Quimica de La Celula 2013

Culmlca de la Celula
8lC130
Tuesday, April 2, 13
A. Matter
Material that takes up space.
1. Elements
Pure chemical substances composed of atoms.
Examples?
How many elements exist?
How many of these elements are essential to life?
2. Atom
The smallest piece of an element that retains the
characteristics of that element.
Composed of 3 subatomic particles:
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Periodic Table of Elements
Iunc|ones b|o|g|cas de a|gunos m|nera|es abundantes
Iunc|ones b|o|g|cas de a|gunos m|nera|es abundantes
ELEMENTO
FUNCIN BIOLGICA
Calcio Dispara la contraccin muscular, segundo mensajero de
diversos procesos metablicos
Fsforo Componente de nucletidos y cidos nucleicos
Potasio Contribuye a mantener diferencias de potencial elctrico
Azufre Componente de aminocidos
Sodio Contribuye a mantener el equilibrio hdrico de la clula
Iunc|ones b|o|g|cas de a|gunos o||goe|ementos
Iunc|ones b|o|g|cas de a|gunos o||goe|ementos
ELEMENTO
FUNCIN BIOLGICA
Hierro- Fe Transportador electrnico en reacciones redox
Cobre- Cu Componente de enzimas
Zinc- Zn Cofactor de deshidrogenasas
Yodo- I Componente de la hormona tiroidea
Magnesio-Mg Cofactor de la fotosntesis
Characteristics of Subatomic Particles
Model of an Atom
5
Atomic Structure
5
Atomic Structure
5
Atomic Structure
The sum of protons and neutrons is the
atoms atomic mass.
5
Atomic Structure
atoms atomic mass.
5
Atomic Structure
atoms atomic mass.
Isotopes atoms of the same element that
have different atomic mass numbers due
to different numbers of neutrons.
5
Atomic Structure
atoms atomic mass.
-useful for tagging
5
Atomic Structure
atoms atomic mass.
-useful for tagging
-and for aging biological samples
6
Atomic Structure
isotopes of carbon
7
Atomic Structure
7
Atomic Structure
Neutral atoms have the same number of
protons and electrons.
7
Atomic Structure
7
Atomic Structure
Ions are charged atoms.
7
Atomic Structure
-cations have more protons than
electrons and are positively charged
7
Atomic Structure
-cations have more protons than
electrons and are positively charged
-anions have more electrons than
protons and are negatively charged
ALomlc symbol
ALomlc number
ALomlc mass (welghL).
ATOMS
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
LlecLron shells
valence (ouLer)
shell
CcLeL rule
lonlc bonds
CovalenL bonds
La dlsLrlbucln de elecLrones
Los elecLrones esLn dlsLrlbuldos en capas o
nlveles de energla (n = 1,2.7). Ln cada una de
ellas se slLua un numero mxlmo de
elecLrones:.
Conguracln elecLrnlca
Pay resLrlcclones que afecLan al numero de
elecLrones que pueden ocupar una deLermlnada
capa: cuando |a tercera nene 8 e|ectrones,
com|enza a ||enarse |a cuarta, a pesar de que la
Lercera admlLe hasLa 18 elecLrones.
LsLa dlsLrlbucln por capas se conoce como la
conhgurac|n e|ectrn|ca del elemenLo.
A los elecLrones en la uluma capa se les llama
e|ectrones de va|enc|a y son los responsables de
las propledades qulmlcas de las susLanclas.
Atoms will strive to fill their outer
(valence) orbitals
1 valence e-
(valence) orbitals
!
lf an aLom has 1 valence e-, lL's
'happy' Lo glve lL away
1 valence e-
(valence) orbitals
!
lf an aLom has 1 valence e-, lL's
'happy' Lo glve lL away
!
Lxample: Sodlum
1 valence e-
Atoms will strive to fill their
outer (valence) orbitals
ANDIf an atom has 7
valence e-, its happy to
pick up one
Ex. Chlorine
7 valence e-
Lnlace lnlco
Se da entre meta|es y no-meta|es.
Los meLales uenen, en general, pocos elecLrones
en su capa de valencla y uenden a perderlos para
quedar con la capa anLerlor compleLa (esLrucLura
de gas noble) convlruendose en canones.
Los no-meLales uenen casl compleLa su capa de
valencla y uenden a capLurar los elecLrones que les
falLan convlruendose en an|ones y consegulr
8eacclones de lonlzacln
Los meLales se lonlzan perdlendo elecLrones:
M - n e
-
! M
n+
Los no-meLales se lonlzan ganando elecLrones:
n + n e
-
! n
n-
L[emp|os:
MeLales: na - 1 e
-
! na
+

Ca - 2 e
-
! Ca
2+
le - 3 e
-
!
le
3+
no-meLales: Cl + 1 e
-
! Cl
-

Lnlace lnlco (conL)
Ln enlace lnlco se da por la aLraccln elecLrosLuca
enLre cargas de dlsunLo slgno, formando una esLrucLura
crlsLallna.
L[emp|o: na ------! na
+

1 e
-

Cl ------! Cl
-

Ll caun na* se rodea de 6 anlones Cl
-
unlendose a
Lodos ellos con la mlsma fuerza, es declr, no exlsLe una
fuerza especlal enLre el Cl
-
y el na
+
que le dlo el e
-
.
La frmula de esLos compuesLos es emp|r|ca.
Ionic Bonds
ropledades de los compuesLos lnlcos
uuros.
unLo de fusln y ebulllcln alLos.
Slo solubles en dlsolvenLes polares.
ConducLores en esLado dlsuelLo o fundldo.
lrglles.
Lnlace covalenLe
Se da enLre dos Lomos no-meLllcos por
comparucln de e
-
de valencla.
La pare[a de e
-
(generalmenLe un e
-
de cada
Lomo) pasan a glrar alrededor de ambos
Lomos en un orblLal molecular.
Sl uno de los Lomos pone los 2 e
-
y el oLro
nlnguno se denomlna enlace covalenLe
coordlnado o dauvo.
Covalent Bonding
Carbon (C)
4
C
C
H
Hydrogen (H)
1

C
C
Methane CH
4
Covalent Bonding
Carbon (C)
4
C
C
H
Hydrogen (H)
1

C
C
H
Methane CH
4
Covalent Bonding
Carbon (C)
4
C
C
H
Hydrogen (H)
1

C
C
H
Methane CH
4
Covalent Bonding
Carbon (C)
4
C
C
H
Hydrogen (H)
1

C
C
H
Methane CH
4
Covalent Bonding
Carbon (C)
4
C
C
H
Hydrogen (H)
1

C
C
H
Methane CH
4
Each pair of electrons
represents the formation
of a covalent bond.
Covalent Bonding
Carbon (C)
4
C
C
H
Hydrogen (H)
1

C
C
H
H
Methane CH
4
of a covalent bond.
Covalent Bonding
Carbon (C)
4
C
C
H
Hydrogen (H)
1

C
C
H
H
H
Methane CH
4
of a covalent bond.
Covalent Bonding
Carbon (C)
4
C
C
H
Hydrogen (H)
1

C
C
H
H
H
Methane CH
4
of a covalent bond.
Covalent Bonding
Carbon (C)
4
C
C
H
Hydrogen (H)
1

C
C
H
H
H
H
Methane CH
4
of a covalent bond.
Covalent Bonding
Carbon (C)
4
C
C
H
Hydrogen (H)
1

C
C
H
H
H
H
Methane CH
4
of a covalent bond.
LsLrucLura de Lewls.
ConslsLe en represenLar con punLos o x los e
-
de
la capa de valencla.
L[emp|os:
Crupo: 17 16 13 14
Lomo: Cl C n C
n e
-
val. 7 6 3 4

: C| : C : N C

Lnlace covalenLe.
uede ser:
Lnl. covalenLe slmple: Se comparLen una pare[a de
elecLrones.
Lnl. covalenLe doble: Se comparLen dos pare[as de
elecLrones.
Lnl. covalenLe Lrlple: Se comparLen Lres pare[as de
elecLrones.
no es poslble un enlace covalenLe cudruple enLre
dos Lomos por razones geomeLrlcas.
21
Chemical Bonds
22
Chemical Bonds
22
Chemical Bonds
Electronegativity is an atoms affinity for
electrons.
22
Chemical Bonds
electrons.
22
Chemical Bonds
electrons.
Differences in electronegativity dictate how
electrons are distributed in covalent bonds.
22
Chemical Bonds
electrons.
- nonpolar covalent bonds = equal sharing
of electrons
22
Chemical Bonds
electrons.
- nonpolar covalent bonds = equal sharing
of electrons
- polar covalent bonds = unequal sharing of
electrons
Aslde from slngle covalenL bonds, double, or
Lrlple covalenL bonds can form.
1lpos de enlace covalenLe.
Lnlace covalenLe puro
Se da enLre dos Lomos lguales.
Lnlace covalenLe polar
Se da enLre dos Lomos dlsunLos.
Ls un hlbrldo enLre el enlace covalenLe puro y el
enlace lnlco.
23
Chemical Bonds
23
Chemical Bonds
Chemical reactions involve the formation or breaking
of chemical bonds.
23
Chemical Bonds
of chemical bonds.
Whether a chemical reaction occurs is influenced by
23
Chemical Bonds
of chemical bonds.
-temperature
23
Chemical Bonds
of chemical bonds.
-temperature
heat increases the reaction rate because the
reactants collide more often
23
Chemical Bonds
of chemical bonds.
-temperature
-concentration of reactants and products
23
Chemical Bonds
of chemical bonds.
-temperature
More reactants=faster reaction
23
Chemical Bonds
of chemical bonds.
-temperature
More products=slower reaction (may speed reverse)
23
Chemical Bonds
of chemical bonds.
-temperature
More products=slower reaction (may speed reverse)
-availability of a catalyst
L[emplos de
enlace covalenLe polar.

:Cl + x n ! :Cl x P , :Cl-P " nC|

C + 2 x n ! Px C x P , P-C-P " n
2
C

n + 3 x n ! Px n x P , P-n-P " Nn
3

x |
P P

C + 2 x Cl: ! :Clx C x Cl: , :Cl-C-Cl: " C|
2
C

L[emplos de

:Cl + x n ! :Cl x P , :Cl-P " nC|

C + 2 x n ! Px C x P , P-C-P " n
2
C

n + 3 x n ! Px n x P , P-n-P " Nn
3

x |
P P

2
C

$
-
$
+
L[emplos de

:Cl + x n ! :Cl x P , :Cl-P " nC|

C + 2 x n ! Px C x P , P-C-P " n
2
C

n + 3 x n ! Px n x P , P-n-P " Nn
3

x |
P P

2
C

$
-
$
+
$
-
$
+
L[emplos de

:Cl + x n ! :Cl x P , :Cl-P " nC|

C + 2 x n ! Px C x P , P-C-P " n
2
C

n + 3 x n ! Px n x P , P-n-P " Nn
3

x |
P P

2
C

$
-
$
+
$
-
$
+
$
+
$
-
L[emplos de

:Cl + x n ! :Cl x P , :Cl-P " nC|

C + 2 x n ! Px C x P , P-C-P " n
2
C

n + 3 x n ! Px n x P , P-n-P " Nn
3

x |
P P

2
C

$
-
$
+
$
-
$
+
$
+
$
-
$
-
$
+
L[emplos de

:Cl + x n ! :Cl x P , :Cl-P " nC|

C + 2 x n ! Px C x P , P-C-P " n
2
C

n + 3 x n ! Px n x P , P-n-P " Nn
3

x |
P P

2
C

$
-
$
+
- +
$
-
$
+
$
+
$
-
$
-
$
+
luerzas lnLermoleculares
Ln|ace (puente) de h|drgeno
Se da enLre moleculas muy polarlzadas por ser uno de los
elemenLos muy elecLronegauvo y el oLro un Lomo de P,
que al Lener $
+
y ser muy pequeno permlLe acercarse
mucho a oLra molecula.
Iuerzas de Van der Waa|s:
luerzas de dlspersln (London)
ALraccln dlpolo-dlpolo
25
Water Chemistry
Characteristics of water:
1. llquld aL room LemperaLure
2. unlversal solvenL for polar molecules
3. waLer molecules are coheslve
4. waLer molecules are adheslve
3. LemperaLure of waLer changes slowly
6. absorbs heaL upon vaporlzauon
7. releases heaL upon freezlng
8. frozen waLer ls less dense
26
Water Chemistry
26
Water Chemistry
All living organisms are dependent on
water. All living things are 7090% water.
26
Water Chemistry
26
Water Chemistry
The structure of water is the basis for its
unique properties.
26
Water Chemistry
unique properties.
26
Water Chemistry
unique properties.
The most important property of water is
the ability to form hydrogen bonds.
27
Water Chemistry
27
Water Chemistry
Within a water molecule, the bonds between
oxygen and hydrogen are highly polar.
27
Water Chemistry
27
Water Chemistry
Partial electrical charges develop:
27
Water Chemistry
- oxygen is partially negative
27
Water Chemistry
- oxygen is partially negative
- hydrogen is partially positive
28
Water Chemistry
28
Water Chemistry
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions
between the partially negative oxygen of
one water molecule and the partially
positive hydrogen of a different water
molecule.
28
Water Chemistry
molecule.
28
Water Chemistry
molecule.
Hydrogen bonds can form between water
molecules or between water and another
charged molecule.
29
Water Chemistry
30
Water Chemistry
30
Water Chemistry
The polarity of water causes it to be
cohesive and adhesive.
30
Water Chemistry
Polarity unequal charge distribution in a molecule
resulting in a region and a + region
30
Water Chemistry
cohesion: water molecules stick to other
water molecules by hydrogen bonding
30
Water Chemistry
cohesion: water molecules stick to other
water molecules by hydrogen bonding
adhesion: water molecules stick to other
polar molecules by hydrogen bonding
31
Water Chemistry
cohesion
32
Water Chemistry
adhesion
33
Properties of Water
33
Properties of Water
1. Water has a high specific heat.
33
Properties of Water
- A large amount of energy is required to
change the temperature of water.
33
Properties of Water
33
Properties of Water
2. Water has a high heat of vaporization.
33
Properties of Water
2. Water has a high heat of vaporization.
- The evaporation of water from a surface
causes cooling of that surface.
34
Properties of Water
34
Properties of Water
3. Solid water is less dense than liquid
water.
34
Properties of Water
3. Solid water is less dense than liquid
water.
- Bodies of water freeze from the top
down.
35
WaLer molecules: 2-P covalenLly bonded Lo 1-
C. CovalenL=shared e
-
. 8uL ls sharlng equal?
WaLer molecules: 2-P covalenLly bonded Lo 1-
C. CovalenL=shared e
-
. 8uL ls sharlng equal?
36
Properties of Water
4. Water is a good solvent.
- Water dissolves
polar molecules
and ions.
37
Properties of Water
Ionization; happens spontaneously
37
Properties of Water
5. Water organizes nonpolar molecules.
37
Properties of Water
- hydrophilic: water-loving
37
Properties of Water
-hydrophobic: water-fearing
37
Properties of Water
- Water causes hydrophobic molecules to
aggregate or assume specific shapes.
37
Properties of Water
37
Properties of Water
6. Water can form ions.
37
Properties of Water
H
2
O ! OH
-1
+ H
+1
37
Properties of Water
H
2
O ! OH
-1
+ H
+1
hydroxide ion hydrogen ion
38
Acids and Bases
38
Acids and Bases
Hydrogen ion (H
+1
) is the basis of the pH
scale.
38
Acids and Bases
Hydrogen ion (H
+1
scale.
38
Acids and Bases
Hydrogen ion (H
+1
scale.
Greater H
+1
concentration --- lower pH
(acidic)
38
Acids and Bases
Hydrogen ion (H
+1
scale.
Greater H
+1
(acidic)
38
Acids and Bases
Hydrogen ion (H
+1
scale.
Greater H
+1
(acidic)
Lower H
+1
concentration --- higher pH
(basic)
39
Acids and Bases
39
Acids and Bases
Acid: a chemical that releases H
+1
ions.
39
Acids and Bases
+1
ions.
pH below 7
39
Acids and Bases
+1
ions.
pH below 7
39
Acids and Bases
+1
ions.
pH below 7
Base: a chemical that accepts H
+1
ions.
39
Acids and Bases
+1
ions.
pH below 7
+1
ions.
pH above 7
39
Acids and Bases
+1
ions.
pH below 7
+1
ions.
pH above 7
39
Acids and Bases
+1
ions.
pH below 7
+1
ions.
pH above 7
Buffer: a chemical that accepts/releases H
+1

as necessary to keep pH constant
40
Acids and Bases
41
Acids and Bases
Most biological buffers consist of a pair of
molecules, one an acid and one a base.
BUFFER SYSTEM IN HUMAN BLOOD
BASE ACID
42
Acids and Bases
ropledades del Agua como solvenLe
Ll agua es una molecula polar.
Ll agua es alLamenLe coheslva.
Ls una molecula muy reacuva.
La molecula de agua esL elecLrlcamenLe
polarlzada
La forma de la molecula es Lrlangular, no llneal.
LxlsLe una dlsLrlbucln aslmeLrlca de cargas
elecLrlcas.
Ll nucleo de C aLrae elecLrones de los nucleos
de P, de[ando alrededor de esLos una carga
posluva neLa, se forman dos d|po|os
e|ctr|cos.
Ll agua es alLamenLe coheslva
Moleculas de agua veclnas uenen una elevada
anldad muLua.
La regln con carga (+) de una molecula de agua,
se orlenLa hacla la regln con carga (-) de una de
sus veclnas. Se esLablecen enlaces de hldrgeno.
La estructura de| agua se hace crec|entemente desordenada
cuando |a temperatura asc|ende
La estructura de| agua se hace crec|entemente desordenada
cuando |a temperatura asc|ende
Cue consecuenclas uenen esLas
La polarldad y la capacldad de formar enlaces
de hldrgeno hacen del agua una molecula
!"# %&'()*'.
Ll agua es un magnlco dlsolvenLe de
moleculas +,-'%&., porque deblllLa las fuerzas
elecLrosLucas y los enlaces de hldrgeno
enLre moleculas polares al compeur con ellas.
Ll agua como solvenLe
un buen solvenLe es una susLancla que lnLeracLua con las moleculas
del soluLo con ms fuerza de lo que lo hacen ellas enLre sl.
Ll agua solvaLa las moleculas polares y deblllLa enlaces lnlcos y de
hldrgeno.
Ll agua dlsuelve susLanclas lnlcas, no polares y anpucas (que
conuenen 2 reglones, una hldronllca y oLra hldrofblca).

Water as a
Solvent How
it Works

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