Electric Vehicle: Three good reasons why you want to consider buying one

MICHAEL KINTNER-MEYER
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, WA

PNNL-SA-94275

Community Science & Technology Lecture Series March, 2013

Definition of Electric Vehicles

PEV: Plug-in Electric Vehicle
EV: Electric Vehicle BEV: Battery-only Electric Vehicle

PHEV: EREV:

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Extended Range Electric Vehicle

Combustion Engine

Electric Motor

Electric Motor Generator

Batteries Battery

Batteries Batteries

Gasoline

How Does a PHEV or EREV Work?

How Does a PHEV or EREV Work?

PHEV HEV
Combustion Engine

PHEVs overcome the range problem of BEVs Electric-only range vary with battery size
PHEV20 = 20 miles range

PHEV40 = 40 miles range

Electric Motor Generator

PHEVs well suited for our daily driving patterns

50% of all daily drives <25 miles 80% of all daily drives <50 miles Average daily driving=33 miles

Battery 1 kWh 5-15 kWh

Batteries Additional Batteries

Gasoline

History of Electric Vehicles

1891 William Morrison of Des Moines the first successful electric automotive 1907-1939 Detroit Electric successful electric car co.

1974 Vanguard Sebring CitiCar

Thomas Edison - 1912

1990 Cal. Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate. 2% by 1998, 10% by 2003 1990-2000 few thousand electric vehicles

2002 GM and DaimlerChrysler sued CARB and ZEV mandate was weakened

2006 PHEVs, retrofits: Prius, Escape

Volt EREV

Leaf BEV

2010 GM Volt, other manufacturers

Three Reasons (Plus Three More) for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

Lowest total cost of ownership today

Total Cost of Ownership

BEV: lowest in Total Cost of Ownership after Tax Credit

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Available at: http://media.oregonlive.com/environment_impact/other/PIkes%20exec%20summ%20alt%20fuel%20vehicles%208.27.12.pdf

Three Reasons (Plus Three More) for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

Lowest total cost of ownership today Excellent performance

Performance: Electric motor generates maximum torque at lowest speeds

Electric motor Internal combustion engine

Tesla Roadster
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Three Reasons (Plus Three More) for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

Lowest total cost of ownership today Excellent performance Good for the environment

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How Does Transportation Contribute to Climate Change?

3,000

2,500 Transportation 2,000 Industrial Residential 1,500 Commercial 1,000

million tons of C02

500

0 2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

EIA: 2007 Annual Energy Outlook, Reference Case

Regional Emissions Impacts (Well-to-Wheel*) with Todays Generation Mix

* Argonne National Laboratorys GREET well-to-wheel model
US Plant Regions mix for valley fill Natural Gas Coal
Emissions GHGs gases Greenhouse VOC: Total CO: Total NOx: Total PM10: Total SOx: Total Urban: VOCs VOC: Urban CO CO: Urban NOx NOx: Urban PM10: Urban Particulates SOx: Urban SOx

Nationally, greenhouse gases reduced 27% despite increased reliance on coal

AZN& US CNV RMP total 63% 93% 37% 7% 0.73 0.07 0.02 0.69 1.18 2.25 0.01 0.00 0.10 0.61 0.19

ECAR ERCOT MACC MAIN MAPP NPCC FRCC SERC SPP PNW 32% 68% 0.87 0.11 0.01 1.02 1.55 3.94 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.60 0.35 94% 6% 0.60 0.04 0.02 0.38 0.81 0.42 0.01 0.01 0.11 0.62 0.04 74% 26% 0.69 0.06 0.02 0.59 1.06 1.68 0.01 0.00 0.11 0.62 0.14 Power Generation Composition 42% 1% 91% 69% 57% 78% 43% 58% 99% 9% 31% 43% 22% 57% 0.83 0.10 0.02 0.93 1.45 3.59 0.01 0.00 0.10 0.60 0.30 1.01 0.14 0.01 1.35 1.94 5.96 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.58 0.51 0.61 0.04 0.02 0.41 0.86 0.64 0.01 0.00 0.11 0.62 0.05

Emissions Ratio (Electric Vehicle/Gasoline Vehicle)

0.71 0.76 0.66 0.84 0.73 0.61 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.64 0.76 0.54 0.93 0.71 0.39 1.13 1.26 0.99 1.46 1.19 0.84 2.05 2.67 1.34 3.77 2.35 0.53 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.62 Urban air quality emissions 0.17 0.22 0.12 0.31 0.20 0.04

Moving emissions from tailpipes to smokestacks:

solves an intractable problem for CO2 capture improves cost effectiveness for other emissions

greatly reduced: VOCs/CO/NOx > 90% SOx = 80% Particulates = 40%

Three Reasons (Plus Three More) for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

Lowest total cost of ownership today Excellent performance Good for the environment Good for national security

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U.S. Energy Landscape

about 40% of total supply

about 30% of total consumption

Source: EIA, 2006

about 80% of energy in transportation is LOST

Significant Potential to Reduce Dependence of Fossil Fuel

The idle capacity of the U.S. grid could supply 73% of the energy needs of todays cars, SUVs, pickup trucks, and vans

without adding generation or T&D capacity

73% electric
(158 mill. Vehicles)

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Total 20.6 Res, Com, Electricity 1.8

Millions Barrels Per Day

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US Production 8.2 Industry 5.0

15

10

52%
5
Net Imports 12.5 Transportation 13.8 Gasoline 9.1 potential PHEV displacement 6.5

0
Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2005

Potential to displace 6.7 MMbpd (equiv. to 52% of net imports) Reduces CO2 emissions by 27% Emissions move from tailpipes to smokestacks (and base load plants) cheaper to clean up Reduce the imports of petroleum worth $900 per day

Three Reasons (Plus Three More) for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

Lowest total cost of ownership today Excellent performance Good for the environment Good for national security Good for the electricity grid

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EVs Improve the Utilization of the Grid to Achieve higher Economic Efficiency ECAR, Summer
MW 120,000

Additional Renewable Renewable Combined Cycle Additional Other Fossil Steam Hydro Conventional Conventional Hydro Additional Coal Steam Pumped Storage Renewable Pumped Storage Conventional Combustion Hydro Turbine/Diesel Combustion Turbine/Diesel Pumped Storage Combined Cycle Combined Cycle Combustion Turbine/Diesel Other Fossil Steam Combined Cycle Other Fossil Steam Coal Steam Other Fossil Steam Coal CoalSteam Steam Nuclear

100,000

additional generation for 28 mill. PHEVs

peak

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hour

Nuclear Nuclear Summer Peak Day Summer Peak Day Summer SummerAverage Average Summer Average

Electric Vehicles Can Provide Balancing Services for Integration of Wind Energy
1500 1000 500

New Balancing Requirements

Single day of additional balancing requirements for 10 GW of additional wind in NWPP.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

-500

-1000

-1500 0

Solution Options
discharging charging Max. charging (3.6 kW)

Smart Charging

(V2GHalf)
Never discharge !

Resource Available
13% of NWPP vehicle stock (2 mill) could provide all of the additional balancing requires if they were EVs with smart charging capabilities and ability to charge at work

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Three Reasons (Plus Three More) for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

Lowest total cost of ownership today Excellent performance Good for the environment Good for national security Good for the electricity grid It offers cool technology and it will be part of our future

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Cool Technology. An essential part of tomorrows transportation technology

MP3 engine sound generator Ferrari engine Mustang 396 Chevelle Cobra

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How are we doing in WA and Benton County?

Benton County: 133 electric vehicles as of December 2012 WA-State : 4429

Benton County: 10th rank base on (electr. Vehicle/capita)

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Ben Franklin Transit: e-Bus

100 miles range

Delivery end of March, 2013

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Solid Growth in Electric Vehicle Sales in the US

Total number of Electric Vehicles on the Road

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How to Charge the Vehicle at Home?

Charging outside: 120V (Level 1) With 120V: 8-12 hours charging

Charging inside: 240V (Level 2) With 240V: 1-3 hours charging

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Public Charging Stations

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Public Charging Stations

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Public Charging Stations

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Public Charging Stations with Solar Roofs at Google, Mountain View,

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Fast Charging in 15 Minutes using DC electricity

DC plug

240V (AC) (Level 2)

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DC connection (Level 3)

DC connection (Level 3)

240V (AC) (Level 2)

Traveling cross-country

To Seattle 30 mi
To North Bend: 79 mi

To Ellensburg: 85 mi

To Prosser: 29 mi

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What if you are stranded with an empty battery?

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Final thoughts
Dont judge each day by the harvest you reap, but by the seeds that you plant
Robert Louis Stevenson

National and state leadership

industry

Education: high school, college, university

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