THE EISENLOHR COLLECTION I-N EGYPTOLOGY AND ASSYRIOLOGY

PRESENTED TO
CORNEI,!, UNIVERSITY

BY

'

X902

h.dkLUt

ijllJlPlr

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714

OUH

LIBRARY,

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ClRCULAIlOfcl

DATE DUE

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original of this

book

is in

the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright

restrictions in
text.

the United States on the use of the

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'J^HE

TELL

EL-AIAEM TABLETS

BRITISH MXJSEUM.

THE
TELL

EL-AMMM
IN

TABLETS

THE

BRITISH MUSEUM
WITH

.f^XJTOTYFB

E-^OSHyniLES

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES

SOLD AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM

AND BY

LONGMANS & Co., 39, Patbenobtbr Row; B. QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly; ASHBR & Co., 13, Bedford Stebbt, Covbnt Garden; KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER, & Co., Patbrnostbr House, Charing Cross Road; AND OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, Amen Corner, London.
1892

HAKRISOlSr

AND

SONS,

Pbintees in Obdinakx to Hee Majesty,

St.

Mabtin's Lane, London.

This edition of the Tell el-Amarna Cuneiform Tablets in the

Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities of the British

Museum

is

the work of Dr. C. Bezold.

The Introduction and

Summary have been

written jointly by Dr. Bezold and Dr. E. A.

Assistant -Keeper of the Department.

Wallis Budge, Acting

E.

MAUNDE THOMPSON,
Principal Librarian and Secretary.

British Museum,
16th February, 1892.

CONTENTS,

INTRODUCTION
^i^di^g f t^e el-Amarna

The

collection oF
.

Cuneiform Tablets recently found at Tell

consisted of about three hundred

el-Araarna in

Upper Egypt,

Tell

tablets.

and twenty documents, or portions of documents. The British Museum possesses eighty-two, which were purchased for the
Trustees by Mr. E. A.

Wallis Budge in 1888

the Berlin

Museum
fragments

has one hundred and sixty, a large number being

;

the Glzeh

Museum

has sixty

and

few are in

the hands of private persons.

peasant

The discovery is said to have been accidentally made by a woman when searching for antiquities in the loose sand

and broken stones at the foot of the mountains behind the village, in which there are several interesting rock hewn tombs.
Tell el-Amarna, U^ill
J.J'
,

is

the modern Arabic

name given
Nile,

site of

to the village near the ruins of the town, temple and palace ^^ ^''^^^-

which were built on the right or east bank of the

about

180 miles south of Memphis, by Khu-en-aten or Amenophis IV.,

King

of Egypt, about

B.C.

1500.
,

The town was

~wwv
[1

called Khu-aten,

or Khut-en-aten,
(|
;

~^

^A^

the temple, Pa-aten,

~^^^ 'Ss^
.

/v^ and the palace. Pa Khu-en-aten,

With the
1.

tablets

were found

A
of

clay seal having

two impressions of the prenomen

objects found

Amenophis IV.

(IM^^
;

'

"^*' *'^

*^'^^*^-

Lepsius, Denkmalei; Abth. Ill, Bl. 97

Brugsch, Bid.

Ge'og.,

pp. 82, 83.

On

Jacotin's Carte Topographique de I'jSgypte [1821], Sheet 13,

'

between Haggi

Kandll, J.jJa3

U-! and Geziret

el-Tell, J.jJi

VJ"^'

*' raarked the

"Euines

d'une Grande Ville figyptienue," which must indicate the ruius of Khu-en-aten's
palace.
^

Now

in the

Royal Museum at

Berlin.

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

2.

Five square alabaster plaques, inlaid with the pre-

nomen and name

faience}

of

Amenophis

III. in

dark-blue glazed

r^ ^^
3.

If
rounded at the top
of Amenophis III.

A
and and

light-blue glazed faience plaque,

inlaid

with the names and

titles

his wife Thi in hieroglyphics of dark-blue yaiewce.'^

M
\

1^

m
I

At ft
ra

J:

This plaque was originally inlaid in an alabaster tablet

which
4.

is

now

lost.

Cover of a vase or jar made of stone resembling rosso antico, and carved to represent a lion and a bull
fighting, the style of

which seems to indicate Mesopotamian workmanship.^

Size of the
tablets.

The
?| in.

size of the tablets in

the British
in.
;

Museum

varies from

41

in.

to 2l f in.

Ixi

the longest text contains

98

lines,

the shortest 10

'

'

Now Now

in the

Royal Museum at

Berlin.

in the British

Museum, Nos. 22,878 and 22,866.

' ;

INTRODUCTION.

XI

The greater number

and they
differ in

are rectangular,

and a few are oval

Shape.

shape from any other cuneiform documents

sides {cf. Nos. 6, 25, 26, 44)

known

to us.

Some are flat on both

sides
{cf. (cf.

some are convex on both

are pillow-shaped'

Nos.

3, 41, 57)

and some
tint, Colour and

Nos. 28-31, 36, 37, 61).

In colour the tablets vary from a light to a dark dust

and from a

flesb-colour to

dark brick-red.

The nature of the "^

"^

clay of which they are

made sometimes

indicates the couutries

from which they come.

No.
1,

a draft of a letter from Amenophis III. to Kallimma;

Sin, is made of finely kneaded Nile mud Nos. 8-11, 36, 87, and 41 are of the dark-red clay which is met with in the north

of Syria; five of Rib- Adda's letters are written upon the yellow
clay which
is

common

near the Syrian coast

the tablets from

flint.^

Shubandi, Widya, and Shuardata contain fragments of

Nos.
1

and

1 1, letters

from Tushratta, King of Mitani, have

;

Dockets
"^"''"^^ ^""^

dockets which record the date of their arrival in Egypt

.

No.
.

^^^

4,

impressions.

a letter from Burraburiyash, bears on the Reverse an impression

of an Egyptian steatite scarab, which probably formed the bezel

of

a ring

and No, 58 has on the Reverse an impression

seal.

of a Babylonian cylinder

The writing on the

writing of

Tell

el-Amarna tablets resembles to a

i.e.,

Writing,

certain extent the Neo-Babyloniau,

the simplification of the

in

the

first

Babylonian

Empire used commonly

B.C.

Babylonia and Assyria for about seven centuries

of cuneiform writing of any period

It possesses,

however, characteristics different from those of any other style

now known

to exist

and

nearly every tablet contains forms of characters which have

hitherto been thought peculiar to the Ninevite or Assyrian style
of writing.

But, compared with the neat, careful hand employed in

the
ofiicial

documents

di'awn

up

for the kings

of Assyria,

'

Compare the name given

Judging from the colour
See plates 12 and 14.

to such tablets

by the Arabs

jo jLs>^ " pillows."

letter

'

of the clay alone, No. 44

must belong to a

of Rib-Adda.
'

b2

xu
it is

TELL EL-AMABNA TABLETS.

somewhat coarse and

careless,

and suggests the

work

of unskilled scribes.
in

One

and the same hand, however, appears

bold and

tablets

which come from the same person and the same

of the large tablets the writing
is

place.

On some

free

on some of the small ones the characters are confused and

cramped, and are groups rather of strokes than of wedges.^

Paragraphs

and margins.

The letters of Tushratta ^ (Nos. 8-11), Ammunira (Nos. 26,27), Akizzi (Nos. 36, 37), the inhabitants of Tunip (No. 41), Widya (No. 52), Pu-Adda (No. 56) and Labawi (No. 61) are divided into paragraphs by straight lines drawn across the tablet. Some paragraphs begin with the word shanitu, " moreover." On certain of the tablets the left-hand edge is inscribed with one or more lines of writing which form the end of the document and which read from the top of the tablet to the bottom in letters found at Kouyunjik such lines read from the bottom to the top. A wide margin was sometimes allowed for such lines (see Nos.
;

30, 36, 37).

Division of

In ordinary Babylonian and Assyrian documents the scribe

usually ended a line with a complete

words.

Amarna

tablets a break in a

frequent.

more Sometimes the concluding portion of the word is

is

word in the word at the end of a line

;

Tell el-

carried over to the beginning of the following line

f but more
first

generally

it

is

written immediately beneath the

is

part of
\

the word, and

or
Punctuation.

then distinguished by a diagonal wedge,

it.

placed before

An attempt
The
spelling

at punctuation seems to be indicated

p.

by the red

dots on No. 82 [see

Syllabic
spelling.

Ixxxv).

is,

with few exceptions,

It is

tively few ideographs occur.

and comparaoften careless, and in some

syllabic,

instances syllables have been omitted.

possible to say
'

At

present
is

it

is

not

whether the irregular spelling

due to the
for the peculia-

rities of that

Nos. 26 and 27 are examples of a very remarkable hand on No. 82, see below, p. Ixxxv.

^ In this Introduction, and in the Summary which follows, the common forms of proper names have been adopted for exact transcriptions see the List of Proper Names on pp. 143 ff.
;

No. 45,

I.

30

f.

No. 47,

1.

f.

No. 79,

1.

11

f.

::

'

INTRODUOTIOX.
ignorance of the scribe, or to dialectic peculiarities
case

XI II

in either

much

useful

knowledge concerning the grammatical strucis

ture of the language

to be gained therefrom.

The Semitic
Assyrian, and
is,

dialect in
in

which these

letters are written is Language.

some important

details, closely related to

the Hebrew

of the

Old Testament.

The forms

of pronouns are

particularly noteworthy.

A
which
1.

peculiar feature in these tablets

occur.

is

the numerous glosses

consist of:

Glosses,

They are

of three kinds,

and

Explanations of Sumero-Accadian ideographs by Assyrian

in syllables
;

words spelt

and the Assyrian word second, but separated from the ideograph by a
the ideograph coming
first,

diagonal wedge,
a.

e.g.

&<yy
y^

ISH

^
'\

&!{
{^tt

ti

"Ihl
tl

*?'*'*'

" ^^^^

"

(Heb. ID^?).

J.

y)*. A.

MISH

mUna, " water " (Heb. D'D).

2.

Explanations of Sumero-Accadian ideographs by Canaanite

syllables
;

words spelt in
diagonal wedge,
a.

the ideograph coming

first,

and the

Canaanite word second, but separated from the ideograph by a

e.g.

^^
^i-^i

"^yy^ KHAR.SAG

\ ^i

<y"--yi<y >-yy<y

kka-ar-ri,

"mountain."
(Heb. "nn)

b.

GAR

"^

-gy

ti

-^y
*!^

labitu,

"tile."

(Syr.
c.

1^^)

ty tyyy

gish.ma

y?

^4

-'*-'

"ship."

(Heb. 'iN or nj5)

3.

Explanations of Assyrian words

in syllables, e.g.

words
.

in syllables

by Canaanite

gtyy^-yy^
ra
- bi - zi

-^yy
zu

<|gy

s^
'

hi - ni

prefect."

(Heb.

pD)

'

"Canaanite"

is

the

name which has been given

Amenophis
in

to the native dialects

spoken by

the vassals of

Syria and Palestine.

resemble the

Hebrew

of the Old Testament.

They closely The Canaanite forms found on

these tablets are new.

XIV

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

=!
li -

^T
-

<>

IV,

-<SE
-

ku
-

IH
ur
-

<--

ih -

su

us

ya
" let

az

mi
13]'^)

him meditate." (Heb.

-

^T
ni -

khu

ul-lu yoke." (Heb. ^yj

An
in
!=E
i -

instance of three words in Assyrian translated by three

is
-<!<
- ti -

Canaanite

^4

Ml
shu
"

^-r
ha
-

<T^
di
-

m^
u
T^T.'^a.)

na kat

" in hands his

"in hands his." (Heb.

Lax

use of

As compared with the

lessly used.

practice observed in other cuneiform

determinatives.

documents, determinatives and phonetic complements are care-

For example, the plural of nouns

is

usually ex;

pressed by H"-, ^T{ or >-, or by a doubling of the ideograph

in these tablets
T"-"-,

but

we

find

!-- -^I?,

or the doubled ideogi-aph plus

ai-e

or

*->-

^].
;

Usually, pronouns

placed after the sign for

it.

the plural
Dual.

but in these tablets they sometimes come before

The two wedges, the

placed after the noun,
e.g.,

sign of the dual, which are usually

<(y^ify

" eyes," K^IT "feet," appear in

these tablets before the noun.

Ideographs.

In compound ideographs the order of the signs

inverted,
e.g.,

is

sometimes
for

t:-W AV, for

&!!?

m^,

^^

for

>2^

^, 4S -<E
Egyptian,
Mitanian,

Proper Names.

Besides

the

Semitic

names, a few are

;

e.g., e.g.,

Araanappa, Mani,

Manakhbirj'a

a few are
;

Tushratta, Gilu-khipa, Tatum-khlpa

e.g.,

and a few are Kassite,

Ti'uwatti,
definitely

Burra-buriyash, Kuri-galzu, Kara-duniyash, Kara-indash,

Shindi-shugab
Itagamapairi,^
ascertained.

The origin of many names, e.g., Widya, and Wyashdata, is not yet
(?).

Age

of the

tablets,

and

contents.

The documents were most probably written between the They consist of: A letter from Amenyears B.C. 1500-1450.
ophis III. to Kallimma-Sin
;

three letters from Burraburiyash

;,

King
'

of Karaduniyash, to
The reading
of

Amenophis IV. three

of

letters

from the

many

the proper
pp. 143
ff.

names must be considered as

tentative.

For the complete

list see

INTRODUCTION.

XV
;

King

of Alashiya to the

King

Tushratta,

King

of Mitani, to

Tushratta, probably to Thi,

letters

of Egypt three letters from Amenophis III. a letter from wife of Amenophis III. fourteen
; ;

from Rib-Adda, governor of Byblos, eleven of which are

addressed to the King of Egypt, and three to Amanappa, an

Egyptian
letters

official

two

letters from
;

Ammunira

of Beyrut

four

from Abi-milki of Tyre

fifteen letters
;

from governors

of towns in Phoenicia and Syria

twenty-seven letters from

governors of towns in Palestine

of towns

eight letters from governors

;

the

positions of

which are unknown

and a part

of a mythological text referring to the goddess Irishkigal.

They give an

insight into the nature of the political relations

Historical
"^^^'*-

which existed between the kings of Western Asia and the kings of Egypt, and prove that an important trade between the two
countries
existed from very early times.

They

also

supply

information concerning offensive

and defensive

alliances

between

the kings of Egypt and other countries, commercial treaties,

marriage customs, religious ceremonies, and intrigues, which has

been derived from no other source.

They

offer

new

field for

the researches of the geographical

student, and promise important results.

The

identification of
in

many towns and countries mentioned in the Bible and Egyptian inscriptions has already been obtained.
condition of Western Asia and Egypt, they give us for the

In addition to facts which they record concerning the general

first

time the names of Artatama, Artashumara, and Tushratta, Kings

of Mitani,

and of Kal]im(?)ma-Sin, King

which these

of Karaduniyash.
Philological
^^^'^''*

The

dialect in

letters are written is of special

it

interest for Semitic philology, as

affords a

new

proof that the

age of a Semitic dialect cannot be altogether judged from the It also state of the development of its grammatical forms.
supplies a

number

of

new words and

grammatical constructions,

and exhibits peculiar the existence of which has been

forms,

hitherto unsuspected, and which have a close affinity to the

language of the Old Testament.

On

this account

they will be

regarded as of the highest value in the study of Hebrew.

XVI
The conquest

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

The Egyptians appear

to have gained their first foothold in

I.,

by^f

^''^ Syria under

Ahmes

or

Amasis

the

first

king of the XVITTth

Egyptians.

dynasty, about B.C. 1700.

He

brought to a successful close the war of independence

which had been commenced by the Theban kings of the XVIIth dynasty, and captured Avaris,
against the

Hyksos

rule

C3 5 ^ Delta, and drove them from the country,

,

the chief stronghold of the

Hyksos

in the east of the

He

followed up his
(a city
N^%/1

victory by marching
to the south of Gaza,
fifth

upon Sharhan,
and mentioned
;

in

Joshua

xix. 6), in the

year of his reign

but he was not strong enough to advance

further into Syria.

Amenophis
B.C.
I.,

Amenophis

I.

made war upon the Aamu-Kehak,

or Asiatics,

1666.

but he undertook no campaign in Syria or Mesopotamia.

I.,

Thothmes
B.C.

1633.

Thothmes I., the first great warrior and conqueror of the XVIIIth dynasty, after subduing the Nubians and other nations to the south of Egypt, advanced to the conquest of Palestine, In northern Syria or Ruthen he set Syria and Mesopotamia.' up a tablet to record his victories and to mark the limit of the
frontier of Egypt.

Thothmea IL,
Hatshepset.

During the reign of Thothmes

tamia
is

IT.

no expedition to Mesopo-

recorded

but

it is

probable that the people conquered

tribute.

The princes of Kuthen appear to have remained the vassals of Egypt during the reign of Queen HItshepset. Upon the wall of a room in the temple of D6r el-Bahari is painted a scene in which she receives the tribute of Euthen.^ Her famous expedition to Punt could never have been sent out had any powerful enemy of Egypt been actively
by
his father continued to
hostile.

pay

Thothmes
B.C.

III.,

1600.

Shortly after Thothmes HI. ascended the throne, a rebellion broke out which extended from Sharhan to the Euphrates.' He
In Egyptian
2!1!:]3
1 I^^N/I

ra
two

w
;

Neharina

=
;

the country called the

DlS. "

Aram

of the

rivers," in Genesis xxiv.

10

I'iOU Lti, or
->

^ZojOU
'

L^

of the Syriac writers

and

>

>-

of the Arabs.

Dumichen, Historische

Inschriften, II, pi. 14.

INTRODUCTION.
at once set out to crush the rebels,

XVU

and marching by the way of

of

the Peninsula
day^.

of"

Sinai reached

tlie loyal city

Gaza

in a few

He
;

there learned that Megiddo was in the hands of the

;

two armies joined battle the rebels were defeated and Megiddo was captured. In the 23rd year of his reign the princes of Ruthen and Mesopotamia paid tribute to him, and he received as his wife
sixteen days later the

Prince of Kadesh

the daughter of

tlie

prince of Ruthen.

This seems to have

been the beginning of the custom of Egyptian kings to take

wives from the royal houses of the nations
quered.

whom
;

they conIII.,

His example was followed by Amenophis

who

married several princesses from Mesopotamia

who married a princess of the Cheta who married a princess of Bechten.

During the 24-30th years of

by Rameses IT., and by Rameses XII.

his reign

Thothmes captured

Tunip, where he established the worship of the gods

Amen and
and

Harmachis

Aradus,

Tyre,

Kadesh on

the

Orontes,

Carchemish.

In the 33rd year of his reign he set up a tablet at Ruthen, near that of Thothmes I., mentioned above, and another at Nl,
a town on the Euphrates.

He

also received tribute

from the

Cheta and other powerful

nations.

His

last great

campaign, against the powerful league of the

etc.,

kings of Kadesh, Tunip, Arantu,

took place in the 41st

year of his reign.

In the Tell el-Amarna tablets Thothmes

III.^

is

named

Manakhbirya
inscriptions,

Men-cheper-Ra,

fo^^^

of

the

Egyptian

and

his institution of the worship of

Amen and

Harmachis at Tunip seems to be referred to in a letter from the people of this city,^ probably to Amenophis IV., in which
they claim his protection as Thothmes
III.

had protected them,

and because the gods of the two countries are the same. The lists of countries and cities subdued by this king in Palestine, Syria, and Mesopotamia, which are engraved on the
walls of the temple of Karnak, together with the Tell el-Amarna
'

See p. Ixx.

''

No. 41

see

below,

p. Ixxi.

xviii

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

tablets, afford the

cities in

means of identifying a considerable number of

Amenophis IL,
B.C.

1566.

Western Asia. In Eutlien Amenophis II. slew seven kings, and took their bodies to Egypt six were hung up at Thebes, and one in Napata in Nubia. He marched as far as Nl on the Euphrates, where be
;

Thothmes
B.C. 1533.

IV.,

was well received. Thothmes IV. is said to have conquered all his foes from the far south of Nubia to Mesopotamia on the north, but no details
of his expeditions are forthcoming.

Amenophis III.,
B.C.

1500.

Amenophis conqueror Hke

state

III.,

the son of Thothmes IV., was not a great;

his grandfather

but the Egyptian monuments

subdued Kadesh, Tunip, Sankar, Carchemish, and north-western Mesopotamia. His expeditions, however, to these countries partook more of the nature of triumphal prothat he
gresses

than

of

wars

lion -hunting

in

those

parts

being

apparently one of the chief attractions.

Several large steatite

scarabs state that he slew one hundred and

two

lions

with his

own hand during the

Wives
of

first

ten years of his reign.

From

the Tell el-Amarna tablets

we

learn that besides Thi,

Amenophis.

the Mesopotamian princess whose arrival in Egypt in the 10th year of his reign
is

mentioned on a
tablet
sister

married at least
Asia.

five other ladies

first

Amenophis III. from various parts of Western

scarab,'

From the
King

in

our series

it

appears that

he had already married a

Sin,

and a daughter of Kallimma-

of Karaduniyash, a country probably lying to the

north-east of Syria, and that he

was renewing a proposal

for

another daughter
originally

named ^ukharti [i.e., "little one"). He had made the proposal when Sukharti was a child, and negotiations had consequently to be delayed until she had grown up, when Kallimma-Sin himself informed him of the fact. The tablets numbered 8, 9 and 10 prove that from the house of Shutarna, son of Artatama, King of Mitani, Amenophis married two ladies, viz., Gilukhipa, the sister of Tushratta,^ son
1

The

text is published

by Brugsch

in

^g.

Zeits.,

1880,

p.

82.

'

He

succeeded to the throne of Mitani after the death of his brother,

Artashumara,

who had been murdered by

rebels.

INTRODUCTIOX.
of Shutarna, and T4tumkhlpa, Tushratta's daughter.
latter
is

XIX

Of the
;

no mention on

is

made

in the

Egyptian inscriptions

but

it

stated
^^

the

scarab

mentioned above that GRukhipa,

daughter of Shutarna, the

Prince of u j^^ v\' ^^^^'^P^> ^^ Mesopotamia, was brought to His Majesty together with three

"

hundred and seventeen of the

Tell
gifts to his sister

first ladies

of her train."

The

el-Amarna tablets show that Tushratta frequently sent

and daughter with the

letters

which he sent

to his son-in-law Amenophis.

Neither
"

Gilukhipa
this

nor

Tatumkhipa was

acknowledged
for the

Queen of Egypt,"
Tii,

honour being reserved solely

]
,

lady Thi, or

( 1 1^

w^

who, as already stated, had become

the wife of Amenophis in the 10th year of his reign.

father's
(1

Her

name was
,

luaa,

fl

s= ^ ^^ Jj
name on
The tomb

"^^

and her mother's

Thuaa.

It is

not stated that she was the

daughter of royal parents, but the frequent occurrence of her

scarabs, rings, vases, amulets

and other

objects bears

testimony to the unusual position and influence of this queen.

of a

Queen

Thi,

who

is

described as " royal daughter,

Thi,

Queen

of

royal sister, royal mother, royal wife, great lady, lady of the ^^P*'

North and South," ^ was opened early in this century at Thebes. There is little doubt that it was the tomb of the chief wife of Amenophis. The portrait of this lady ^ represents her with
a fair complexion and
blue eyes
;

the colour of her skin

is

that of natives of north-eastern Syria.

Thi was the mother of

Amenophis IV.

She

also

gave birth to a daughter, Set- Amen,

anit

en

hen-f an^ ut'a senb

set

ur

en

Neherna
III
s

^]evis?^^fai~^^^i
Satharna
"

en
III

<S(g nil

Kilkipa

tep

en
ii,

xenra
63, 1.

817

Brugsch, Recueil de Monuments ^gyptiens,

Rosellirii,

'

Monumenti

Storici, pi. 19,

No. 21.

c2

XX
neifii-^
1

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS,

rpj^g

British

Museum

possesses a blue-glazed faience

stibium tube^ and a double wooden stibium tube^ inscribed

with the names of Amenophis and Thi.

part of the toilet service deposited in
use.
Babylonian forms of names

Thej probably formed the tomb for the Queen's

el-Amarna tablets
i

Queen
.

Thi's
c

name appears

in the Tell

*
i

Amenophis and Thi.

of

1^ the lorm ot

^
i^

o.ah

^J

-^

^\}, li-i-i;

vv

m-

Amenophis

ill. is

ttt

named
Tn

Mimmuriya, Nimmuriya, and Immuriya, each form representing

in Babylonian the king's

prenomen Neb-Mat-Ra

[ ^:i:::7^oJ.

the forms Mimmuriya and Nimmuriya

of the letters
languages.
is

It

we have the interchange M and N, which is common in the Semitic has been assumed that the name Mimmuriya
is

that of Thothmes IV., because in a tablet in Berlin (No. 23),

from which the name of the person addressed

broken

off,

and
III.,
is,

which

is

supposed to have been written to Amenophis

is

mention

made

of

"

Mimmuriya, thy

father."

There

however, no reason for the assumption that the tablet was

addressed to Amenophis III.
extract
^
;

on the contrary, the following

to

from

it

proves that

it
:

was written

Amenophis IV.

The

writer, Tushratta, says

" Kh4mashshi, the envoy of

my

brother [the
'

King

of Egypt], hath informed

me

of the contents

As recorded
in

now
*
'

in an inscription on a frag-ment of wood, used for inlaying, the British Museum, No. 5899a. Amenophis had two other daughters,

Auset and Hentmerheb.

Mo. 25726, Fourth Egyptian Room, Northern Gallery, Case B. No. 2598a, Fourth Egyptian Room, Northern Gallery, Case E. Berlin Collection, No. 23, rev. line 54; No. 24, obv. lines 3, 8,
See Wright,

9, 45, 46,

61, 63, 66; rev. lines 13, 30,49"", 93.

+ <!- ^ E^ gK jy %n ^^ BV,^ t^i w^M Ksisy R? ^^ri ^14 ^-^ <vm ^ ^) %u ^^ bu ^-^ y] H mi M -i<y^ m ^y < m <hm zi^i -+ ^^ -y^ '^m i^ <m B h ^y? ^^y << <^^ -^ 39. bi\ -i ^y-i

Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages, p. 67 Hebraisch-Phmizischen Sprachzweige angehorige Lehnworter, p. 42 Earth, Zeits.f. Assyr., Vol. II, pp. Ill ff. Vol. IV, pp. 374 ff.
*

Bondi,

Dem

L. 37.

<VMJ

T [?]?< I?

V,

??

38.

1?

ri

-yy<y

<yyy<y ^4ji ^^ ^-4-

y?

y?

y-

<hM ^-iy

(the Bei-iin edition has

^vy)
^.>f.

-+ .^

<

^y

^^y

-|<

.^

t^y

^^

>-yy<y

gy?

<y^^yy<|

^=^^4

INTRODUCTION.
of

XXI

my brother's despatch, and I have understood them. And now, I say that just as I was in friendship with Mimmuriya thy father, so also will I be more than ten times more so
with Napkhurriya.
messenger."

Thus did

s})eak to Kh&,mashshi,
is

thy

It is certain that

Napkhuriya

the Babylonian

form of the prenomen of Amenophis IV., Nefer-cheperu-Ea,

f

OJ

and

it is

equally certain that by

his grandfather.

Mimmuriya
admitted,
is

is

meant

his father,

and not

Moreover, the occurrence

is

in the Berlin Tablet No. 24, which, it

addressed

to Araenophis IV., of a reference to the messenger Kh^mashshi,

is

a proof that both

is

it

and Tablet No. 23 are contemporaneous.

It

quite evident from paragraphs II and III of Tablet No. 9

of our series, as will be seen on referring to the

Summary

at the

end of

this

Introduction, that

Tushratta only ascended the

throne of Mitani after Amenophis had begun to reign in Egypt,

and on

this account he specially asks

him

to continue to himself

the friendship which he bore to his predecessor Shutarna.

this tablet the

In

King

of

Egypt
;

is

named

Ni-ib-mu-a-ri-ya,

and

in No. 10, Ni-im-mu-ri-ya

both of which forms I'epresent the

Egyptian Neb-Mat-Ra,

i.e.,

Amenophis

III.

Moreover, No. 10

bears a hieratic docket stating that the tablet was brought to

Egypt in the 36th year of the king, who must have been Amenophis III.; for Thothmes IV., according to the testimony
of
all

the authorities, including the monuments, reigned

less

than ten years.

In Tablet No. 8 the king's name appears as

Mimmuriya
it

(or

Immuriya), and internal evidence shows that

to the

was addressed

same person as Nos.

is

and

10.

Finally,

in Tablet

No. 11 the Queen of Egypt

quoted as styling her

husband Mimmuriya, and apparently as referring to Napkhurriya

(Amenophis IV. ) as
his son.

^^Y

40 !.m ^y

<y4M]r
i^

I?

2M -+ ^4

I?

^4 n?<

I?

+ <I- 4^

ES-^ 'W'-^ 2T*-T "fcf ^^EJI pa-za-du a-na mukhi-ya il-li-gu u pa-za-du sha akhi-ya a-ma-ti-shu ik-bu-u-ma

^ Kha-a-mash-shi mar-shipri-shu sha akhi-ya

ish-mu-u u a-ka-an-na ak-ta-bi ki-i-mi-i it-ti Mi-mu-ri-ya a-bi-ka ar-ta-na-'a-mu-mi u i-na-an-na x-shu it-ti Na-ap-khur-ri-ya ar-ta-na-'-am-rni daiiriis(is)

u a-ka-an-ua a-na Kha-a-mash-shi m^r-shipri-ka

ak-ta-bi.

XXll

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

III.

was succeeded by his son Amenophis IV., or known as the "heretic king." '"'^!'."^r''^*^"' Khu-en-aten, who is commonly " B.C. 1466. His reign was comparatively short, extending to about twelve years. Although the peoples of Syria and Ethiopia paid him tribute, his hold upon those countries cannot have been firm.
Amenophis IV.

Amenophis
'

Soon

after the beginning of his reign

he publicly seceded from

the worship of Amen, the great god of Egypt, and endeavoured

to supersede the old religion of the country

Aten

or the disk of the Sun.

by the worship of His hatred of Amen was so

excessive

that

he

changed

his

name

from

Amen

hetep

(Amenophis) to Khu-en-Aten (z.e., "the splendour of Aten"), and erased the name of the god from the walls of temples and
other public buildings.

His attempts

t(3

alter the woi'ship of

the country were vigorously opposed by the priesthood, and in

the end he was compelled to withdraw from Thebes.

to a spot about 180 miles above

He

retired
built

Memphis on the Nile and

and

there an entirely

new town,

temple, and palace (see above,

p. ix),

in which he lived with his mother, his wife,

his seven
for-

daughters.

After his death the town seems to have been

saken and shunned, and no buildings were erected on or near

its site.

this day.

The plan of the streets can be distinctly traced to The portraits of Amenophis on the monuments are
;

frequently caricatui-es head, thick

he

is

represented with receding fore-

lips, protruding chin, round shoulders, and pendulous They afford proof, if any is required, that Khu-en-Aten and Amenophis IV. are one and the same person. Some scholars have suggested that he was a eunuch, and some that he was a woman.

belly.

Napkhurriya

In the Tell el-Amarna tablets Amenophis IV. is called Nefer-cheperu-Ea, the first portion of his pre-

nomen (ojii^^j Nefer-cheperu-Ka ua-en-Ea.

Tablet No. 3
the son of Burraburiyash,

According to

he gave one of his daughters in marriage to

King of Karaduniyash. His father Amenophis III. refused to entertain the proposal of KallimmaSin, King of Karaduniyash, to marry an Egyptian princess,
haughtily replying that " the daughter of the King of the land

INTEODUCTION.
of

XXUl

Egypt hath never been given to a nobody.' " It is probable that Burraburiyash w&s a more powerful king than his predecessor, and had grown strong as the Egyptian power waned in Western Asia, and could therefore better claim such an alliance.
'

number of the present tablets " the King of Egypt," either Amenophis III. Nearly all of them consist of reports of
large

are addressed
or

to

Decline of

Amenophis IV.
to

in^estem'As'ia.

disasters
it,

the

Egyptian power and of successful intrigues against

with urgent entreaties
traction

coupled

for help, pointing to a condition of dis-

and weakness in Egypt. That some may have been addressed to Amenophis III., probably in his declining years,

may

be inferred from the fact that the despatches of the

probable that most of

governor of Katna (Nos. 36, 37) to that king are couched in a

similar strain
;

but

it is

them belong

to

the next reign, and reflect the troubles which

we know

resulted

from the struggle between Amenophis IV. and the old priesthood.

The most graphic

details of the disorganized condition,

and
be

of the rival factions, of the Egyptian dependencies lying on

the coast-line of Phoenicia and northern Palestine, are

Byblos, Beyrut, and Tyre.

to

gathered from a perusal of the despatches of the governors of

the

cities of

Bib- Adda, of Byblos, reports the revolt of almost the whole

district

under

his

command

the successes of his rivals Abd-

Ashirta and

his active son

Aziru

the loss of the ships of

;

Sumuru, Beyrut, and Sidon, and the capture of his own ship above all, the siege and capture of the important northern city of Sumuru, or Simyra, which commanded the road to Aradus. Beyrut has fallen (No. 17) and the enemy are closing in upon
Byblos.

Egypt is members of

indifferent
his

Appeal follows appeal and unmoved.

for

help

but the King of

protests his

Bib-Adda's enemies include

still

own

household, but he

un-

swerving loyalty, and only in his despair does he threaten to abandon the city and renounce his fealty to the Egyptian king.

Ammunira, of Beyrut (Nos.

26, 27), takes the other side.

16),

He had
perhaps

repulsed Eib- Adda's appeals for help (No.

it

and

was on

this account that

the latter had reported

XXIV

TELL BL-AMARNA TABLETS.

lost,

Beyrut as

meaning that

it

was

in the

hands of one of the

adverse faction.
oppressor of the
to

Now Ammunira
King

denounces Rib-Adda as the

of Egypt's officials (apparently referring

;

Abd-Ashirta and Aziru and others of his faction)

and he

is

watching the men of Byblos until he shall learn the king's

pleasure.

Abd-Ashirta himself appears in the correspondence

with a letter (No. 33) protesting his loyalty.

Abi-milki, governor of Tyre, belongs to the party of Rib-

Adda

(Nos. 28-31).

His appointment to

been the signal

for his

government had enemies to attack him and Zimrida,

his
;

governor of Sidon, through whose agency (whether by force or

Sumuru had fallen, now, with the the men of Arvad, or Aradus, lays siege
guile)

assistance of Aziru

and

to the island-fortress of
ofi"

Tyre,

first

capturing Sazu on the mainland and thus cutting

Abi-milki's supply of

wood and water.

is

The

last that

we hear

of the

unhappy governor

his

withdrawal from Tyre, apparently

;

in disgust at being superseded

end, the whole of the littoral between Sidon

into the
Origin of

power of the
details of the

faction

and we may infer that, in the and Aradus passed led by Abd-Ashirta and Aziru.
el-Amarna tablets

The
'P

worship of the Disk which Amenophis IV.

i^'vZ?^ in Egypt.

tried to establish are

unknown, and the

Tell

give us no information.

A point
is

of interest, however, concern-

brought out in No. 36, in which Akizzi, governor of Katna, when applying to Amenophis III.
ing the religion of

Egypt

ransom the " Sun-god of Egypt," which had been carried off by the people of Khatti, declares that Shamash, the Sun-god, the god of his fathers, became also the god of the ancestors of Amenophis, and that they called themselves after
for

means

to

his

name.

This evidently has reference to the title " son of

the

Sun

"

which was adopted by nearly every king of Egypt,

and indicates that Akizzi believed that the worship of the Sun was introduced into Egypt from Asia.
In the following
been made as
literal

Summary

translations of passages have

as possible, but

some of the renderings

are necessarily free.

"

SUMMARY OF THE CONTENTS OF THE TABLETS.

Letter from Amenophis III., King of Egypt, to Kallimma(?)King of Karaduniyash.' This document is of more than ordinary interest, being the only known letter of Amenophis III. in the Babylonian language and writing,^ and being addressed to a king who has become first known to us by the Tell el-Amarna tablets. Kallimma-Sin^ is probably to
1.

Sin,

be placed in the gap which occurs in the list of Babylonian kings immediately preceding Kara-indash, especially as his name is clearly Babylonian and not Kassite. He probably belongs to the fourth

dynasty of Berosus, who describes

it

The

letter begins

as "Chaldean."*

"

my

brother, thus saith

'
:

To Kallimma-Sin, King of Kara,duniyash, Amenophis, the Great King, the King of

well,

Egypt, thy, brother

am

may

it

be well with thee, with thy

government, with thy wives, with thy children, with thy nobles, with thy horses, and with thy chariots, and may there be great
peace in thy land
;

with

me may

it

be well, with

my

government,

with
with

my my

wives, with
chariots,

my

children, with

my

nobles, with

my

horses,

and with

my

troops,

and may there be great peace

in rny land.'
Northern Babylonia, conterminous

'

witli Assyiia.

'^

tablet at Gtzeh (B.,

No.

10),

written in the cuneiform character, in an

unknown language, appears to be a despatch from Amenophis III. to Tarkhundaradush, King of Arsapi but some scholars maintain that Amenophis III. is the person
;

addressed, and not the writer.

'

A letter
is

of Kallimma(?)-Sin to

Amenophis

III. is

preserved at Glzeh

(B.,

No.

1),

another

at Berlin (B., No. 2), and a third seems to be that which forms No. 3 of

the Berlin Collection.

'

See Gutschmid, Beitrdge zur Geschichte des alien Orients, 1858, p. 20.

XX\1

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

states that

he has understood the words of the despatch concerning Sukharti,^ daughter of Kallimma-Sin, which her father has sent to him. He appears to have asked the hand of this

Amenophis then

lady in marriage, and Kallimma-Sin had replied, " Thou wishest for my daughter to wife but from the time when my father gave thee
;

my

sister to wife,

no

man hath

seen her, and none knoweth whether

she be alive or dead," implying that he was not prepared to send his

daughter Sukharti to Egypt until be was well assured that her aunt,
his

own

sister,

was

alive

and was being treated in a manner befitting

the wife of the King of Egypt.

extract here quoted

With the despatch containing the

by Amenophis, Kallimma-Sin had sent messengers, viz., .^ika, son of Zakara, and other high officials, to bring back news of his sister. Referring to this embassy, Amenophis now replies that none of its members was personally acquainted with Kallimma-Sin's sister, as they were not old enough to remember her marriage, which had taken place during the lifetime of KallimmaSin's father and he recommends him to send a wise man^ who was personally acquainted with his sister and had conversed with her, and who would thus be able to recognize and speak with her.
;

Then

follows a break in the text (7 lines).

Kallimma-Sin had also referred to the conversation which the Egyptian king had held with his messengers, and to the orders which he had given to his wives that they should assemble and appear before them, and he had informed Amenophis that his messengers had failed to recognize his sister, the queen, from among the
other ladies

who
'

stood before them.

In reply to
?

this,

Amenophis

now
her,'
'

writes,
I

"Since thou sayest,

'My

messengers cannot identify

'

answer,

Then who can

identify her

and

I ask further,

Why

dost thou not send a wise

man who might

give thee a trust-

worthy account, and describe to thee the comfort and good health of thy sister here V Command, then, one of thy wise men to come and
examine her household, and
let

him

see for himself the honour in

'

I.e.,

" Little one."

'

Tlie Babylooian

word

is

g^

ha-mi-rum; compare the word 10|

a name

given by the Hebrews to a heathen

piiest.

SUMMA.RY OF CONTEXTS.

XXVU

which she

is

held by the king," in fact, repeating what he had

already said in the earlier part of the letter.

Kallimma-Sln also had written to the

effect that,

although his

messengers had seen the wives of the king assembled before them,

and although a certain woman had been pointed out to them as his sister, it was impossible for them to be sure that she was not a
native of the land of Gagaya, or of Khanigaibi,^ or of Ugarit
;

and

f^

he had asked
the
rely to tell

who was

there that could truthfully assure

?

them that
they could

woman was

his sister

or
if

who was

there upon

whom

them truthfully

tunately the lines

Most unfor? of text which gave the comments of Amenophis

she were dead or alive

upon this extract are broken, but the few words which remain here and there seem to indicate that he appealed to Amen, the great god
of Egypt, to bear witness to the truth of his words,

assured Kallimma-Sin

that " kings of the land of

and that he Egypt " were not

'/.((.,
'" Cy

wont

to act deceitfully.

Referring to the matter of the bestowal of his daughter's hand,

Kallimma-Sin had stated that

it

was

his

custom to give

his

daughters
}i'<'i~

in marriage to the " kings of Karaduniyash,"

and that the messengers

homes were treated with generous hospitality, and that handsome gifts were sent back to him in their hands by the husba.nds' relatives. Amenophis replies that whatever the great kings and nobles of Karaduniyash may possess and are
to their future

who took them

willing to give to Kallimma-Sin as dowries for his daughters, he not

only possesses, but

is

willing to give, far

more than they

gift

all

nay

he

is

even prepared to send Kallimma-Sin a

in

honour of his
he

sister

who

is

now

living in

Egypt with him.

He

also saj's that

will not discuss the words spoken

by his father (Thothmes IV.), which Kallimma-Sin had quoted, and he asks that they may be

forgotten, especially as he wishes for "brotherhood" to be maintained

between the houses of Egypt and Karaduniyash. This last observation is a reply to Kallimma-Sin 's words: "Now let us two be
brethren," and following this up, the Egyptian king announces that he

has sent his messenger to make

'

commercial treaty, the chief points

See

Usually read Khanirabi.

This country was situated near Lake Van.

Norris, Assyrian Diet., Vol. II, p. 435.

d 2

Xxviii

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

:

of which seem to be as follows

Any

Mesopotamia!! travelling in

Egypt with merchandize

Egypt, and should the
refuse, the

shall

pay certain duties to the King of

duty

shall

whether a trader or otherwise, Among the articles upon be exacted by force.

traveller,
silver, oil, clothing,

which duty

shall

be levied are mentioned gold,

value.

and other objects of

The mutilated condition

of the text of lines

71-77 makes

it

im-

possible to give a connected rendering of them, but it appears that

Amenophis complains that the first and second company of messengers who came to Egypt from Mesopotamia made false reports on
their return home.

When Amenophis applied for the hand of Kallimma-Sin's daughter

demanded a contingent of Mesopotamian Kallimma-Sin had replied tliat " he had no soldiers," soldiers also. To this and that "his daughter Sukharti was not beautiful." Amenophis now answers that he knew that " these words were not
^ukharti, he appears to have

the words of Kallimma-Sin," and that he believed that " the Meso-

potamian messengers had spoken

to

falsely"; there is

no one of

whom
his,

make
;

enquiries whether Kallimma-Sin has soldiers, or not, or

whether the chariots and horses which bring the messengers are
or not

but in any case he advises Kallimma-Sin not to believe the

of his returning messengers,
lie

reports

as they are

afraid

of him,

and they

concerning the King of Egypt.

Kallimma-Sin must
officers,

have previously asked that certain chariots, and horses, and

whom
Sin

he sent to Egypt should be returned,

" they

for,

referring to them,

Amenophis says that

had been seen by no man"; Kallimma-

may have

sent then^ to the frontier of his

own

territory,

but in

Egypt they had certainly not been seen. The chariots and horses which are in Egypt belong to himself. The chariots which have recently arrived he intends to load with oil, and to send them back to Mesopotamia under the charge of Rika. The concluding lines of the letter repeat the request that KaUimma-Sin will send his daughter Sukharti to Egypt.
[In a tablet preserved at Berlin (No.
3,
1.

27)

it

appears that

Kallimma-Sin had stated that Amenophis had had no children by his daughter whom he had already given to the Egyptian king, and

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS.
hence
it

xxix

would appear that Amenophis had not only married Kallimmaone of his daughters, before he asked for the

Sin's sister, but also

younger daughter Sukharti.

In the same letter he

refers to a

former

request to Amenophis that he would give him an Egyptian princess

to wife,

and quoting the Egyptian king's answer

"

The daughter
'

of
"

the King of the land of Egypt hath never been given to a

nobody,'

he asks, "

Why

not

Thou

art king

and canst act as thou

I wrote again, saying,

pleasest;
it] ?

and

if

thou wilt give [her to me], who shall say a word [against
'

When these words were reported to me

there be daughters of nobles
(?)

Surely

who

are beautiful

women

[in

Egypt].

Now,
unto

if

thou knowest a beautiful lady, I beseech thee to send her

;

me

for

who

here could say that she

is

not a princess

'

But

if

thou wilt not send such an one, then dost thou not act as a friend

and brother should. Now even as thou, because we are connected with each other, hast written unto me concerning a marriage [with my daughter], so because of our brotherhood and friendship, and
because

we

are connected, have I also written unto thee concerning

a marriage [with thy daughter].

Why

has not

my

brother sent

me

a wife
will I

Inasmuch

as thou hast not sent

me

a wife, in like manner

do unto thee, and will hinder any [Mesopotamian] lady from

going into Egypt."

Notwithstanding his indignation, Kallimma-Sin proceeds forthwith to discuss the matter of a loan of a quantity of gold, which,
however, he really intends should be a dower for his daughter
;

and
half

he asks that

it

may

reach him during the months of

Tammuz and
first

Ab

{i.e.,

the latter half of June, the month of July, and the

of August), during the period of harvest, for he wishes to pay to the

temple the completing part of an

If

ofi'eriiig

which he has vowed.

Amenophis cannot send him the gold, to reach him by the time stated, what good is there in his sending it at all ? For what use can he find for gold when the work for which it is intended is all over and done ? If Amenophis should send even three thousand talents of gold when the work is done, he will not accept it, but will
return
it,

and

will conclude that hencefortli all

question of the
is

marriage of the King of Egypt with his daughter

at

an end.

What

answer Amenophis made to

this letter, or

whether he sent the

XXX
gold or not,
is

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

unknown

have been arrived at, for, we learn that Kallimma-Sin afterwards wrote to Amenophis saying " With reference to thy request that my daughter Suliharti be given
to thee to wife,

but some satisfactory arrangement must from a tablet preserved at Glzeh (B., No. 1),
;
:

my

daughter gukharti hath

;

now come

to the age of
shall

puberty and
affinity "

may

be married

if

thou wilt write unto me, she

be

brought unto thee."

with several

Thus it appears that Amenophis "contracted of the kings of Mesopotamia by marrying their

daughters and

sisters.]

The present

tablet

is

probably a copy of the despatch which was

;

actually sent to Mesopotamia

written by a native of Mesopotamia,

official

maintained at the court of Amenophis as the

correspondence.
for

scribe for such

original which,

If it be not a copy, it or other,

must be the

some reason

was never

sent.

2.7Letter from Burraburlyash,^ King of Karaduniyash, to Amenophis IV., probably soon after he became King of Egypt.
This letter, which
is

one of the most important of the British

is

Museum

series,

begins by stating that Burraburiyash

himself in

good health, and he hopes that Amenophis, and his wives and children are also in good health, and that his country and army and govern-

ment

are in a prosperous condition.

In days gone by their fathers

were agreed in friendship, and used to accept and return each other's gifts, without any definite feeling of obligation. Amenophis

two manehs of gold, but this is a Amenophis III. was wont to send. Burraburiyash entreats him to send at least the half of what his father used to send, and asks why so little as two manehs has
gift of

had recently sent him a

much

smaller quantity than his father

been sent.

To account

for his

urgency, he explains that he has

promised to contribute largely to the support of the temple of the

god of

bound to carry out he begs that Amenophis will send much gold," and in return he promises to send him anything that he wishes for of the productions of his land. He next reminds Amenophis that in the days of his
is

his native land, a promise

which he
"

'

Four

letters of this

king are preserved at Berlin (Nos.

4, 6-8).

SUMMARY OF

CONTENTS.

XXXI;

father Kurigalzu the Canaanites sent a messenger inviting

join

him

to

them

in

an

invasion
;

of

Kannishat, a

district

under

the

suzerainty of Egypt

but that Kurigalzu declined to make any

league with them, and sent their messenger

that, if they induced

any other king to join

away with an answer them in an attack upon

the possessions of the King of Egypt " his brother," he would go

forth against

them

in battle.

Kurigalzu formed this resolution after

Burraburiyash continues

consultation with Burraburiyash his son.

that he had sent to Amenophis accounts of the recent proceedings

of the Canaanites by the hands of a trusty Assyrian messenger, and
claims that
it is

not his fault that the Canaanites had actually

invaded Egyptian territory in Mesopotamia.

to

He

begs Amenophis

remember that, as long as thei'e is an offensive and defensive between them, the Canaanites are powerless to do much barm and may be easily driven off. To disarm the wrath of the Egyptian king, he sends him three manehs of lapis-lazuli and five pairs of horses for five wooden chariots.^ The invasion here referred
alliance

to appears to have been one of the periodic migrations usual

all

among

nomad

tribes in Mesopotamia,

when seeking pasturage and water

for their cattle.

3.

Letter
IV.,

from

Burraburiyash,
of Egypt.

King

of

Karaduniyash, to

Amenophis

King

After the usual salutations, Burraburiyash refers to the amicable

relations

which existed between Karaindash, a former King of Kara-

duniyash, and the father of Amenophis in days of old, and he hopes

that these relations

may be
King

continued.
of

He

complains, however, that

to

the messengers of the

in

Egypt have come

him three times

"If thou hast

succession without bringing any gift with them, and he will

therefore send no gift to Amenophis.

He

adds,

nothing of value for me, then have

nothing of value for thee."

He

next complains that the messenger who was sent to him from Egypt
with twenty manehs of gold did not deliver them
;

five

appear to

have been
'

offered,

but these Burraburiyash refused to accept.

Re-

It is

probable that these chariots were made of a special kind of wood.

xxxii

TELL EL-AMAKNA TABLETS.

peating the hope that peace

may

exist

and wax old between Egypt

and Karaduniyash, Burrabiiriyash seems to propose to send certain gifts to Egypt, in return for which he expects to receive chariots,
which
his

messenger Shindishugab

will bring back.

In conclusion

he hopes that their messengers

may

travel together as in days of old,

and he sends two manehs of and various presents

fact that a
for "

lapis-lazuli as a gift for

Amenophis,
son."

thy daughter, the wife of

of considerable

my

The

daughter of Amenophis IV. was married to a Mesopois

tamian prince

new, and

is

interest

whether

this prince was Karakhardash, who succeeded his father on the

throne of Karaduniyash in the time of Ashur-uballit,^

Assyria.,

King
(p.

of

cannot at present be decided.

As appears above
III.

xxix),

Kallimma-Sin was refused by Amenophis

daughters, as

the hand of one of his

"The daughter
'

of the

King

of the land of

Egypt hath

never been given to a

nobody.' "

It

would seem then that Burraimportance.

buriyash must have been an independent king, while Kallimma-Sin

was a
4.

"

sh^kh

" of

comparatively

little

Letter

from

Burraburiyash,

King

of

Karaduniyash, to
four corners are

Amenophis IV.
This tablet
is

much mutilated
is

three of

its

wanting, and several of the signs which remain are nearly effaced.

Line 17 of the Obverse

almost blank.

continued across the Reverse, which

left-hand corner of the Eeverse
is

is

At the bottom

the

impression of a scarab, or the bezel of a ring, which was inscribed

with the hawk of Horus wearing the crowns of the North and
South,

^,

the disk of the sun, Q, a winged uraeus, and other signs

the impressions of which are wanting. After the usual salutations, Burraburiyash
states

that he has

heard that the King of Egypt possesses fair palaces, and that he is preparing to send back with Shutti,^ an ofl&cer of Amenophis, fair gifts
for his fair palaces, consisting of
'

an ivory and gold throne, wood and

With

line

wanting
'

at the
letter

21 a break in the text begins, and it is uncertain how many lines are end of the Obverse and the beginning of the Reverse. of this king to Amenophis IV. is preserved at Gizeh (B., No. 9).
is

Thjs ftame

probably Egyptiiin.

SUMMARY OF

CONTENTS.

XXXIU

gold thrones, and a number of golden objects, the weights of which

are specified in

manehs and

z'dzu.

These

gifts

probably formed part

dowry of the daughter of the Egyptian king who was about to " contract .afiBnity " with the royal house of Karaduniyash.
of the 5.

Letter from the King' of Alashiya

it
is

to the

King

of Egypt.'

The name of the country of Alashiya has not hitherto been found in any cuneiform document except the Tell el-Amarna tablets in which,
;

however,
Alasiya.

spelt

^"^

T?

-EHI- i&S Alashiya, or

it is

\'' !|

-l

"^zyif

-gy^
1^

In the Egyptian inscriptions a city

fl^<=>[Qi|

most probable that the Egyptian Alesa and the Assyrian Alasiya are one and the same
Alesa
is

mentioned pretty often; and

town

or city or district. J

country called
'

(J
1

^
2li

"S
I

-^
I

Asale,
23,
p.
1.

r^^^/i

mentioned in British
{Select

Museum Papyrus
1

No. 10,247,

p.

Papyri,

pi.

57),

was thought by Chabas [Voyage,

In

225)

to be another form of
t.

X, p.

210)

is

'9 (1^ of the same opinion.

Alesa; and Maspero (Recueil,

1.

49 of the present tablet,

If this be

the King of Alashiya seems to refer to the countries of Khatti and

Shankhar as
the
case,

if

they were neighbouring tributary

states.

Alashiya was probably situated to the west or south-west

of Tunip

and Aleppo, and

sufficiently

near them to be able to

supply a contingent of

men

to the great league of cities of Northern

Syria, which lost no opportunity of rebelling against the kings of

Egypt.

In the Egyptian inscriptions the general position of Alesa

cities

and the
indicated,

mentioned

in

connexion

with

it

is

sufficiently

and

it

may

without much hesitation be assumed that by

In the annals of Thothmes

the names Alesa and Alashiya, the Egyptian and Babylonian writers
indicated the same country.
III.

and

Amenophis
included

III.

no mention appears to be made of Alesa, but during

II.
it is

the reign of Eameses

certain that the people of Alesa

their allies the inhabitants of a number of cities to and south-west and west of Aleppo; for in the list of the south-east the conquered peoples of Northern Syria drawn up for that king

among

The name

of this king

is

unknown.
son Amenophis IV.

Probably Amenophis

III. or his

xxxiv
{see

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

iii,

Denlmaler, Abth,
|-g

Bl.

131)
i

the names of Neherni (Meso-

potamia)

^c=^,
iii,

yiZesa
Bl.

(j^

^\^^

ax\d Sanlcert

^\

j^

^
of of

{Denkmciler, Abth.

145a) are grouped together..

Alashiya states in his letters that he sends as gifts

The King to the King

8-10

Egypt bronze, wood,

No.

oil,

and horses

and
11.

British
18,

Museum Papyrus
11.

10,249 (Anastasi IV.), pp. 16,

2-4;

{Select

Papyri, pU. 96 and 98) mentions as products of Alesa and the neighbouring countries horses, unguents, cows, etc. There appears
to be little doubt as to the identity of the countries.

That the

Egyptians believed Alesa to be the same country as that called Alashiya by the Babylonians we know from the hieratic docket
written upon one of the Tell el-Amarna tablets preserved at Gizeh
(B.,

No. 12) and inscribed with a letter of the King of Alashiya, the

transcript of

which reads

~^

~^"^ TO

W^ "''^^

^
am

'^^^ *^^^

en ser en Alesa, " Letter of the prince of Alesa."

The present letter begins " To the King thus saith the King of Alashiya, his brotiier
:

of Egypt, his brother,

'
:

well,

and

it is

well with

my

government, with

my

wife,

with

my

children, with

my

nobles, with

my

horses,

and with
with

ritories is great peace.

And

my chariots, and in my terthee, O my brother, and with thy

may
it also

government, with thy wives, with thy children, with thy nobles, with
thy horses, with thy chariots and with thy territories
well.' "

be

The King of Alashiya next announces that he sends his own messenger to accompany the messenger of the King of Egypt, and also
that he sends 500 pieces of bronze as a gift to " his brother " the

King of Egypt, praying him not to be offended because of the small quantity, as the " hand of Nergal," i.e., the pestilence, had killed all the people of his land and it was not possible to continue He the manufacture therefore let him not " take it to heart." then begs the King of Egypt to send the two messengers back to him as soon as possible, and promises to send him in the future as much bronze as he may wish in return he asks for a large amount
; ;

of silver of which he

is

in

need to make a contribution to the temple

of his gods, and he offers to send to

wish

for.

He

also

Egypt whatever Amenophis may sends by the hand of his messenger an ox, and

SUMMARY OF
two measures of choice
accompanying them,
oil,

CONTENTS.

XXXV

for

which Amenophis had asked, and

runners " swifter than eagles."
to

also, as

gift,

The meaning of the next paragragh is not clear, but it appears refer to some horses and chariots which had become the property the King of Egypt.
In the following paragraph the king states that one of
subjects died in Egypt,

of

his

where he

left property, and, as his wife

and

son live in Alashiya, he asks Amenophis to have the property

collected

and

to

send

it

back to the relatives of the deceased by the

hands of the Alashiyan messenger. About three years before an Egyptian messenger had arrived in Alashiya, and having remained
there some time was unable, through the pestilence, to leave the
country.

The King

of Alashiya

now begs

the Egyptian king not to

take this amiss, and, making the severity of the epidemic an excuse
for the

Egyptian

official's

delay, points out that his

own

palace

had

been attacked, and that the child to which the queen had recently
given birth had fallen a victim to the disease.
request that Amenophis will send the

Repeating his
of
or

money and the property the dead Alashiyan, the king begs him not to make any treaty
^

league with the Kings of Khatti

and Shankhar,^ and promises that

like
is,

whatever
himself.
1

gifts

they

may

send to him he will pass on to the

Egyptian king, together with the addition of a

amount from
apparently, to
Cheta.

The idea of the King of Alashiya^

This country has often been identified with the Egyptian

j=j

country called '9

(J

^\

<c=>
is

Sanhar, situated near Cheta and

in

Alesa and

^ -^N? <r->
.

Amaure,

mentioned

the Earyptian inscriptions,

and probably represents the country called Shankhar by the Babylonians.

was famous

for its fine horses, c/

^
^

'^

^"^^ "^ "^ \ ^^

Jv'o.

Sankar '^^^

ml 77T III
III
I

"o"
I I

. I
I

_M^ <=> >^^

I
I
l

(B.M. Papyrus ^'

the same

18, 10,249, p. ^'

> ) !

1.

9).
y

The

orthography of Shankhar is precisely name having possibly shifted in process of time from tiie eastern frontier of Babylonia to the Singar hills, adjoining the country of the Khatti. The horses of the desert south of the hills are still famous. It may be conjectured that the site
15?36?'

as that of the

Hebrew

Shinar,

the

of Alashiya

was near Kharran, but the name

district.

is

not to be recognized in the

geography of the
3

16),

Four letters of the King of Alashiya are preserved and three (?) at Gizeh (B., Nos. 12, 14, 17 (?)).

at Berlin (B., Nos. 11, 13, 15,

XXXvi

TELL EL-AMABJS'A TABLETS.

prevent Amenophis from opening up any direct communication with

his

own neighbouring
In the
last

friends

and

allies.

paragraph the king appears to say that he has given

full

his

messenger

power

(?)

to act.

on his behalf, and that he hopes

that the Egyptian king will do

likewise.

6.

Letter from the King of Alashiya to the King of Egypt.

He
his
is

After salutations, he complains that the Egyptian messenger

did not come into his presence.
is

anxious to hear

if

Amenophis

angry with him, and

in

uncertainty he sends a special

messenger and with him one hundred talents of bronze. Previously he had sent to Egypt, by the hands of an Egyptian messenger, a wooden couch plated with gold, a chariot decorated with gold, two
horses, garments, precious stones,
oil, etc.

Here follow eighteen

lines so mutilated that it is impossible to

give a connected rendering of them.

of the gifts were lost on their

But

it

appears that several

way

to Egypt.

After this break, the text seems to refer to a wish on the part of
the

King

of Alashiya to

make arrangements

for the transport of

merchandize,^ and to the pa,ssage of the Egyptian and Alashiyan

messengers in safety.

He

complains that, while he sends to Ameno-

phis everything that he wishes for from his coiintry,

gives

Amenophis

him nothing

in return,

although he has been in the habit of

sending gifts to the Egyptian king ever since he ascended the

throne.

7.

Letter

from the King of Alasiya [Alashiya] to the King of

Egypt.
After the usual salutations, he announces the despatch to Egypt
of a gift consisting of five talents of bronze
horses,
etc.

(?)

and

five pairs of

He

has sent the messenger of the Egyptian king back

to his country quickly,

and he prays that Amenophis

will

send back

King
11.

Compare the commercial treaty proposed by Amenophis III. to Kallimma-Sin, of Karaduniyash {see pp. xxvii, xxviii). On a tablet at Gizeh (B., No. 12, 14 ff.), the King of Alashiya introduces his merchant Qamgar) to Amenophis by
'

letter.

SUMMAKY OF CONTENTS.
the Alashiyan messenger with equal speed
gifts
;

XXXVll

if

he needs any further

and

will write

without delay.

He

also urges

them on a tablet, they shall be sent to him Amenophis to send back the Alashiyan

messenger with the much-needed money.

The end of the text is much mutilated, but enough remains to show that the letter was despatched to Egypt by a special mission
consisting of four or five members,

among whom were Kunia,

Itilluna,

and Ushbarra
8.

(?).^

Letter from Tushratta, King of Mitani,^ to Amenophis

of Egypt.
is
is

III.,^

King

This tablet

the largest and finest of the collection, and very

written in a bold, clear

few signs are wanting in the text, which

hand.

The
T.

letter

is

divided into thirteen paragraphs, the contents

:

of which are as follows

To Mimmuriya, the Great King, King of Egypt, my brother, my son-in-law, who loveth me, and whom I love, thus saith Tushratta, the Great King, thy father-in-law, who loveth thee, the King of Mitani, thy brother I am well, and may it be well with thee, with thy government, with my sister and thy other wives,
Par.

"

'

^
'

These names are not mentioned elsewhere

in the Tell

el-Amarna tablets.
Mitani, and Mitan,
to hunt wild cattle,
Inscriptions:, Vol. I,

The

principal variant forms of this

called Mi-ta-a-ni, in
aijnals of that

name

are Mittdnni,
I.

A country also
is pi. 14,
11.

which Tiglath-Pileser
{see

went

mentioned in the
62
ff.).

king

Rawlinson, Cuneiform

Whether

the

two countries

are identical is doubtful.

III. (for

In

line

17 of
see

the famous stele which records the conquests of Thothmes

the text
is

Mariette, Karnak, pi. 11, and Mariette, Notice de Bulaq, p. 80), mention

made

of a

country called

V\
JiJ^

S=3

Mdthen, which, as
rv/-wi

it is

referred to in connexion with

the " country of the

West and

Phoenicia "

5=s5=f ft

^^. c^vi

was probably

situated on the eastern border of Syria, facing the great Mesopotamian desert, and

may

well be
list

compared with the Mitani over which,

in later days, Tushratta ruled.

In the

of nations conquered

by Rameses

III.

about b.c. 1200, inscribed upon the

outer wall of the Temple of Medtnet Habu, the

to

name

of this country also appears

occur in the form

<vwwv
.

^^

i^^vi

Mdthena
pi.

(see

Dilmichen,
;

Historische

Inschriften, pi. XII,

No. 39,

last

row, and

XVII, No. 34

in the first of these

places the
'

name

is

given side by side with that of Carchemish).

S&e Introduction, p, xxi.

"

XXXviii

TELL EL-A.MAE,NA TABLETS.

with thy children, with thy nobles, with thy chariots and horses, May peace with thy land, and with everything which is thine. be multiplied unto thee.'

mind the great friendship which existed between his father Shutarna and Thothmes IV., King of Egypt, father of Amenophis, to which Amenophis himself greatly The contributed by becoming the friend and ally of Shutarna. friendship between Tushratta and Amenophis is ten times stronger than that between Amenophis and Shutarna. May Kimmon^ the god of Mitani, and Amen the, god of Egypt, on behalf of each, prosper the friendship which they have established, and in the future make it to continue in its present happy state.
Par.
II.

Tushratta

calls

to

Par. III.

He

acknowledges the

receipt

of the

despatch of

Amenophis, by the hands of the messenger Mani, in which was written " My brother, let thy daughter be my wife and mistress
:

of Egypt."

He

received

Mani with

all

tokens of friendship,

wishing to please Amenophis.

presence of Mani,
pleasing in his sight and

He

also

brought his daughter into the

fair

who looked upon

her and saw that she was

and

rejoiced for the sake of

life

Amenophis.

He
may

hopes that she will have a happy

in the land of Egypt,

and prays

that Ishtar the goddess of Mitani and

Amen

the god of Egypt

mould her

to please the will of

Amenophis.

Par. lY. Tushratta also acknowledges the receipt of a friendly

despatch which Giliya

brought back to Mitani from Amenophis.

so greatly that
all

The contents pleased him

it

he exclaimed that, even

^

if

were possible to dissolve

in

the friendship which had existed

alone

between them

times gone by, the words of this message

would, for himself, suffice to re-establish their friendship for ever.

In Babylonian, Tissub-bili, a
in Mitani,

name formed
^V^
of
" lord,"

of Tissvb, the native

name

of the
1.

god
18,
(^?).

Eamman
^

and

bili

Heb.

Greek BaaX. On K. 2100,

in the country of su-ki

col. 1,

Ti-hh-su-ub appears to be the

name

Ramman
made

= Mitani
^

In a

list

of contributions in the
is

Kouyunjik Collection of the

British

Museum
f?

(K. 8247, Col. IV, line 11) mention

Gi-lu-u-a.
'

of a person called | -yf.^ JilJ

Gilua and Giliya are probably the same name.

of

The message

Amenophis was probably a promise to send gold, which seems

never to have been

fulfilled.

SUMMABY OF CONTENTS.
Pars.

XXXIX

V-VIII
to

record the contents of a letter which Tushratta

had sent

Amenophis previously to the receipt of the despatch just He had written expressing the hope that there might be warm friendship between them, and that Amenophis would give proofs by his deeds that his friendship for Tushratta was ten times stronger than it was for Shutarna. He then asks Amenophis to send him more gold than he sent to his father, to whom he used to
mentioned.

send much gold, including a libation bowl and vessels profuselydecorated with gold ornaments
;

moreover, he sent to Tushratta

if it

himself an object in which gold was used as freely as

bronze.^

were

Tushratta's grandfather promised to

send
is

Amenophis

certain articles used in

war or the

chase.

Tushratta

now

getting

these ready, and will deliver

in

them

to

him complete

in

number and

good condition.
is

Finally, he artfidly represents that the gold for

which he asks
Par. IX.
"

to serve as his daughter's dowry.^

Passing on to matters of the present, he writes

brother Amenophis has sent the gold,
if I

When my
?
'

ask,
ask,

'

Ts it Is it
full

enough
the
full

the answer
?
'

may

be,

'

Fully enough
be,
'

'

or I
is

may

'

amount

and the answer may

It

more than the

amount.'"

In the latter case^ Tushratta declares that he will be

after the oriental fashion,

"very glad," but adds,

"With whatsoever

my

brother sendeth I shall be greatly pleased."

Par. X.

Tushratta repeats the request in this and his former

letter that the friendship

between himself and Amenophis may be

stronger than that between Amenophis and Shutarna, and he points

out that his need for gold

incurred in sending to
his

is twofold (1) for payment of expenses Egypt the articles of war and the chase which and (2) as dowry for his grandfather promised Amenophis
:

daughter.
Par. XI, the longest in the despatch, consists for the most part

of entreaties for more gold

and that the quantity usually sent may

Par.

This appears to be the meaning of lines 37 and 38.

VII

is practically

repetition of -Par. V.
*

It is doubtful

which of Tushratta's daughters

is

here referred

to.

Tushratta means that he would be very glad to have more gold sent to him than the exact quantity agreed upon between them.
'

xl

TELL EL-AMAENA TABLETS.

The gods have done well in making gold as plentiful as dust in the land of Egypt in the future may they make it still Tushratta would not offend his brother ten times more plentiful. Amenophis by asking for gold, but on the other hand he himself
be increased.
;

does not wish to be offended by having anything less than a large

quantity of gold sent to him.

In return,
to

if

anything in the country of Mitani for his palace,

messenger, and Tushratta will give
it

Amenophis wishes for let him send a him to take back. His

palace and his country Mitani belong to Amenophis.

Par. XII.

Tushratta announces the despatch of his messenger

Giliya to Egypt,

and begs Amenophis not

to detain

him but

to let

him return

speedily.

He

will be very glad to hear of the despatch

Amenophis by the hands of Giliya, but he is eager to know what arrangements Amenophis will make as to the amount and In conclusion, Tushratta despatch of gifts to him in the future. Mitani and Amen the god of god of the prays that Eimmon Egypt may make this letter and the answer of Amenophis to reach
of a gift from
their

respective destinations in safety

that the nature of their

character

correspondence

and that their

as
it is

in the future may be of the same friendly friendship may be as firm and close in

the future

in the present.

XIII enumerates the gifts which Tushratta sends to Amenophis by the hands of Giliya, viz. : one large golden object inlaid
Par.

with lapis-lazuli ; a large vessel of gold inlaid within with lapislazuli,

weighing in

all

nineteen

measures of gold

and twenty

measures of lapis-lazuli; a large vessel of gold inlaid within with

MiaMli-stones, weighing in all forty golden zAzu of Ishtar, and forty-

two measures of MaZz2^i-stones

chariots,

ten pairs of horses

ten wooden

with

all their fittings

complete; and thirty eunuchs.

9.

Letter from Tushratta,^ King of Mitani,

is

to

Amenophis
and
is

III.

This almost complete letter

into nine paragraphs, viz.

carefully written,

divided

This letter was probably written soon after Tushratta became' king of Mitani.

SUMMARY OF
Par.
I.

CONTENTS.

xli

"

Thus

saith Tushratta,

King
'
:

of Mitani, thy brother, to

I

Amenophis, King
with thy wives,
horses, chariots,

of.

Egypt,

my
and

brother

am

well,

and may

it

be

well with thee, and with Gilukhipa^

children,

my

sister,

with thy government,

nobles,

and with thy body-guard,

and

land.'"

Par. II refers to Tushratta's accession to the throne.

On

the

death of his father Shutarna, his brother Artashumara

king, but

became
all

was soon

after slain

by

rebels

who had

conspired against

him.

Tushratta, though very young, gathered together

those

who were

favourable to his succession, and, by the help of the good

fortune which stood by him, he succeeded in capturing the rebels,

headed by one
Mitani.
Par. III.

P.irkhi

(?),

and

in slaying the murderers of his brother;

he then ascended the throne and began to rule the kingdom of

Knowing

that his father Shutarna and Amenophis

were good
him.

friends,

he ventures to send this despatch, and hopes that

it

when Amenophis has read

he will

feel

favourably disposed towards

Shutarna, by reason of his love for Amenophis, which exceeded

that of Amenophis for Shutarna, gave him his daughter Gilukhlpa

to wife.
for

Now

let

Amenophis

transfer the friendship

which he had

Shutarna to himself
Par. IV.

Continuing the same subject, he claims this friendship,

that his claim will be allowed

and
that,

feels sure

when Amenophis hears

that the

King of the Khatti had invaded Tushratta's territory, and Riramon the god of Mitani having delivered him into his

hand, he had slain him.

and VI announce that Tushratta is sending, as a gift selected from the spoil captured by him from the Khatti, a chariot, two horses, a youth and a maiden in addition, he sends him five
Pars.
;

chariots

and

five pairs of horses

from his own

stables.

Par. VII.

He
(?),

sends as a gift for his sister Gilukhlpa a pair of

("?)

gold bracelets

a pair of gold earrings, a /golden toilet

oil for

bowl, and

one

full

measure of choice

anointing.

Par. VIII.

He

announces the despatch of Giliya his messenger,

will

accompanied by Tunip-ipri, and he begs that Amenophis

'

send

See Introduction, p. xix.

xlii

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

them back to him speedily, and that they may bring him word that Amenophis has sent him a gift to rejoice his heart.
Par. IX.

In conclusion, he repeats his entreaty for the friendship

of Amenophis,
gifts for him,

and hopes that he

will

send his messengers with return

arrive.
III.

and that they may soon

10.

Letter from Tushratta, King of Mitani, to Amenophis

is

This letter, which

divided into five paragraphs, begins with the

usual lengthy salutations, but also contains a greeting to Tsltumkhtpa,

the daughter of Tushratta,

who has become the

wife of Amenophis.
I love,

He

addresses Amenophis as "

my

son-in-law,

whom

and who
loveth

loveth me," and refers to himself as

thee."

"thy

fathers-in-law,

who

Pars. II

and III
^

refer to the going

down

of " Ishtar of Nineveh,

lady of the world,"

into the land of Egypt, beloved

both during his own reign and during that of his

Tushratta begs Amenophis to increase
Par. IV.

by Tushratta, father. It would

for

appear that the worship of this goddess had declined in Egypt,

it

tenfold.

He

prays that Ishtar, the mistress of heaven, the

goddess of Mitani,

may

protect both

hundred

and that the " lady of fire " great joy of heart and physical well-being.
years,

Amenophis and himself for a ^ may give to them both

is

Par. V.

"

Now

Ishtar

is a

goddess to me, although she

not to

my

brother."

On

the lower part of the Reverse are the remains of three lines of

hieratic writing, the hieroglyphic transcript of

which

is

as follows

ri~ff-i
3-

I"

[__.=
title of

__
the Egyptiaa goddess |

Compare the Compare the

'

the world."
'

^^

hent taui, " mistress of

title

of the Egyptian goddess Bast \

mistress
=

of flame."
in brackets are

A o O J\ a LJ

|^j

"^
.^

[)
t>

hmt tekat,
'

The characters

added from a comparison with the docket -m

B.,

No. 23.

SUMMARY OF
Eenpit

CONTENTS.
dutu

xliii

XXXVI abet IV pert

an en
36,

em pa

Be^et
sat
1.

rest

mdtet en ta
aputi

Year
letter

mouth IV

of pert,^

was [the king] in the

2.
3.

southern palace
. .
.

Copy of the
. . .

[which] brought the messenger of

11.

Letter
is

from Tushratta, King of Mitani, to the " Queen of

Egypt."

The text
places
;

in

seven paragraphs, but

is

is

mutilated in several

and, as no one line

it.

complete,

it is

impossible to

make any

connected version from

Par.
I.

Tushratta sends greeting to the " lady of Egypt," to

her son Napkhurriya [afterwards Amenophis IV.], to the bride

T^tukhlpa (one of the wives of Amenophis III.), and hopes that it is well with all that belongs to her. The word halldtu, here translated
'

bride,'

has in the other Semitic dialects also the meaning of

;

daughter-in-law

'

but this meaning

addressed^

is

unsuitable here, for in lines

8, 11

and 13

it is
is

expressly stated that the husband of the lady to

is

whom

"Mimmuriya" [Amenophis III.], and in the speech which Tushratta puts into the mouth of the Queen of Egypt, Mimmuriya is referred to as " my husband." The only queen of Egypt who could have been the mother-in-law of T^tukhlpa was Mut-em-ua, the mother of Amenophis III. The letter, however, is not addressed to her but probably to Thi, who is described on the Egyptian monuments as " royal daughter, royal sister, royal mother,
the letter
;

and royal

wife."^

Par. II refers to some friendly arrangement between the royal

families

of Mitani

and Egypt, which was known

else.

to

Mani, an

Egyptian messenger, and to everyone

In Par. Ill Tushratta refers to the queen's request, through the

messenger Giliya, that he would not dissolve the friendship which

'

I.e.,

the Coptic month Pharrauthi, which began on March 27.

p. xxi. p. xix.

' '

See above, See above,

/2

xliv

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

had been maintained between the royal houses by Shutarna and Amenophis her husband. Par. IV seems to express a wish that
this friendship in

may

be made ten times stronger than before

is
;

and

hnes 38, 42, 46 and 51 Napkhurriya

mentioned.

In Par.

VI

named and in Par. VII the gift by Tushratta, consisting of three (or five) full measures of choice oil for anointing, and other things, is recorded. On the lower part of the Reverse are the remains of two hnes,
luni, a wife of Tushratta, is twice

sent to the queen

much defaced to be legible on the left-hand edge the memorandum of an Egyptian scribe, which probably
in hieratic writing, too
;

recorded the date of the receipt

characters of which
tablet.
still

of

this

letter

and some few

remain,

is

carried over from the foot of the

12.

Letter
^

from Eib-Adda,^ governor of Byblos,^ to the King

of Egypt.

" Thus saith Rib- Adda to the lord and king of the world, the

Great King, the king of the universe

give strength to the king,

'
:

May

the Lady of Byblos*

my

lord

Seven times and seven times

do I prostrate myself before the feet of

my

Lord and

my

Sun.'"

The second part of this name = Heb. l!iq, Gt."ASu>Sos. Addu j$y ^y) and Dadu (^>f Kyy t^'f) are, on tablet K. 2100, col. I, 11. 16, 17, said to be the names of the god Ramman (Rimmon) in the country of MAKrKi (g:y|.i^^ ^^ mak-tu-ri,
'

(^

i.e.,

probably the country

now
25,

called Syria.
;

Gr. Bw/SXo?, in Babylonian Ou-ub-lu

I,

see
1.

Rawlinsou, Cuneiform Inscriptions of

Western Asia, Vol. K. 1295

(see

pi.

1.

86;

pi.

38,

50; Vol.
etc.

Ill, pi. 16, col.

v,

1.

16;

Catalogue of Kouyunjih Collection, p. 262),

The forms
,

of this

name
is

in other Semitic dialects are

Heb.

"PS?,

Syr.

Aa.. Arab.
,

jH^

and the Egyptian

8 The rebellious state of the countries of Phoenicia, Syria, and Palestine, to be gathered from the contents of the letters of Rib- Adda, seems to indicate that they were addressed to Amenophis IV., under whose reign the Egyptians lost their former

hold on their Asiatic dependencies

*

cf.

supra, pp. xxii, xxiii.

In Babylonian, Mltu sha Gubla,

of
n!?Diri

"Lady

of

Gebal";

compare
T.
I,

bj

r\hv2 in the
1,

inscription
11.

{Corpus

Imcriptionum

Semiticarum,
B/yXns.

pars.

No.

1,

2, 3, 7,
*

and

8, p. 4),
is

and the Greek BaaXxis,

Bf/\6-;;9,

This prayer

found only

in Rib- Adda's letters.

SUMMARY OF
The
city

CONTENTS.

xlv the
is

of Byblos, which from time immemorial has been

faithful

handmaiden of the King of Egypt and of

his ancestors,

now

utterly lost, because the king has taken no thought for its

safety.
father's

Would
house
I

that he would protect that which belongs to his

The people who

great,

are in Byblos are unfaithful and.

;

therefore are unfit to be the king's servants

moreover, the enmity

*

and the gods have suffered, our sons and J-^ our daughters to be led astray, and they have departed (?) to the land of Yarimtita.' The people of the cities which are in the mountains and on the frontier have gone over to the enemy and have joined the rebels only Byblos and two other neighbouring
of the rebels
is
;

cities

still

remain faithful to him.

Abd-Ashirta^

first

captured

one of them called Shigata, and then counselled the citizens of

Aramiya, the other, to slay their governor and to become like him

and to lead a

free

life.

This they did and became rebels.

Blt-lSrinib(?) saying:

Next,

"Gather yourselves together, and let us go up against Byblos, and let us occupy the countries through which we pass, and let us appoint our own governors over them." Thus all the countries rebelled, and there were no more loyal people left in the land, and our sons and
our daughters submitted to abide under the rule of the rebels.

Abd-Ashirta sent to the soldiers in

^^

Unless the king takes immediate steps to protect his

interests, the

whole land
selves,

will be in rebellion against him,

?

become of Byblos

The
for,

rebels

and what then is to have made a league amongst them-

and Bib- Adda

is like

fears that there will be no- one to deliver

him

out of their hands,

Byblos, he

being shut up in the king's territory in

unto a bird shut up in a cage.

?

Why

does the

king continue to be careless about his land

everything to the king of
attention to his
distress

Bib- Adda has repeated

Egypt,

who

words.
fallen

If the king has

which has

on Byblos, let

however, paid no any doubt about the him make enquiries of

has,

"

Compare the names

niOl!,

Joshua

x. 3,

and

niOT., 1 Chronicles

viii.

14.

This name has been compared to the Phoenician mntyyiSVi " the servant of A king of Tyre of this name is mentioned by Ashtoreth," Gr. 'A^BdaTpaTos.
^

Josephus (Gont. Apion,

p. 44.5
ff.).

I,

18, ed. Didot, T. II, p.

348

Muller's Hist. Grace, T. IV,

xlvi

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

Amanappa,! who both knows of it and has seen it. Would that the king would listen to the words of his servant and save his life, The king is merciful, and for then could he protect his loyal city ^ Kib-Adda prays day and night that he may be under his rule, for, if he is not, what is to become of him ?
!

13,
Egypt.

Letter

from Rib- Adda, governor of Byblos, to the King of

It begins with the

form of salutation as found in No.

12.

Rib-

manner against his people, that he has taken twelve of them captive, and that he has set the price of their ransom at fifty pieces of silver. The forces which Rib- Adda sent to the city of Sumuru ^ were made

Adda

reports to the king that Aziru has acted in a hostile

prisoners in the city of Tubuliya.

The

ships of

Sumuru, Beyrut,^

'

Compare the Egyptian name

Here four

(J

Amen-dpt.

"

lines of text are mutilated.

;

'

In Babylonian and Assyrian, Sumuru and Simirra

1.

see

Rawlinson, Cuneiform
1.

Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol. II, pi. 53,

1.

58 (K. 276); Vol.

Ill, pl.9,

46

pi. 10,

No 2,
The

13,

No.

3,

1.

35; and K. 3042 (Catalogue of Koyuunjik

Collection,

\t.

4:98), etc.

inhabitants of this city (*"i-VO"^?'!) ^re referred to in Genesis x.

18,

and are
in the

mentioned along with the Arvadites and Hamathites.

notice of

Sumuru

Egyptian inscriptions occurs

his reign captured this

in

the Annals of Thothmes

III.,

who

in the
:

30th year of

town together with Kadesh and Arvad

"^
<n> t="3
y V
3
I

wv^,
"

"^ <:^>
to the

[^^>i

<m>

^^wwv

vft

He went

town

of Kadesh,

he cut down

its ffroves of

trees

he went to the town of Tchamar; he went to the town of Arvad and did likewise" (Marietta, Karnak, pi. 13, 1. 7). Sumuru repi-esents the ^t'/ivpa of Strabo, XVI,
cap. 2 (ed. Didot, p. 641)
*
;

for its position see Pliny, V, 20, 77.

The reading

of this

name

is

doubtful

if

correct,

however, reference

is

probably

made
"

to the city called

^~'

Y^.ga
Ih

.1

T^pul in the Egyptian inscriptions.

Bi;/>dtos,

Egyptian

JM^^

Barethd, Gr.

Arab. ^_^

j^j

[Ydlcut,

Vol.

I, p.

785), Syr.

.OQ4o',*0 and Ao^^S.

SUMMARY OF

CONTENTS.

xlvii

and Sidou * were all lost off the coast of Amurri,^ and lie was thereupon attacked by the fleet of Yapa-Adda and Aziru, who succeeded in
capturing his ship.

In this strait he writes to the Egyptian king

asking for help, and, telling him that his

own

people have

now become

disaffected, he begs him to do something to deliver him out of the hands of the enemy and, in any case, to answer this letter. When

the city of

Sumuru was attacked by the enemy, he took

it
;

soldiers

with

him and went and delivered

all

he

then

appealed

to

the Egyptian king for more troops,^ but

when they

arrived they were

unable to enter the city because

the roads were blocked by the

The rebel chief sat down before the city for two months, and meanwhile endeavoured to corrupt the loyalty of Bib- Adda. He again asks for more help, for the foe is mighty, and his officers fighting under him within the city are murmuring against him. He had been accused of having stirred up the land of Alashiya
enemy.
against the king, or of having given
calls to
it

over to the rebels

*

he now

officer Aman-mashashanu to support Here the sense becomes obscure, and the difficulty is increased by the breaks in the text of the last ten lines. It seems however that Rib-Adda impresses upon the Egyptian king that Yapa-Adda and Aziru have made a league he begs that certain people of his may be brought back from the land of YarimAta ^

witness the Egyptian

his story.

and he asks

for fresh instructions.

Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol.

pi.
;

In Babylonian and Assyrian, Sidnnnu and Sidunu; see Kawlinson, Cuneiform pi. 38, 11. 3.i, 38, 48 ; pi. 43, 1. 13 ; I, pi. 35, No. 1, 1. 12 45, col. I, 11. 9, 40 Vol III. pi. 15, col. II, 11. 27-30 K. 1653 {Catalogue of Kouyunjih
'
; ;

Collection, p. 325), etc.

The Egyptians

called the

town

~|

"^ ^J^

T'ituna;

and it Homer.
^

is the I'lTy of the Bible, the IIS of the Phoenician inscriptions, and the ^iSwv of

In Egyptian
X. 8.

(1

Amaure.

Compare the Hebrew nJ^Sp'nS,

In these tablets Amurri appears to be the common name for Palestine. Judges As " Auiurri " is everywhere used in these texts for the Phoenician sea coast, it is clear that it is the true reading of the Babylonian fj ^TTf' signifying the West."

.^^

'

The
This

text is

here mutilated.
is

name

probably Egyptian

Aman

r^ Amen, the name of the

great national god of Egypt.

'

See letter No. 12 (p. xlv).

xlviii

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

14. Letter
Egypt.

from Eib-Adda, governor of Byblos, to the King of

He

complains that he has received no answer from the king.

He

has

heard

and knows what

his

people

have
off"

done

how,

when they were

sent to his lord, they carried

his

two horses
carried off

without any written authority, and

the king's servants.
that

how

others of

them

How

could he possibly prevent this, seeing

now he
is all

is

absolutely without forces to protect the country,

which

in the

hands of the rebels

He

can do nothing, and the

King

of

Egypt

will

never regain his hold upon the land.

He

had

already asked more than once for soldiers and horses, but he had
received no answer to his petitions.

He
;

reports that Abd-Ashirta,

it

Yapa-Adda, and Zimrida " are

were
in his power.

alive "

and

would seem that they

rebelled, and"^-^

Although the
(?)

city of

Sumuru has

the city of Sarti

has fallen into the hands of Yankhamu, Rib-

Adda

promises that, so long as the corn holds out, he will defend

the city of Byblos.

In compliance with the king's orders he had

despatched certain troops to Egypt, but on the road they deserted

and although he
object,

tried,

day and night to persuade them to return

oflBcers

to

the service of the king, and moreover sent two

with

this

camp of Yankhamu. When they arrived there they said to him, "Eib-Adda is now in thy power command thou what we shall do with him, and we will do it." The remainder of Rib- Adda's troops, in consequence of the
they
still

persisted in going over to the

^J'^-

defection of their comrades, refuse to obey orders,

and he

therefore

announces his decision

be thy subjects."

" If thou,

king, wilt not send

me an

answer, I will abandon the city, and I and

my

friends will cease to

Parts of the text of the last five lines are wanting, and. no

connected sense can be gained from the characters which remain.

In line 53 mention

is

made

of a certain

man Milkuru,
1.

or Ishkuru,

who

is

also

mentioned on a tablet at Berlin (No. 48,

85).

15.

Letter

from Bib-Adda, governor of Byblos, to Amanappa,^

a high official of the

King

of Egypt.
see

For other letters of Eib-Adda to Amanappa

Nos. 21, 22, 23 (pp.

liii,

liv).

SUMMARY OF
" To Amanappa,

CONTENTS.

xlix

my

father, thus saith

thy son Eib-Adda

'
:

prostrate myself before the feet of

and may the Lady of Byblos give thee favour in the sight of the king thy Lord.'" He asks why Amanappa does not report the state of aifairs to the king, and
father,

my

why, having heard that the troops have abandoned their cities and have gone out and become rebels, he has not set out to attack them
in the land of

Amurri.

He

asks

if it

can be possible that

Amanappa

does not

know

that Amurri has become a stronghold of the rebels,

who now also hate Abd-Ashirta, his old enemy, and that they have banded themselves together and are waiting for the arrival of other
troops to begin to fight against him.

He

exhorts
is

Amanappa
sure that

to join
all

him

in

an attack upon them, especially as he

;

governors are ready to attack Abd-Ashirta

the J^f for he had issued a

proclamation to the citizens of Ammiya, saying, " Kill your governor,

and
us

rebel,"

whereupon the other governors

all

said,

"He

will

do this to

Rib-Adda begs Amanappa my father and ,/3'~ master, and I trust in thee." He refers to some past services which he had rendered in connection with the city of Sumuru and which are known to Amanappa, and he begs him to ask the king to send
also,

and then

countries will rebel."

to report this matter to the king, "for thou art

help to Byblos as soon as possible.

16.
Egypt.

Letter from
:

Bib- Adda, governor of Byblos, to the King of

After the usual salutations, he entreats the king to listen to what

he says

" The people of Byblos, the members of my house, and my

me
to join the followers of Abd-Ashirta
;

wife counselled

and to make

a league with them

but I did not listen to them.

lord,

Moreover, I sent

word

to the king,

my

and repeated

my

request for a company

of soldiers to protect the city for the king,

my lord
straits

but no answer

'} -^-f

from the king ever reached me.

mind, and I went to Ammunira
for I feared the people of
^

In these
house

made up my

[governor of Beyrut] for protection,

;

my own

but he shut his door in

I await

my

face,

and now

must appeal again

who appears

to the king for help.

'

For

letters of this official,

Iv, Ivi).

to

have been au Egyptian,

see

Nos. 26

and 27 (pp.

TELL

ELAMARNA

TABLETS.
the king,

the arrival of the soldiers day and night, and

if

my

lord,

does not send help to me, I shall perish, and the king will lose a
[faithful] servant."

The

letter concludes

with the promise that he will hand over

into the custody of the king's officer his

two sons and their wives,

who were probably

Abd-Ashirta.

the inciters of those

who wished him

to join

17.

Letter from Rib -Adda, governor of Byblos, to the

tells

King

of

Egypt.'

After brief salutations, he

carried

the king that the hostilities

serious.

on against the city by the rebels are very

is

He

asks what steps he

as

to take, for Abd-Ashirta, the rebel, does

he pleases in the countries of the king.

that the

He

has already sent

cities

a messenger with a despatch informing the king that the

under his charge are in danger

enemy

are marching

upon them; that they hove already captured the city of Beyrut, and are now coming on against him and that in a very short time the foe will be at the gate, and that the people of Byblos will neither be able to come in nor go out. Thus the city will be
;

captured, unless the king sends chariots and soldiers to deliver

it.

Bib-Adda would not disobey the king's commands, but he begs him to listen to his words the city of Byblos and all the coast down to Egypt is falling into the hands of the rebels, and unless the king sends instructions to him forthwith he must surrender
:

Byblos also to the

Let the king then send and deliver the city from the hands of Abd-Ashirta, that he (Eib-Adda) may once
foe.

more

rule over

it.

to deliver Byblos,

If only the king will send chariots and soldiers which has ever been the king's loyal city, he is

confident that he will.be able to regain possession of the other cities

which are already

lost to the king.

The
'

last

paragraph refers to some act of the messenger of the

The two characters of the Egyptian king's name actually remaining are -ra-ri, which are probably part of a Babylonian form of the prenomen of Amenophis IV. See above, p. xliv, note 3.

SUMMARY OF
King
of

CONTENTS.

ll

Accho

(?),^

and horses are mentioned

the breaks and

of this part

obscurities of the text

make a connected rendering

of the letter impossible.

18.
Egypt.

Letter from Kib-Adda, governor of Byblos,

prays for advice and assistance.

to the

King

of

He
father,

In

tlie

days of the king's

when Abd-Ashirta waged war against him, he sent to the King of Egypt for troops, and, because his request was granted,
all

the lands were quiet

and, notwithstanding Abd-Ashirta's large

following,

he was unable to capture the " loyal city Byblos."

has gathered together the rebels, and
is

But

now Aziru
passage.

plotting mischief

against Byblos.

A break
is

in the text here destroys the

;

end of this
It

Mention

then made of Yaukhamu

and Rib- Adda seems

to request the king to deal with Abd-Ashirta as he deserves.

would appear that Kh^ib, governor of the

forced,

city of

Sumuru, had been

through the disobedience of the people under him, to surcity.

render the
of the

Rib-Adda

believes that the king will regret to

learn this news, especially as

fall

Kh4ib was
all
is

slain

and, in consequence

of the city, Bikhura will not be able to maintain his

position

in

Kumiti

in

fact,

the governors throughout the

land will be

slain, if assistance

not immediately forthcoming.

facts,

He

has before this duly informed the king of these

but he
a

has received no answer.

stated

Finally he begs the king to send

number

of soldiers

and chariots to protect

is

his land.

The

sense of the concluding portion of the letter

obscured through

breaks in the text.

19.

Letter from Rib-Adda,

governor of Byblos, to the King of

Egypt.
In Babylonian and Assyrian, ^S-Am-u and A-ku-u
I,

'

see

Rawlinson, Cuneiform
1.

Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol.

pi. 38,

1.

40

Vol. V, pi. 9,

122

and K. 4444

{Catalogve of Kouyunjik Collection,

lay,

p. 633).

The Semitic forms

,

of this

name are: Heb.

Aka.
the
i.

Phcen. IV, Syr.

'

oai, Arab, ll^,

aiZI

and the Egyptian

is

^^ '^ i^^
II,

Compare the name A

"^ ^^ '=^ t^^

Kamatu,

a town

situated in
Taf. XIII,

northern part of Phoenicia.

See Brugsch, Geographisclie Inscliriften,

lii

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

He

prostrates himself " seven times and seven times

"

before

the king, and prays that the " Lady of Byblos

to the king,

may

give strength

my

lord."

In answer to the king's command, that

he should defend himself and the city under his charge, he asks,
" Against

whom

shall I defend

myself and the city

"

In former
city,

times there was a garrison of the king's soldiers in the

and

the king sent corn from the land of YarimAta' to feed tliem.

But
eat,

now Aziru
off

has overcome him in spite of his efforts, and has carried

the oxen and everything which he had.

officers

There

is

no corn to

and the
city,

and the

soldiers

have rebelled and have forsaken the

is

and have gone to places where there

corn to eat.

The king

appointed him a " governor," but

" governor ?"

how

can he be considered to be a
all

For the "governors" of

the other cities are

now

under the rule of others, and are bound to obey their

soldiers,

and

he, too,

Aziru.

and the cities in his charge, are in fact under the rule of To whom is he to be " faithful," according to the words of
Moreover, the followers of Abd-Ashirta are in
is

the king's despatch?

league with Aziru, and, as the king knows, they do what

their

good

in

own

eyes,

and they have

set on fire the cities of the king.

20.
Egypt.

Letter from Rib- Adda, governor of Byblos, to

informs
" his
lord,

the

King
of

of

He

the

Great

King,

the

king

the

world, king of the universe," that he will continue to defend the

country in the future as he has done in the past. break interrupts the meaning of the next paragraph but it seems that Bikhura,
;

governor of the city of Kumiti, had sent a hostile force against

Byblos.

Rib-Adda therefore begs the

to

king, if he loves his faithful?23

servant, to send troops

defend the city in his

Referring to the king's former order, Rib-Adda asks

possible for

own interest. how it is

him to defend himself against Abdirama, Iddin-Adda, and Abdi-milki, followers of Abd-Ashirta, whom Bikhura has urged to come up against him, seeing that they have already made themselves master of all the king's territory.

The

letter concludes with

a repetition of the request for troops.

'

See letters No. 12

(p. xlv),

and No. 13

(p. xlvii).

SUMMARY OF
[In a tablet at Berlin (No.

CONTENTS.

liii

134,

1.

4),

Abdi-milki, one of the

opponents of Rib- Adda,

is

called the governor of the city Shaskhi(mi),

who

at the request of the king of

Egypt promises that

his contingent

of soldiers and horses

and

chariots shall join the royal

army

at the

rendezvous.]

21.
a high

Letter from
official

Rib- Adda, governor of Byblos, to Amanappa,'^

of the King of Egypt.

this tablet is so

line is complete.

much mutilated that not a single From the fragments which remain it seems that Rib-Adda prays that Amen, the great god of Egypt, may give Amanappa favour in the sight of the king. The fierceness of the
The text of
enemy's attack
is

increasing

and

it

appears that supplies of corn

had. for the last three years become scarce in Byblos.

Mention
asked
(?)

is

made

of the land of Amurri, whither

;

Amanappa

is

to

send troops

of the land of Mitani

Amanappa (?) witb

corn

and of

Yankhamu, who supplied the city of Sumuru. The letter

;

of

ends with the usual request

for troops,

22.
a high

Letter
asks

from Rib-Adda, governor of Byblos, to Amanappa,

official

of the

King

of Egypt.
(?).

He
king,

why

his

conduct has been blamed

He

had sent

Amanappa's messenger, who was with him, into the presence of the and he had also supplied Amanappa with soldiers and chariots to defend the city of Beyrut (?), and he is therefore much grieved to hear Amanappa's words of reproach. Beyrut appears to have fallen
into the hands of the enemy,

who

are

now about

to attack Byblos.

The concluding

lines of the text are broken,

but they seem to contain

a petition for troops to protect Byblos.

23.
a high

Letter from Rib-A.dda, governor of Byblos, to [Amanappa],

official

of the

King of Egypt.
is

After the usual salutations, in which the king

of the countries," Rib- Add a explains

called the "

sun

Amanappa's orders

in going
'

to

why he was not able to obey Sumuru to meet him. He asks

xlviii, xjix,

Cf,

No. 15, pp.

liv

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

seeing that he

Amanappa why,
sides
;

knew the

difi&culties

of his position,
all
"i

he told him to go up to that

the city of

city.

He

is

surrounded with foes on

Ambi

has rebelled against him, through the influence

of the Abd-Ashirta faction

upon the governor and

officers

of the city
is

he

is

unable to fight against the enemy successfully, and he

fear.

stricken

with

He

further begs

Amanappa

to

come to

his assistance as

soon as possible; and in the concluding passage, six lines of which

are mutilated, he seems to reiterate his request for troops to defend

the city of Byblos.

24.

Letter from [Rib-Adda, governor

the
first

of Byblos] to the

King

of Egypt.

Although

lines,

which contained
which the tablet

the

name

of the

writer, are wanting, yet,

judging from the contents of the

is

letter,

the
its

style of writing, the material of

made, and

shape,

it

is

tolerably certain that it formed part

of the corres-

pondence of Kib-Adda.

Rib-Adda begins by informing the king

that, notwithstanding

that he had posted troops at Byblos, the city of Surauru has been

captured by the enemy and the soldiers from Byblos have been slain. If the king will have a care for his city of Byblos, let him
,

send four captains and their companies, thirty chariots, and one hundred mercenaries (?) of various nations, and they will suffice to protect the city if, however, the king does not speedily send troops
;

to join those already under Rib- Adda, and food with them, the city itself will be captured and the inhabitants will be slain. Biri,' an
officer of the Egyptian king, who had been sent to help Rib-Adda, had already been slain, and his followers were scattered. RibJ^, Adda's "eyes fell sick" when they saw these things, and he was sore afraid when he knew that Blri could no longer help him. He had applied to Pakhamna[ta],^ an officer of the Egyptian king,

According to a tablet at Berlin (No.- 160,

;

1.

4), Biri

appears to have been the

1.

governor of the city of Khashabu (or Kharabu?

2

cf.

B.,

No. 154,

43).
1.

This

name appears
is

to be Egyptian.

In a tablet at Berlin (No. 80,

if

22) he

is

called rahis sharri, " officer of the king,'' and,

the

name Pakhanati be
11.

identical with

Pakhamuata, he

also

mentioned

in Berlin tablet

No. 97,

lOff.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS.
for troops,

Iv

begging him to send young men, or old men, or soldiers

;

of any kind whatsoever

but this

officer

had turned a deaf ear to

him, and therefore had happened what had happened.

Pakham-

nata himself saw the city of Sumuru destroyed

the king to notice this
corn to eat, and a
fact.

Rib- Adda begs

The condition

of affairs in
;

By bios

is

very serious, for everything has been consumed

the troops have no

them have been slain at the capture of umuru. Here the text becomes mutilated, and breaks off after the mention of Yankhamu.
of

number

25.
Egypt.

Letter from Rib- Adda, governor

He

of Byblos, to the

King

of

He
cities.

asks for troops to defend Byblos and the neighbouring

seems to be in league, or on terms of friendship, with

Yankhamu, the Egyptian official, for he deprecates the charges which have been made against both himself and Yankhamu by certain people, and hopes that there may be peace. The text of this tablet is much mutilated.

26.

Letter from Ammunira,^ governor

of Beyrut, to the

King

of Egypt.

After a brief greeting and expression of homage, he acknowledges the receipt of a despatch from the king, " his lord, his god,^ and his
sun."

In this despatch the king had commanded him to furnish

;

a contingent to the Egyptian army

governor, informs

and now

he, the king's loyal

him that

in obedience to his orders

he has sent

number of chariots, horses and men provided with all necessaries, and he prays that the king may be victorious over his foes and that
a
his

own

eyes

may

see the triumph of his lord.

that,

He

concludes by

entreating

humbly
close,

when the king

reward

has brought the war to

a victorious
trouble
;

he

will

his servant for his

expense and

he, " the footstool " of the king, his lord, will during the

'

This

is

probably a form of some Egyptian name like

ildni, literally

[l

Jf\

A men-Rd,

'

In Babylonian

" gods."

See below, p.

Ixi,

Jvi

TELL EL-AMABNA TABLETS.

absence of his soldiers endeavour to guard the city and garrison

under his charge, until his eyes shall behold his soldiers returning
to Beyrut.

27.

Letter

from Ammunira, governor of Beyrut, to the King

of Egypt.

He

acknowledges the receipt of the king's " tablet," the contents

his eyes bright.
";

whereof made his heart glad and

guarding Beyrut
Byblos," he
pleasure
for the

He

is

vigilantly

"

king his lord

but

still

he awaits the

arrival of the king's troops with anxiety.

is

In respect of the " men of

his

carefully

watching them until the king shall make

known concerning them.

officials

He

next reports that certain

Egyptian

stationed in the land of

Amurri have been

evilly

entreated by the followers of Rib- Adda.

In conclusion he declares
horses
are ready to join

that his soldiers, his chariots

the king's native

and

his
;

army from Egypt

and he repeats the usual

formula of homage.

28.
Egypt.
"

Letter from Abi-milki,^ governor of Tyre,^ to

king,

the King of

To the
'
:

my

lord,

my

sun,

my god, thus

saith Abi-milki thy

servant

Seven times and seven times do I prostrate myself at the

'^^D''3S.
, ;

'

Compare the Hebrew name Abimelech,

Gath, Gerar,
etc.^

given to several kings of

1
;

Philistia,
'

Genesis, xx. 2, xxvi. 1

see

Psalm xxxiv.

Judges

viii.

31.

In Assyrian and Babylonian, Sur-ru;

I, pi.

Eawlinson, Cuneiform Inscriptions of

pi.

Western Asia, Vol.

col. V,
1.

35, No. 1,
1.

1.

12

Vol. II,

67, rev.

1.

66

Vol. Ill,

pi.

16,

13

Vol. V, pi. 2,

49

and K. 1292 (Catalogue of Kouyvnjih

-is,

Collection, p. 261),

etc.;

Heb.

iv, or liv, Phoen.

ff.,

Syr. io^^ Arab.

city of

^\, Gr.

Typo's

(Herodotus
:

II,

44;

Aiii&n, Anabasis, II, 16

etc.).

The

Tyre consisted of two parts

the island,

formed of two rocks which were made habitable by piling earth upon them, and the town on the mainland, called PaliB Tyrus. The island was the more important part in the time of the XVIIIth dynasty, for it commanded the sea both north and
south
;

the harbour on the north side of the rock

{l,vo
a'

was

called the Sidonian,

and that on
aveifiivov,

the south side the Egyptian

ov of
kl'^vTr-Tiov KttXouacv,

e'xei

\i/uAva^,
2,

rbv /lev

K\etarov, rhv B

Strabo XVI, cap.

23, ed. Didot, p. 644).

Hiram, King

Tyre (about

to the north,

b.c. 950), enlarged the island by adding to it one of the small islands and Alexander the Great joined it to the mainland (Arrian II, 16 if.).

"

SUMMARY OF
feet of the king,

CONTENTS.

Ivii

my lord.

am

the dust beneath the feet of the king, O,

my

lord,

and that upon which he treadeth.

his servant

my

king and lord,

in heaven.

thou art like to the god Shamash and to the god

Rimmon

Let the king give counsel to

Now

the king,

my

lord,

Strabo says that the island was 30 stadia distant from the Palss Tyrus and 200 stadia

from Sidon (Strabo,

its

loc. cit.,

24, ed. Didot, p.

:

645); and Pliny (V, 19) describes

insula,

position

and circumference thus

.
. .

" Tyrus

quondam

praealto mari
;

doc

passibus divisa.

circuitus

xix

mill.

pass, est, intra Palaetyro inclusa

oppidum

ipsum XXII stadia

optinet.''
pi. 1,

Cf. also

Map

of Western Palestine (Palestine Exploration

Fund), London, 1880,

In the Egyptian inscriptions Tyre

I

is

called

^^^
I.,

Tar,
Select

^^.

T'arau

(?)

(B.M. Papyrus Anastasi

No. 10,247,

Papyri,

pi.

55,

1.

3),

and lf^^\''^^^^^)^^:^^SenT'ar(^ffypt.Zeitsc7irift,1873,ip.'i).
it

An
WVVAftA

Egyptian, travelling through Syria, visited

\i i<\>
" temau

k 2 m^m
em
in

aQd described

it

as

AAAAAA

i
Tyre

]
I

/V^/WV\

i^o^a

luma
sea,

T'ar

en
the

meru
port
[is]

A
"VA/WVA

city

the

C
f
is

AA/W\A
A^ftAA/\

\l
a'ta

UJl
tuf
to it

^I I i

ren

man
water

em
in

na

bari
boats;

7iame its;

brought

1PS
user

\
su
it

^"^^
em
in
see

III

'''^
er

-S-m
s'a

remu
fish

abounds

more

than

sand.
Select Papyri, pi. 55,
ff.)
11.

(For the hieratic text

Papyrus B.M., No. 10,247,

and

2,

and

for a hieroglyphic transcript see Chabas, Voyage, p. 165

in the sea'"

The "city

can only refer to the island

pairt

of Tyre;
it

and

this

description of its situation is also given

by

Ezekiel,

who

says that

is

set " in the

middle of the sea" (Djn, cap. xxvi.

5),

and

in " the heart of seas " (D*S* a??, cap. xxvii. 3).

The hieroglyphic passage quoted above shows that it was customary to supply the inhabitants of the rock of Tyre with water brought from the mainland in
boats, and the desperate condition of Abi-milki, shut

up on the bare

rock, his

wood

and water supply from the mainland having been cut off, is evident; it also shows that as late as the XlXth, perhaps the XXth, dynasty, water was still carried to Tyre
in boats as it

The water which supplied the town el-'Ain, a few of Palse Tyrus on the mainland appears to suffered from want of also inhabitants and that the miles to the south of the town (quoted by Josephus, of Meuander water in times of war is certain from the statement

was

in the

days of Amenophis

III.

have been brought from Ras

Iviii

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

hath appointed

me

the guardian of the city of Tyre, the 'royal hand-

maid,' and I sent a report in a tablet unto the king,

I

my
it

lord

but

have received no answer thereunto.

lord,

am

an

officer

of the king,
favourable

my

and

duly report

all

that oometh to pass, be

Abi-milki then prays the king to let him or be it unfavourable.'" have tvrenty additional soldiers to defend his city,^ and adds " let me come before the presence of the king, my lord, and behold his
face,"

meaning probably that he

is

personified

by his

letter.

He

cannot have the twenty

if

men

without the orders of the

King of Egypt

the king will be graciously pleased to send this order, his servant Abi-milki vrill " live for ever."

Lines 27-40 are broken, and

it is

not possible to make any

connected sense out of them.

his

It appears, however, that Aziru

and
in

father Abd-Ashirta

and Khibi, three revolutionary agents

Syria, are mentioned in lines 35-37.

With
(?)

line 38 begins a passage

which seems to state that Zimrida

to Aziru,

delivered the city of

[of

Sumuru

and that

in consequence
of]

"the king
or from

Egypt] did not

land."

eat from

[the produce

his city^

his

When

Abi-milki heard of the renown of the king and of the fame of his
troops, he feared greatly,

and

all

the countries round about trembled

because they had not protected the king's interests.

As soon

as

Zimrida knew that Abi-milki had been appointed governor of Tyre, he attacked and captured the city of Sazu ^ (a place which was
probably situated near Tyre), and therefore the supplies of wood,

when the king of Assyria was besieging the city in the days of Elulaeus, King of Tyre, the water supply was cut off by the guards who had been posted by the rivers and aqueducts for that purpose, and that for five years the Tyrians had no water except from the wells which they dug. Elulaeus, in Assyrian Lull, is also mentioned in an inscription of Sennacherib see Rawlinson, Cvneiform
Antiq. Jud., IX, 14, 2) that
;

Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol.

I, pi.

38,

1.

35.

cut

off
'

the supplies of meat and drink from its

Esarhaddon also besieged Tyre and king Ba'lu; see K. 3082, obv. 1. 14.

We are probably to
I.e.,

understand twenty companies of soldiers.

'

" receive the revenues of the city."

'

tablet at

Gizeh inscribed with a

letter of Abi-milki, B.,

No. 99,

11.

11, 12, 28

ff.,

contains a petition to the

King

of

Egypt that he

will order his inspector in Syria to

supply him with wood and water from the city of Sazu. The same letter relates that Sidon and Khazor have gone over to the enemy, and adds that the King of Egypt will now be able to judge of the desperate condition of Tyre.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS.
water,
etc.,

lix

which Abi-milki drew from thence were cut

off,

and, as

the Tyrians were unable to provide themselves in any other way,

some of them died of want.

Abi-milki then asks for fresh instructions.

to report to

The king of Egypt had ordered Abi-milki

writes
:

him everydis-

thing that he heard, and in obedience to this

command he now
and Aziru, a

Zimrida, governor of the

Egyptian
official,

city of Sidon,

affected

and the people of Arvad,' had joined in a and had made an attack upon Tyre,
city.

league and entered into a conspiracy and had gathered together their
ships

and chariots and

soldiers

the "handmaiden^ of the king"; but "the hand of the king obtained

might and slew them," and they were unable to capture the

But the
Zimrida.

city of

Sumuru had been given to Aziru by command of " Concerning these things I have already sent a tablet to
lord,

the king,

my

but I have received no answer.

am

surrounded

on

all sides

with

foes,

and we have neither wood nor water."

In this desperate condition, unable to obtain supplies from the

mainland, and only getting them with the greatest difficulty from his
ships,

owing to the blockading

his servant Abi-milki.

fleet,

Abi-milki entreats the king to

send him instructions, and also

to

take steps to protect both his city

Tyre and

In conclusion he sends this tablet by

common soldier, to whom he begs the king to give an immediate answer. The destitute condition of his household is
the hands of a

shown by the

fact that

he

is

obliged to send the soldier without gifts

for the king, instead of a proper envoy.

29.
Egypt.
"

Letter from Abi-milki,

king,
'

governor of Tyre, to the King of

god,

To the
:

my

lord,

my

my

sun, thus saith Abi-milki,

thy servant
'

I prostrate myself at the feet of the king,

my

lord,

In Babylonian and Assyrian, A-ru-a-da, or

A -ru-ad-da,
;

or Ar-ma-da, etc.; see

;

Kawlinson, Cuneiform Inscriptions, Vol. I, pi. 26, 1. 86 pi. 28, col. I, 1. 2 Vol II., The other Semitic forms of this name are: Heb. 11.1.X, Syr, pi. 76, rev. 1. 60, etc.
>bj1>

JOJ],

>CDO)OJ'))

Arab.

jL
fl

{Tdlut, Vol.

I,

p.

224);
Arethet.

and the Egyptian

^
'

*^~^
I

Arethu, or

^<:z=> Ij c. V^ i^CHi

Babylonian amtu, Heb. nsx.

person describing herself to another in

Compare the use of this word by one distinguished 1 Samuel xxv. 25,

A2

"

Ix

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

I

seven times and seven times

the king,

am

the dust under the feet of

my

lord, the

Sun-god,

who

the decree of the Sun-god, his

live

upon the world daily by loving father, who maketh it to

riseth
(?)

by

his

glad message,

who

shineth

in

the

country of the

who maketh all lands to dwell in abundance, who giveth his voice in heaven like
north
(?),^

peace, strength,

and
^

the god of thunder,

and

all

lands are consumed with terror at the sound of his voice.' "
sent a messenger to

He had
when
it

Egypt
it will

to bring back an

answer from

the king, and he trusts that

arrives.
all

be found favourable to himself

He

adds that not only himself, but also the

to

governors of
able answer.

the countries round about are anxious for a favour-

The King of Egypt appears

have ordered that

Abi-milki should be the general of the troops, whereat he expresses He has understood the king's his joy (" Yiyaya!") and homage.

commands, and they shall be duly carried out; the sun {i.e., the king) has arisen upon him, and glad tidings have come forth to him from the mouth of the king, his lord. If he had not received the order of the king, Tyre would have been lost, and the king's government and
his

name would have been

blotted out from the land for ever

it

now

that he has received the king's despatch,

will

be well with Tyre

and with the king's government and glory for ever. " Thou art my Sun who risest upon me, thou art the fortress of copper upon which I take my stand, and by the right hand (?) of the king I am strong, I am might)", I am powerful. Thus I spake to the Sun-god, the father of my lord and king When shall I see his face ?
' '
:

Next, the actual object

the city of Tyre, the great
hold
it

of

the letter

is

stated

" I
lord,

will

guard
will

city,^ for

the king,

my

and I

until the king shall send forth his

power to help me,

withal.

to give

me

water to drink and wood to

warm myself
officer in

Moreover,

Zimrida of Sidon sendeth daily an

the service of Aziru,

the son of Abd-Ashirta, to bring back to him news of what the King
of

Egypt

will

I trust that,
'

Thus I send word to the king my when he knoweth it, it may seem good in his
do.
t'lSV.

lord,

and

sight."

Compare Heb.

' 3

This unusual salutation appears not to occur elsewhere.

"Tyros, et magnitudine et

claritate ante

omnes urbes

Syrise

Phoenicesque

niemorabilis."

Q. Curtius IV, 2, 2.

SUMMARY OF CONTEXTS.
30.
Egypt.
After addressing the king, "

1 XI

Letter

from Abi-milki, governor of Tyre, to the King of

my

lord,
is

my

god,"

'

with the usual

of

compliments, he informs
city of the

him that he
king,

diligently guarding the

king under his charge.

(?)

He

repeats his intention

coming to Egypt
will

to

meet the

and he thinks that Zimrida

its

not be able to turn the city of Sidon away from

;

allegiance

during his absence

for

he would have the king to know that after

hostile.

Zimrida had obtained authority he had become

prays the king to defend the messenger, and asks that he
entreats
to drink
city.

Next, he

He

has sent this letter by a

may

be received with favour.

He
?f'i<j

the king

not to forsake him,

and to send him water

and wood

time past he has

to send help, he
talents
king's

for fuel, for the king knows that for some had neither wood nor water. To incline him

despatches with
(?)

his

messenger Ilu-milki
objects.

five

of

pure

copper and

other

In reply to the

The king of the land of Danuna is dead, and hath become king in his stead, and there is peace in his
writes
:

orders to report any news

"

from the land of Canaan^ he

his brother land.

One

half of the city Ugarit hath been burnt with

fire

and

is

destroyed.

The
pairi,

soldiers of

the land of Khatti are no longer here.

against

Itagamathat

governor
are

of the city of Kidshi,* and Aziru have rebelled,

and

fighting

Narayawiza.

Notwithstanding

Zimrida,

the governor of

Sidon and Lachish, hath gathered to-

gether ships and soldiers from the lands of Aziru, the son of AbdAshirta, if only the king will send four captains [with their
companies],
all will

be well with me, and I shall see his destruction."

He
'

concludes with an earnest petition for help.

Literally, "

my

god,

my
i.

gods "
2).

compare

'n'?^ *3^^?

''

Compare

^^?'^8

(Ruth

Compare the Egyptian

^=^

*^ -

fl

^
V

i^=^^
]

Kan ana, Heb.

Ketesh of
;

!I!5?

Probably Kadesh on the Orontes, the

^^
I,

1^.^

the Egyptian
;

inscriptions; see Brugsch, Geographische Inschriften,

p.

67

11, p. .56

for the

form

of the

name, compare Gr.

Ka^j;?, Kd^^j;?,

Heb. B'nP, Syr.

^,0

(Josh. xv.

2.3, etc.).

Ixii

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

31.

Letter

from Abi-milki, governor of Tyre, to the King of

Egypt.

The top right-hand corner

also occurs in the

of the tablet

is

wanting, a large break

middle of the letter through a fracture in the lower part of the tablet, and several of the lines which remain are nearly
defaced.
^

After the usual greetings to the king, the " everlasting Sun-god,"

he

refers to orders received

from him to go to Slialraayati and

;

salute him,

and to supply him with water

his servants have, however,

not been able to carry out these instructions, and he therefore asks the king to take steps to have this done himself, as he has no water
to give.

Here there

is

a break of twelve lines, and the letter then

continues with a request for instructions concerning the city of T-yie,

"the

city of Shalmay^ti,"
.

own commands,

and expresses readiness to obey the king's Abi-milki professes fidelity, and appears to ask for

authority to defend Tyre, " the city of Shalmay^ti."

Here another
officer if

break interrupts the sense of the

letter.

Then, after urging the

king to send water to Tyre, he asks him to question his

there has not been a revolt in

Sumuru

and concludes by
cities

telling

him

that, as the natives

(^f

Sidon and other

have withdrawn to

Sidon by ship, he also intends to go after them.

It
is

probable that Shalmay4ti was a rival governor of Tyre,

calls

which Abi-milki henceforth

gone to Sumuru.
'^

the " city of Shalmay4ti."

He

accordingly refuses him water, and finally joins the people

who have

'

In Babylonian, Shamash ddntum.

(o'^'iS; ttJOttJ)

Compare the

title

of the

god Harpocrates,

CMEC IAAM
their

"everlasting Sun," engraved by the Gnostics

lotus flower.

upon gems above figures of

Remains, plate VII, No.
^

this
4,

god seated on a

See King, Gnostics and

and plate facing

p. 35,

No.
(B.,

9.

Two

letters of Abi-milki are preserved at

B.,

Gizeh

Nos. 98 and 99) and one at

fidelity,

Berlin (No. 162).

No. 98 contains the usual salutations and expressions of

;

and entreats the king to send provisions

to on p.
Iviii,

the principal contents of B. 99 are referred

note 3

and

B.,

No. 162 expresses pleasure at the receipt of the king's

despatch, and reports that he, Abi-milki, has received no supply of water and

wood

from Sidon and Arvad,

for the text of lines 14

1?

and 15 appears to read:

-m I

^. ^Jf

-4 4^ ^11

E3I

.EKI-

SUMMARY OP CONTENTS
32.
Egypt.

Ixiii

Letter

from Zitadna, governor of Accho/ to the King of

" Zitadna thy servant, the dust of thy feet, prostrates himself

seven times and seven times before the feet of the king,
sun,

my

lord,

my

my

god."

The concluding portion

of the text

is

wanting.

33. Letter from Abd-Ashirta, the King of Egypt.

rival of Rib- Adda, to the

He

expresses profound loyalty to the king, and wishes

him to
that he
that he

know that his enemies are prevailing against him. He hopes may find favour before the face of " the king his lord," and
will

send an

officer to

protect him.

In conclusion, he has read and

understood the despatch which the king had sent him, and according
to his request he sends

him ten women.

97),

[In a letter of Abd-Ashirta preserved at Berlin (No.

he

says that he was governor of the country of Amurri and of the

cities

of

Sumuru and

Ullaza,

and that
his

his general

was Pakhanati,
see

or Pakhamnata.^]

For accounts of

movements

the letters

of Rib-Adda.

34.
Egypt.

Letter from Abdi-Ashtati [Abd-Ashirta

He

?]^ to

the King of

He
words.

has received the king's despatch, and has understood his

hopes that the King of Egypt will listen to the words

:

of his servant

the last two

lines,

which probably contained these

words, are wanting.

'

In Babylonian,
(B.,

Gizeh

No. 94,

the disaffection
pp. Ixxii,
'

>-^z g^y^f ^^y. This title is obtained from a tablet in another at Berlin (No. 95,, 1. 3) the latter tablet mentions and 5) of [Zirjdamyashda and his submission (?) to Namyawiza (see below,

^yy

1.

Ixxiii,

No. 43), and compares Accho to the city of Magdali

in its loyalty.

Cf. supra, p. liv, note 2.

'

Abdi-Ashtati

is

perhaps a defective

way

of spelling Abdi-Ashtarti

(irih^'l^li^y).

The

peculiarities of style

and writing

in

Nos. 33 and 34 prove that they were sent

from the same person.

Ixiv

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS,

35.

Letter

from Aziru/ the rebel, son of Abd-Ashirta, to the

King

of Egypt.
is

This tablet

in perfect condition.

The text

is

divided into

eight paragraphs.
Pars. I

my god, my sun. I, Aziru, thy servant, prostrate myself at the feet of my lord, my god, my sun, seven times and seven times. 0, my lord, I am thy servant, and as if I stood in the presence of the king, my lord, I will declare O, my lord, hearken not to wicked all that I have to say unto him. men who slander me before the king, my lord, for I am thy servant
and II
:

" To the great

king,

my

lord,

for ever."

Pars. Ill

and IV

relate to the king's complaint that Aziru

had

not treated his

arrived in Tunip.^

messenger Khani^ with proper respect, when he

Aziru defends himself: "

was dwelling in the city of Tunip, and I knew not whether Khani was coming or not but, as soon as I heard that he was coming, I went forth to meet him, but failed to find him. When Khani shall return again
lord, I
;

My

to the king in peace, as in truth I hope he will, let the king ask
if

him
into

my

brethren did not receive him in friendship

when he came

Tunip,

when thy

servant was away, and

if Bitili *

did not give him

oxen and other beasts, birds and sweet wine, and other things. J-^ Moreover, while he was on his journey back to Egypt, and while I

my way to the king, I met with him on the road, and I him horses and mules which he needed for his journey, and he himself greeted me and received me as though he were my father and my mother. But in spite of this my lord doth write to me saying, Thou didst turn away from the presence of Khani.' But thy gods know, and the Sun-god knoweth, that I was not in the city
was on
lent
'

JjJ

of Tunip

when he

arrived."

'

For cognate forms of

this

name compare

llty

Jeremiah

xxviii.

^ili and

7 '

Compare Syr.

^xX*^.
X

The Egyptian

.^

AWVSA
t^^^^

V\

Tunep.

In Babylonian Bi-ti-Ilu;

cf.

the

Hebrew

?-in3,

probably from an earlier form

W'>iT\'a=lMuU-Ilu\.

SUMMARY OF
Pars.

CONTENTS.

Ixv

some observations, unfortunately unknown to us, which the king of Egypt had made concerning the city of Sumuru. Aziru repHes that the Kings of Nukhashshi^ have ever been hostile to him, and that by the order of Khatib ^ they had captured
refer to
all his cities,

and YI

which up to the present time they had not given back

(?).

He

promises that he will

make them

restore

them

speedily.

He

adds that Khatib has carried

off half of the king's

all

property which

was under
Par.

his care,

and

all

the gold and

the silver which the

king had sent to him.

VII answers the

king's

question

"

Why

hast

thou

received the messenger of the king of the land of Khatti, and my messenger thou hast not received ?" Aziru craftily replies, " This
is

the country of

my

lord,

and the king

;

my

lord hath appointed

me

one of the governors therein "

implying that he was only one of

the king's servants, and was bound to receive in the king's

name
king's

whosoever came into the land.

question Aziru omits to answer.
Par.

The second part

this letter

of the

VIII announces the despatch of

etc.

by the hands

of the Egyptian messenger, with presents consisting of ships, choice

oil,

weapons,

36. Letter from Akizzi, governor of the city of Katna,^ to Amenophis III. It was divided apparently into eleven paragraphs, the chief
contents being as follows
:

Pars. I and II. Greeting of Akizzi to the " son of the Sun-god,"

by protestations of fidelity to the king and wishes for the success of everything that he may undertake. Par. III. In times of old, ever since his fathers became vassals his city of the King of Egypt, his land has belonged to Egypt Katna and he are now the loyal followers of Amenophis.
his lord, followed
;

1.e.,

the Egyptian

J^ Q ^ ^ "^^
II, Taf.
cf.

t^,or||~wv(|^S[D'ii^ia, Anaukaa;
97.

Brugsch, Geog. Inschriften,

2

XIX, No.

With

this

name

Syr.

^U-" (?)

'

of St.

Compare the Syriac IiXq, Persian <uLlj John ii. 1.

the

Kava (or Xna) t^s TaXiXa/as

Ixvi

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

Par. IV.

When

the king's soldiers and chariots

them meat and drink, everything that they needed. If Amenophis doubts him enquire of his officers concerning its truth.
to his country, he gave

and horses came oxen, oil, honey, and

his vrord, let

Par. V.

All lands tremble at the

name

of the soldiers and

chariots of Egypt.

If the king will send chariots

the year,

all

the countries round about will

and horses within acknowledge him as lord,

and he will also be able to take possession of the land of Nukhashshi. The exact sense of the next sentence is obscured by a break in the text of lines 22 and 23, but the drift seems to be that if the troops of Amenophis delay for any great number of days Aziru will gain
possession of the land.
Par. YI. If the soldiers

and chariots

of

Amenophis do not

set

out for Katna within this year, Akizzi will not be able to defend his
city against Aziru.

Pars.

VII [and VIII

?]

are wanting.

Par. IX. In days of old the

King of Khatti was a

has W3,sted Avith
fire

vassal
cities

(?)

of

the King of Egypt, but

now he

the

under

the protection of Egypt, and he has seized the gods of Egypt, and

made

prisoners of its liegemen.

Par. X. Certain people of the city of

prisoners,

Katna have been made

either

and carried away captive by Aziru. Let Amenophis

send troops to rescue them or money to ransom them.

Par
Tell

XL

This paragraph

is

one of the most interesting in the the origin of the worship of the

el-Amarna

tablets, as it suggests

Sun-god in Egypt.

Akizzi states that Shamash, the Sun-god, the

also the

god of

his fathers,

became

god of the ancestors of Amenophis,

name.
This clearly has

and that they

called themselves after his

reference to the title " son of the

Sun

"

which was adopted by nearly

every king of Egypt, and indicates that Akizzi beUeved that the

worship of the Sun was introduced into Egypt from Asia.

The

King of Khatti has carried off the image of the Sun-god from Katna Akizzi desires that the image of the god of his father
;

shall return to him,

matter, and to let

and he prays the king to give heed to this him have as much gold as is needful to fulfil

SUMMARY OF
his desire.
of

CONTENTS.
surely then " the

Ixvii

If

Amenophis

will

do
old,

this,

name

my

lord

may, as in times of

be taken from the name of the

Sun-god."

37. Letter from Akizzi, governor of the Amenophis III.

city of

Katna, to

The name
remain of the

of the writer

is

almost entirely defaced, and only traces

last character,

which appears to have been

zi.

There

can hardly be a doubt that this and the preceding letter are from the same person, for the general shape of the two tablets and the
style of the writing are identical
;

there

is

a margin on the
;

left

hand
is

side of the obverse

and reverse in each tablet

in

the text in each

divided in a particular manner into paragraphs, which generally

begin with

the

same word
letters.

each

and the

city of

Katna

is

mentioned in both
This letter
obverse
is is

divided into eleven paragraphs.

much

mutilated, and no connected sense can be

The text of the made out

of paragraphs II-V.
Par. I contains the salutation, which

may

be restored from that

of the preceding letter. Pars. II-V refer to certain disputes between Akizzi and the King of Khatti, in consequence of certain orders given to Akizzi by Amenophis and Akizzi appears to ask Amenophis for troops to defend the country. In Par. V a certain Aitugama is mentioned and a list of objects which were carried
;

oiF

by the enemy

is

given.

Par. VI. Tiuwatti, governor of the city of Lapana,"^

and Arzawya,
fire.

governor of the city of Rukhizi,^ have entered into a league with

Aitugama, and have wasted the countries of the king with

Par. VII.

The King of Nukhashshi, the King of Nl,' the King of

not mentioned elsewhere
;

These
is,

cities are

in

the Tell el-Amarna tablets, and their

these transliterations

site

at present,

unknown names like Aitugama and Tiuwatti, if

be correct, appear not to be Semitic.

2

In Egyptian

hl\\

^^^ M.

This city was situated near the Euphrates,

boundary

and as early as the reign of Thothmes I., about B.C. 1633, probably marked the The insoription on the tomb of of the Egyptian territory on the east.
i

Ixviiii

TELL KL-AMARNA TABLETS.

(?) ) are,

Zinzar, and the king of the land of Kinanat (Canaan

himself, the friends

like

and servants of the king,

his lord.

Par. VIII. If Arnenophls feels himself able to send troops to the

countries of these kings, let

him send them without

delay,

and

let

them go there to establish a league (1) between those kings and him If he wishes them to give him gifts or tribute, let him send self. his ambassador with his troops, to take back whatever the king
desires.

Amenophis cares him send troops and messengers.

Par. IX. If

for the people of these lands, let

Par. X. Let the king

know

that Arzawya, governor of the city

of Rukhizi, and Tiuwatti, governor of the city of Lapana,

now

dwelling in the country of Ubi,^ which belongs to

who are the King

and Dasha, who is dwelling in the land of Am, are sending daily to Aitugama, and are advising him to " go and [capture] the
of Egypt,

whole country of Ubi."

Amen-em-heb

at

Karnak

states that

Thothmes III., about

b.c. 1600,

slew 120 elephants

nearNiforthesakeoftheirivory

JlPv^.'^ca']? J'^^'^J^^
iu the thirty-third

'^^

{^g.

Zeitschrift, 1873, p. 5),

and

year of his reign, having crossed

over to the eastern side of the Euphrates, " he set

up

his
1

memorial slab
|

in

Neherna
Vs.

(Mesopotamia) to enlarge the boundaries of Egypt"

wwv

\\ ^

the side of the stele set up

Leipzig, 1877, p. 312).

by

his ancestor

Thothmes
II.

I.

(Brugsch, Geschichte jEgyptens,

expedition to Mesopotamia in

When Amenophis

made an

the early years of his reign, he arrived on the 10th of the month Hathor at " the city
of Ni, and behold the Asiatics of this town,

men
(1

as well as
[1[|

women
^^^
(1

[were] upon their

walls to praise his majesty "

1^\^ c:s> y

'>~w

'^

"^

"^"^

(Maspero, jEg. Zeitschrift, 1879,

p. 67,

1.

11).

I.e.,

"Hobah, which

is

on the

left

hand
,

of Damascus," PP'^i?

h^df^

1^.^ nain,

(Genesis xiv. 15), and the Egyptian X

Ifo. 204.

Brugsch, Oeog. Inschriften,

II, Taf.

XXII,

Line 63 of this letter also states that Damascus was situated in the laud

c^

Hobah.

SUMMARY OF
Par. XI. Just as

CONTENTS.

Ixix

Damascus/

-which

is

situated in the country of

Ubi,
its

is

terror-stricken at the league of the enemy,

and

is

lifting

up

hands

in supplication at the feet of the king, so likewise does the

city of

Katna lift up its hands. He begs the king to give life to his messenger by granting his petition and if only he will send troops
;

to Katna, he will be able to keep his hold upon the

city.

38. Letter from Shubandi,^ the governor of a King of Egypt.

the receipt of a despatch

city, to

the

After lengthy expressions of loyalty to the king, he acknowledges

from him
fully

and, in

obedience to his
is

commands, which he has

territory

understood, he

guarding the

under his charge with

all diligence.

39.

Letter from Shubandi to the King of Egypt.

the receipt of
all

After the usual saluta,tions, he acknowledges

instructions

which the king has sent him, and he diligence the king's country under his charge.

is

watching with

4-0.^-Letter from Shubandi to the King of Egypt.

Serious illness has prevented his fulfilling the duties of the govern-

ment and defending the

cities referred

to in the king's despatch.

foe,

Because of the increasing hostility of the

he has appointed

A bdi

milki to carry out his orders, and he will send him to meet the king

when he
letter
is

is

about to come.

The text

of the concluding portion of the

much

mutilated, but the lines appear to have had reference

to the enemy's attacks.

In Babylonian and Assyrian, Di-ma-ash-M, IH-mash-Tca;
Inscriptions, Vol. I, pi. 35,

'

see
9,

Rawlinson, Cunei11.

form

No.

1,

11.

16,

21; Vol. V,
etc.

pi.

8,

12; K. 530
of this

{Catalogue, p. 124), K. 542 {Catalogue, p. 126),

The cognate forms

name

are: Heb.
Bekri,
p.

P^p%Syr. ^flooomiDj
348),

.OQmiDJj' Arab. ^iL.<j(7aW, Vol.II,p.

687ff.;

Gr.
it

Ao^aff/co's,

Eg.

the text (whether

was on the

site of

^ p. the modem
D

It seems that the

Damascus

of

city or not)

was

situated near

^^
'^

the country called

Tu-ni-ip.

by the Egyptians

c \\

Tunep, in

Babylonian ^^ff

"^i

Two

letters of this officer are preserved at Giiaeh (B., Nos. 116

(B.,

and 117), and

one at Berlin

No. 120),


Ixx

TELL EL-AMAKNA TABLETS.

41.

Letter
city

from the inhabitants of the city of Tunip to the

King of Egypt.
The
and country of Tunip are
first

mentioned in Egyptian
This king

annals of the reign of Thothmes III. (about B.C. 1600).

captured the fortress of Tunip on his

fifth expedition,

which took
its

place in the twenty-ninth year of his reign,

and made prisoner

later

governor, and carried 6ff much booty, which he sent in ships to the land
of

Egypt

(Lepsius, Auswahl,

-pi.

XII).

Twelve years

Thothmes

utterly destroyed Tunip, because its inhabitants

had joined the great

league of Syrian cities against the power of Egypt.

About one

hundred years
In the
fifth

later

Amenophis

III.

captured Tunip, Kadesh, and the

other principal cities of the league (Lepsius, Denkmdler, III, Bl. 88a).

year of the reign of Kameses

II.,

about

B.C.

1333, Tunip

p.

was again captured by the Egyptians [Recueil de travaux, tome VIII, ^ ^"^ It lay to the south of Aleppo "^^^ 127).
{cf.

J%

^
"),

Chilhu her meht Tunep, " Aleppo to the north of Tunip

(cf.

and on the borders of the land of the Cheta

x^^i

"=^^^1
en Twriep

1^^=/^^^
em pa
ta
II, 54,
is

^,^^

Cheta enti
is

em uu en temd

en Neheren, " Cheta which

on

the border of the city of Tunip in the land of Mesopotamia";

Brugsch, Recueil, tome

at present, that

No.

2,

1.

4).

There seems to be no

proof,

Tunip

identical with the city of Damascus, but

there

is

no doubt that these places were situated near each other.

letter
is

The

divided into eleven paragraphs

Par. I contains the usual salutations.

Tunip appeals to the King of Egypt and asks if it was not in times of old under tlie protection of Manakhbirya a name which appears to represent the prenomen of Thothmes IIL,
Par. II.
city of

The

Men-cheper-Ra

(^o^^

or that of

Thothmes IV., Men-cheperu-Ra

Accordiug to a Berlin tablet (No. 30, obv. 4) the name appears to be spelt Ma-na-ahh-U-ya, the r of cheper or chepem being unrepresented in the cuneiform
'

transcript.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS.
Par. III.

Ixxi

as those of Egypt,
is

The gods worshipped in the city of Tuuip are the sarae and the form of worship of the two countries
let

the same

; '

the king consult his ancient documents, and see

if

Tuuip has not always been loyal to Egypt.

Par.

IV. They have sent twenty tablets to the king, and the

them are detained in Egypt they ask the king to send one of them back to them, viz., a certain Yaki-Adda. Par. V. If the king is willing for Yaki-Adda to return to Tunip,
messengers
carried
;

who

why

should he be delayed in coming

Pars.

VI and VII seem

to indicate that the messengers with the

in the country of

tablets from

Tunip have been intercey)ted by Aziru

Khatat,^ and that the inhabitants fear that, as he has gathered

together his soldiers and chariots, he will come and do to Tunip what

he did to the

city of Ni.^

Par. VIII.

When

the King of Egypt hears the news of the

lie

troubles which Aziru has caused,

are.

will be grieved just as they

Par. IX.

They beg that the king will send help to them. The king wiU be grieved to hear also that when Aziru
became
traitors

obtained possession of the city of Sumuru, which belonged to the

king, the people

and did as

it

pleased Aziru.

Par.
flowing,"

X.

"And now

thy city Tunip

is
is

weeping,

its

tears are

and the strength of the people

not enough to prevent

its capture.

Par. XI.

They have now sent

to their lord

and king, the King

of Egypt, as

many

as

twenty despatches, but not one answer from

the king has reached them.

Thothmes
chamber where
to

III.,

on the capture of Tunip in the 29th year of his reign, entered the

offerings

were usually made, and

{of.
|

sacrificed oxen, calves, ducks,

etc.,

[Amen] and Harmachis

*^, 7^

hJ:^<:i>

V^
II, pi. 56,

"^'^'^

^
;

'^^^^

Lepsius, Auswahl,

pi.

XII,

1.

Brugsch, Becneil, tome

No. 6

and Mariette,

Kamak,
of

pi. 13,

1.

2).

This seems to have been the foundation of the worship of gods

Egypt

in Tunip,
letter.

and

it is

probable that the inhabitants of Tunip refer to this

event in their

Equivalent to Khatti

(?).

For note on

this city see above, p. Ixvii, note 2.

Ixxil

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS,

42.

Letter

from the city of Irkata/ near Sumuru, to the

King of Egypt. " Thus saith this letter from the city of Irk ata to the king our The city of Irkata and the nobles (?) thereof prostrate lord
'
:

themselves at the feet of the king their lord seven times and seven The people of the city of Irkata declare to the Sun-god times.' "
that they knovs^ the wishes of the king, their lord, and that they
are therefore
diligently guarding their city.

The king

sent his

messenger Abbikha to them with orders that they were to guard their city against the followers of [Abd-Ashirta],^ the enemies of
the king, and they
faithful
etc.,

now wish

to

assure

him that they

(1)

are his
horses,

servants.

In proof thereof, they send thirty

towards him.

as gifts.

By

this action they hope that the king will learn

is

what

their disposition

The King of Egypt appears

previously well disposed

to have sent a despatch to a certain country called Shanku, where-

upon the inhabitants of a

fore entreat the

city

who were

to those of Irkata suddenly became

hostile to them.

They

there-

king to send help to his servants, that they

may

overthrow the king's foes and make them "eat dust."

They have

shut their gates against the king's enemies, and they assure the

king of their urgent need, because the foe

is

mighty against them.

of

43. Kumiti

Letter
(?),

from

to the
is

Namyawiza King of Egypt.

off
city,

(?),

governor

the

city

of

The text

broken

both at the beginning and end.

The

rebels have attacked a

and have captured the horses and

chariots therein,

and have declared themselves independent of the

King of Egypt.

Such things being done, Namyawiza feels as if he were dead; and he has no followers. Behold, too, Biridashwi has fomented rebellion in the city of Inuamma/ which has closed
With name compare
Ill, Bl.

>

this

the Egyptian
a.
it is

Denhnaler, Abth.
^

252-253
1.

^ m.

U^

_ ^^

Alqat,
t^^ii]

Lepsius,

Compare

B.,

No. 77,

ff.,

where

said that the followers of Abd-Ashii ta

Irkata,
(I (I
i'"'

have departed to take the

'

cities of

Sumuru aud

Compare the name

of the fortress in

Upper Rethennu

da-mdu,BTUgadi,Gengr.Inschriften,U,iO.

^'

"'^^
>

';;;!^

^-^-^

I-nu-

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS.
its

Ixxiil

gates against him.

Biridashwi has captured the chariots belong-

ing to the city of Ashtarti/ and has given

instead of to the king.

them

to the rebels

The governor of the city of Buzruna and the governor of the city of Khalunni made a league with Biridashwi, and determined to slay Namyawiza. Namyawiza, however, took refuge in Damascus, and, when attacked by Arzawya, declared himself to be a servant of the King of Egypt. Arzawya then went to the city of Gizza, made prisoners the followers of
Azi[ru
?],

and, having captured the city of Shaddu, gave

rebels, instead of to the

it

into the

King of Egypt. Itakkama ravaged the country of Gizza, and Arzawya, in league with Biridashwi, wasted the country of Abitu. Namyawiza prays
Moreover,
the king to send troops to defend his territory.

hands of the

He

will

meanwhile

guard the

city of

Kumiti, hoping soon

to see

the arrival of the

Egyptian troops.

44.

Portion
is,

of a letter to the

King

of Egypt.

The text
writer

presumably, part of a letter which covered more than

one tablet, but the name of the person addressed and that of the
are wanting,
It appears that a certain

and the customary salutations are omitted. Kh4ya who had pronaised to send ships,
had

manned with
failed to

their full fighting crews, to the country of Amurri,

Abd-Ashirta.
writer's

keep his word, owing apparently to the machinations of The ships from Arvad which have been left in the
crews,

charge are without

and he therefore recommends

the king to use the other ships from Arvad which he has with The sense of the next few lines is him in the land of Egypt.

obscured by breaks in the text, which here contains a speech of

To whom do the people of the The writer cities of Sidon and Beyrut belong, if not to the king ? " advises the king to use his authority, and to appoint for himself in
Khkja,, ending with the question, "

each city a

man who

shall

have charge of the shipping, so as to

counteract the influence of Abd-Ashirta in preventing the manning

'

I.e.,

the city of " Ishtar "

r^Jlr,

the Egyptian form of the

name

of this

goddess

is

^-x

(I

Astharthet.

Ixxiv

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

and departure of ships. The King of Egypt had ordered- Sidon, Bey rut and Arvad to send a number of ships to Amurri, but never a ship came, and therefore the writer advises him to seize AbdAshirta and to keep him under guard near him, and to pay heed to
the words of his faithful servant.

4-5.

Letter from the governor

of the city of Byblos

(?)

to the

King

of Egypt.

He

complains that the king does not trust his city Byblos, the

city of his fathers,

and that Aziru the rebel has made a league with

the king of the land of

that he
is

Ammiya, and the king

lines

of the land of Nl, and

acting contrary to the interests of the king in the king's

and it is imwhat remains. He is still the king's faithful servant, and asks him to send a company of thirty [or] fifty men to protect Byblos, and entreats him not to place any
countries.

The next eighteen

are mutilated,

possible to

make connected

sense fromi

trust in anything that Aziru tells him.

He

himself will send to the

king any news he can collect concerning the rebel Aziru.

46.
[King

Letter from a governor of a

of the country of

city to the

King

of Egypt.

The people
rule of the

of] Khatti,

and

set

Kinza made a league with the out to capture certain cities under the

King

of

Egypt

in the country of
is

Am.

He

has, however,

defended these
of

cities

against them, and

holding them for the King

Egypt as before. The text of this

lines

tablet is defaced in places, and the parts of the on the obverse which run round to the reverse have been

wilfully defaced

by cutting away the edges of the

from Abdu-kar-shi

tablet.

47.

Letter

(?),

governor of the city of

Khasur,^ to the King of Egypt.

1 The beg'inning- of this letter may be restored according to the reading of B., No. 91, 1. 3, where, however, the order of the names of the city of Gebal (?) and the governor is reversed.

The Semitic forma

Egyptian

of the

name
,or

are

Heb. livn, Syr. JoI>l

Gr. 'kawp, and the

^^^C^-^J

i'^'^^^l

Hat'are.

SUMMARY OP CONTENTS.

IxXV

He will diligently guard the cities of the king until his arrival. When the despatch of the king came to him, it was as if Shamash
the Sun-god had risen upon
his

noonday splendour.

him and was shining upon him with all He is making all arrangements necessary for

the king's coming.

arrival of the king's

After lines 15-17, which express his joy at the

messenger with the glad tidings of his master's

so

coming, the text

is

mutilated that

it

is

impossible to

make

any connected sense out of it.

48.

Letter
is

from Abdu-kar-shi

(?),

governor of the

city

of

Khasur, to the King of Egypt.

He He

a faithful follower of His Majesty, and

is

upholding his

authority in his

own

city

and

in

the other cities subject to the king.

is

asks the king to decide what he

to do in respect of the city.

49,

Letter from Yapakhi, governor of the city of Gezer,^ to the

He
begs

King of Egypt.
After the usual compliments, he acknowledges the receipt of
orders from the king's envoy, which he has fully carried out.

the king to take active measures for the protection of Gezer and the

country round about, for the king's enemies are growing powerful,

and he

fears that

they

will

soon overcome him.

50. Letter from Yapakhi, governor King of Egypt.

of the city of Gezer, to the

After the usual compliments, he acknowledges the receipt of a despatch from the king, and informs him that his youngest brother

him and joined his forces to those of the enemy in the city The enemy are acting against him he therefore of Mu[ru ?]khazi. begs for instructions how to deal with his brother and his allies.
has
left
;

51.

Letter from Yapakhi, governor of the

1

city of Gezer, to the

King of Egypt.

The

"II?

of

Joshua

x. 83, Syr.

j^

'^

or IjjLi, Gr. TA^ii/w.

k'2

Ixxvi

TELL EL-AMARNA. TABLETS.

The text cannot, with our present knowledge of the language employed in these tablets, be translated, owing to the very rare words and unknown ideographs which occur in it. Yapakhi acknowledges the receipt of a despatch from the king, which pleased him greatly.

He

then appears to refer to events

district,

of a hostile character in a

neighbouring

and

to the arrival of help from the king,

whereby

his

mind was

set at rest.

52.

Letter from Widya, governor of the city of Askelon,' to the

is

King

of Egypt.
vigilantly guarding the city

He

under

his charge
etc.,

he

is

also

sending to the king meat and drink, oxen,

together with his

customary tribute, apparently in answer to a remonstrance from the

king.

53. Letter from Widya, governor of the King of Egypt.

city of Askelon, to the.

He

is

vigilantly guarding the city

under his charge.

In answer

to a remonstance from the king, he sends gifts, including

women

(?).

The king

is

addressed by the titles

1.

"Sun-god from heaven"

" Ka, lord of heaven "
;

= Egyptian

Shamash sha O & D c^ ^3?

'

ishtu samt,

jj

Ra neb pet,

"^

se

Ra, "

2. mar Samash, " Son of the Sun "=Egyptian Son of the Sun "; and 3. sha tirdm Shamash, " whom the

Sun-god loveth" = Egyptian "^^^lM

wieri

i?ra,

" beloved of Ea."

54. Letter
the

from Widya, governor of the city of Askelon, to

King
In

of Egypt.

Babylonian
I, pi.

and
38,
11.

Assyrian,

Is-Jca-{aV)-lu-na
;

see
1.

Kawlinson, Cuneiform
15.
]
.

Inscriptions, Vol.

58 and 63

Vol. Ill,

pi.

16, col. 6,

An

inhabitant of

Askelon was called As-ka-lu-na-ai (compare Phcen.

Vol. II,
pi.

j!?pB'K, Syr.

inV^^^ fV md.,

67,

1.

61.

The other Semitic forms of the name

of the

town are

Heb.

\^^\>m, Syr.
jIa11

^oi^QsV, ^'o^^onsV, Arab. |^uill (one of the "brides of Syria"

the Egyptian
is

i^ijSi, Yakut, Vol. Ill, p. 673, Bekri, p. 683), Gr. 'KaKiXwv;

"

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS.

Ixxvii

In obedience to the king's orders, he has supplied his soldiers

with

meat,

drink,

oil,

oxen,

etc.,

and
is

everything
possible for

that

they

needed he gave unto them.

oflBcer

"How

it

me

to be an

of the king,
?

my

lord,

the Son of the Sun, and not to obey his

words

55. Letter from Pu-Adda, governor the King of Egypt.

of the city of Urza,^ to

He

is

vigilantly guarding the territory under his

care.

Ap-

parently to disprove a charge of neglect of duty, he sends an extract

from a letter which he had written to a neighbouring governor named

Shashikhashi(?), warning
as they

him not

to help certain

men on

their

way,

were enemies of the king.

He

concludes by protesting his

devotion.

56. Letter from Pu-Adda, governor King of Egypt.

is

of the city of Urza, to the

He

vigilantly guarding the territory under his charge,

and
It

passes day and night in carrying out the orders of the king.

appears that the king remonstrated with him as to his conduct

towards a certain

officer

named Rianapa,^ who,

as

we know from a

letter of Widya,^ had been appointed governor of a neighbouring

city.

Rianapa's duties probably included the supervision of Widya,

territory along the

Pu-Adda, and other governors of the Egyptian

coast of Syria.

Pu-Adda now

assures the king that he will regard

Rianapa as His Majesty, "mighty like the Sun-god in heaven," especially as he has been commanded by the king so to do.

57.

Letter from Yabitiri

it is

to the

King

of Egypt.
" I look here

He
there,

professes his devotion to the king.

and I lock

and behold

dark

but when I look towards the king,

my

'

The

position of this city

is

unknown.
ij

Compare the Egyptian name

p. 297.

dr

^r

^^^^PP^> Lieblein, Diet.

Noms,
^

Berlin Tablet, No. 122,

II.

16

ff.

The name

Yabitiri ia not Semitic, but

may be

Egyptian.

Ixxviii

TELL EL-AMAENA TABLETS.

lord, it is light.

The

tile

which
if I

is

trodden upon

may

give -waj

but
lord,

I shall never give M^ay beneath thy feet.

Let the king,

my

ask his minister

to

Yankhamu

am

feeble,

come to Egypt."

He

vpishes to

him give me leave leave Palestine for Egypt in

and
let
if

order to obtain an appointment in the immediate service of the

king, vrhom he entreats to ask of

Yankhamu

he did not do his

duty well as governor

of Gaza' and

Joppa.^

He

has

been in

command
is

of the king's soldiers for a long time, and wherever they

"

have been he has been with them.

The yoke of the king,

my

lord,

upon

my

neck, and I will bear

it."

58.

Letter from the king of a

"
is

district of Palestine, to the kings

of Canaan, the " servants

of his " brother " the

King

of Egypt.

He

about to send his messenger Akiya to his "brother, the

to tell

King of Egypt,"
disposal.

him that

he,

and whatever he hath,

is

at his

He

proposes to send his messenger

by way

of the lands of

Canaan, held by native kings under the rule of Egypt, and he has

Egypt whatever gifts the kings of Canaan will entrust to him for the King of Egypt. In conclusion he refers to the fondness of Egyptians for presents. Akiya may be relied upon to use with the best effect any gifts which they may
instructed him to carry quickly to
place in his hands.

On

the lower part of the Reverse

is

a faint impression of a

haematite Babylonian cylinder seal, which

measured about
figures.

|in. in

length by

-j^

inch in diameter, and upon which was engraved four lines

of Babylonian characters

and some winged

The

seal

made
dis-

one revolution and a half

tinguished

The one character which can be

may

be

or

s^.
njj?

In Babylonian, Az-^a-ti^ the

of the Bible,

LXX.

Ta^a, Arab, ^-j^]^ Egyptian

Kat'etu.
'

In Babylonian and Assyrian Ta-ap-pu-u, or Ya-pu-u

I, pi.

{see

Eawliuson, Cuneiform
or]2ia, Arab.

Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol.

38,

1.

66),Heb. iB^.Syr,

^aSqI

Ub, {IdUt,

Vol. IV, p. 1003), Egyptian

[](]

J^,

fyu.

SUMMARY OF
59, -Xetter from Wyashdata, the King of Egypt.

CONTENTS.

Ixx IX

" the faithful servant of the king,"

to

All the possessions which were entrusted to him have been destroyed by the people of the city of Tada/ near Beyrut
(?).

have also made a raid upon his cattle and have carried

They them off.

(?)

He

has therefore made a defensive league with Biridiwi, governor

of Megiddo.^

60.
rebels

Letter from Bayawi

all

to the

King

of Egypt.

Yankhamu

has failed to do his duty

(?),

and

in

consequence the

have seized

the country round about.

He

entreats the

king to make his country to "live again."

On

the Obverse, at the top left-hand coruer, appear to be traces

of an Egyptian seal impression.

61.

Letter

from Labawi,

governor of a city probably near

Jerusalem, to the King of Egypt.

He

reports the arrival of certain troops, but they, instead of

protecting his people, have dealt with

them

roughly.

He

is left

with only one

to the king.

officer,

and he

fears that this

man

will slander
will

him

the troops.

He will fight as long as he is He will never retreat, even the

is

able

and

encourage
(?),

breadth of a thumb

even

if

the city were to be taken twice over.

obscure.

The meaning of the

last part of the letter

62.

Letter
official in

from

Milkili,

governor of

a city probably near

Jerusalem, to the

King

of Egypt.

He informs the king of an act of tyranny on the part of Yankhamu,

a high
the Egyptian service.
It appears that

Yankhamu,
and

after seizing Milkili's goods,

had

forcibly carried off his wives

'

This

name

is

restored from a tablet at Berlin, B., 58, line 80, in which the city

is

mentioned in connection with Beyrut.

^

See a tablet at Berlin, No. 114,

city

1.

4.
is

This seems to be the only passage

where the

over which Biridiwi ruled

mentioned.

Ixxx
children.

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

Let the king remember this deed against Yankhamu, and send chariots and troops for Milkih's protection. The conclusion
seems to refer to the king as his only protector.

63.

Letter from
has

Milkili, the

governor of a city probably near

Jerusalem, to the

King of Egypt.

He

understood the king's despatch, and begs that some

native Egyptian soldiers

may

be

sent to protect the

city.

The

meaning of the

last

two

lines is doubtful.

officer,

64. Letter from Mut-Adda, governor of a city, to Yankhamu, a high official of the King of Egypt.
he reports that the enemy have disappeared,
;

his superior

When
fact

it is

a certain

that they have disappeared

and when he reports that the

governor of the city of Bikhishi has fled before the inspector of the

king
king,

(i.e.,

Yankhamu),
lord, live
;

it is

also certain that he has fled.

"May
it for

the

my

may
If

the king,

my

lord, live

"
!

The enemy have

the
it,

taken possession of the city of Bikhishi and have occupied

last

-two months.

Yankhamu

does not believe

Bininima and Wishuya and others.

Merodach.
Abishima.

The

city

him ask of Ashtarti was safe

let
(?)

under the rule of the Egyptians until the arrival

of the god
Aduri,^

The following

cities

have rebelled

Udumu,^

Araru, Mishtu, Magdalim,^ Khinianabi, Sarkisabtat, Khawini, and

The

tablet which

Yankhamu had
;

sent to him he had

passed on to the governor of Bikhishi

arrive, the city

but, before

Yankhamu

could

had been captured, and the report of

its fall

had

been brought.

I.e.,

Edom.

In Babylonian and Assyrian U-du-mu;

1.

see

Eawlinson, Cuneiform

Inscriptions, Vol. Ill, pi. 16, col. V,

14

Vol. V, pi. 7,

1.

109,

etc.

The Semitic forms

of the

name
[1

are: Heb. DIJ? (Gen. xxxvi. 32),

Syr. iooj]' Gr. 'Uov/mla, and the

Egyptian
*

'M

c^ ^^^
"|i}^<,

^^=0^
|

Atma (Papyrus
3.

Anastasi VI, p.

4,

11.

14 and

15).

I.e.,

Addar,

Joshua xv.

I.e.,

the Edomite city

V^.''1J.

(Gen. xxxvi. 43), and the

^=^ a "^

Mdkafil of the Egyptian inscriptions.

SUMMARY OF
65.

CONTENTS.
fEcer, to the

Ixxxi

Letter from Shibti-Addaj an

is

King

of Egypt.

He

has understood the king's despatch, and in answer to enquiries

concerning the fidelity of

states that he

Yankhamu, a high Egyptian

city

ofiicial,

he

" a faithful servant of the king,

and the dust of the

king's feet."

The condition of the

under

his charge is good.

66.

^Letter

from Shum-Addu, governor of a

city, to

the King

of Egypt.

After salutations, he acknowledges the receipt of a despatch

from the king asking

for grain,

and informs him that the men who

he appeals

thresh corn have, during these last days, driven away their overseers,

and he cannot therefore obey the king's command

to the evidence of the king's inspector to support his statement.

He appears to have intended originally to add some further remark, which began with the words u shumma, " and whether " but, changing his mind, he partially erased them.
;

67.
Egypt.

Letter

from Shuardata, governor of a

city, to

the

King

of

Although he has sent off every available soldier to join the Egyptian troops, he is nevertheless guarding the cities of the king
as well as he
is

able

he has also sent

gifts to the king.

A little

further on, he repeats his expressions of loyalty to the king, and

acknowledges the receipt of a despatch containing certain orders.

The

tablet

upon which

this letter

is

written has suffered from

The corners have been rubbed away, the writing on the Obverse is defaced, and on the Reverse
abrasion, probably of old standing.
it is

almost entirely wanting,

68.
Egypt.

Letter
is

from Shuardata, governor of a

city, to

the King

of

He
army.

defenceless, having sent all his troops to join the king's

He

therefore prays

the king to deliver him and his

city,

the handmaiden of the king,' out of the hands of the enemy.

For this
of a city compare No. 28 (above, p.

'

title

iix,

and note

2).

Ixxxii

TRLL EL-AMABNA TABLETS.

69.
Egypt.

Letter
is

from Shuardata, governor of a

city, to

the King of

He
70-

carrying out with diligence the king's orders.

Letter

from Tagi, the father-in-law of

Milkili, to

the King

of Egypt.

He

protests fidelity to the king,

and

is

anxious that

all

the

principal

highways of the king should continue to be under the superintendence of his " brother " (Milkili ?), for then not a thumb's
breadthC?) of

them would be any longer

if,

unsafe.

Let the king ask of

his cliarge

his

own

officer

in times past, the roads

under

have not

been

safe.

"

Behold,

to heaven, or cast
in

we are thine, and whether we raise our eyes them down to the earth beneath, our heads are
repeats his prayer that the highways should be

thy hand."
his

He

under

"friend's" jurisdiction;

he

himself

is

protecting the

interests of the king.

71.

Letter from an

officer

(whose name

is lost)

to the

King of

Egypt.

certain Biya the son of Gulati^

had taken prisoners the troops

interests.

which the writer had sent to Joppa to protect the king's

In obedience to the king's orders to follow the instructions of his

commander, he has delivered the

If the king chooses to visit
it

and expelled the by day or by night, he

city

rebel Biya.
will find it

prepared to receive him.

72.

Continuation
spoke,
it

(?)

of a letter,
official

than one tablet, from an

which apparently occupied more to the King of Egypt.

He

appears, to his brethren, saying: "If the gods of the

it,

king, our lord, grant

Labawi alive and will bring His mare was brought to him and he mounted her, and galloped off in pursuit of Labawi, who was with an official named Wyashdata.^ When he had come up with
will capture

we

Mm

before the king, our lord."

'

This

is

the

name

of his mother.

No. 59 was written by this same Wyashdata.

SUMMARY OF COKTENTS

Ixxxiii

him he learned that he had already been made prisoner in Megiddo by Zurata. He disputed the capture with Zurata in the name of the king, but Zurata kept possession of his prisoner and told him that he intended to send Labawi direct to Egypt on board ship. Zurata, however, actually took him to his own house in the city of Khinatuna, and set him free, although he had received the price of the ransom from the writer of the letter and Labawi and a companion Addamikhir then went home. The writer asks what he is to do {i.e., in order to recover the money which he has expended in the king's
;

'

name), seeing that he has been deceived by his comrade Zurata, and
that Labawi has escaped from his hands.
73.-

Letter from the governor of a city to the King of Egypt.

night he
is

By day and by
Magdalim, he
one to deliver
is

forced to submit to the attacks of the

king's enemies upon the cities under his charge.

unable to control

(?)

the inhabitants.

Ap to the city The soldiers

is

of of

the city of Kukbi have made a league against him, and there

no

him out of

their hands.

The report which Abbikha,^

an envoy
gates of

in the

Egyptian

service, sent to the king, saying that the

all

the cities under his charge were captured by the enemy,

false.

he indignantly asserts to be

The end of the text

is

broken

off.

74.

Letter from Dagan-takala to the King of Egypt.

entreats

He
75.

him to deliver him out of the hands

to the

of his foes.

Letter from Dashru

understands.
service,

King of Egypt.
in

He

acknowledges the receipt of the king's despatch, which he

thoroughly

The rank which Dashru held

the

Egyptian king's

and the situation of the

city or district in

which he
'

lived,

cannot be ascertained.
and Assyrian, Ma-ga-du-u and Ma-gi-du-u ; see Rawlinson, Yo\. 11, p\. .53,11. 56 (K. 276) and 58 (K. 1521). The Semitic forms
q''

In Babylonian

Cuneiform Inscr iptions,

of the

name are
j

Heb. HJP, Syr.

^q, LXX.
(J

Ma'ye&Sw, and the Egyptian

is

^,

^ \U
'

Mdhethd, or ^S\fl

^""^

^^ r^^^

Mdlcetau.

An embassy
(ee

of this ofiScer to Irkata, a city near Smnuru, is mentioned in

No. 42

above,

p. Ixxii).

12

Ixxxiv

TELL EL-AMABNA TABLETS.

76.

Letter from
is

Zidri'ara to the

King

of Egypt.

He, who

but " dust and mud," acknowledges the receipt of the

king's despatch, which he has understood,

and has carried out

its

orders with all diligence.

77.
Egypt.

Letter from Shatiwi, the governor of a

is

city, to

the King of

He

diligently guarding the city and district of Inishasi ....

(?).

He

has sent his daughter to the king to become a

member

of his

household.
defaced.

Some

half-dozen lines in the middle of the text are

78. Letter from an King of Egypt.

have set out to
it

officer

of the city

of Gubbu,^

to

the

In obedience to orders, he and the forces under

join-

his
it

command
wherever

the king's

army and

to

march with

may
79.

go.

Letter,

or appeal, from an
official.

unknown

person,

addressed

probably to some high

The writer demands that the accusation brought against him may be referred for judgment to the King of Egypt; if the king
will

duly enquire into the matter he

;

is

certain to give
final

him a just and

favourable judgment
person.

he will accept as

the decision of no other

The two tines of writing which run along the left-hand edge
appear to be part of a document which had previously occupied the
tablet

and had been erased

to

make room

for this letter.

80,

Letter from an
(?)

officer to

the King of Egypt.

After the usual salutations, he complains that, in consequence of

the withdrawal
of the

Egyptian troops from the

cities

round

about, the whole country has become disaffected.

If the king has

'

The

position of

Gubbu

is

unknown

the

name may be a mistake

for Gublu,

i.e.,

Byblos.

SUMMARY or CONTENTS.
any doubt about
this, let

Ixxxv

him ask his commander-in-chief concerning the things which have happened in his land, and whether the
Egyptian troops have not forsaken him.

81.
Egypt.

Letter from an
acknowledges

officer

(whose name

is lost) to

the King of

He

the

receipt

of

certain

instructions,

and

announces the despatch of certain objects required by the king.

82.

Mythological text relating to the goddess Irishkigal, who

tablets, her

is

known only from the Tell el-Amarna and a number of gods.

The
style of the

messenger Namt^ru,

fragment upon which

this text is inscribed proves

that the tablet

when complete

differed in shape

from those usually

employed for

letters
;

and despatches.

and the lines Before the tablet was baked, small holes were pierced here and there, on both sides, probably to provide outlets for steam and to prevent cracking or blistering. At intervals of a few words, red dots were added, possibly in Egypt, and apparently to mark punctuation
carefully ruled

Both Obverse and Reverse were of writing depend from the ruled lines.

though thev sometimes occur in the middle of words. ^

similarity

The

close

of

this

tablet,

written about

B.C.

1500, to
to
B.C.

those

of

Assurbanipal's

library

at

Nineveh,

in

regard

form,

ruling,

puncturing,

etc.,

proves that Assurbanipal, about

650, adopted

the traditional form of tablets in making copies of the old hymns,

litanies

and prayers.
of the

The text forms one

two

or three mythological compositions

which were found at Tell el-Amarna, and which now unfortunately

exist only in a fragmentary state.

There are preserved

in Berlin four,

and at Glzeh two, mythological fragments (B., Nos. 234-237, and B.,
No. 239),
all

of which probably belong to this text.

If this be not the

case, their text

forms part either of a duplicate or of a continuation.

marking short members or sentences with red dots was common For examples on papyrus Bee, Sallier ii., B.M. No. 10,1H2, and Mariette, in Egypt. ies Papyrui Egyptiens du Muse'e de Boulaq, fol., Paris, 1871, tome I, pi. 34.

The custom

of

Ixxxvi

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

(B.,

Three of these fragments

matter of our fragment.

Nos. 234 and 239

a, fi)

mention the

goddess Irishkigal, and their text certainly refers to the subject-

As

to the other three fragments, if they do

not form part of the same text, at least they do not appear to belong
to the mythological text B., No. 240.'

The meaning of a large portion of the present text is doubtful, but it would seem that it opens with the account of the gods
sending a messenger to their sister Irishkigal, offering to bring her to
the place of their abode.
the
gods.

In reply she sends her messenger Namt^ru,

certain

plague god,

who performs

acts

in

presence of the

The goddess herself also accepts the invitation to visit The home of the gods had fourteen gates, each one of which The names of the guardians of the first was guarded by a god. two gates are wanting, but those of the gods of gates 3-13 are
them.
Mutabrika,^ Abd4,
Birapari,

Eabisa,^

Dirid,

Mtu,

Binna,

Sidana,

Mikid,

Um(?)ma, Llba. What happened in the abode of the gods is, owing to the mutilation of the text, unknown, but it appears that a quarrel arose between Irishkigal and her husband
Nergal, in the course of which he treats her with such violence that

she

is

forced to beg for her

life.

Irishkigal appeals to

him

Nergal drops his hand and weeps. "Thou art my husband; I am thy wife.

Take unto thyself the sovereignty of the whole wide world, and stablish all good things of wisdom by thy hands then shalt thou be lord, and I shall be mistress." Nergal listened to all that the goddess had said, and kissed her while her tears were flowing; and whatso;

ever she wished to have done was done from that time forth for evermore.

This interesting, but very mutilated text appears to record the incident of tho
(B.,

breaking of the " wings of the South wind "

T I?

No. 240, obv.

1.

6)

by Adapa

Sn ^>
why
"

t^s S""! of

Ea

(1.

11),

and the enquiry which Anu, the sky-god, made to

to

find out

the South
(?).

wind ceased

blow

for seven days

(1.

6).

"Lightning"

'

See Kawlinson, Cuneiform Inscriptions, Yol. IV,

1.

pi.
1.

15*, lines 28, 485;

pi. 16,

No.

1,

16;
1.

pi.

21, No.

(B),
I,

1.

13;

pi. 29,

No.

1,

rev.
1.

26; K. 5005,

1.

K. 5078^

Col. Ill,

3; K. 5269, Col.

1.

8; K. 5312, Col.

II,

8 {Catalogue, pp. 682, 687. 703.

706),

etc.

BIBLIOGEAPHY.
*Ar>LEE, C,

in the British

Note on Babylonian Inscription discovered at Tell el Amarna and now Museum: The American (Philadelphia, Pa.), June 16th, 1888.
25, add. to No. 283,

Aus alien Zeiten: Vossiache Zeitung, Sonntags-Beilage No. June IJth, 1888.
*Bahylonisch-assyrische Keilschrift-Briefe aus Egypten: Archiv 1888, pp. 682-683.

fiir

Post und Telegr.,

Ball, C.

J.,

The

letter

of the hinj of Arzapi

to

Amenophis III.:

The Academy,
Beilage

Vol. 36, 1889, No. 916, pp. 343-344.

Bezold, C,
zur

Bahylonisch-assyrische Keilsohrift-Thontafeln aus Aegypten:

AUgemeinen Zeitung, 1888, No.

291, pp.

4281^282.

Milkili: Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie, Vol. VI, 1891, p. 166.

BiKKS, E. B., The name "Moses": The Academy, Vol. 34, 1888, No. 845,

p. 27.

BosOAWEN, W.

St. Ch.,

The Tel
Ill,

el

Amarna

tablets:

The Babylonian and

Oriental

Record, Vol.
^

No.

12, 1889, pp.

286-288.
the

Southern Palestine and

Vol. V, No. 5, pp. 114-119.

Tel-el-Amarna Tablets: ibidem,

An
Brown,

Erratum :
letters to

ibidem,

No.

6,

p, 144.
:

Some
F.,

An.enophis III.

ibidem,

No.

8,

pp. 174-179.

Babylon and Egypt,

pp. 476-481.

B.C.

idOO

Presbyterian Review, Vol. IX, 1888

Bkunnow, E.
Budge,
E. A.

E.,

Bie Mitdni-Sprache

Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie,

Vol. V, 1890,

pp. 209-259.

W.,

On

cuneiform despatches from Tushratta, king of Mitanni, Burra-

buriyash the son of Kuri-Galzu,

and
of

the Icing

of Alashiya,

to

Amenophis III,
el-

king

of Egypt,
of

and on
the

the

cuneiform

tablets

from

Tell

Amarna:

Proceedings
pp. 540-569.

Society

Biblical

Archaeology,

Vol. X, 1888,

Collins, Q. W., " Mosheh" and

p. 435.

''

Mdsu" : The Academy,

letter: ibidem, Vol.

Vol. 33, 1888, No. 842,

CONDEE,

C. R.,

The king ofArzapfs

35, 1889,

No. 875,

p. 98.

The

asterisk indicates that the reference has not been verified at first hand.

Ixxxviii

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

C. E.,

CoNDEK,

The

Tell

Amarna

tablets:

Quarterly Statement of the Palestine

Exploration Fund, 1889, pp. 28-30.

A
p. 186.

Hittite prince's letter: ibidem, 1890, pp.

115-121.

Cf. ibidem, 1891,

Monumental

notice of

Hebrew

victories

ibidem, pp. 326-329.

The Khabiri or Abiri: ibidem, 1891,

Altaic
letter

p. 72.

from

Tell

Amarna:

ibidem, pp. 24.5-250.

The Hebrews on

the Tell

Amarna

Tablets: ibidem, p. 251.

The Tell Amarna Tablets: The Scottish Eeview, Vol. XVII, 1891,
pp. 292-318.

A
Cuneiform
D^T.A.'Ti'RE., A..

Hittite Tablet:

The Times, No. 83,499, Dec.

4th, 1891.

tablets from

Egyptian tombs: ibidem, No. 32,520, Oct. 18th, 1888.

3 La
.,

trouvaille de Tell

el-Amarna: Revue des questions

scientifiques.

Vol.

XXV,

1889, pp. 143-181.

Tell

Les inscriptions de
pp. 79-98.
Trois lettres de Tell

el-Amarna:

ibidem,

Vol.

XXVI,

1889,

el-A

mama

Proceedings of the Society of

Biblical Archeeology, Vol. XIII, 1891, pp. 127-132.

Aziroii

(les lettres

de Tell-el- Amarna)

ibidem, pp. 215-234.

Quelques

lettres

de Tell el-Amarna: ibidem, pp. 317-327.

:

Lettres de Tell el-Amarna

ibidem, pp. 539-561.

Discovery of an Assyrian library 3,500 years old. Prof. Sayce's description of it: The Calcutta Review, Vol. LXXXIX, Oct., 1889, pp. xv-xvi. Cf. The
Orientalist, Vol. IV, 1890, pp. 26-27.

Ekman,

a.,

Der Thontafelfund von Tell- Amarna: Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, XXIII, 1888, pp. 583-589.
[_Fund
in

Mittelagypten :"]
coll.

Wochenschrift

fur

klassische

Philologie,

Jahrg. V, 1888,

729-731.

\_Fund eines Teiles des agyptischen Staatsarchivs :'] Berliner Philologische

Wochenschrift, Jahrg. VIII, 1888,

coll.

671-672.
:

E[eman, A.J und W[iNCKLEE H.],

Ein

agyptisches Staatsarchiv

Vossische Zeitung,

May
Erman,
A.,

13th, 1888.

Neues aus den Tafeln von El Amarna: Zeitschrift fur agyptische

Sprache, 1890, p. 112.
Cf. ibidem, 1891, p. 64.

Das Land Nuchasche:

ibidem, 1891, pp. 127-128.

p. 641.

Evetts, B. T. a., The Tell el-Amarna Tablets: The Atheneeum, 1889, No. 3237, Cf. Renan, ibidem. No. 3236, p. 600.

TAtum-hipa und Gilu-hipa: Zeitschrift fUr agyptische Sprache, 1890,

p. 113.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
GoLENiSHCHEv.
V., SaM^biKa

Ixxxix
Ernnrfi

4Byxi naxo^Kaxi) HeAasno cfliiiaHHbixi

Oi^'kieHifi

bt.

SanacKH BociOHHaro

HianepaTopcKaro

PyccKaro

Apxeojorn-

lecKaro OSmeciBa, Vol. Ill, 1888, pp. 121-126.

Hal]vt, Jos.,

La La

correspondanoe d'Amenophis

IV

et

la Bible:

Eevue des etudes

pp. 43-72.
et

juives. Vol.

XX,

1890, pp. 199-219; Vol.

XXI, 1890,
et

correspondanee d^Ame'nophis III

d'Amenophis 7F, transcrite

;

traduite

Journal asiatique,
pp.

serie, Vol.
;

Vol.

XVII,

87-133

202-273

XVI, pp. 298-354 402-462 Vol. XVIII, pp. 134-185 ; 510-536.

HowOETH, H.

H., Tunip

and

the

Na

976, p. 65.

Cf. T. K.

land of Naharina: The Academy, Vol. 39, 1891, Cheyne, R. Maclagan, A. Neubauer, and

H. G. Tomkins, ibidem, No. 977, p. 91; No. 980, pp. 164-165; No. 981, pp. 187-188 No. 982, p. 213 No. 983, p. 236 No. 984, p. 260 No. 985,
; ; ;
;

p. 284.

[Jastrow, M.

jr.],

Cuneiform

tablets in

Egypt: Harper's Weekly, Vol. XXXII, 1888,

p. 735.

The cuneiform tablets of Tell el-Amarna: 1889, No. 1245, pp. 380-382.

The Nation (New York),

Jensen,

P.,

Vorstudien zur Entzifferung des Mitanni: Zeitschrift f ur Assyriologie,

Vol. V, 1890, pp. 166-208; Vol. VI, 1891, pp. 34-72.

IIana{iyHiana vnd Mitanni: ibidem, Vol. VI, 1891, pp. 342-345.

Aus dem
Sprache, 1890,

Briefe in der Mitanni- Spr ache : Zeitschrift

p. 114.

fiir

'agyptische

*JoHNSTON,

J., Light from Cuneiform Inscriptions at Tel-el- Amarna: School Times, Vol. XXXI, 1889, p. 515.

The Sunday

Konigliche Museen zu Berlin. Mittheilung-en aus den orientalischen Sammlungen. Heft I-III Ber Thontafelfund von El Amarna. Herausgegeben von Hdgo Wincklee. Nach den Originalen autographirt von Ludwig Abel. Berlin, 1889-1890.1 Cf also Verzeichnis der vorderasiatischen
:

Altertiimer

und

Gipsabgiisse, Berlin, 1889, pp. 103-109.

Lehmann,

C. F.,

Aegypten und
neugefundenen

Vorderasien im zweiten
keilinschriftlichen

vorchristlichen

Jahrtausend,

Nach

Urkunden im

Berliner

Museum:

Kolnische Zeitung, June 4th, 1888.

Die in Aegypten neugefundenen

heilschriftlichen

Documente:

Ham-

burgischer Correspondent, June 20th, 1888.

Aus dem Funde von

Tell el
;

Amarna:

Zeitschrift

fiir

Assyriologie,

Vol. Ill, 1888, pp. 372-406

Vol. IV, 1889, pp. 82-86.

Les tablettes
Naville,
*
E.,

de Tell-el- Amarna : Journal des Debats, Oct. 12th, 1888.

Documents babyloniens decouverts en Egypte: Bibliothfeque universelle

et

Revue

suisse, Vol.
in

XLV,

1890, pp. 598-611.

p.

Nebuchadnezzar

Egypt: The Independent, 1888, April 26th,

this

523.

t In the present Edition

Berlin Edition, plate 99, line
2.

work

ie

quoted as "B.";

e.g.,

"B. 99, 2"

(p.

143) refers to the

: :

XC
Opfert,
J.,

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

Les
tablettes

de

Tdl-Amarn :

Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, Ser. IV, Vol.

Comptes rendus de I'Acadeinie des XVI, 1888, pp. 251-254.

h
IOhihoh

EosEN,

v.,

HoB'l&Hmifi

OTKpBiTia

Bt

Eranii!

ApaSin

SanncKH

BocTOiHaro

Oik^kbxk

HivinepaTopcKaro

Pyccuaro

ApxeojiorHiecKaro

OSmecTBa, Vol.
*S. S. M.,

Ill, 1889, pp.

270-272.

Ancient Letter Writing.

Royal

epistles sent

from Babylonia

to

Egypt

The New-York Times, Feb.

17th, 1889.

Babylonian Tablets from Upper Egypt: The Academy, Vol. 33, 1888, Sayce, A. H., No. 831, pp. 246-247.

The Babylonian
p. 315.

tablets in

the

Boulaq Museum:

ibidem,

No. 835,

The name of Moses in the cuneiform tablets of Tel el-Amama: ibidem No. 840, p. 397 ; cf ibid., Vol. 34, No. 844, p. 11.
Letters

from Egypt:

ibidem, Vol. 34, 1888, No. 869, pp.

424-425;

Vol. 35, 1889, No. 872, p. 47.

The
p.

tablets

of Tell el-Amarna:
p. 593.

The Athenseum, 1888, No. 3183,

the

554; No. 3184,

the

Literary Correspondence between Asia and Egypt in Exodus: The Independent, 1888, June 28th, p. 801.

Century before

before the

The discovery of correspondence between Asia and Egypt in Exodus: The Guardian, No. 2219, 1888, p. 869.

the century

Babylonian Tablets from Tel el-Amarna, Upper Egypt: Proceedings

of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, Vol. X, 1888, pp. 488-525.

Recent oriental discovery:

pp. 299-301.

Contemporary Review, Vol. LIV, 1888,

The cuneiform
1889, pp. 326-413.

tablets

of Tel el-Amarna, now preserved in the Boulaq

Museum: Proceedings

of the Society of Biblical ArchsBology, Vol. XI,

Letters from Syria

of the

and Palestine before the age of Moses : Transactions Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, Vol. VII, 1889,

pp. 1-25.

Letters from Palestine before the

Age of Moses: The Newbery House

Magazine, Vol.

I,

1889, pp. 257-263.

The language of Mitanni:

p. 64.

The Academy,
the

Vol. 37, 1890, No. 925,

ibidem.

The language of Aram-Naharaim and No. 939, p. 305.

tablets

^u of

the

Assyrian

tablets

Jerusalem in the

of Tel el-Amarna:

ibidem, Vol. 38, 1890,

No. 964,

p.

366.

The Language of Mitanni : Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie, Vol. V, 1890,

pp. 260-274.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Satcb, a. H.,
Letters to

XCl

Egypt from Babylonia Assyria, and Syria,

in the fifteenth

century B.C.:

Records of the Past,

New

Series, Vol.

Ill,

[1890,]

pp.

55-90.
Correspondence between Palestine and Egypt in the fifteenth century b.c:
ibidem, Vol. V, [1891,] pp. 54-101.

Jerusalem before
1890, p. 787.

the

Exodus : The Sunday School Times, Vol. XXXII,

Victoria Institute, Vol.

The cuneiform inscriptions of Tel el-Amarna: Transactions of the XXIV, No. 93, 1890, pp. 12-27. Translated into

French.

Les
Vol.

tahlettes

cuneiformes de Tel el-Amarna:

Eevue archeologique,
The Academy,
Vol. 39,

XIV, 1889,

pp. 342-362.
b.c.
:

Southern Palestine in the i5th century

1891, No. 979,
p. 138.

The parentage of Queen No. 981, p. 187.

Teie.

Ancient towns in Palestine: ibidem,

The Amorites and Hebrews

Vol. 40, 1891, No. 1013, p. 291.

in early cuneiform inscriptions

ibidem.

The mention of a Ionian No. 1015, p. 341.

SCHEIL, Fr. v.,
pp.

OreeJc in the tablets of Tel

el-Amarna : ibidem,

Une 73-74

tablette

de Tel-Amarna

Eecueil de travaux. Vol. XIII, 1891,

Le'gende chalde'enne trouvee a

April, 1891.

El-Amarna: Eevue des

serie.

rel.,

MarchXVII,

{Ameldti) sabe
pp. 347-349.

Ya-u-du

Journal asiatique, 8^

Vol.

ScHiAPAEELLi,

B., \^Tell-el-Amarna']

Giomale

della Societa Asiatica Italiana,

Vol

II,

1888, pp. 154-156.

ScHKADEB,

Eb.,

[Eine phonicisch-assyrische Abd-Aschera-Tajel von Tell-el-Amarna']

Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie, Vol. Ill, 1888, pp.

363-364

Spiegelberg, W., Brief an

p. 166.

C.

Bezold:
to

Zeitschrift

fiir

Assyriologie, Vol. VI, 1891,

Tablets of Tel el-Amarna

Biblia

relating

Palestine

in

the

century before the Exodus:

(New

York), Vol. Ill, 1890, pp. 68-69.

The cuneiform
pp.

tablets
;

from Tell-el-Amarna: The Athenaeum, 1888, No. 3182,

No. 3183, pp. bbi.-bbb
;

518-519

No. 3184,

p. 593.

Over de Spijkerschrift-Tafels onlangs te Tell-el-Amarna gevonden: TiELB, C. P., Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling " Letterkunde,"
S-"^

Reeks, Deel VI, 1889, pp. 140-149.

cattolica,
vol.

Un' importante
*

scorperta egizio-babilonese

Civilta

XI, quad. 915,

1888, pp. 313-322.

Une correspondance

babylonienne du

XV'

siecle

avant notre ere decouverte dans la

Haute Egypte: Univers, Nov. 27th, 1888.

XCll

TKLL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

A.,

Wiedemann,
WxNCKLER,

Tell el

Amarna.

Tkontafelnfund :

Jahrb.

d.

Vera, von Alterthums-

freunden in den Rheinlanden, part

H.,

LXXXV,

1888, p. 177.

Keilschriftdocumente aus Aegijpten: Nationalzeitung, 1888,

May

19th,

No. 292.
Berichtigung:
Berliner Philolog-ische Wochenschrift, Jahrg. VIII,
ibidem, col. 706.

1888, col. 804:

cf.

Aus Briefen an
1888, pp. 424-426
;

C.

Bezold:

Zeitschrift fur Assyiiologie, Vol. Ill,

Vol. V, 1890, p. 296.

Bemerhung zu den el-Amarna-Briefen: ibidem, Vol. IV, 1889, pp. 404405.

Vorarbeiten zu einer gesammtbsarbeitung der el-Amarna-texte :
ibidem.

Vol. VI, 1891, pp. 141-148.

Bericht

ilber

die

Thontafeln

von

Tell-el-Amarna

im

Koniglichen

Museum

zu Berlin und im

Museum von Bulaq:

Sitzungsberichte der

Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, LI, 1888,

pp. 1341-1357.
Verzeichniss der aus
tafeln:

dem Funde von el-Amarna herrUhrenden Thonel-Amarna: Berliner 578-580, 609-612.

Philologische

Zeitschrift fur agyptische Sprache, 1889, pp. 42-64.

Der Thontafelfund von

Tell
coll.

Wochenschrift, Jahrg. IX, 1889,

Satarna, Konig von Naharina in den el-Amarna-Briefen

fur agyptische Sprache, 1890, pp. 114-115.

ZeitsChrift

ZiMMERN, H., Internationale Fiirstencorrespondenz vor dreiunddreissig Jahrhunderten Velhagen und Klasiug's Neue Monatshefte, 1890, pp. 58-64.

Die

altesten Schriftstiicke aus

Jerusalem

Kolnische Zeitung, Oct.

1st,

1890.

Das und zum

Verhdltnis des assyrischen

dgyptischen
:

Permansivs zum semitischen Perfect

untersucht

" Pseudoparticip "

fiir

unter

Benutzung der

El-Amarna-Texte

Zeitschrift

Assyriologie, Vol. V, 1890, pp. 1-22.

in Transscription

setzung:

Briefe aus dem Funde in El Amarna ibidem, pp. 137-165.

Kanaanaische Glossen
:

und

JJber-

ibidem. Vol. VI, 1891, pp. 154-158.

:

Die

Keilschriftbriefe aus Jerusalem

urn-

ibidem, pp. 245-263.

:

Palastina

das Jahr 1400

v.

Chr. nach neuen Quellen

Zeitschrift

des Deutschen Palastina- Vereins, Vol. XIII, 1891, pp. 133-147.

. . .

LIST OF TABLETS.

I.

Letter from Egypt.

Nos.

Letter from Amenophis

of Karaduniyash

III.,

King of Egypt,

to Kallimma-Sin,

King

IL

Letters from Babylonia.

Letters from Burraburiyash, King of Karaduniyash, to Amenophis IV.,

King of Egypt.
Ill,

2-4

Letters from Alashiya.

to the

Letters from the

King of Alashiya
IV.

King

of

Egypt

5-7

Letters from Mitani.

Mitani, to

Letters from Tushratta,

King of

Amenophis

III.,

King of
8-10

Egypt
Letter from Tushratta, King
of Mitani, to a wife of
. .
.

Amenophis
. .

III.,
.

King of Egypt.
V.

. .

11

Letters from Phoenicia and Syria.

12-25 26-27 28-31
32

Letters from Rib-Adda, governor of Byblos

Letters from Ammunira, governor of Beyrut

Letters from Abi-Miiki, governor of Tyre

Letter from Zitadna, governor of Accho

Letter from Abd-Ashirta
.

33 34
35

Letter from Abdi-Ashtati Letter from Aziru

.

Letters from Akizzi, governor of Katna

Letters from Shubandi

36-37

38-40

. . . . . .. . .

XCIV

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

Nob.

Letter from the inhabitants of the city of Tunip

. .

. .

41

Letter from the inhabitants of the city of Irkata

. .

42

Other letters

43-46

VL

Letters from Palestine.

. .
. . .

Letters from the governor of the city of Khasur

Letters from Yapakhi, governor of Gezer Letters from Widya, governor of Askelon
. .

47-48 49-51 52-54

55-56
57
58
59

. .

. .

Letters from Pu-Adda, governor of Urza

Letter from Yabitiri

. .

. .

. .

. .

Letter from Akiya

. .

. .

. .

Letter from Wyashdata

. .

. .

. .

Letter from Bayawi Letter from Labawi

Letters from Milkili.
.

. .

. .

60
61

. .

. .

. .

. .

62-63

Letter from

Mut-Adda
. . . .

64
. . . .
. . . .

Letter from Shibti-Adda Letter from

65 66

Shum-Adda

. .

. .

Letters from Shn'ardata

. .

. .

67-69
70

Letter from T^gi

. .

. .

. .

. .

Other

letters.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

71-73

VII.

Letters from unknown districts.

. . . .
. .

Letter from Dagan-takala

Letter from Dashru
Letter from Zidri'ara

. .

. .

. .

74
75
76

. .

. .

. .

. .

Letter from Shatiwi

. .

, .

. .

. .

77 78

Letter from an officer of the city of

Gubbn

(?)

. .

Other

letters.

. .

. .

79-81

VIII.

Mythological Text.

Part of a mythological legend relating to Nergal, Irishkigal and

Namtar.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

82

TEXTS.

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No. 10.
(BU. 88-10-13, 78;
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26

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS,

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TELL EL-AMAE.NA TABLETS.

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12.
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(BU. 88-10-1^ 72;

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TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

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LETTERS PROM RIB-ADDA.

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(BU. 88-10-13, 58;
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TELL EL-AMARNA. TABLETS.

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TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

No. 58.
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LETTER FROM LABAWI.

117

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61.
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119

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TELL BL-AMARNA TABLETS.

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TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

No. 66.
(BU. 88-10-13, 61; Sin. by 2f in,
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123

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124

TELL EL-J\MARNA TABLETS.

No. 68.
(BU. 88-10-13, 54; 3f
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125

No. 69.
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126

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

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LETTEBS FROM PALESTINE.

127

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71.
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TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

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131

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TELL BL-AMARNA TABLETS.

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(?).

135

No. 78.
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TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

No. 79.
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LETTERS FKOM

UNKKOWN

DISTRICTS.

137

No. 80.
(BU. 88-10-13, 24
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UNKNOWN

DISTRICTS.

139

No.

81.
3 in.

(BU. 88-10-13, 28;

Obverse.

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140

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

No. 82.
(BIT. 88-10-13, 69;

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by 4im.)

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TEXT RELATING TO NERGAL, IRISHKIGAL AND NA.MTAR.

14L

No, 82.
(BU. 88-10-13, 69;
Reteese.
see plate

17.)

20

20

25

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40

LIST OF

PROPER NAMES.

Ubi, country near Damascus,

cf. (?) cf.

Hobah niln, Gen.

xiv. 15,

Eg. 8

\'^

-,

37, 57. 59. 62. 63 (\^ tl-U);

Abi-milki, governor
29, 2;t 31,2;t
(y

B. 142, rev. 12 (\^ tl-hi).

(?)
c/.

of Tyi-e
B. 99, 2t

{cf. Tf^TtS-ilN):

28, 2; f 30, 2t

(T

A-hi-^^^);

{A-U-^^);

cf also B. [98, 2t]; 162, 2t

A-bi-mil-M).

Abda: 82, 21 (-4-(?) ^J-ia-a).

Abd-Asirta, Abd-Asratu
(cf.

Phoen. n"intt^ir ll^^

18, 11. 17. 31;
19,

'A^Sdarparo:})

12, 24.
6.

30;

14,

25;

15, 18.

25;

41; 20, 38; 44,

30.

[35, siomitted]; cf B. 41, 27; 42, 12. 33; 45, 27. 36;

48, [64.] 68; [49,

obv.23?;] 51, obv. 24; 52, obv.

9. [rev.

14.]

26; [53,12?. 28?;] 54,18.

21; 60,18. [47;] 61,13. [68;] 72,17; 74,8; 75, [12.] 22. [44;] [76,36;] 79, 29. [39;] [84, 9;] (y Abd-a-si-ir-ta) ; cf also B. IS^SCfAbd-^^^a-siir-ti);

B. 86, obv. 5; [214, 12] (f Abd-a-si-ir-ti); B. 71, 70; 76, 65 (Abda-si-ir-ti); B. 71, 19 (Abd-'^ a-si-ir-ti) ; B. 51, obv. 11. 19; [66,7;] 77,9;

89,
ta,

7. 18. 47.

58 (Abd-a-si-ir-ta); 16, 12; cf B. 60,8

(y

&^ Abd-a-si-ir-

"A: a ^eoTple"?); 29, QS; c/.B.97,2t

(y

Abd-''>^ds-ra-tum); [28,36;]

cf B. 50, obv. 19; 184, 30

51
(y

Abd-ds-ra-ti);

Abd-ds-ra-tum); [17, 10;] B. 58, 29. [38?.] cf also B. 50, obv. 18 (y Abd-'~y^ ds-ra-ti) and
(^

B. 58, 103. [116?]; 71, 56. 68 (Abd-ds-ra-ti); 23, 23

Abd-ds-ra-ta)

cf

also (?) 33, 3 1 (y

(c/.(?)
:

Abd^^ -yy<y).
:

Abdi-astati

Abd-Asratu)

34, 3 1

(y Ab-di-ds-ta-ti).

Abdi-karSi(?)

48,

3,t (y Abdi(^)-har(oT: tir?)-si).

c/.

Abdi-milki, son of Abd-Asirta: 20,37;

17.

B. 134, 3t

Q Abdi-::.^^);4:0,

24 (Abdi-^^).
:

Abdirama, son of Abd-Asirta

*
lines.

20, 36

(y

Abd-i-ra-ma).

The numbers printed

E.g., " 12, 24. 30 "

in thick type refer to the

numbers of the

tablets,

and the others to the

is

Uo. 12,

lines

24 and
is

30.

Eestorations of lost portions of the names are

indicated

by the numbers within square

brackets,

t marks a passage in which the person

named

as the writer, or sender, of the tablet, while J

have been distinguished by means of accents.

used for the person addressed. Homophonons signs References have been given (e.g., " B. 41, 27 ") to

the passages in the Berlin edition in which the names in this List also occur.

144

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

Ab-bi-I^a).

Abbilja: 42, 12; 73, 19. 23

(f

A(?)bi(?)sima, city in the country of

Idumaea

64, 28

(>-:|y

^'^'--hi-si-ma).

Abitu

(?):

43, 34. (\^ ^-Ji-iw)

(?)

43, 42 (\^ A-hi-

).

Yabitiri,

governor

of Joppa and

Gaza: 57, 4t
:

(f Ya-bi-ti-ri).

U(?)garit, country, or city, in Phoenicia (?)

(^^Jf
tf-ga-ri-it

1,

39

('^ I^-ga-ri-it)

30, 55
6

<^);

cf.

also B. 128, 9 (-Jiff d'-ga-ri-ti)

and B. 76,

KIT <M
Ida
W(?)idya,
54, 4
:

^-ga-ri-U).
(y I-c?ay"^

46, 5

).

cf. (?)
;'t

Pers.

yy lf<|

yy

T<-,

governor of Askelon
(f

52, 3 ;t 53, 3

:t

c/.

B. [118, 4 ;t] 119, 5 ;t 121, 5 ;t 122, Sf

cf.

^y-id^ya).

Adda-mihir: 72, 45;

(f >-Hh Adda-mi-hir); cf. also B. 168, 3t Adda-mi-Thi-ir) and B. 143, 17 (f ^-ac^-c^w-m-^^). ([I?] -Hr

B. 167, 2t

Udumu,
Eg.
(]

city

in

the

country of Idumaea
)
:

{cf.

D'l4;i,

^Oj]

'ISovfiaia,

^ c:^
:

Iddin-Adda (?) 20, 37 (J ^? -4- ^-fl). Aduri, city in the country of Idumaea {cf. "1W)
Azzati,

^ J^

64, 24 (-^ff U-du-mu).

64, 24 {^^'\ A-du-ri).

Gaza {'n^ LXX.

rd\;a,

ijill'

Eg.

^ ^
|
:

|j

J^)

57, 32

(-tyy Az-za-ti).

Aziru, son of Abd-Asirta {cf

-|!)ti;.

->p. liU)

13,

7;

18,

20; 19, 20.

24; [34, 8;] 45, 13. 35. 39; 66,

2 1; 38, 2.t 38
;

5L

41,

26

[45, 47 ?;]

[62]; cf B. 34, 2t; 35, 2t; 37, 76, 9; [83, 8 ;] 91, 10. 21 QA-zi-ru) ;

cf also B. 58, 23. 35 {^A-zi-ru); 13, 16. 69; 19, 37; 29, 68; 35, 2t; cf B. 31, 2t; 34a, 4 1; 39, 11. 27. 35; 40, 2t; 45, 39; 58, 46. 60. 71. 94. 106.
110. 114; 91, 9; 128, 7
24. 27. 39
;

A-zi-H); 28, 35. 40. 58. 70; 30, 61. 67; 36, 41, 21. 27. 32. 34. 35 (y A-zi-ra) ; 43, 28 ; cf B. 36, 3 1; 69,
(y
(y

15

71,

21
:

(?)

A-zi(y

; c/.

also (?) B. 45, 33 (y A-za-ru).

A'itu(.P)gama

37, 28. 37. 60

"Akti, \|i,
3.

A-i-tu(?)-ga-ma).

Akka, Accho (15^,

B.

Phoen. ^)}, q^L, Eg.

;^ \ t^
;

): [17,

46

;]

cf

94, 5; 95,
;

[16?] 29 (-^yy Ak-ka

<^)

cf also B. 8, 19; 93,4

8
(-J:yy

("tfi Ak-ka)

B. 8, 38 {Ak-ka-ai-ti);

and B. 68,

Ak-

).

Akiya

58, 3

(y

A-ki-ya).

Yaki-Adda:
Akizzi,

41, 15. 18

(Ya-ki^^Adda).
(y

governor of the city of Qatna: 36, 2t; [37, 2t]; cf B. 229, 2t

A-ki-iz-zi).

Ilutu(?): 82, 22 (->f I-lu-tu).

Ili-milku {cf 'nh'Ci'h^)

30, 45

(y

IH-milki); cf (?) B. 102, 36

(y I-li-mil-ku).

; ;

LIST OF

PROPEE NAMES.
6, 1 1; cf.

145

Alasiya, Alasiya

(cf.

[13, 3 ;t] 15, 2 t

{'^^ A-la-si-ya);

B. I\^^^ J^): 5,2 t [30?] ^{sarru (sarru ^ A-la-si-ya) 2 X- A-la-si-ya)

Eg.

12, 3 1; 13,

7,
;

52
cf.

13, 59 (^-/a-i-i-a [-a ?]

5,33;

[6,

39?] {A-la-si-ya);

alsoB.

11,

2t

(sarri(ri)

A-la-si-ya).
;

Am (P), Amma,
17, 7 (-tiy

Ammiya:

46, 4

cf.

B. 143, 16; 160, 9; 163, 8

;

(l'^

Am <^)

^m-ma); 37, 58
c/.

(\^ Am-ma); 12, 25; 15, 27

B. 91, 11
(^"^

[o/.

B. 89, 13]

(-tyy

Am-mi-ya); 45, 14;

:

Am-^ir-ya).

Um(?)ma
Ambi:

82, 25

(->f-

Um{?)-ma).

23, 20;

cf.

B. 60, 11. 40; 72, 31; 74, 19 (--yj Am-bi); of also

B. 128, 12. 16 (--yy

Am-bi
):

<|gf).
1,

Amami, Amen
5
(->|f-

(cf Eg.
;

()

^'^
):

46

8, 15. 24. 76 (-Hf).

A-ma-nu-um)

22,

^-?na-na)
:

21, 3 {'-'^ A-nia-an 13, 51 (y

(j

Aman-masasanu (?)

A-ma-an-ma-sd-sd-nu

?).

Amanappa

{cf Eg.

^
(?)
;

12, 51; 15, 1 J; c/. B. 75, 9 (y A--ma-an-ap-pa);

[21, l?t;

22, It'fq'A-tna.an-ab-U).
of Beyrut {cf Eg.
'^^^
\\

AmmTinira, governor

^^ J)

16, 29

(y

Am-

mu-ni-ra); 26, 3 1

[27, 2 1] {Am-mu-ni-ra).

Immuriya

see

Mimmuriya.
of the Amorites(?, cf "'"ibN, Eg.
(|

Amumi(?), country
21, 8

^ ^^=t>jXi)
; ;

{tA-mw-ri);

13, 14; 15, 11. 15; 27, 24; 44, 5. 21. 29. 35; cf B. 45,
;

63; 48, 69; 92, rev. 32

97,

8.

[15 ?]

146, 16

184, 39 (\^ A-mur-ri)

cf also B. 69, 17 {t- A-mur-rc^;

obv. 1 X
(^"^

B. 77, 10

{'^^

A-mur-ra-a)
;

B. 92,

(g^ .^tyy
)

A-mu-ur-ra)
;

B. 171, 9 (\^ yx- A-mu-ri)

(?)

B. 56, 38

A-mur-

and
:

(?)

B. 34, 14 (\^ A-mur-ra

).

luni, a wife of Tusratta

11, 52.

54

(^

I-u-ni).
1^=^:^

A(?)nu'amma

[cf

(?)

Eg.

(10

i'^-^
).

;:r^

43, 8

{'-t]]

^'^-nu-amrma);

43, 2 (^-yy A{?)-

Yanhamu, envoy
73
;

of

Amenophis IV.
;

62, 11

cf B. 48, 23
7. 11. 13.
;

52, rev. 4; 61,

(y

101, obv. 13. rev. 12

;

184, 22; 185, [5.]

;

[22]
(y

Ya-an-ha-^u);
;

14, 31. 39

cf B. 48, 48

51, obv. [15.] 35

(y

128, IJ
(y

Ya-an-ha-^ni)
;

25,
;

19

64, 1

1;

cf B. 45, 61

Ya-an-ha-nd); 14, 40
36.

Ya-ha-mi)
(y

[24, 48]

57, 24;

60, 10; 65, 14; cf B. 43,

(y

37;

[110, 25]

Ya-an-ha-ma)

18,26; 21, 15

Ya-an-ha-

-cf

also B. 102, 28 (Q?] 1-m-ha-mu);

andB. 105,
Inisa
(?)
:

rev. 11 (y ^y--{n-ha-mu).

77, 12

(-J:yy 1-ni-sd-si (?)-

).

146

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

Yapu, Joppa QQI, UU,

(--yy

-^o^

lao^'
(--flf
:

'Iottttt;,

-Eg!)(]
;

J^
;

57, 33; 71, 20

Ya^u);

cf.

B. 58, 6

Fa-a-pw)

and
;

B. 58, 86 (\^
cf.

]*

Ya-pu).
;

Yapa-Adda, probably of Alasiya

; ;

13, 16. 59. 69

;

14, 26

B. 44, rev. 28
;

63, 31. 34. 44; 61, [26.] 52 [45, 65] 48, [29.] 42 51, obv. 30. edge 3 77, 19 128, 2 1 (T Ya-pa- ->f ^-jy) cf. also (?) B. 88, fragment 3 (y
;

Ya-ap- ^^^^^

Yapahi, governor

(?)

of Gezer

49, 3t; 50, 4t; 51, 3

''^C\, 'Opdcoa-ia,

f (y

Ya-^a-lii).

Arwada, Arvad (TT!^, joil JCOjoil,

Ruwdd, Eg.

'^^^
(]

Ti.'li'^-V^J^l^
18.

^^' ^^' ^^' ^^- ^^'

/ B. 51, obv. 12.

(-:yy

[edge 5;

79,30?].

(-tyy

Ar - ^l^- - da)
^^'--ur-za
(y
;

and(?) [B. 162, 15]

A-ra-da).

Urza(?)

56, 3; of B. 153, 4
(?)
:

(-E:yy

^).
;

Arzawya, Arza'(u)ya
2
1;

37, 36. 56

Ar-za-u-ya)

43, 26. 33
.2

[126, 4 1]
;

(y

^^-^a-^y- ^y-)

cf also B. [155,

1?;] 158,

cf B. 125, 27 (y Ar-za-

^y-)

and 105, obv. 7 (^r-^a-^y-).

(c/.

Yarimuta
61,

nin"l% iTiDT): 12, 16;

13,

55; 19, 17;

;

cf.

B. 57, rev. 1;

74; 79, 13; [89, 40?;] (\^ Ya-n-mu-ta)

cf also B. 80, 27 (\^ Ya-.

ri-im-mu-ta).

Irqata, city, or country, in Syria {cf Eg. Q

15. 18. [23]
;

tt

"^^
;

42, 2

f. 3.

8, 10.

cf B. 77, 12. 36
;

79, 26 (--yy Ir-qa-ta)

cf also B. 91, 10
).

(\^ Ir-qa-ta)

and

(?)

B. 158, 22 (--yy Ir-qat (?)-

Araru

64, 25

(-J:yy

A-ra-ru).

Iriskigal, heroine of

a mytbological legend

82, 2 (f-ri-is-M-i-ga-a-al)
;

82,

7 {Jt(?)-ri(?)-is(?)-ki-i-ga-al); 82, 29 {1-ri-is-U-i-gal)

cf B. 234, rev. 1;

239,

a, 4.
:

6 (I-ri-is-ki-gal).
9, 19 (y Ar-ta-ds-sii-ma-ra).
(y

Artassumara

Wisuya(?): 64, 18
Usbarra(?)
:

^y^ M-^)Us-bar-ra)
;

7,

25

(y

cf

(?)

B. 158, 15 (] Usyy fyy fcy^y

:

).

Wyasdata
Iskuru

(?),

cf

(?)

Pers. -yg <:< y<- y--y

59, 3t; 72, 12. 15

(y ^"{"-ds-da-ta).

(?)

14,

53

cf B. 48, 85
:

(y ^fj-ku-,'u).
;

Assurayu, Assyrian
Istar {cf Eg.

2,

31 {As-sur-ra-ai-u)
:

cf.

B. 9, 3 (-^ '~>^ t-f^=Ass'ur ?). 19

(?).

^1)
(.-^yy

Astarti: 64, 21

^ g ^)
As-tar-ti)
;

8, 24.

83

(?); 10, 13.

26, 31

(-+

-^^f).

43, 10
:

(-J:yy

As-tar-U).
l-ta-ga-ma-pa-^\^-^'i).

Itagamapa'iri, of the city of Qidsi

30, 59

(y

LIST OF

PROPER NAMES.
;

147
I-ta-ha-ma)

Itakkama
2 t
(y

43, 31

Q
(|

I-ta-^]-ha-ma)
;

cf.

B. 91, 25

(f

142, obv.

t-tak-ka-ma)
:

rev. 20 (1-tak-ka-ma).

Itillfina (?)

7,

23

f-x-lu-na).

n
Blya:
71, 16. 24.
:

30

(f

^w-^/a).
B. 195,
c/.

Bayawi(?)

60, 3t;

cf.

3t (IH-y*-^'-)-

B(?)uz(?)runa: 43, 13;

B. 205, 12 (-tfy ^M-w^-ris-na).

Bihura (?)
Bihisi
Bil-ra
(?)
:

see

Pi^ura.
8. 13.

64,

34 (--Jf Bi-M-si).
:

(?)m

(?)

7,

26

(f

B{ -

{l^ra{?)-am-

).

Biltu(?)

(cf. Brj\Tc<:)

14,

54

(-Hf-

^ET).

Binna

82, 22 {"-^ Bi-4-in-na).

(?)
:

Binininia
Bi'ri, Biri,
i-^i)
;

64, 15

(f Bi-in-i-ni-^ma(f

).

of the city of Hasabu: 24, 18

Bi-^y-ri)

cf.

B. 160, 3t

(T

Bi-

and B. 45, 61

(y Bi-ri).
:

Burra-buriyas, king of Kara-Duniyas 3

.

2, 3 f; 3, 2 t; c/. B. 4, 3 f;
(y

[7, 2 1;] 8.
;

1 {Bur-ra-bu-ri-ya-ds)

cf.
;

also B, 188, obv. 7

'Bur-ra-bur-ya-ds)
(

B,

6, 2 t (

-j-a-bu-ri-ya-ds)

and B. 28,

Col.

I,

2 j

-bu-^a-

ri-ya-ds).

Biridiwi(?), of Megiddo:
115, 3 1 (y Bi-ri-di-^]^).

59, 19; cf B. HI, obv. 3t;

[113, 3 t;] 114, 3t;

BiridaSwi

(?)

43,
:

7.

15. 33f. (y Bi-ri-da-ds-^]-).

;

Binina,

Beymt

17, 16

22, 20

cf.
;

B. 53, 14; 55, 20

65, 3

(^tft B{-ru--na)

cf B. 75, 25 (-^yy Blrrv^na

<^)

and B. 86, obv. 19 (-^yy

<^

Bi-rvr^a).

Birapari
Biruta,
Ij
1]

(?)

82, 24 (^>f Bi-i-ra-pa-ri).

(cf.

Beyrut
1

B'^pvros,

JDa^tOl^s, 2o;jlQ,

ej^'

Eg.

J "i^
y?

"""^^^^

13,13; 44, 25; cf B. 54, 20. 23 (--yy B{-ru-tay~cf also 26,

;

(-Sf ^y?)

27, 12 (^tyy
y?

58, 11 [21. 52] (^-yy

58, 96. 135 (-tyy
Bitili
(?, c/.

m am
;

1& ^y?)

B. 58, 77 (^tyy
y?

y-il); 58, 92 (^-yy

gj y>)
^y^

y?

<-)

y?

^).
;

':)Nim)

35, 20

cf B. 143, 3 1 28
q/-

(y

:^-ii--pf ).

Bit-NiN.iB.: 12, 31 (^yyyy^^yHJ)

b. loe, i6 (-tyy &yyyy

-+ ^ey
U
2

HI).

Gubbu

see

Gubla.

:;

148

TELL EL-AMAENA TABLETS.

Gubla, Bybloe {h^, Bi^o,,

12. 32.

j^, Al^,
;

Eg.

"^^'^i)^^^'
c/.

^- ^

48; 13, 3
5.

14, 3

15, 4; 16, 8; 17, 19. 22. [31.] 43. 44; 18, 4. 9.

23; 19, 5; 20,

4;

12; [21,26;] 22, 6; 23, 5; 25, 6; 27, 15. 20;

B. 41,

42, 4;

43, 4;

44, obv. 4; [45, 3;] 46, 5; 47, [1?.] 4; 48,

4. 37. 53.

[85]; 49, obv. 3; 50, obv. 5; 51, obv. 3; 52, obv. 2; 56, 13. 20. 35; 58,

123; 59, obv. 4; 60, 51; 61,

[4.] 48.

66; 62, [3.] 9. 13. [33]; 65,

2. 4.

11;

66, 4; [67, obv. 4;] 70, 4; 71, 31; 73, 20. 22. 36. 37; 74, 4; 75, 77, 17;

24;

79, 8;

80, 10. 26; 81, 9;

83, 6;

84, 16;

89, 9;

91, 2. 6. 16;

184, 19. 24

(:>-yy

Guh-la); 24, 3; 41, 73 (--ff (?m5-Zi); 24, 12. 44 (-^ff

;

<|gf G^M5-Za); 45,

<M

33 (--ff Gub-la-a) 45, 8. 9. 21 (--ff G^w-Za) 24, 7 (--yf ^I e=yT-^); -24, 5 (^^yy siy ^:yy-?o 24, lo (^^yy ^T ^yy-^*) 3 78, (?; --yy Gub (?) -I^-); cf. also 12, 22 (--yy Gub ; la omitted by the
; ;

<m

scribe)

22, 24 (^^yy

Gub

<^
B.

la

omitted by the scribe)

B. 52, rev.

19; [61, 78;] 71, 17; 184, 16 (--yy Gub-la <|Ey); B. 80, 4 (--yy Gu-uh-la);

B. 92, obv. 2 (--yy ^y-M6-Za);

obv. 13 (-^yy Ku-ub-li

B. 128, 8 (-^yy Gu-ub-li

7.6,

<^);
);

B. 186,

<^);

37

(-:yy <||y

Gur-ub-

B. 76,

60 (^tyy

im^l1,

);

b. 87, lo (^^yy

<^

y>^

^y-Mj(?)4i);
).

B. 87, 20 (--yy y>

ti'i-ub{?)-li);

and B.

41,

28 (--yy Gub-ba-^

Gagaya (?)

38

(\'^ Gor-ga-ya).

Gidsi: see Qidsi.

Gizza: 43, 32 (\^ GUz-za)

Gazri, Gezer
cf.

43, 27 (--yy Gi-iz-

).

("Ija,

>i^lU>^, Td^r,pa): 50,

5; cf. B. 106, 8 (-tyy

;

Ga~az-r i^)-,
(--yy

also B. 103, 14
;

(V

[--y]y Gaz-ri <|gf)

;

B. 112,

22

Gaz-ri);

49, 4

cf.

B. 155, 21 (--yy Gaz-ri <(^)

:

and B. 173, 42 (\^ Gaz{^yri).

See also Gubla.

Gula

(?)

45, 3 1

(?,

Gu-la;

).

Gulati: 71, 17
Giliya,

(^

Gu-la-ti)

71,

24 (Gu-la-ti).
25.

envoy of Tusratta:

8,

39.

71;

9,46; 11,19;

cf.

B. 22, obv,

18. 23; 23, rev. 1; 24, obv. 34. 39. 69; rev. [14. 15.?] 54"=- 57. 62. 63, 64. 66. 68. 74; 27, Gol. IV, 20. [21.] 36. 37 Gi-U-ya); also B. 27.
(y

cf

Col.

I,

91. 100; Col. II, 7; Col. IV, 26. 27 (y Gi-U4).

Gilu-hipa (Eg.
9, 5.

^^^jI)
7,

sister of Tnsratta, wife of

Amenophis

III.

41 (-^ Gi-lu-M-^a).
:

Gurrumma (?)

24

([y ?]

Gur

(J\-ru-um-ma).

LIST OF

PROPER NAMES.

149

Dagan-takala
ta-ka-ld)
;

'<

Dagon's trust

"

[74, 3t;]

cf.

B. 129, 2t

(J

-+

Da-ga-an-

cf.

also B. 129,

9.

13

(f

Da-ga-an-ta-ka-la).

DMu-hlpa

see

Tdtu(m)-hipa.

Dimasqa, Damascus

(pST, Aa^aaKos,

Vjj^j, C0QCimSD| .)QmSc>>> Eg.

^dj"^^):
Dunib
:

43, 21 {"^Xl Di-mas-ga);

37, 63 (--yj 7Y-)wa-aV)-

see

Tunip.

Danuna
Dirid
(?)

30, 52 (V" Da-nu-na). 82, 21 (-4- Di-ri-id).

Daa(?)

37, 58

(J lJa{?)-sd);

cf.{l) B.
(f

173, 14

(If

Ta-ds-sii).

Dasni: 75, 3t;

Dusratta:
see

cf.

B, 127, 3t

Da-ds-ru).

Tusratta.

Zidri'ara(?): 76, 3t;

cf.

B. 140, 3t; 141, 2t

(T

Zi4d-ri-^]^-ra).

Zijnrida, of Sidon; 14, 26; 28,49. 57. 68; 29, 66; 30, 11. 65; cf B. 77, 18;

104, 43

(y

Zi-im-^i'da);

cf.

also B. 123, 5t (y Zi-im-ri-di)

and B. 90, 4t

(y Zi-im-ri-id'di).

Zinzar

37, 42 (-^ Zi-in-sa-ar).

1,

Zaqara(?):

19

(y

Za-qa^ra).
cf.

Zurata

72, 24. 31. 33. 42. 44;

:

B. [48, 21?;] 93, 3t; [145, 4t?l (y Zu-ra-ta).

c/,

Zitadna, of Accho

32,

51; (^

Zi-ta-ad-na);

B. 94, 4t; 95,

3-\ []

Za-ta-ad-na).

n
Ha
ff<^ (?):

80, 3t cf also
).

(?)

B. 45, 65;

and B. 52,

rev. 29 (y ->f-

(?)

Hlya(?): 44,

2.

19

(y

B. 57, rev. 14. 20; f219; rev. 3?] B. 31, IX {} Ha-a-i).

Ba-^f^-a); cf also(?) B. 144, 8. [15?] (y Ha-a-ya); (y Hayya); B. 6, 36. 37 (y Ha-ai); and

Habi, Ha'ib, governor of Sumuru: 28, 37

B. 41,16; QQ,^
{]

(y

Ha-obi); 18,

[37.]

39; cf

Ha-db).

Hazura

see
:

Hasura.
(t-^yy

Halunm
Hawini

43, 14

Ha-lu~un-ni).

(?):

64, 28 (-tyy Ba-^f^-m).

150

TELL EL-AMAE.NA. TABLETS.

:

Hanigalbl, Hanagalbi, Hanigalbat(u) 1, 38 (t' ffa-ni-gal-M-i) cf. also B. 144, 10 "(-1^ ffcMiar-gal-M); B. 144, 20 (1^ Hor-nor-gdl-bi); B. 22, obv. 17;
;

24, obv. 49 (\^ Ha-ni-^dl-r^); and B. 9, 22. [26?] {Ha-ni-gdl-hor-tu-u).

Han(n)i
B.

{cf.

.jJlL): 35, 11. 17. 27. 31

(|

Ha-an-d);

cf.

also B. 21, 25 (Iffor-niA);

(?,

92, rev. 11.

18

(|

Hohxti^i); B. 92, rev. 29

(f

H(i-an-ni);

and

B. 117, 12; 176, 18. [21?]

Ha^an-ya).

Hini'anabi: 64, 26

(>-S:y|

Hi-ni-a-na-bi).

Hinatuna

72, 32 ("tfl Hi-na-tu-^a

(?,

<^);

c/.

B. 8, 17

(-:yy

Hasura, Hasuri, Hazor

Tim

joLm,

i4o-a)|0.

Eg.

<^ Hv-in-na^tu-ni). "^ "^^^^

I
I

"^ '^'^
I

):

48, 15. 23 (-|y ZTa-^^-m

[.

<^)

48, 4;

c/.

B.

99, 41

(-j:|y

Ha-zu-ra); 47, 3
c/.

21

?] (-^fT

Ha-zu-ri <^).
4. 18. 26.

Hatib

35, 38. 43. 46;

B. 31, 12. 32; 33, 15. 26; 38,

41

(jf

Ha-

ti-ib).

Hatti,

Hatta

(r/.

Eg.

^ J^ )
(^

35, 49; 36, [34.] 37. 51; 37,

[9.] 13. 14.

16;

cf B. 30, rev. 4;

31, 21; 32, 11. 20; 33, 18. 29, 38, 21. 24;

143, 14;

[163, 11?;] 173, 39

Ha-at-fi)

5,
f.

49 (Ha-at-ti);
("V^

.9,

31. 38;

30, 58

(\^ Ha-at-ti); 46, 7 (?);

cf.

B. 91, 31
8.

Ha-at-ta); cf also B. 159, obv.

17 (\^ Ha-at-ti
86, obv.^4 (\^

<^);
y>i-

B. 29, obv.

rev. 2 (\^

HI

Ha-at-ti); B. 76, 59;

(?,

Ha-ti); B. 79, 34 {Ha-ti); B. 18, obv. 2

M-ti <M);
(?) 41,

B. 61, 71 (\^ Ha-ta); and B. 36, 27 (\^

Sa-i^

);

an.d

23 (\^ <J0 Ha-at-at <^).

D
Kukbi
(?):
(?)

73, 15
:

(-J:||

Ku-uk-U

<Jgf).

Kukana

66, 17_(T Ku-ka(f)-na).

Kallimma

(?)-Sin,

king of Kara-Duniyas
Sin).

1,

1|;

[cf.

B.

1,

3t; 2, 2t]

(J

K'a-al

(?)-Um-ma-^'^

Kumiti (c/.Eg.

^"^^^^li^iv^):

18, 46;

43, 38 (^tjf Kit-mi-ti); cf also

B. 61, 75 (-tyy Kvr-mi-ti); B. 86, rev. 13 (-^yy

5 (-syy Ku-mi-ti <|||).

<^ Ku-mi-ti);

and

B. 152,

Kuni'a(?)

7,

22

(y

Ku-ni-i-a).

Kinza: 46,

6;

cf B. 163, 10 (\^ Ki-in-za); cf also B. 160, 12; 229 (=232,

(-J:yy

sub 233), 12. 16

Ki-in-za).
(?),

Kinahna, Kinah^i, Kunahayu, Kinanat

I

Canaan

(?, IJ???) ?25!55,

cf.

Eg.

):

30, 50

(V

Ki-na-ah-na); 2, 19 (Ku-na-ha-ai-ii);

LIST OF

PROPER NAMES.
Ki-na-a-a'h-\_na'i']) ; ef. also

151
B. 8, 15.
(?)

37, 43

(V

Ki-na-na-at);

58, 1 \^

17. [25]; 28, Col. II, 25; 92, obv. 41 (\^ Ki-na-ah-U);

and

B. 52,

rev. 13 Ci^ Ki-na-nu [read a

? ]-ni).

Kuri-galzTi, father of Burra-buriyas,

king of Kara-Duniyai

2, 19; cf.

B. 6, 43

{Ku-ri-gdl-zu).

Kara-Duniyas, country

in,

or near. Babylonia:
c/.

2, 3;

c/.

B. [6, 2;] 144, 21;

(\^ Ka-i^a-dvrni-ya-ds); [3, 2;]

B.

1,

3;

[2, 2;] 7, 3; [8, 3] (\^

!

Ka-ra^3
(^"^
cf.

-4- dw-ni-ya-ds);

1,

(\^ Za-ra-.->f -^-'*(?)-y^(?)-[])

); 4, 3 (

1'

Kdr(J)-''^{l)-du{^)-

-\_du-nq-ya-ds);

also B. 164, 7 (-^ Ka-ra-du-ni-ds).

Kara-indas, king of Kara-Duniyas

Kitsi
:

3, 8

(Ka-ra-in-da-ds).

see Qidsi.

h
Liba
:

82, 25 (4- Li-i-ba).

(?),

Labay(a), Labawi
44;
c/.

adversary of Abdi-taba(?) of Jerusalem: 72,

6. [25.]

(?) [B. Ill, rev. 10]

La-ab-a-ya); 61, 3t;

41; 154,
6.

cf.

B. 100, 30;
[38.]; 169,

105,

obv. 6; 199, 9
(y

111, rev. 6; 115, 11. 17. 29. 38.

14.

28

f.;

La-ab-a-^]^);

cf.

also B. 100, 33; 103, 30; 112, 2t;

154, 11. 16.

26. 30. [35. 53] {La-ab-a-^\'-).

Lapana

37, [35.] 57 {"i^ La-pa-na).

M(?)ayawi(?)

see

Bayawi.
<yi:92,

Magidda, Megiddo
A

o^, Ma^eSBco,

'i/'-

Eg-

^[^ii^V

72, 26 (-tyy Ma-gid-da [<M?]);

B. 114, 4 (-tyy

^ ^]
<=/

!]

J^

also B. 95,

20 (-tyy Ma-

^^

^-H[<!?]);

Ma-t^-da <^);

B. 113, 11 (--yy
).

Ma-U-da

<^); and
Magdalim

(?)

B. 115, 24. [42] ([-S:]yy(?) Ma-gi-id-

(cf "^^^^^a,

Eg.^^2^):64, 26; 73, 14

(-j:yy

Ma-ag-da-

lim); cf also (?) B. 95, 30 (-^yy Ma-ag-da-ili <(^).

MUk-ili, son-in-law of T^gi: 62, 4t; 63, 4t; cf B. 108, 3t; 109, 4t; 110, 4t; 112, 29 (y Mil-ki-li); cf also B. 103, 29 (y Mil-ki-^-^); B. 105, obv. 5.
11; 112, 27; 154, 53; 199, 12 (y Mil-M-lim); B. 106,
6.

[26]; 149, 16 (y

Mil-U-lu);

and B. 149,

6 (y

Mi-^^-M-^).

Milimtu

see

Mistu.
Iskuru.

MUkuru

see

; ;

152

TELL EL-AMARNA TABLETS.

Mimmflriya, Nimmfxriya, Nammurya, Nibmuriya, Nibmuariya, Immiiriyaj

Amenophis

III.

((^0^^^,

'

A/u,evw(f)i^,

'Afiivae):

11, 8. 9. 11. [12.

15?.

21. 25.]; cf. B. 23, obv. [9.] 13. [38?] (f Mi-im-mu-ri-ya); cf. also B. 23, obv. 14. 20 (y Mi-im-mu-u-ri-ya); 10, Ip, cf. B. 21, 1|; 26, Col. IV, 45.

47

(y

Ni-im-mu-ri-ya);

cf.

also B. 24, obv.

*''

6. 8. 11. 12.

16. 18. 21. [24.]

25. 28. 31. 35. 36. [37.] 47. 48

50. [51.J 53. [55.] 61. 62. 66. [68?. 73.

I,

75; rev. 10. 42.?]; [27, Col.

(y

I,

Ifl (y Ni-im-mu-u-ri-ya); B. 27, Col.

92

Ni-im-mu-u-ri-i-ds); B. 2, Ij (y Ni-mu--7'i-ya); B. 10, If (y Ni^mu-^]Ti-ya); B. 1, IJ ([y ^u?--2^-'-^y--ri-z/a); 36, 1+; [37, If] (y iVam-

mur-ya);
obv. 1|
cf.

1,

2t

(y

Ni-ib-mu-a-ri-a)

9, 1 | (y Ni-ib-mu-a-ri-ya)

-mu-u-a-ri-ya)

cf.

B. 22,

8,

1%

(
;

^ im-mv^ri-ya)
B.

also B. 27, Col. Ill, 104 (y Tm-mu-u-ri-ya)

27, Col. Ill, 106

;

(y

Im-mu-u-ri-ds); B. 27, Col. IV, 128

I,

(y

Im-mu-u-riri-^t^)

and B. 28,

Col.

1|

-7-j-a).

Manl, messenger of Amenopbis

11,

III.

(cf.

Eg. ii^^

or

C^ raQQ):
23
27,
bis-

8, 17. 21;

15; c/.B.21,24; 22, obv.

8. 14. 18.

19. 23; rev.

73.

25; 23, obv.

I,

[7.]

13; 24, obv. 70. 78. 86. 89; rev.

II,
I,

[80?];
(y

Col.

61.

79;

Col.

13.

19.

126; Col. IV, 26. 35. [62?]

II,
7.

Ma-ni-i); cf also B. 27,

Col.

67; Col.

67. 96. 101. 105. 110. 121; Col. IV, 52. 54. 55.
II,

57

{]

Ma-tiiAn); B. 27, Col.

16. 112; Col. IV, 20. 21. 27. 85 {^Ma-

ni-is);

and

(?) B. 92, rev. 27 (y V(?.an-ya).

Manahbirya
(y

(cf

Eg.

(o^^^
cf.

or

[od^^gj]), king
(y

of Egypt: 41, 8

Ma-na-afy-hi-ir-ya);

B. 30, obv. 4

Ma-na-ah-hi-ya).

Mis(i)ri(ni),

Egypt (n:i:ap, Phoen.

Q-|:3,

jl<,

^>^,
2. 4;

M6apa):

5,

1. 9.

[28.]

31; 6, 2; [7, 1?]; 17, 33; 20, 18; 28, 69; 43, 25; 44, 18; 57, 26; cf B. 9,
20. [23]; 11, 1; 12, 1; [13, 1;] 15, 1;
27. [32];

30, obv.

rev. 6; 39, 20. 22.

42, 67; 45, 13. 49. 54;

47, 37; 51, obv. 21; edge 1; 52,

rev. 12. 15; 57, obv. 20; 95, 31; [177,17?;] 183, 8; 184, 17;

218

= 225),

obv. 6 (\^ MiAs-ri);

1,

[52.] 68; 2, [1]; 8, 1; [9, 1;] 10, 1. 14; 11, 1. 2;

58,

4. 8.
9.

10;

cf B.

[1,

1?;] 2, 1; [3, 6;] 6, 1; [7, 1?;] 8, 2; 21, 2; 22,

obv.

16. 17; rev. 14; 23, obv. [1.] 24;

2,

[24, rev. 80;] 26, Col. IV, 45.

47 (\^ MUs-ri-i);
is-ri-i

[c/. B. 18, obv. 3] (Y" Mi<|g); 37, 15; 41, 12; cf B. [102, 31;] 196, obv. 1; 197, 4; 199, 21 (\*- Mi-is-ri <^); 8, 19 (\^ Mi-is-ri-i-im-mi); 41, 1. 10. 30. 43 (1^ <(|g

26

(Mi-is-ri-i) 1,

3 [.51];

Mi-is-ri);

41, 18 (\^ <|g[ M-is-ri <(^); 3, 1 (^^ M); cf also B. 22, rev. 11. 18 (\^ Mi-is-ri-im); B. 9, 2; 10, 1 ("1^ Mi-is-sa-H)

LIST OF

PROPER NAMES.
Ill,

153
105 (\^
Mi-iz-zi-ir-ri)

B. 27, Col.

I,

93 (\^ Mi-zi-h-ri); B. 27, Col.

B. 29, obv. 1

(V

[HIT

Mi-is-ri-\{\); B.

58, 68. 93

(\^ \>^ Mi4s-ri);

and B.

71,

28 (1^ y*

Mi-is-ri-i).

Miq(?)id: 82, 23 (-4- Mi-ki-id).

Marduk

64, 20 (->f C^^l).

(?)
:

Muru(?)ha2i
ru-M-zi).

50, 25 (-tfy

Mu-

-ha-zi); cf. (?) B. 173,

24 (--yy

Mistu

(?,

or Milimtu ?)
:

64, 25 (-^yy Mi-^]]-tu).

Mu-ta-ab-ri-ga).

Mutabriq(?)a

82, 20

(-Jf-

Mut{u)-Adda

64, 2t. 5

(y

Mu-^f -4- ^^yy).

(cf.

Mitani, district in Mesopotamia

[9,
cf.

Eg.

V^^
4
(-1^

''^ Ciia):8, 4;
21,

3?]

(V

Mi-i-it-ta-an-ni); 10,

{Mi-i-ta-an-ni);

12; 44, 10;

B. 52, obv. 6; 53, 20; 61, 70; 74, 14

Mi-ta-na); cf also B. 27,

Col. Ill,

104 (\^ Mi-i-it-ta-a-an-ni); B. [24, rev. 77?;] 26, Col. IV, 44 (Mi-Ua-a-an-ni); B. 173, 37 (\^ Mi-it-ta-an-na); B. 79, 36 ("i^ M-4t(\^ Mi-ta-an-^ii)
;

ta-ni); B. 21, 6

B. 60, 21 (\^ Mi-ta-ni); B. 214, 5 (\^

Mi-ta-an);

and B. 22, obv.

3; 25, Col. IV, 67 (\^

MU-

).

Ni

{of

Eg.

"7"(|(]

J^):

37,U2

(\^ Ni-i); 41, 28 (^tyy Ni-i

<E);

45,

15 (\^ Ni).

Nibmu(a)riya
Nuhassi,

see

Mimmuriya.

(c/.(?)

Eg,

J^^0'^'V'''^'1
;

Ij^ffl'o''^^):

35, 36;
a,

36, 21; 37, 41; cf B. 30, obv. 5; 31, 21; 32, 20; 33, 38; [34 38, 22
;

26;]

39, 16. 38

143, 27

{t

Nu-ha-ds-si).
2.

Namyawi(.!>)za: 43, 17; cf B. 95, 27; 96, 4t; 142, obv. 6; rev.

9:

edge

2;

[154, 24]

(y

Nam-ya-^]za); 30, 62;

c/.

[B. 86, rev.

10](y^am-

ya-^J'~-zi).

Nammurya, Nimmuriya
Namtara: 82,
Nina, Nineveh
98
(^S;yy 7.

see

Mimmuriya.
;

10 (Nam-ta-a-ra)
Ntvos)
:

82, 27 (-Jf- (Nam-ta-ra).

;

(nW,

10,

13 (-^yy Ni-i-na-a)

cf also B. 27, Col.

Ill,

Ni-i-nu-a).

154

TELL EL-AMARNA. TABLETS.

Naphur(a)riya, Niphuririya, Amenophis IV. (Eg.

[42. 46.] 51;
hu{?)-ra^ri-j/a)
cf.
;

o J ^ O ;^;^y^ j U)
|

38.

B, 23, obv. 39

(f

Na-ap-hur-ri-ya); 3, 1| (iVa (?)-ap (?);

2,

1| (Ni-ip-hur-ur-ri-ri-ya)
;

cf.

also B. 24, obv. [61? 63?

;

65

?] 67. 76 (y Nap-hu-u-ri-ya)
;

B. 6, It
It
(J

(f

Na-ap-hu-rvHri-a)
)
;

B, 8, It

(Na-ap-hit-'-ru-ri-t:^^)

B. 10,

Na-ap-hu-ri-i-

and B. 7

lt(
Nirgal
:

-ru-ri-ya).
5, 13,

37; 82, 33, 37

(-+

<.^|y).

D
Sazu(?)
:

28, 49;

cf.

B. 99, 11. 30

(-E:|f Sa-zu).

Sarti(?): 14, 29 (-tfy Sa(?)-ar-t{(?)

).

3
Pa'
:

18,

35

(I

Pa-'Sf.

).

Pu-Adda, of the city of Urza: 55,

18; 56, 3t;

cf.

B. 153, of

(f

Pu-

Puzruna

see

Buzruna.
24, 31
;

Pahamnata

[cf.

B. 80, 22]

Pa-la-am-na-ta)

cf.

also (?) B. 97,

10. 32 (y Pa-ha-na-ti).

P(P)ihura: 18, 44; 20, 13. 34

B. 103, 45 (Pu-hu-ru)
;

(y

Bi-lu-ra); cf (?) B. 47, 31 {Pn-hu-ra);

(y

(y

Pa-u-ru); B. 142, obv. 17

rev.

Pu-hu-ri); B. 142, obv. 18

and B. 105,
(y ^]-hi).

(y

PvrU-ru).

Pir(?)hi(P): 9, 12

Sidana

82, 23 (.-^f Si-i-da-na).

Siduna, Sidon (pT^, Phoen. pj}, ttScov, Eg.

^ ^^^
5.

'^ J^ )
(-::yy

13,

13

28, 57; 29, 67; [31, 58; 44, 24;] cf B. 48, 71; 54, 22; 99, 25; [162,
14]
cf.

(-cyy

Zi-du-na)

30,

11

cf B. 90,

11

(-J:yy

Zi-dur-na <gf)

also B. 99, 40 (Jzyy Zi-du-nu); B.

92, obv. 12
scribe).

Zi-tn^a)

and

B. 54, 19 (-^yy Zi-na; du omitted

by the

Suharti, daughter of Kallimma (?)-Sin of Kara-Duniyas

ar-ti)
;

1,

80. 97 {Zu-ha-

cf also B.

1,

(^

Su-ha-ar-ti).

;,

LIST OF

PROPEK N^^MES.
;

155
Eg.
|

Sumura, Zemar

(^,

Sifivpa Xifivpa tifivpot

;

cf. i-)?0?;

^^-^

'

18, 40; 21, 35; 28, 39. 67;"^ 6741, 34; 42, 47. 63; 45, 11. [41.J 46; 48, 36. 52; 51, obv. 7. 8. 10. 30; edge 4; [52, rev. .30?;] 56, [6?.] 11; 57, rev. 15. 19. 22; 60, 15. 33. 13, 11. 28. 37. 40; 14, 29; 15, 41
15.

45; 61, 11. [18.] 24; [62, 19;] 66, 5; 69, 16. [22]; 72, 16; 74, 35; 77,
[39.] 46; 83, 34; 89, 48; 91, 15. 18; 128, 4 (^-ff Su-mu-ra); 13, J3; 31, 57; cf. B. 34a, 28; [58, 33. 35;] 97, 23; 128, 19. 21 (-tyy Su-mu^n); 41, 34; cf. B. 82, 9. 11 158, [23?.] 37. [51?; 186, obv. 4] (-tyy Su-mu-ri <|gf) ; 24, 4 Su-murri) 24, 34 (-tH Su(--ff mur-ri); 45, 36 f.; cf B. 35, 37. 40; 36, 12 Svr-mu-ru) ; 23, 15;
;

11. 14. 27. 35.

<^

(^-jf

cf B. 43,
35, 35
B.
;

8.

11.

16.

[21]; 73, 12;

;

34 a, 29

cf B. 97, 27 (-^yy Su-mur) (-tyy Zu-mu-ri); and B. 80,

80, 20; 184, 6 (-^yf Su-mu-ur); cf also B. 60, 36. 39 {Sa-mu-ra)

;

16.

24;

186, obv. 10 (-tyy

SvHnvr-ur

^^).
:

Sarki-sabtat (?)
Surri,

64, 27
"i^J},

{"^

Sa-ar-ki-sa-ah-ta-at).

Tyre

(i^r

Phoen. -|2,^^1, Jo^, Tvpn^, Eg.

"^ ^^ J^
10.

"Double

Tyre"

H^^'T'J^):

[21,

12?;] 28,
17.

[41?.]

48.

63. 65; 29, 62; 31, 31. 51 [cf B. 49, obv.

22; rev. 16. 20] (-^yy

Sur-ri); 49, 4 (-tyy Sur-ri <^).

P
Qidsi {cf
ttjnp,

j'^,

K(8S779 K^S,??,
;

Eg.

^^
\|

30, 60

(-J:yy Ki-id-si)

cf B. 142, obv. 11 (t- Gi-id-si)

and B. 142,

rev. 12 (\^ Qid{?)-si).

Qatna (cf U4^> Xva, Kava): 36,

64.

9 (--yy Qat-7ia

<^)

36, [38] 43; 37,

70 (-tyy Qat-na).
(?)
:

Qannisat

2,

20 (Qa-an-ni-^).

-)

Ra
Ri'anapa
(cf.

(?)

45, 2

(-+ Ra-

).

Eg.

"^^(]^(]^):

56, 13; cf B. 122, 17

(y

Ri-a-na-pa).
Ri-ih-ad-da)

Rib(?)-Adda, governor of Byblos: 12, It; [13, If;] 15, 2t

14,
[It.]

(y

40;

[17, It]; 18, 2t; 19, 2t

20, It; 21, 2t; 23, 3t; 25, 3t;

14.

27, 21; cf B. [41, It; 42, It;] 43, 5; 45, If;] 46, 4t; [47, It;] 48,

It-

31; 44, obv. [It] 19

[rev.

[2t.]

24; [49, obv. It; 51, obv. It;

156

TELL EL-AMAKNA TABLETS.

52, obv. It;] 53, Sf; [55, 2t; 57, obv. If;] 59, obv. [2t.] 24; 60, 3t 62, 2t. [6.18;] 63, 2t; [64a, If;] 72, 2t; [74, If; 75, If;] 77, 2t
[79, l.t
16,

17?;

81,

2t;] 82, If; [84, If; 85, 2t]

c/.

(T
/

2t;

22, 3t; 58,

B. 70,
(f
;

2t

{Ri4b-^^ ^-TT);
;

Ri-ib-^'^ ^^f]) also B. [50, obv

-

It;

rev. 7;]
(!

67

Ri-ib-ad-di)

B. 58, It;

73, 3t )Ri-ib-ad-di)
)
;

B. 76, It
ib-hcu-ad-

Ri-ib4d-di)
)
;

B. 71, It

(|

RiAb-ad(

B. 80, It
)

(
.

and B. 86, obv.

It

-]6 (?;-ad-

Rabisa

82, 21 (>->^ Ra-a-bi-i-sa).

(^t:]] Ru-hi-iz-si);

Ruhiz(z)i: 37, 36

37, 56 (-^yf Ru-U-zi).

Ramman
Rip- Adda

28, 7
:

29, 14

(-+ A^l)18 (Ri-i-qa)

see

Rib-Adda.
:

Riqa, envoy of Kallimma(?)-Sin

1,

1,

96 (Ri-ka).

Su'ardata: 67, 2t; 68, 3t; 69, 4t;

[107, 4t;]
(y

cf.

110, 12;

190, 5t

Sd-^]'~ar-da-ta); (I

B. [100, 4t;] 101, obv. 3t; rev. 16; cf. also B. 106, 6. [26]

Su-ar-da-tum).
:

Sa'(?)sihasi (?)

55, 17 (fSd-(?ysi-ha-si
of.

).

Subandi: 38, 4t; 39, 4t; [40, 3t;]

an-di); of. also (?) B. 219, obv.

B. 116, 4t; [117, 3t;] 120, 4t

(J

Su-ba-

2t (!^l-ba^hO)-di)cf.

Sib(?)ti-Adda: 65, 3t

(f

Si-ib-ii-^^ ^-|y);

B. 200, 4t

(Y

S-i6-iP||-ff|l|)

and

also(?) B. 157, 3t
cf.

(H

Si-ib-tu-J

.."?).

Sigata: 12, 24;

B. 60, 12. 41; 72, 25

f.

30; 74, 18 (-tyy Si-ga-ta);

cf.

also

B. 128, 11. 17 (--yy Si-ga-ii <|E|).

Saddu

(?)

43, 29
(?)
(y
:

(-S:yy

Sd^ad-du).

Salmayati
31,

31, 15. [22.] 32.

40

(y

Sal-ma-^]'~-a-ti) ; 31, 8 {Sal-ma-ya-a-ti);

52

Sal^na-7/a-[a-ti ?]).

Sum-Addu:
);

66,

3t

(y
(y

Sum-ad-ldu?]);
Sd-rnu-.-^

cf.

B.

8,
(?)
).

18. 35 (y Su-umr<id-da);

also(?) B. 131, 3t

A^W;
29,

and

B. 204, 2t

(y

V-^ ^21
32, 3

and
;

(?)
2.

B. 183, It 4; 28,
6.

(y Sii-hiu-ha-.

Samas

20, 8

25,
1.

83

6. 8.

43. 52. 58

31, 6. 37

35, 33; 36,

[2.] 7.

47. 50. 53. 57. 60; 37, 1; 38, 2. 8. 15; 39, 2.

;

9; 40,
21.

27

42, 7

45, 4

47, 9

49,

2. 8.

16

50,

2.

10

52,

2. 14.

22; 53,

2.

12. 20. 22.

;

23; 54,
75, 6
;

2.

11. 19; 56, 2. 9. 15. [18]; 59, 2.

69, 10. [14]

74, 2

78, 6
:

(-+
3, 34.

4)-

Sindi-sugab, envoy of Burra-buriyas

45

(y Si-iri-di-su-ga-ab).

LIST OE

PROPER KAMES.
Eg.

157

Sanhar, a country near the land of Hatti

5,

(c/.

'ff

S^^<:3>

):

49 (Sd-aii-ha-ar).
:

Sanku (?)

42, 26 (\^ Sd-an-ku).

Satiwi(?): 77, 3t (Sd-ti-^y).

Sutti: 4, 19
(I Su-ut-ti);
cf. (?)

B. 104, [19.] 22

(f

StUi-ta).

n
Ta'
,

city near

Beyrut

59, 14

(>-J:yy

Ta-'-

);

ej. (?)

B. 58, 80 (-tyyi

Ta-^^-ia

.Qgf).

Ti'uwatti

(?)

37, 35. 57

(y 7'i-w(?)-^y-(?)-a'-<i).

Tubuliya(?)

(c/. (?)

Eg.

^^.S^ J^
:

13, 12 (-^yy Td(?)-bu-li-ya).

Tagi, father-in-law of Milk-ili

(y Ta-gi); cf.

70, 2 f;

cf.

B. 105, obv. 11; 149, 8; 199,

(5

also B. 156, 4t

(y 7a-a-[>i]).

Tunip, Eg.

c>||>

D:^^:

41,

5;

c/.

B. 31, 25 (--yy Du-ni-ip); 41,

2.

6.

10. 39 (-tyy Dur-ni-ip <(^); 35, 12.

34 (tyy Tu-ni4p);

cf.

also B. [32,

23;] 33, 39. 41 (-tyy Tun-ni-ip).

Tun(?)nipipri
TissTib(?)-bili
:

9, 47 (y Tun(?)-ni-ip-ip-ri). 8, 15. 75 (-f Tissub(?)-M-i-li)

;

9,

33 (->f

Tissuh{l)-bi-li).
:

Tusratta, king of Mitani, contemporary with

us-rat-ta); 9,

Sf

(y

Tu-is-i-rat-td); 10,
I,

obv. 3t; 23, obv. 2t;] 27, [CoL

(y

III. 8, 3t (y 7m[U, B. 21, 4t; 2t;] cf 5t; [22, 3t;] Col. Ill, 103. 107; [Col. IV, 127]
(

Amenophis

Du-us-rat-ta);

cf.

also B. 25, Col. IV, 67

-us-rat-ta);

and B. 26,

Col. IV,

44

(y Du-is-rat-ta).

Tl,tu(m)-hipa, daughter of Tusratta, wife of

Amenophis
3.

III.

10, 7

11,

(^

Ta-a-tum-M-pa) ;

cf.

also B. 23, obv. 20 {-^ Da-a-du-hi-i-pa); B. 23,

rev. 55

(^

Ta-a-tumrM-i-pa); B. 24, obv.

35

[>>*];

27, Col. Ill, 103;

Col. IV, 89

(^

Ta-a-du-hi-i-pa); B. 24, obv. 32

(^

Ta-du-M-pa); and

B. 26, Col. IV, 46

(^

Ta-tum-M-pa).

m(?):

71,

3t(y

-(?))

LIST OF PLATES.

Plate.

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