Thermal Environment of Bandung

Surjamanto Wonorahardjo M. Donny Koerniawan Suwardi Tedja Benedictus Edward Laboratory of Building Technology Department of Architecture Bandung Institute of Technology E-mail : titus@ar.itb.ac.id Abstarct Bandung is one of big cities in Java that is well-known with its cool environment. The beautiful landscapes in a highland city of Bandung attract investors to conduct physical development that could changes the thermal environment. We note that some reports of thermal environment of cities in the world state that the air temperature in big cities rise significantly associated to physical development. The aim of this research is to identify the influence of physical characteristics of city surface such as building mass configuration to the thermal environment. For this purpose, we use remote sensing images from Landsat ETM that take images in seven bands included thermal and visible images. To identify some aspects of building mass configuration such as height of building, color and texture of building envelope, etc., we conduct ground survey. This method quite accurate to calculate the thermal environment since the Landsat images has resolution of 1 pixel equal to 60 x 60 m. We found that district with low rise buildings have higher air temperature than middle rise buildings district. Key words: thermal environment, building mass configuration, remote sensing images Thermal Environment An urban area show it physical characteristic, such as building mass configuration, height of buildings, colour of the surface, etc. There are many aspect can make the character of the physic of an urban area / district i.e. its function, building code, economic growth, etc. The physical characteristic, hypothetically influence its thermal environment (See fig.1).

The idea of this study is to identify the correlation of physical characteristic with its thermal quality of the environment. This research is very useful for city planner, conservation area studies, energy consumption rate studies, etc.

Fig. 1: Physical Characteristic Influence Its Thermal Environment. Technically, this research could be conduct everywhere, in order to define the physical characteristic performance effectively, so districts with unique characteristic are needed.
Global Climate Variable
Climate Geographic Factor

VALUE Anticipative
Residential Green / Open Space Facilities Etc. Street Pavement Soft Cover Water Green Area Trees Building Density Building Spacing Building Orientation Building mass and height Shape (general) Street layout Low and high structure (polycentric, grid) Street furniture Building type Building

VALUE

Variable

GENERAL ASPECT OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT

Physical Characteristic of a District

Land Use

Resource Exploitation

Land Cover

Thermal Environment Quality

Urban Environment Quality

Land Use Land Cover (LULC)

Thermal Bulk Properties - Heat Capacity - Thermal Conductivity Surface Radiative Properties - Albedo - Emissivity - Surface Roughness Evapotranspiration and Transmittance Geometry Effect Anthropogenic Air Pollution

Hard Cover

Geometry

City

Building Mass Configuration (BMC)

Structure

Urbanization

Characteristic

Non Physic

Social Culture Economic

Fig. 2: The Influence of Physical Characteristic to Its thermal Environment

Methodology This study reports thermal environments of some districts in Bandung, using satellite data images. This remote sensing technology can provide information on earth surface, including thermal images. The study uses remote sensing images from Landsat ETM that takes images in seven bands including thermal and visible images. Totally, the identification is conducted in three steps i.e.: visual inspection, geo-reference identification and thermal value analysis, but in this research is conducted in the first one step. This method quite accurate to calculate the thermal environment since the Landsat images has resolution of 1 pixel equal to 60 x 60 m. In the visual inspection step, we categorized some districts into three types, namely district of low rise and small building, district of middle rise building, and others which cannot categorized into two previous types. Data and Analysis The visible and high resolution image of Bandung collected from google earth, and the thermal image of Landsat images collected from LAPAN. The data from Landsat must be processed before it can be used for analysing and for this research we used Grass v.06 software to read the Landsat image data. The image data from google earth and Landsat satellite could be seen in figure 3.

The concept of analysis is comparing visually the visible and thermal images to get relationship between physical characteristic of district surface and the thermal environment (see fig.3). By this way, could be recognized what kind of physical surface make higher or lower surface temperature.

The make a better identification the physical surface of a district, this research conduct some ground survey, where it could show the height of building (see fig.4).

Asia-Afrika District

Mix Building Type District Visible Image Thermal Image

Visual Inspection Analysis Area with open space Middle rise building zone, with horizontal high density. Street cross. High rise building zones, No Street cross High density low rise building zone, dark color

Molis

Middle rise building zone with open space, light color Open space, concrete and aspalth - Two-Three floor buildings zone. The building of heavyweight material and dark color surfaces. - One floor buildings zone. The building of lightweight material and light color surfaces. Fig. 3 : Visual Inspection Analysis

Caringin Market

Fig. 4: Ground survey

Discussion The thermal environment of Bandung is shown by three samples of districts. It could be recognize that high density housing give higher surface temperature than other however other low rise building such as traditional market give lower surface temperature. The other fact is, middle and high-rise building zone shown lower surface temperature. It must be a next research about building mass density of low rise building and high-rise building and it influence to surface temperature. Open spaces such as alun-alun, street space, parking park, give better influence to thermal environment. Some buildings with light color roof show a lower temperature than others with dark color roof.

2 floors Zone

1 floors Zone

3 floors Zone

Conclusion The thermal environment of Bandung dominantly is influenced by high density mass of low rise building, heavyweight material and dark color surfaces. It could be improved by reducing horizontal mass building using more lightweight material than heavyweight material using light color more than dark color surface make many open spaces

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