Revised Cheng-Todreas Correlations - Improvements in The Transition Flow Region

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The Cheng-Todreas Correlations
for Bundle and Subchannel Friction Factors
*** A Short Tutorial ***
http://syeilendrapramuditya.wordpress.com
1 of 18
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+ of 18
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/ of 18
-. &)T/$'"(T&$)
This paper briefly describes the Cheng-Todreas correlations for friction factor' These correlations
are probably the most &idely used today, yet the most complicated friction factor model in
e9istence on literatures'
Friction pressure drop is calculated as follo&$
.:' 1
+
+
e
L
p f V
D

pressure drop ;4a<
friction factor
length ;m<
=e:uialent> diameter ;m<
fluid density ;?g%m/<
A9ial elocity ;m%s<
e
p
f
L
D
V
Cheng-Todreas correlations are used to ealuate that

@ @ f
' The correlations are basically can be
used in t&o types of codes$ one-dimensional system =plant-&ide> codes, and subchannel analysis
codes'
2. T! ($//!,*T&$)# !MP,$Y!' &) $)!0'&M!)#&$)*, #Y#T!M ($'!#
2.-. #im1lified correlations
Basically the Cheng-Todreas correlations can be diided into t&o parts$ the simplified one, and the
detailed one' This section presents the simplified one' Ahen the correlations are implemented in a
10 system code, &e need to calculate Bbundle friction factorC, in contrast to Bsubchannel friction
factorsC &e &ill discuss later'
1 of 18
Ahen used in a system code, the correlations re:uire the follo&ing data as inputs$
4in pitch
= > P
4in diameter
= > D
Aire spacer lead
= > H
Bundle-aeraged "eynolds number ="e >
b
Calculate flo& regime boundaries for our rod bundle by the follo&ing formulas$
#aminar-transition boundary$
.:' +
1'D= % 1>
"e /EE 1E
P D
bL

Transition-turbulent boundary$
.:' /
E'D= % 1>
"e 1EEEE 1E
P D
bT

*f the flo& in our rod bundle is laminar ="e "e >
b bL
, calculate the bundle friction factor as follo&$
.:' 1 ( )
E'E( E'E87= % >
+
FD1'( 1(1+= % > 7F8'7= % > %
P D
fbL
C P D P D H D

1 +
]
.:' 7
"e
fbL
bL
b
C
f
*f the flo& in our rod bundle is turbulent ="e "e >
b bT
, calculate the bundle friction factor as
follo&$
.:' (
( )
+
F'D 1'D8 += % >
E'8E(/ E'FE++ log= % > E'/7+( log= % >
= % > = % >
fbT
P D
C H D H D
P D H D

1
+
]

.:' D
E'18
"e
fbT
bT
b
C
f
7 of 18
*f the flo& in our rod bundle is in transition region ="e "e "e >
bL b bT
< < , calculate friction factor for
both laminar and turbulent regimes by using .:' 1 to .:' D, and then calculate the bundle friction
factor as follo&$
.:' 8
log="e % "e >
log="e % "e >
b bL
bT bL

.:' F
1% / 1/ 1% /
=1 > =1 >
btr bL bT
f f f +
2.2. 'etailed correlations
To use the detailed correlations, &e need the follo&ing input data$
4in diameter
= > D
4in pitch
= > P
.dge pitch
= > W
Aire spacer lead
= > H
Aire spacer diameter ( )
w
D
b
-umber of interior, edge, and corner subchannels
1 + /
= , , > N N N
Some typical subchannel definition and ?ey geometrical parameters for a &ire-&rapped #3FB"
assembly are sho&n as follo&$
( of 18
%igure -. #u2channel geometrical definition (courtesy of www.scielo.2r)
Calculate the bare rod constants for each subchannel type, both for laminar ( )
*
fiL
C
and turbulent
( )
*
fiT
C
flo& regimes$
.:' 1E
+
*
1 +
1 1
1, +, /
fi
P P
C a b b
D D
i
1 1
+ +
1 1
] ]
Ahere
= % > P D
is replaced by
= % > W D
for edge and corner subchannels' The constants
1 +
, , and a b b depend on subchannel type, flo& regime and % P D, as sho&n in the follo&ing table$
Ta2le -. (onstants for 2are rod 2undle
Flow regime Subchannel type
1'E % 1'1 P D 1'1 % 1'7 P D <
a
1
b
+
b
a
1
b
+
b
Laminar Interior 26.00 888.2 -3334 62.9 2!6.9 -!90.2
"#ge 26.!8 $$4.$ -!480 44.40 2$6. -26.6
%orner 26.98 !636.0 -!00$0 8.26 38.$9 -$$.!2
&urbulent Interior 0.0938 !.398 -8.664 0.!4$8 0.03632 -0.03333
"#ge 0.093 0.832 -3.34! 0.!430 0.04!99 -0.04428
%orner 0.!0040 !.62$ -!!.8$0 0.!499 0.00606 -0.009$6
Calculate &ire drag ( )
d
W
and &ire s&eep ( )
s
W
constants $
D of 18
Turbulent region
*nterior subchannel$
.:' 11 ( ) ( ) ( )
+
E'87
+F'7 11E % 1E1 % %
dT w w
W D D D D H D

1
+
1
]
.dge subchannel$
.:' 1+ ( ) +E log % D
sT
W H D
Corner subchannel$
.:' 1/ ( ) 1E log % /'7
sT
W H D
#aminar region
.:' 11 1'1
dL dT
W W
.:' 17 E'/
sL sT
W W
Then calculate the &ire-&rapped rod constants, also both for laminar ( )
fiL
C
and turbulent ( )
fiT
C

flo& regimes$
.:' 1(
*
* 1 1 1 1
1 1 *
1 1
/
m
w e e r
f f d
w w
P D D A
C C W
P A H D
_ _ _ _
+

, , , ,
.:' 1D
/
+
* + +
+ + *
+
1 tan
m
r
f f s
A
C C W
A

1
_
+
1
, ]
.:' 18
/
+
* + /
/ / *
/
1 tan
m
r
f f s
A
C C W
A

1
_
+
1
, ]
1 for laminar
E'18 for turbulent
m
m

Calculate flo& split parameters for both laminar ( )

iL
X
and turbulent ( )
iT
X
flo& regimes$
.:' 1F
1
1
+
+
+
1 1
+ + 1
m
m
m
f
e
e f
C
D X
X D C
+
_
_

,
,
8 of 18
.:' +E
1
1
+
+
+
/ /
+ + /
m
m
m
f
e
e f
C
X D
X D C
+
_
_

,
,
.:' +1
( ) ( )
+
+ 1 + 1 / + /
1
% %
X
S X X S X X S
+ +
.:' ++
i i
i
b
N A
S
A
1 for laminar
E'18 for turbulent
m
m

Calculate flo& split parameters for transition ( )

iT
X
flo& regime$
.:' +/
( )
( )
1
+
+
+
1 +
+
1
+
+
+
1 +
+
1
"e "e
1
"e "e
m
m
m
fiL fiT
eb eb m
b b m
ei b b
m
ei !
m
i
m
m
f!L f!T
eb eb m
b b m
e! b b
m
e!
C C
D D
D
D X
X
C C
D D
D
D
_
_
_ _

+

, ,
,
,
_
_
_ _

+

, ,
,
,
.:' +1
log="e % "e >
log="e % "e >
b bL
b
bT bL

1
+ m

E'E7
.:' +7
( ) ( )
+
+ 1 + 1 / + /
1
% %
X
S X X S X X S
+ +
Calculate "eynolds number of each subchannel type$
.:' +(
"e "e
ei
i i b
eb
D
X
D
Calculate bundle flo& regime boundaries ( )

"e and "e
bL bT
$
.:' +D
1'D= % 1>
"e /EE 1E
P D
bL

F of 18
.:' +8
E'D= % 1>
"e 1EEEE 1E
P D
bT

Calculate subchannel flo& regime boundaries ( )
"e and "e
iL iT
$
.:' +F
"e "e
ei
iL iL bL
eb
D
X
D
1
1
]
.:' /E
"e "e
ei
iT iT bT
eb
D
X
D
1
1
]
The flo& regime in all subchannels is determined based on bundle-aerage flo& regime$
Condition Flow regime
"e "e
b bL
Laminar
"e "e "e
bL b bT
< <
Transition
"e "e
b bT
Turbulent
Then subchannel friction factors are calculated as follo&$
.:' /1
*
1 * 1 1 1 1
1 1 *
1 1 1 1
/ 1
"e "e
m
f
w e e r
f d m m
w w
C
P D D A
f C W
P A H D
1
_ _ _ _
1 +

1
, , , ,
]
.dge subchannel$
.:' /+
/
*
+
+ + + +
+ *
+ + +
1 tan
"e "e
m
f f
r
s m m
C C
A
f W
A

1
_
+
1
, ]
Corner subchannel$
.:' //
/
*
+
/ / + /
/ *
/ / /
1 tan
"e "e
m
f f
r
s m m
C C
A
f W
A

1
_
+
1
, ]
For transition flo&, &e must calculate the friction factors for both laminar and turbulent regimes,
and then use the intermittency factor to obtain the transition friction factor$
1E of 18
.:' /1
log="e % "e >
log="e % "e >
i iL
iT iL

.:' /7
1% / 1/ 1% /
=1 > =1 >
itr iL iT
f f f +
The bundle friction factor is then calculated as follo&$
.:' /(
+
1
+ /
+
1
1
"e "e
m
m
m
m
fb fi
ei
b eb i m m
i
b b eb ei
C C
D
f D S
D D
1
_
_
1

1
,
,
1
]
.:' /D
i i
i
b
N A
S
A
*n &hich the formulas to calculate all geometric parameters are described on appendi9 part at the
end of this paper'
3. T! ($//!,*T&$)# !MP,$Y!' &) #"+(*))!, *)*,Y#&# ($'!#
Ahen used in a system code, the correlations re:uire the follo&ing data as inputs$
4in pitch
= > P
4in diameter
= > D
Aire spacer lead
= > H
Aire spacer diameter = >
w
D
b
Subchannel "eynolds number ="e >
i
Flo& split parameter = >
i
X
11 of 18
-ote that subchannel "eynolds number and flo& split parameter are obtained from fluid dynamics
solution, and the bundle-aeraged "eynolds number is obtained by aeraging the "eynolds number
in all subchannels oer the entire bundle'
Calculate the bare rod constants for each subchannel type, both for laminar ( )
*
fiL
C
and turbulent
( )
*
fiT
C
flo& regimes$
.:' /8
+
*
1 +
1 1
1, +, /
fi
P P
C a b b
D D
i
1 1
+ +
1 1
] ]
Ahere
= % > P D
is replaced by
= % > W D
for edge and corner subchannels' The constants
1 +
, , and a b b depend on subchannel type, flo& regime and % P D, as sho&n in the follo&ing table$
Ta2le 2. (onstants for 2are rod 2undle
Flow regime Subchannel type
1'E % 1'1 P D 1'1 % 1'7 P D <
a
1
b
+
b
a
1
b
+
b
Laminar Interior 26.00 888.2 -3334 62.9 2!6.9 -!90.2
"#ge 26.!8 $$4.$ -!480 44.40 2$6. -26.6
%orner 26.98 !636.0 -!00$0 8.26 38.$9 -$$.!2
&urbulent Interior 0.0938 !.398 -8.664 0.!4$8 0.03632 -0.03333
"#ge 0.093 0.832 -3.34! 0.!430 0.04!99 -0.04428
%orner 0.!0040 !.62$ -!!.8$0 0.!499 0.00606 -0.009$6
Calculate &ire drag ( )
d
W
and &ire s&eep ( )
s
W
constants $
Turbulent region
.:' /F ( ) ( ) ( )
+
E'87
+F'7 11E % 1E1 % %
dT w w
W D D D D H D

1
+
1
]
.dge subchannel$
1+ of 18
.:' 1E ( ) +E log % D
sT
W H D
Corner subchannel$
.:' 11 ( ) +E log % D
sT
W H D
#aminar region
.:' 1+ 1'1
dL dT
W W
.:' 1/ E'/
sL sT
W W
Then calculate the &ire-&rapped rod constants, also both for laminar ( )
fiL
C
and turbulent ( )
fiT
C

flo& regimes$
.:' 11
*
* 1 1 1 1
1 1 *
1 1
/
m
w e e r
f f d
w w
P D D A
C C W
P A H D
_ _ _ _
+

, , , ,
.:' 17
/
+
* + +
+ + *
+
1 tan
m
r
f f s
A
C C W
A

1
_
+
1
, ]
.:' 1(
/
+
* + /
/ / *
/
1 tan
m
r
f f s
A
C C W
A

1
_
+
1
, ]
1 for laminar
E'18 for turbulent
m
m

Calculate bundle flo& regime boundaries ( )

"e and "e
bL bT
$
.:' 1D
1'D= % 1>
"e /EE 1E
P D
bL

.:' 18
E'D= % 1>
"e 1EEEE 1E
P D
bT

1/ of 18
Flo& split parameter is aailable from fluid dynamics solution, that is$
.:' 1F
i
i
b
V
X
V
.:' 7E
i i
i
b
i
i
V Volume
V
Volume
subchannel number
bundle aerage elocity ;m%s<
a9ial elocity of subchannel i ;m%s<
olume of subchannel i ;m/<
b
i
i
i
V
V
Volume
Then &e can directly calculate subchannel flo& regime boundaries ( )

"e and "e
iL iT
$
.:' 71
"e "e
ei
iL iL bL
eb
D
X
D
1
1
]
.:' 7+
"e "e
ei
iT iT bT
eb
D
X
D
1
1
]
"eynolds number in each subchannel is also aailable from fluid dynamics solution, and then flo&
regime in each subchannel type is determined as follo&$
Condition Flow regime
"e "e
i iL
Laminar
"e "e "e
iL i iT
< <
Transition
"e "e
i iT
Turbulent
Then depending flo& regime in each subchannel type, calculate subchannel friction factor as
follo&$
11 of 18
.:' 7/
*
1 * 1 1 1 1
1 1 *
1 1 1 1
/ 1
"e "e
m
f
w e e r
f d m m
w w
C
P D D A
f C W
P A H D
1
_ _ _ _
1 +

1
, , , ,
]
.dge subchannel$
.:' 71
/
*
+
+ + + +
+ *
+ + +
1 tan
"e "e
m
f f
r
s m m
C C
A
f W
A

1
_
+
1
, ]
Corner subchannel$
.:' 77
/
*
+
/ / + /
/ *
/ / /
1 tan
"e "e
m
f f
r
s m m
C C
A
f W
A

1
_
+
1
, ]
For transition flo&, &e must calculate the friction factors for both laminar and turbulent regimes,
and then use the intermittency factor to obtain the transition friction factor$
.:' 7(
log="e % "e >
log="e % "e >
i iL
iT iL

.:' 7D
1% / 1/ 1% /
=1 > =1 >
itr iL iT
f f f +
3. *(("/*(Y *)' /*)4!# $% *PP,&(*+&,&TY
The correlations can predict the bundle-aerage friction factor data &ithin at least G11H &ith a F+H
confidence interal for turbulent flo& and &ithin G/EH for laminar flo& and all flo& split data
&ithin G7H in the follo&ing ranges$
(
7E "e 1E
b

1F +1D
rod
N
1'E % 1'1+ P D
1 % 7+ H D =detailed model>
8 % 7E H D =simplified model>
17 of 18
5. /!%!/!)(!
1' Shih-Iuei Cheng, -eil .' Todreas, 2ydrodynamic models and correlations for bare and
&ire-&rapped he9agonal rod bundles -- Bundle friction factors, subchannel friction factors
and mi9ing parameters, -uclear .ngineering and 0esign, Jolume F+, *ssue +, 1 April 1F8(,
4ages ++D-+71, *SS- EE+F-71F/, 0,*$ 1E'1E1(%EE+F-71F/=8(>FE+1F-F' =
http$%%d9'doi'org%1E'1E1(%EE+F-71F/=8(>FE+1F-F >
+' S'I' Chen, -'.' Todreas, -'T' -guyen, .aluation of e9isting correlations for the
prediction of pressure drop in &ire-&rapped he9agonal array pin bundles, -uclear
.ngineering and 0esign, Jolume +(D, February +E11, 4ages 1EF-1/1, *SS- EE+F-71F/, =
http$%%d9'doi'org%1E'1E1(%K'nucengdes'+E1/'1+'EE/ >'
/' S'I' Chen, "' 4etros?i, -'.' Todreas, -umerical implementation of the Cheng and Todreas
correlation for &ire &rapped bundle friction factors-desirable improements in the transition
flo& region, -uclear .ngineering and 0esign, Jolume +(/, ,ctober +E1/, 4ages 1E(-11E,
*SS- EE+F-71F/, = http$%%d9'doi'org%1E'1E1(%K'nucengdes'+E1/'E('E1+ >'
6. *PP!)'&X
!7uations for geometrical 1arameters
Bare rod flo& area and &etted perimeter
1( of 18
( )
+
* +
1
+
*
+
+
+
*
/
* * * *
1 1 + + / /
/
1 8
+ 8
% +
+1
/
b
D
A P
D D
A W P
W D
D
A
A N A N A N A
_

,
_

,
1
1
1
]
+ +
( )
*
1
*
+
*
/
* * * *
1 1 + + / /
+
+
+ % +
(
/
w
w
w
wb w w w
D
P
D
P P
W D
D
P
P N P N P N P
+
+ +
Aire-&rapped flo& area and &etted perimeter
+
*
1 1
+
*
+ +
+
*
/ /
1 1 + + / /
8cos
8cos
+1cos
w
w
w
b
D
A A
D
A A
D
A A
A N A N A N A

+ +
( )
*
1 1
*
+ +
*
/ /
1 1 + + / /
+
+
+cos
+cos
(cos
cos
= >
w
w w
w
w w
w
w w
wb w w w
w
D
P P
D
P P
D
P P
P N P N P N P
H
H D D
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
1D of 18
Aire proKected area
( )
( )
( )
1
+
/
(
1
(
w w
r
w w
r
w w
r
D D D
A
D D D
A
D D D
A
.:uialent hydraulic diameter

*
*
*
1
1
1, +, /,
i
ei
wi
i
ei
wi
A
D
P
A
D
P
i b
A free ready-to-use code is aailable on this !"#$ http$%%&p'me%p(1T)-t*

18 of 18

Revised Cheng-Todreas Correlations - Improvements in The Transition Flow Region

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Revised Cheng-Todreas Correlations - Improvements in The Transition Flow Region

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Cheng-Todreas correlations are used to ealuate that

Calculate flo& split parameters for both laminar ( )

Calculate flo& split parameters for transition ( )

Calculate bundle flo& regime boundaries ( )

Calculate bundle flo& regime boundaries ( )

Then &e can directly calculate subchannel flo& regime boundaries ( )

.:uialent hydraulic diameter

A free ready-to-use code is aailable on this !"#$ http$%%&p'me%p(1T)-t*

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