.87
2 2.14 1.14 x 10
-3
1.41 x 10
-3
0.80 0.83
3 3.65 1.52 x 10
-3
1.84 x 10
-3
0.82

ORIFICEMETER

AIM: To determine coefficient of discharge of Orifice meter connected in between pipe
line.

APPARATUS :
Orifice meter, Stop watch, Steel rule.
THEORY :
An orifice meter is a simple device used for measurement of discharge through
pipes. Where as the n space problem instead of using venturimeter use of orifice
meter is better principle is by reducing cross - sectional area between two section
at pipe & thus developing a pressure difference to enable determination of
discharge through pipe & coefficient of discharge was pre-determined.

An orifice meter consists of a circular plate which has circular edged hole called
orifice which is concentric with pipe. Generally orifice meter having diameter is 0.5
times pipe diameter. Two pressure tapping provided at two sections.

PROCEDURE :
Firstly pump was initiated to have water flood through the pipe to which orifice
meter is connected two tapping or two connection were given to the mercury
manometer to have head developed. But this head developed is in term of Hg. As
the difference to two mercury limbs are adjusted, the discharge of water through
pipe is measured for 60 seconds in measuring tank. The procedure difference was
noted with manometer & theoretical discharge can be obtained for the 1st set was
fully open & reading for maximum discharge was noted. Then graudally discharge
was reduced by use of valve. Pressure difference was noted down. Thus 3
reading are taken & Theoretical & actual discharge were calculated & were
compared at last of all coefficient of discharge for orifice was determined for each
reading by taking mean of them which given as average coefficient of discharge for
orifice.

OBSERVATIONS :

Diameter of Pipe (d
1
) : 26 mm.
Diameter of Orifice (d
2
) : 17 mm.
Area of Pipe (A
1
) : 5.22 x 10
-4
m
2

Area of Orifice (A
2
) : 2.26 x 10
-4
m
2

Area of Tank (A) : 0.5 x 0.35 = 0.175 m
2

OBERVATION TABLE :

In (H
hg
) mm.
Water Level (t) Sec
1.
2.
3.
4.

CALCULATIONS :

1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE (Q
A
) :

A x H
= m
3
/Sec

t

2. MANOMETER DIFFERENCE IN TERMS OF WATER COLUMN (H) :

S
1
- S
2

= H
hg
Mtr. Of Water.

S
2

TH
) :

= A
2
2 x g x H m
3
/Sec

4. Coefficient Of Discharge Of Orificemeter (Cd) :

Actual Discharge
=

CONCLUSION :
An average coefficient of discharge for orifice meter is found to be 0.54

ORIFICEMETER

OBSERVATIONS :

Diameter of Pipe (d
1
) : 26 mm.
2
) : 17 mm.
Area of Pipe (A
1
) : 5.22 x 10
-4
m
2

Area of Orifice (A
2
) : 2.26 x 10
-4
m
2

Area of Tank (A) : 0.5 x 0.35 = 0.175 m
2

OBERVATION TABLE :

In (H
hg
) mm.
Water Level (t) Sec
1. 80 15.46
2. 205 9.96
3. 300 7.40


A
) :

A x H
=
t

0.175 x 0.05
=
7.4

= 1.18 x 10
-3
m
3
/Sec


S
1
- S
2

= H
hg

S
2

13.6 - 1
= 0.3 x
1


TH
) :

= A
2
2 x g x H

= 2.26 x 10
-4
x 2 x 9.81 x 3.78

= 1.94 x 10
-3
m
3
/Sec

4. Coefficient Of Discharge Of Orificemeter (Cd) :

Actual Discharge
=

1.18 x 10
-3

=
1.94 x 10
-3

= 0.60

5. Result Table :

Sr.
No.
Height Of
Water (H)
Mtr. Of
Water
Actual
Discharge
(Q
A
)
m
3
/Sec
Theoretical
Discharge
(Q
TH
)
m
3
/Sec
Co-Efficien
cy Of
Discharge
Average
Co-Efficient Of
Discharge(Cd)
1 1.00 0.56 x 10
-3
1.00 x 10
-3
0.56
2 2.58 0.87 x 10
-3
1.60 x 10
-3
0.54 0.56
3 3.78 1.18 x 10
-3
1.94 x 10
-3
0.60

LOSSES IN PIPES APPARATUS

AIM : To determine the friction Losses In Pipes.

INTRODUCTION :

When fluid through equipment, friction takes places. The calculation of friction with
considerable accuracy & missing it, whenever excessive, are important
engineering problems. The knowledge of the mechanism of friction & laws
applicable to the flow of fluids is useful.

THEORY :

The friction is a long, straight pipe is totally skin friction. In laminar flow of circular
cross section the friction loss is given by welknown Dareys formula for Hagen -
Biscuille equation.

4 flv
2

h =
2 g
2
d

flQ
hf =
12 d
5

Where,

ht = Frictional head loss in meters of water.

u = Viscosity of the fluid

l = Length of the straight tube in meters.

v = Velocity of flowing liquid in m/sec. for 1 equation & in m/hr
for equation.

d = Diameter of tube in m.
= Fluid density Kg/m
3
.

g = Newtons law conversion factor for 2 equation g is m
Kg/Kg hr
2
.

And the value of f, Darey gives the following for new pipes of f =

1
0.05 ( 1 + )
400

Where d is the diameter of the pipe in mtrs.

PROCEDURE :

a. Open the inlet valve completely.

b. Control the flow rate of the fluid by means of valve at the outlet.

c. After steady state, note down the manometer readings, h
t
.

d. Find out the volumetric flow rate of the liquid by measuring the liquid flow in a
known time.

e. Take 12 sets of readings covering laminar, transition & turbulent flow conditions.

OBSERVATIONS:

Small Pipe
Diameter of Pipe (d
1
) : 0.015 mtr.
Length of Pipe (L) : 2.5 mtr.
Area of Measuring Tank (A) : 0.5 x 0.35 = 0.175 m
2

OBERVATION TABLE :

Head Loss (hf) in mm of Hg

415

337

166

70
Time Required for 100 mm rise
of water level in Tank (t) Sec

14.32

17.94

23.72

37.10

SAMPLE CALCULATION ( FOR READING No. 1) :

1. Discharge ( Q) :

A x h
=
t

0.175 x 0.1
=
14.32

= 1.222 x 10
-3
m
3
/Sec

2. Friction Co-Efficient of Pipe (hf) :

= 0.415 m. of mercurry

= 0.415 x 12.6

= 5.229 m. of Water..

3. Co-efficient of Pipe (f) :

f L Q
2

hf =
12 d
5

f x 2.5 x (1.222 x 10
-3
)
2

5.229 =
12 x (0.015)
5

= 0.012

4. Result Table :

Discharge (Q)
m
3
/Sec

1.222 x 10
-3

9.750 x 10
-4

7.377 x 10
-4

4.716 x 10
-4

Pipe
Co-Efficient (f)

0.012

0.16

0.14

0.14

Average (f)

0.014

Medium Pipe

Diameter of Pipe (d
1
) : 0.025 mtr.
2

OBERVATION TABLE :


70

62

50

30


8.10

8.66

9.66

12.53

SAMPLE CALCULATION ( FOR READING No. 1) :

1. Discharge ( Q) :

A x h
=
t

0.175 x 0.1
=
8.10

= 2.160 x 10
-3
m
3
/Sec

2. Friction Co-Efficient of Pipe (hf) :

= 0.070 m. of mercurry

= 0.070 x 12.6

= 0.882 m. of Water..

3. Co-efficient of Pipe (f) :

f L Q
2

hf =
12 d
5

f x 2.5 x (2.160 x 10
-3
)
2

0.882 =
12 x (0.025)
5

= 0.00886

4. Result Table :

Discharge (Q)
m
3
/Sec

2.160 x 10
-3

2.020 x 10
-3

1.811 x 10
-3

1.396 x 10
-3

Pipe
Co-Efficient (f)

0.0088

0.0089

0.0090

0.0090

Average (f)

0.089

C. Big Pipe

Diameter of Pipe (d
1
) : 0.040 mtr.
2

OBERVATION TABLE :



NOTE : TAKE READINGS SAME AS PER SMALL AND MEDIUM PIPES READING.

DATA :

a. If the pressure tappings are connected to a U-tube containing mercury & the
difference of pressure of indicated by height is h in cm of mercury, then

h
H = ( 13.6 - 1 ) m of water
100

b. If the U-tube is used for measuring the flow of liquid having sp.gr.s
1
, there sp. gr. of
mercury with respect to that liquid is 13.6/s
1
.

h 13.6
H = ( - 1 ) m of oil.
100 s
1

c. If the meter is connected to an inverted U-tube manometer containing a liquid
lighter than the liquid flowing in the horizontal meter & if

s
1
= sp. gr. of the liquid flowing through the meter.

su = sp. gr. of the liquid used in the U-tube.

h = Deflection of the liquid in U-tube in centimeters.

h su
Then H = ( 1 - ) m of liquid.
100 s
1

f = 0.22.

LOSSES IN PIPE FITTINGS

AIM :
To find out LOSSES in different types of fittings.

INTRODUCTION :
When a fluid flows through a straight pipe, the resulting pressure drop can be
predicted with confidence, using the equations available in the literature.
Different types of fittings, usually used in the industries, offer additional
resistance which cannot be calculated directly and hence must be determined
experimentally or from published information.

THEORY :
The resistance of fittings is usually expressed in terms of the equivalent length,
i. e. the length of straight pipe of the same nominal diameter which would give
the same resistance as the fittings under the same conditions of flow. If the
equivalent length is expressed in pipe diameter, the resistance of all similar
fittings is almost independent of the size of the fittings. The resistance of
valves, in particular, varies considerably from one manufacturers design to
another. It is important to note that, the equivalent resistance is a function of
the flow rate and at low Reynolds numbers may differ considerably from the
published value.

EXPERIMENTAL SET- UP :
Experimental set-up consists of 5 test sections of 25 mm dia. Straight pipes in
which (1) Elbow (2) Bend (3) 60
0
Angle bend (4) Contraction (5) Enlargement
are inserted. The upstream and downstream calming sections were provided
in the test sections. The pressure drops were measured by means of U-tube
manometer.

PROCEDURE :
1. While test 1
st
pipe tests, close all valves of the top pipes.

2. Open valve for 1
st
pipe.

3. Open the valves of any Pipe Fitting fitted on line the pipes which are connected
to manometer tube.

4. Close all other valves connected to manometer.

5. Start the pump.
6. Take manometer reading after getting steady state.

7. Measure water flow rate, with the help of stop watch & measuring tank.

8. Take 2-3 reading for different flow rate.

9. Repeat the above process for another fittings.

PRECAUTIONS :

1. Open the valves slowly which are connected to manometer tube.

A. Head Losses Due To Sudden Contraction

OBSERVATIONS :

Diameter of Small Pipe (d
2
) : 0.015 mtr.
Diameter of Big Pipe (d
1
) : 0.026 mtr.
Area of Small Pipe (A
2
) : 1.767 x 10
-4
m
2

2

OBERVATION TABLE :


65 140 245 337
Time Required for 50 mm rise of
water level in Tank (t) Sec
26.13 17.25 12.29 15.70
Contraction Constant (k) 4.47 4.19 3.78 8.39
Average k 5.20

CALCULATION : Reading No. 4.

1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m
3
/Sec
t
0.175 x 0.05
=
15.70
= 5.57 x 10
-4
m
3
/Sec

2. Velocity Of Liquid in Small Pipe (V
2
) :
= Q / A
2

= 5.57 x 10
-4
/ 1.767 x 10
-4

= 3.15 m/Sec.

3. Contraction Constant (k) :

V
2

2

hf = k x
2 x g

( 3.15 )
2

0.337 x 12.6 = k x
2 x 9.81

= 8.39

B. Head Losses Due To Sudden Enlargement

OBSERVATIONS :

Diameter of Small Pipe (d
2
) : 0.015 mtr.
Diameter of Big Pipe (d
1
) : 0.025 mtr.
Area of Small Pipe (A
2
) : 1.767 x 10
-4
m
2

Area of Big Pipe (A
1
) : 4.908 x 10
-4
m
2

2

OBERVATION TABLE :


30 47 120 182
23.25 16.31 11.40 8.80
Enlargement Constant (k) 4.04 3.08 3.83 3.47
Average k 3.60

CALCULATION : Reading no. 4

1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m
3
/Sec
t
0.175 x 0.05
=
8.80

= 9.94 x 10
-4
m
3
/Sec

2. Velocity Of Liquid in Small Pipe (V
2
) :
= Q / A
2

= 9.94 x 10
-4
/ 1.767 x 10
-4

= 5.62 m/Sec.

3. Velocity Of Liquid in Big Pipe (V
1
) :
= Q / A
1
m/Sec.
= 9.94 x 10
-4
/ 4.908 x 10
-4

= 2.02 m/Sec.

4. Enlargement Constant (k) :
(V
2
- V
1
)
2

hf = k x
2 x g

(5.62 - 2.02

)
2

0.182 x 12.6 = k x
2 x 9.81
= 3.47

C . Head Losses In L-Bow

OBSERVATIONS :
Diameter of L-Bow (d
1
) : 0.025 mtr.
Area of Elbow (A
1
) : 4.908 x 10
-4
m
2

2

OBERVATION TABLE :


3 17 40 80
16.35 8.53 6.14 3.89
L-Bow Constant (k) 0.623 0.962 1.17 0.94
Average Constant k 0.924

CALCULATION : Reading No. 4

1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m
3
/Sec
t
0.175 x 0.05
=
3.89
= 2.24 x 10
-3
m
3
/Sec

2. Velocity Of Liquid in El-Bow Pipe (V
1
) :
= Q / A
1
m/Sec.
= 2.24 x 10
-3
/ 4.908 x 10
-4

= 4.56 m/Sec.

3. Elbow Constant (k) :
V
1
2

hf = k x
2 x g

( 4.56 )
2

0.08 x 12.6 = k x
2 x 9.81
= 0.94

D. Head Losses In 60 Degree Bend

OBSERVATIONS :

Diameter of Bend (d
1
) : 0.025 mtr.
Area of Bend Pipe (A
1
) : 4.908 x 10
-4
m
2

2

OBERVATION TABLE :


15 32 55 80
12.22 7.82 6.14 4.89
Bend Constant (k) 1.74 1.52 1.61 1.49


1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m
3
/Sec
t
0.175 x 0.05
=
4.89
= 1.78 x 10
-3
m
3
/Sec

2. Velocity Of Liquid in Bend (V
1
) :
= Q / A
1
m/Sec.
= 1.78 x 10
-3
/ 4.908 x 10
-4

= 3.64 m/Sec.

3. Bend Constant (k) :
V
1
2

hf = k x
2 x g

( 3.64 )
2

0.08 x 12.6 = k x
2 x 9.81

= 1.49

E. Head Losses In Bend

OBSERVATIONS :

Diameter of Bend (d
1
) : 0.025 mtr.
Area of Bend Pipe (A
1
) : 4.908 x 10
-4
m
2

2

OBERVATION TABLE :


7 15 25 40
12.22 7.82 6.14 4.89
Bend Constant (k) 0.813 0.712 0.733 0.746


1. Discharge ( Q) :

A x h
= m
3
/Sec
t
0.175 x 0.05
=
4.89
= 1.78 x 10
-3
m
3
/Sec

2. Velocity Of Liquid in Bend Pipe (V
1
) :

= Q / A
1
m/Sec.
= 1.78 x 10
-3
/ 4.908 x 10
-4

= 3.64 m/Sec.

3. Bend Constant (k) :
V
1
2

hf = k x
2 x g

( 3.64 )
2

0.04 x 12.6 = k x
2 x 9.81

= 0.746

IMPACT OF JET APPARATUS

APPLICATION :

A Jet of fluid emerging from a nozzle posses Kinetic energy on account off its
velocity. When the Jet strukes an obstruction, it exerts upon it. This force is
impact of jet. This force is caused due to change of momentum of the jet.

APPARATUS :

The apparatus consists of a nozzle, to which weight is supplied. A vertical upward
jet issuing from the nozzle strikes the vane fitted over the nozzle. The flow of
water can be controlled by a gate valves. The vane is fitted over a lever. Left
side of lever is provided with initial balance weight, to balance the lever. Right
side is provided with force measurement weight. Two nozzle, viz, inside
straight taper and curved taper are provided. Also, five vanes, viz. flat, 30
0

inclined, 60
0
inclined, 135
0
angle of deflection & 180
0
angle of deflection are
provided. The whole assembly is housed in a m. s. box with two sided Perspex.

PROCEDURE :

Fix up the required nozzle. Fix up required vane and balance the lever. Now
start water supply. Adjust the water flow, if required, and allow jet impimg over
the vane. The lever will be lifted up. now slide the force measurement weight
and again balance the lever. Add up or reduce the weight in the pan, if
required. Now , measure the discharge of water, f. m. weight & its distance
from the fulcrum.

OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr. No.

Discharge Q, Lit / Min F. W Weight Kg.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

CALCULATIONS :

1. Flat Vane

Actual force F
a
= Measured with help of Digital Weighing Balance

W. q. V.
Theoretical Force F
t
=
g

Where ,
W= Sp. Weight of Water = 1000 Kg/m
3

q = Water Striking the Vane, m
3
/sec
V= Velocity of Jet
q
=
a

a = area of nozzle
g = gravitational acceleration

F
a

Coefficient of impact =
F
t

2. Inclined vane

Actual force F
a

W. Q. V
Theoretical force , F
t
= Sin u
Q

Where, u is angle of ( 30
0
or 60
0
)

3. Angle of deflection 135
0

Actual force F
a

W. Q. V.
t
= ( 1 + cos u )
q

u = 180
0
- 135
0
= 45
0

4. Angle of deflection 180
0

Actual force F
a

W. Q. V.
t
=
q

because 0 + 180
0
- 180
0
= 0
0

hence ( 1 + cos 0 ) = 1 + 1 = 2

Flat Or 90
0
Bucket 180
0
Bucket

60
0
Bucket 135
0
Bucket

OBSERVATIONS :

1. Dia . of Nozzle = d = 0.0065 mtr.

2. Rise of water level in measurement tank = h = 0.05 mtr

3. Area of pipe = t/4 (0.026)
2
= 0.53 x 10
-3
m
2

4. Area of nozzle a = t/4 (0.0065)
2
= 3.31 x 10
-5
m
2

5. Area of Tank A =A 0.35 x 0.5 = 0.175 m
2

6. Equivalents weight of water = = = 9810

7. Pipe constant = k = 0.14

A. For Flat Vane ( Vane Angle = 90
0
)

Observation Table :

W/F
a

Kg
t
Sec
h
m
Q
m
3
/Sec
V
m/Sec
0.840 21.59 4.052 x 10
-4
12.24
0.575
26.45

0.05
3.308 x 10
-4

9.99

0.078

52.60
1.663 x 10
-4

5.02

Where,
W/F
a
: Weights on Weighing balance called Actual Force
t : Time required for 50 mm rise in water
Level in measurement tank.
Q : Discharge .
V : Velocity of water.

Sample Calculation ( Reading No. 2)

1. DISCHARGE (Q) :

Area of tank x Rise of water
=
Time required

A x h
=
t

0.175 x 0.05
=
26.45

= 3.308 x 10
-4
m
3
/Sec.

2. VELOCITY OF WATER (V) :

Discharge Of Water
=
Area of Nozzle

Q
=
a

3.308 x 10
-4

=
3.31 x 10
-5

= 9.993 m/Sec.

3. THEORETICAL FORCE (F
t
) :

W. Q. V. k
F
t
=
g

9810 x 3.308 x 10
-4
x 9.993 x 0.14
=
9.81

= 0.66 Kg.

4. CO-EFFICIENT OF IMPACT :

F
a

=
F
t

0.575
=
0.66

= 0.87

5. RESULT TABLE :

F
a
F
t
Co-efficient of
impact
Average
Co-efficient of
Impact
0.840 0.991 0.84
0.575 0.660 0.87 0.72
0.078 0.166 0.46

B. For Vane Angle = 180
0

Observation Table :

W/F
a

Kg
t
Sec
h
m
Q
m
3
/Sec
V
m/Sec
0.900 21.06 4.154 x 10
-4
12.54
0.670 24.41 0.05 3.584 x 10
-4
10.82
0.320 34.79 2.515 x 10
-4
7.59

Where,
W/F
a
Q : Discharge .


1. DISCHARGE (Q) :

=
Time required

A x h
=
t

0.175 x 0.05
=
24.41

= 3.584 x 10
-4
m
3
/Sec.


Discharge Of Water
=
Area of Nozzle

Q
=
a

3.584 x 10
-4

=
3.31 x 10
-5

= 10.82 m/Sec.

t
) :

W. Q. V. k
F
t
= x 2
g

9810 x 3.584 x 10
-4
x 10.82 x 0.14
= x 2
9.81

= 1.085 Kg.


F
a

=
F
t

0.670
=
1.085

= 0.61

5. RESULT TABLE :

F
a
F
t
Co-efficient of
impact
Average
Co-efficient of
Impact
0.900 1.458 0.61
0.670 1.085 0.61 0.60
0.320 0.534 0.59

C. For Vane Angle = 135
0

Observation Table :

W/F
a

Kg
t
Sec
h
m
Q
m
3
/Sec
V
m/Sec
0.557 21.32 4. 104 x 10
-4
12.39
0.368 25.15 0.05 3. 479 x 10
-4
10.51
0.350 35.84 2. 441 x 10
-4
7.37

Where,
W/F
a
Q : Discharge .


1. DISCHARGE (Q) :

=
Time required

A x h
=
t

0.175 x 0.05
=
25.15

= 3.479 x 10
-4
m
3
/Sec.


Discharge Of Water
=
Area of Nozzle

Q
=
a

3.479 x 10
-4

=
3.31 x 10
-5

= 10.51 m/Sec.

t
) :

W. Q. V. k
F
t
= (1 + Cos 45)
g

9810 x 3.479 x 10
-4
x 10.51 x 0.14 ( 1 + 0.707)
=
9.81

= 0.873 Kg.


F
a

=
F
t

0.368
=
0.873

= 0.42

5. RESULT TABLE :

F
a
F
t
Co-efficient of
impact
Average
Co-efficient of
Impact
0.557 1.215 0.45
0.368 0.873 0.42 0.55
0.350 0.429 0.80

D. For Vane Angle = 60
0

Observation Table :

W/F
a

Kg
t
Sec
h
m
Q
m
3
/Sec
V
m/Sec
0.502 21.94 3.988 x 10
-4
12.04
0.270 27.24 0.05 3.212 x 10
-4
9.70
0.026 52.60 1.663 x 10
-4
5.02

Where,
W/F
a
Q : Discharge .


1. DISCHARGE (Q) :

=
Time required

A x h
=
t

0.175 x 0.05
=
27.24

= 3.212 x 10
-4
m
3
/Sec.


Discharge Of Water
=
Area of Nozzle

Q
=
a

3.212 x 10
-4

=
3.31 x 10
-5

= 9.07 m/Sec.

t
) :

W. Q. V. k
F
t
= Sin 60
g

9810 x 3.21 x 10
-4
x 9.07 x 0.14
= Sin 60
9.81

= 0.352 Kg.


F
a

=
F
t

0.270
=
0.352

= 0.76

5. RESULT TABLE :

F
a
F
t
Co-efficient of
impact
Average
Co-efficient of
Impact
0.502 0.582 0.86
0.270 0.352 0.76 0.81
0.026 0.101 -----

FLOW THROUGH NOTCHES

AIM: To determine coefficient of discharge through a Notches.

THEORY :

It is the triangular or V shaped opening in the side of a tank or small channel in
such a way that liquid surface in the channel or tank is below the top edge of the
opening.

The triangular notch is the notch having triangular shape of opening.The triangular notch provided
in a channel carrying water is shown in fig.

The expression for triangular notch is given by,

Total Discharge Q = (8 / 15 ) Cd x tan u/2 x \ 2 g x H
5/2

Where,
Cd = Coefficient of Discharge.
u = Angle of Notch.
H = Height of water above V Notch.

The triangular notch is preferred over notch of rectangular opening due to :
1. The expression for discharge for right angled V-notch is very simple.
2. For low discharge measurement, V-notch is very accurate.
3. In case of V-notch one reading is sufficient for computation of discharge.
4. Ventilation of V-notch is not necessary.

DESCRIPTION :

The apparatus consists of a channel of the size 250 x 150 x 600. The supply of the
channel is taken from the bottom at one end of the channel. At the other end
required notch is fitted up, stream from the face of the notch a gauge well is
provided where a hook gauge is fitted on transparent side.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE :

Experiment to be carried out is determination of coefficient of discharge for notch.
1 Start the pump.
2 Open the inlet valve autlet the water into channel.
3 When water level comes upto still of the notch stop the inflow and note
down the still level reading with hook gauge fitted on well.
4 Again start flow into the channel. The water level in the channel will slowly
rise. After some time when the inflow in the channel is equal to outflow, the
water level in the channel will remain steady. Note down this level of water
with the help of hook gauge. The difference between the reading will give
head over the notch.
5 Allow the water to flow over the notch for a suitable time and collect this
discharge in the measuring tank. By changing head over the notch, few
readings are recorded.

A. TRIANGULER OR V NOTCH

OBSERVATIONS :

Angle of V-Notch (C) : 90
O

Initial Height of Water In Tank (h1) : 25 mm.
Area Of Measuring Tank (A) : 0.175 m
2

C
h h2

h1

OBERVATION TABLE :

Sr. No. Time Required For 50 rise
of water level in Measuring
Tank
In (T) Sec
Final Height of water
Level In Tank (h2) mm.
1. 11.81 72
2. 29.77 58
3. 42.37 50


1. Actual Discharge

= A x h / T

= ( 0.175 x 0.05 ) / 11.81

= 0.740 x 10
-3
m
3
/Sec

TH
) :

= 8/15 x tan (C/2) 2 x g x h
5/2

= 8/15 x tan ( 90/2) x 2 x 9.81 x ( 0.047 )
5/2

= 1.131 x 10
-3
m
3
/Sec

3. Coefficient Of Discharge Of V-Notch (Cd) :

Actual Discharge
=

0.74 x 10
-3

=
1.131 x 10
-3

= 0.65

4. Result Table :

Sr. No. Actual
Discharge(Q
a
)
Theoretical
Discharge(Q
th
)
Co-efficient of Discharge Average
Co-efficient of
Discharge
1. 0.740 x 10
-3
1.131 x 10
-3
0.65
2. 0.293 x 10
-3
0.467 x 10
-3
0.62 0.71
3. 0.206 x 10
-3
0.233 x 10
-3
0.88

B. RECTANGULAR NOTCH

OBSERVATIONS :

Diameter of Pipe (d
1
) : 40 mm.
2
) : 24 mm.
Area of Pipe (A
1
) : 1.25 x 10
-4
m
2

Area of Orifice (A
2
) : 4.52 x 10
-4
m
2

Length of Rectangular Notch (L) : 165
Initial Height of Water In Tank (h1) : 48 mm.
Co-Efficient of Discharge of Orifice (Cd) : 0.62

h

L

OBERVATION TABLE :

In (H
hg
) mm.
Final Height of water
Level In Tank (h2) mm.
1. 49 68
2. 122 78
3. 192 83
4. 236 88



S
1
- S
2

= H
hg

S
2

13.6 - 1
= 0.236
1


A
) :

= Cd x A
2
2 x g x H

= 0.65 x 4.52 x 10
-4
x 2 x 9.81 x 2.9736

= 22.44x 10
-4
m
3
/Sec

TH
) :

= 2/3 x L x h
3/2
x 2 x g

= 2/3 x 0.165 x (0.04)
3/2
2 x 9.81

= 3.896x 10
-3
m
3
/Sec

4. Coefficient Of Discharge Of Rectangular Notch (Cd) :

Actual Discharge
=

22.44x 10
-4

=
3.89x 10
-3

= 0.576

5. Result Table :

Sr.
No.
Height Of
Water (H)
Mtr. Of
Water
Actual
Discharge
(Q
A
)
m
3
/Sec
Theoretical
Discharge
(Q
TH
)
m
3
/Sec
Co-Efficien
cy Of
Discharge
Average
Co-Efficient Of
Discharge(Cd)
1 0.6174

10.22x 10
-4
1.37x 10
-3
0.745
2 1.5372

16.13x 10
-4
2.53x 10
-3
0.637 0.648
3 2.4192

20.24x 10
-4
3.19x 10
-3
0.634
4 2.9736

22.44x 10
-4
3.896x 10
-3
0.575

REYNOLDS APPARATUS

AIM : To study laminar flow in pipes by using the Reynolds apparatus.

DESCRIPTION :

Reynolds Apparatus consists of a tank containing water & small tank containing
dye. To the tank fitted horizontal tube through which glass tube can be regulated
by adjusting the regulating valve.
PROCEDURE :

The water in the tank is first allowed to stand for several hours to allow it to couse
completely to rest. The outlet valve of glass tube is slightly opened. Then the jet of
dye having the same specific gravity as that of water is also allowed to enter in
center of glass tube. It will be seen that a five thread of dye is carried by the water.
The dye thread will move so steadily that it will be hardly seen in motion such a flow
is known as laminar flow or stream line flow.
CONCLUSION :

From the observations it is seen that, the fluid partical is moving in welll defined
path, it is laminar.

OBSERVATIONS :

1 . Area of Pipe = 5.3 X 10
- 4
m
2
.
2. Viscosity of Water = 9.29 x 10
- 7
m
2
/sec.
OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr.
No
Volume
in Ltr.
Time
Required
For 1 Lit.
volume
discharge
(t) in sec
Discharge
Q
m
3
/sec
Velocity

(V)in m/sec
R
e
Remark
1 1 117.60 08.50 x10
6
16.03x10
3
449 Laminar
2 1 93.75 10.66 x10
- 6
20.12x10
3
563 Laminar
3 1 62.50 16.00 x10
- 6
30.18x10
3
844 Laminar
4 1 43.64 22.91 x10
- 6
43.22x10
3
1210 Laminar

CALCULATIONS :
1. DISCHARGE (Q) :
Volume Collected In Measuring Flask
=
Time required for collection

= (1 x 10
-3
) / 117.60

= 08.50 x10
6
m
3
/Sec

Discharge
=
Area of pipe

08.50 x10
6

=
5.3 x 10
4

= 16.03 x 10
3
m/sec

3. REYNOLDS NUMBER (Re) :
x V x d
=

1 x 16.03 x 10
3
x 0.026
=
9.29 x 10
- 7

= 448.84 = 449

ROTAMETER

AIM: To determine coefficient of discharge of Rotameter
APPARATUS :
Rota meter, Stop watch, Steel role.
THEORY :
A rotameter is a simple device used for measurement of discharge through pipes.
Where as in the venturi, orifice meters the variation of flow rate through a constant
area generates a variable pressure drop, which is related to the flow rate, in this
area meter the pressure drop is nearly constant, or nearly so, and the area through
which the fluid flow varies with flow rate. Here the area is related, through proper
calibration , to the flowrate

A Rotameter consists of a gradually tapered glass tube mounted vertically in a
frame with large end up. The fluid flows upward through the tapered tube and
suspense freely a float. The float is the indicating element and greater the flow rate
the higher the float rises in the tube. The tube is marked in divisions, and the
reading of the meter is obtained from the scale reading at the reading edge of the
float, which is taken at the largest cross section of the float. Rotameters can be
used for either liquid or gas flow measurements.

PROCEDURE :
Firstly pump was initiated to have water flood through the pipe to which Rotameter
is connected. The discharge of water through pipe is measured for 100 mm rise of
water level in measuring tank. Then graudally discharge was reduced by use of
valve. Thus 3 reading are taken & Theoretical & actual discharge were calculated
& were compared at last of all coefficient of discharge for rotameter was
determined for each reading by taking mean of them which given as avarage
coefficient of discharge for rotameter.

OBSERVATIONS :

Diameter of Pipe (d
1
) : 26 mm.
Area of Tank (A) : 0.5 x 0.35 = 0.175 m
2

OBERVATION TABLE :

Sr. No. Discharge Measured on
Rotameter (Q
TH
) Lpm.
Water Level (t) Sec
1. 10.5 50.53
2. 9.5 55.12
3. 8.0 64.41
4. 6.0 73.53


A
) :

A x H
=
t

0.175 x 0.05
=
73.53

= 1.189 x 10
-4
m
3
/Sec

TH
) :

= 7 Lpm

7
=
1000 x 60

= 1.166 x 10
-4
m
3
/Sec

3. Coefficient Of Discharge Of Rotameter (Cd) :

Actual Discharge
=

1.189 x 10
-4

=
1.166 x 10
-4

= 1.01

3. Result Table :

Sr.
No.
Actual
Discharge
(Q
A
)
m
3
/Sec
Theoretical
Discharge
(Q
TH
) m
3
/Sec
Co-Efficienc
y Of
Discharge
Average
Co-Efficient Of
Discharge(Cd)
1 1.731 x 10
-4
1.750 x 10
-4
0.98
2 1.587 x 10
-4
1.583 x 10
-4
1.00
3 1.358 x 10
-4
1.333 x 10
-4
1.01 1.00
4 1.189 x 10
-4
1.166 x 10
-4
1.01

BERNOULLIS THEOREM

AIM: Study of Bernoullis Theorem.

THEORY :

Bernoullis Theorem for frictionless in incompressible liquid, States that whenever
there is a continuous flow of liquid the total energy at every section remains the
same provided that there is no loss or addition of the energy.

It can be stated as :

PA
V
V A
g
ZA PB
V
V B
g
ZB
+ + = + +
2 2
2 1 2 1

If the points at the same datum are chosen then :

PA PB
V
V B V A
g
=

2 2
2

This has a second degree equation & represents a parabola

DESCRIPTION :

The apparatus consists of a channel having Inlet & Oultets tanks. Inlet tank is
connected to a 2 water connection. The channel taper for a length channel taper
for a length of cm. Then set up to length 30 cm to 40 cm & the again gradually
enlarges in a length of 90 cm on the top of the flow channel piezometer tubes are
fixed at a distance of 5 cm. C/C . For measurement of pressure head of regulate in
to the inlet tank & out the outlet tank valves to maintain study flow. However
steady flow can also be obtained by controlling Intel & Oultet valves sutiably while
a steady state will be reached.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE :

Water outlet valve can be kept closed & the water level in the inlet tank will rise &
that in the piezometer tube will simultaneously rise as there is no flow. When the
out valve is opened & steady state is reached, the pressure at different points
along the flow can be recorded the steady discharge collect the discharge for
sufficient time in measuring tank.

For area table supplied, cross sectional area of flow corresponding to piezometers
can be determined. From the discharge & area, velocity head at a different points,
corresponding to piezometer tappings can be found out. Visual observations of
the pressure heads indicated that the parabolic curve. However, observations for
a few discharge verification can be recorded & following calculations & table can
be prepared for the verifications of the theorem.

OBSERVATIONS :
Area of collecting Tank : 0.5 x 0.35 = 0.175 m
2

Sr.
No.

Reading

Piezometer Tube Number

t
sec

1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

P/W 335 310 270 210 190 215 220 232 237 238 241 15.41
V
V
2
/2g 63 77 107 242 137 120 107 95 77 70 58
P V
2

W 2g

398

387

377

452

327

335

327

327

314 308 299

DATA :
Area of Piezometer Tubes:- in m
2

Tube
No.
Area Tube
No.
Area Tube
No.
Area
1. 5.06 x 10
-4
5. 3.45 x 10
-4
9. 4.60 x 10
-4
2. 4.60 x 10
-4
6. 3.68 x 10
-4
10. 4.83 x 10
-4
3. 3.91 x 10
-4
7. 3.91 x 10
-4
11. 5.29 x 10
-4
4. 2.60 x 10
-4
8. 4.14 x 10
-4

CALCULATIONS :
1. Pressure Energy ( Actual Measured ) = P/W

= Height of water in Manometer
= 0.335 m of Water.
2. Discharge (Q) :

Area of tank x Rise on water level
=
Time for 50 mm rise of water in tank

0.175 x 0.05
=
15.41

= 5.67 x 10
-4
m
3
/Sec
3. Velocity (V) :

= Q / A
= 5.67 x 10
-4
/ 5.06 x 10
-4
= 1.12 m/Sec

4. Velocity Head :

= V
2
/ 2 g.
= (1.12)
2
/ ( 2 x 9.81)
= 0.063 m of water.
5. Total Energy :

= P/W + V
2
/2 g
= 0.335 + 0.063
= 0.398 m. of water.

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