WINFIELD

ON

TORT
EIGHTH EDITION

BY

J. A. JOLOWICZ, M.A.
Of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn, Barrister-at-Law; Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge; Lecturer in Law of the University of Cambridge AND

T. ELLIS LEWIS, B.A., LL.M., PH.D.

Of Gray's Inn, Barrister-at-Law; Fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge; Lecturer in Law in the University of Cambridge

LONDON

SWEET & MAXWELL

4967

CONTENTS
page Preface Table of Cases Table of Statutes
References to Year Books

vii xiii xlvii

lv
1

1. M E A N I N G O F THE L A W O F T O R T

The Foundation of Tortious Liability

.
.

.
.

10
14

2. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS O F T O R T I O U S LIABILITY

Act or Omission Intention or Negligence or the Breach of a Strict Duty Motive and Malice
3. NOMINATE T O R T S 4. T R E S P A S S TO THE P E R S O N . . . . . .

16 16 20
24 . 2 7

Assault and Battery False Imprisonment Intentional Physical H a r m other than Trespasses to the Person
5. NEGLIGENCE

27 32 40
42

Essentials of Negligence Trespass to the Person and Negligence . Remoteness of Damage Contributory Negligence
7. N E R V O U S SHOCK 8. BREACH O F STATUTORY DUTY

42 76
80

6. R E M O T E N E S S O F DAMAGE AND CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE .

80 102
118 128

T h e Existence of Liability Elements of the Tort Defences Nature of the Action

9. E M P L O Y E R S ' LIABILITY

128 134 138 140

143

Introductory Common Law Breach of Statutory Duty Employers' Liability

10. LIABILITY FOR L A N D AND STRUCTURES . . .

143 147 158 164

.168

Introduction T h e Common Law T h e Occupiers' Liability Act 1957 ix

168 169 177

CONTENTS

10. LIABILITY FOR LAND AND STRUCTUREScontinued

Liability to Trespassers Liability to Children Liability of Non-Occupiers

11. LIABILITY FOR CHATTELS

192 199 207

212

Nature of the Liability Incidence of the Liability

12. LIABILITY FOR STATEMENTS

212 215
226

Essentials of Deceit Liability for Negligent Misstatement

13. DEFAMATION

227 236
254

Definition Slander Actionable Per Se Essentials of Defamation Generally . . . . " Unintentional Defamation " within the Defamation Act 1952, s. 4 Defences
14. TRESPASS TO LAND

254 260 265 275 284

323

Trespass Defined Possession Interference Defences Remedies .

15. NUISANCE

323 325 333 341 346

353

Public and Private Nuisances Nuisances to Servitudes Essentials of Nuisance Defences Nuisance and Trespass to Land Nuisance and Negligence
16. STRICT LIABILITY: T H E RULE IN RYLANDS V. FLETCHER .

354 356 357 391 395 396

408

The Rule in Rylands v. Fletcher Scope of the Rule Exceptions to the Rule Relation of the Rule to Nuisance Fire
17. STRICT LIABILITY: ANIMALS

408 413 417 433 437

446

Ordinary Liability in Tort Cattle-Trespass Liability under the Scienter Action

18. TRESPASS TO GOODS

.
.

.
.

.
.

447 453 464

481 485

19. CONVERSION AND OTHER INJURIES TO GOODS

Historical Detinue

485 488

CONTENTS

Xi

19. CONVERSION AND O T H E R INJURIES T O GOODS continued

Replevin Conversion Measure of Damages

20. INJURIES A F F E C T I N G FAMILY AND SERVICE RELATIONSHIPS .

492 493 516

521

Husband and Wife Parent and Child Master and Servant

21. INTERFERENCE W I T H CONTRACT OR B U S I N E S S . .

521 527 533

.536

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Interference with a subsisting contract Intimidation Interference by unlawful means . Conspiracy Unlawful competition: Passing off .

. . . .

. .

. 537 546 .551 554 . 565

573

22. A B U S E OF LEGAL PROCEDURE

Malicious Prosecution Malicious Civil Proceedings Malicious Process Maintenance and Champerty
23. MISCELLANEOUS AND DOUBTFUL T O R T S . . .

573 584 585 585

.593

Miscellaneous Torts Doubtful Torts Doubtful Wrongs

593 594 595

603

24. D E A T H IN RELATION TO T O R T

Death as Extinguishing Liability Death as Creating Liability

25. VICARIOUS LIABILITY

603 611
629

Master and Servant T h e Master's Indemnity Employer and Independent Contractor . T h e Basis of Vicarious Liability T h e Reasons for Vicarious Liability .
26. J O I N T TORTFEASORS 27. R E M E D I E S

. .

. .

. .

629 647 649 654 657

659 668

Part I. Damages Kinds of Damages Measure of Damages Actions for Personal Injury Loss of or Damage to Property Part II. Other Remedies
28. CAPACITY

668 673 676 680 697 701

708

The State and its Subordinates Minors

708 721

xii

CONTENTS

28. CAPACITYcontinued

Married Women Corporations Clubs Trade Unions Persons of Unsound Mind Convicts Aliens Persons Having Parental or Quasi-Parental Authority .
29. DEFENCES 30. EXTINCTION OF LIABILITY IN TORT

725 728 731 733 733 735 735 736

740 772

Waiver . Accord and Satisfaction Judgment Statutes of Limitation Assignment of Right of Action in Tort . Index

772 776 . 778 779 . 790 795