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Procedia Environmental Sciences 16 (2012) 44 50

The 7th International Conference on Waste Management and Technology Conference

Comparative analysis of scrap car recycling management policies

Kun Yue
Renmin University of China, 59 Zhong Guan Cun Avenue Hai Dian District,Beijing 100086,China

Abstract With the rapid development of community economic and the constant improvement of the level of living in our country, the number of the private car owned by local residents is increasing rapidly, and scrap cars also bring serious problem in treatment and disposal of Solid Waste. In this paper GREET (The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation Model) was used to calculate energy use and GHG emissions in different ways of car recycling. Based on the result, the paper proposes some advice to optimize the management of recycling of scrap car. 2012 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. 2012 Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Convention Basel Convention Coordinating Centre for and Asiathe and the Pacific Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Basel Coordinating Centre for Asia Pacific and National Center of Solid Waste Management, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China. and National Center of Solid Waste Management, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China.
Keywords:Scrap car; GHG model; Policy comparative analysis

1. Background Accompanied by a transfer of the global automotive industry, China has become the biggest automobile production and sales country, vehicles and cars with an annual output of more than 18 million and 9 million [1]. In accordance with the private car about 15 year service life, the car scrappage also will increase rapidly in the next 10-15 years [2]. Recycling and reusing of scrapped cars in China are still in its infancy stage. Based on the existing regulations, the car five assemblies cannot be directly recycled [3]. Therefore, scrap car recycling primarily is through the sale of scrap steel to achieve. In addition, car parts remanufacturing is still in the pilot phase, and the relevant new regulations have not yet been implemented [4].

Corresponding author. Tel: +86-136-8357-3219 E-mail address: gakukon17@163.com.

1878-0296 2012 Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Basel Convention Coordinating Centre for Asia and the Pacic and National Center of Solid Waste Management, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2012.10.007

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Chinese scrap auto recycling rate is only around 40% at present [5]. Thinking in terms of private property, private cars scraping is more difficult to management, because owners of private cars need a higher level of financial compensation. 2. Environmental impact of Scarp Car 2.1. Solid waste Vehicle manufacturing is a systematic project, and includes tens of thousands of spare parts and related materials. Private cars are made up of various materials including iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, plastics, glass, rubber, and so on. It will generate large amounts of solid waste pollution and oil contamination. Steel is the major component materials of vehicles, accounting for the total vehicle weight of more than 70% [5]. After scrapping process, scrap steel will be sold in the market for remanufacturing. Nonferrous metals such as aluminium, copper and magnesium were separately collected after the shredding, but alloy forms making the recovery more difficult [6]. Rubber, glass and other components are often randomly stacked or incinerated, which will use the land and pollute the atmosphere [7]. 2.2. Energy use and emission From the viewpoint of the LCA (life cycle analysis), the extraction, transportation, metallurgy and manufacturing, all these processes of materials, will use the energy and produce various types of gas emission. Energy consumption includes coal, natural gas, oil and other varieties. Gas emissions mainly includes: VOC, CO, NOX, PM10, PM2.5, SOX, CH4, N2O, CO2 etc [8]. 3. The life-cycle environmental impact of material The life cycle energy consumption and emissions to the Materials, related the technology and management, were also directly affected by the different recycling policy. 3.1. Two policy scenario According to the existing regulations and policies pilot, set two kinds of situations. One scenario is the material dismantling and recycling, in steel reusing as an example; the other is the recycling of car components, with the engine remanufacturing as an example. 3.2. GREET model Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model was developed by the Argonne National Laboratory. The vehicle-cycle model (GREET 2.7) evaluates the energy and emission effects associated with vehicle material recovery and production, vehicle component fabrication, vehicle assembly, and vehicle disposal/recycling. The model structure is shown in Figure 1. GREET 2.7 calculates the vehicle-cycle emissions of five criteria pollutants: volatile organic compounds (VOCS), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulfur oxides (SOX), and particulate matter with diameters of 10 micrometers or less (PM10). The model also calculates the vehicle-cycle

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emissions of three GHGs carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) and the vehicle-cycle consumption of total energy, fossil fuel, and petroleum [8].

Fig. 1. GREET 2.7 Model Structure [8]

In this paper, we research the lifecycle energy use and emissions of materials and component, so the results of calculation do not include Battery and Vehicle assembly etc. 3.3. Parameter adjustment First is the total weight. Classic ICEV (internal combustion engine vehicle) cars weight is 2646 pounds in China [5]. Second step is adjusting the Material Composition for each car component. United States and China have different car styles; especially the weight ratios of materials in the steel, aluminum, plastic. [5] [6] [7] [9] Adjusted parameters of weight and composition such as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Car Material Composition

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ICEV: Conventional Material Steel Stainless Steel Cast Iron Wrought Aluminum Cast Aluminum Copper/Brass Magnesium Glass Average Plastic Rubber Platinum Others

GREET model 61.7% 0.0% 11.1% 2.2% 4.7% 1.9% 0.02% 2.9% 11.2% 2.4% 0.0005% 1.9%

Adjusted model 73.4% 0.0% 4.6% 2.2% 4.7% 1.9% 0.02% 2.9% 7.2% 2.4% 0.0005% 0.8%

Steel is the main component of the car. Its energy consumption of every stage still has gap with the advanced level of world in China. According to the references and the Twelfth Five-Year Plan of industrial energy saving, this paper adjusts the parameter of energy use for steel production [10] [11] (Table 2).
Table 2 Energy Use of Steel Production (mmBtu /ton) USA Taconite Mining Ore Pelletizing&Sintering Coke Production Blast Furnace Basic O2 Processing Electric Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Sheet Production&Rolling Stamping Total 0.054 1.391 5.580 15.886 1.627 4.240 4.819 6.108 5.453 45.16 China 0.057 1.456 5.842 16.633 1.703 4.439 5.045 6.395 5.709 47.3

3.4. Results of calculation By adjusted GREET model, calculate energy consumption and emissions of materials in life cycle. One scenario is the material recycling. Calculated total energy consumption and emissions of vehicle materials by different recycle ratio of steel.

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energy use(mmBtu/v ehicle)

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Coal Natural gas Petroleum no recycle 32.8 22.094 8.616 Petroleum 20% recycle 29.646 23.246 8.366 Natural gas 50% recycle 24.915 24.974 7.99 Coal

Fig. 2. Energy use of steel recycling scenario (mmBtu per car)

Figure 2 shows the total energy consumption of materials in different recycle ratio. Although recycling of the steel increased the use of natural gas, consumption of other energy especially coals were saved. This is a way to improve the optimizing of energy structure. And it brings the benefit for emission reduction both of GHGs and air pollutions (Figure 3).

Fig. 3. Emissions of steel recycling scenario (gram per car)

Other scenario is the remanufacturing of car engine components. According to the references, the process of remanufacturing engine could save 60% energy consumption and reduce 70% materials use [5].

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In accordance with the estimated, energy consumption and emissions of Powertrain System were reduced 60%. We can get the results in table 3 by component data of GERRT model.
Table 3 Energy save and emission reduction of different scenario Scenario1:20% steel recycling Energy use save: mmBtu per car Total energy Fossil fuels Coal Natural gas Petroleum 2.09 2.25 3.15 -1.15 0.25 11.37 9.97 5.47 3.09 1.41 Scenario 2:Engine remanufacturing

Total Emissions reduction: gram per car VOC CO NOX PM10 PM2.5 SOX CH4 N2O CO2 67.3 20426.7 305.2 2549.5 1143.4 -131.5 184.5 0.7 537776.3 143.0 12821.4 1024.5 2908.8 1236.6 2597.8 1330.9 8.8 986481.6

Compared with the reference [12], the reduction of emissions in engine remanufacturing are: CO2, 565kg; CO, 6.09kg; NOX, 1.01kg; SOX, 3.985kg. So the model results of calculation were accepted. The operation of the recycle market has many problems, considering the actual situation, we choose the scenario of 20% steel recycle rate, compared with the other scenario of engine remanufacturing. From table 3 we can learn that scenario 2 of the overall effect for energy saving and emission reduction is better than that of scenario 1. 4. Economic analysis 4.1. Material recycling policy First, owner sent the scrap car to the recycling enterprise with the price of 800-1,200 Yuan per ton. After scrapping process, scrap steel will be sold in the market with the price of 3000 Yuan per ton [13] [14]. So in this policy scenario, when a car is scraped, consumers access to 1,000-1,500 Yuan net income, while the recycling enterprises obtain 2,500-3,000 Yuan net profit. 4.2. Component remanufacturing policy Cost of the Remanufacturing engine is less than half of the new engine, while the price of Remanufacturing engine (10,000 Yuan) is about 70% of new engine [15].Through the sale of used engine,

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recycling enterprises can obtain more profits, also scrap car owner can gain more profit. And consumers can save expenditure in engine replacing by choice of the remanufacturing engine. In addition, remanufacturing also increases employment opportunities by offer 500 people to obtain their employment each ten thousand engine [15]. 5. Conclusion Accelerate the development of remanufacturing industry of cars component. Compared with the conventional material recycling, Car Remanufacturing Industry is in low energy consumption, less emissions, and high economic benefit. The relevant departments should be implemented the scrap vehicle dismantling and recycling regulations as soon as possible. Give private car owners more financial stimulus. If there was no long-term subsidy stimulation, owners are reluctant to scrap their old car as useless, but continue to use or transfer. If we improve remanufacturing market, automobile production enterprise will pay more to recycling enterprise, and the car owner also obtain more benefits. Acknowledgements Relate research supported by PECE project team of RUC, The author thank Professor Zou Ji (Renmin university of china) for his comments on the draft version of this paper. References
[1] China Automotive Technology and Research Center, China Association of Automobile Manufactures. China Automotive Industry Yearbook 2011, pp. 8-10 [2] Liu Jingyang, Qiao Qi, Chang Liang, 2011. Vehicle quantity prediction in China's various provinces. renewable resources and recycling economy, 2011 (03): 31-33. [3] Decree No. 307 of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China,2001. The management method of scrap automobile recycling. [4] Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council P. R. China,2010. Scrap vehicle dismantling and recycling regulation (Draft). [5] Wang Yan, Yang Hongfang, Li Baosheng, Pan Jie, 2010. Analysis of scrap automobile remanufacturing industry development. renewable resources and recycling economy,2010(03),32-35. [6] Zhang Shaozong, 2000. Non-ferrous metal recycling of scrapped automobiles. China Resources Comprehensive Utilization .2000 (2): 12-16. [7] Fang Nenghu, 2000. Glass recycling of scrap automobile. China Resources Comprehensive Utilization, 2000(5): 18-19. [8] A. Burnham, M. Wang, and Y. Wu, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory ,2006. Development and Applications of GREET 2.7-The Transportation Vehicle-Cycle Model. November,2006. [9] Wu Defeng, Xu Nai, Shi Tiejun, 2001.The application of plastic in auto industry.Plastics Science And Technology ,2001(4),3436. [10] Yang Jianxin, Liu Bingjiang, 2002. The life cycle Analysis of steel products in China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2002 (07): 517-522. [11] Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 2012. the Twelfth Five-Year Plan of Industrial energy saving . [12] Yang Ming, Chen Ming, 2006. The life-cycle analysis of remanufactured engine . Journal of machine design, 2006 (03): 8-10 [13] Li Shangtao,2012. The scrap car dismantling enterprise main profit from selling scrap steel [J]. Wenhui Daily, 2012.3.28 [14] Liu Zhifeng, Zhang shaoting, Song Shouxu, Ke Qingdi, 2009. The economic analysis of Scrapped automobiles disassembly and recycling . Journal of HeFei University of Technology (Natural science edition), 2009 (03): 347-350. [15] Xu Binshi, Liu Shican, Shi Peijing, Xing Zhong, Xie Jianjun, 2005. Research in engine remanufacturing to circular economy contribution. China Surface Engineering, 2005 (01): 1-7.