Electricity sector in India

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sources of electricity in India by Installed Capacity as of 2013

* lectricity !roduction in India till 2012

"ama#undam $hermal !o%er Station, &ndhra !radesh

Sabarmati $hermal !o%er Station, 'u(arat

$he electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 233)*2* 'W as of +ecember 2013,,1- the %orld.s fourth lar#est),2- Capti/e po%er plants #enerate an additional 30)000 'W) 1on "ene%able !o%er !lants constitute 23)445 of the installed capacity, and "ene%able !o%er !lants constitute the remainin# 12)045 of total installed Capacity) ,3India #enerated around *11 67 8*11,942 :7 i)e) *11 $Wh; of electricity,0-8e<cludin# electricity #enerated from rene%able and capti/e po%er plants; durin# the 2012=13 fiscal) $he total annual #eneration of electricity from all types of sources %as 1043)* $eraWatt> hours 8$Wh; in 2012),4-,9In terms of fuel, coal>fired plants account for 4*5 of India.s installed electricity capacity, compared to South &frica.s *25? China.s 335? and &ustralia.s 395) &fter coal, rene%able hydropo%er accounts for 135, rene%able ener#y for 125 and natural #as for about *5),3-,2In +ecember 2011, o/er 300 million Indian citi@ens had no access to freAuent electricity) B/er one third of India.s rural population lacked electricity, as did 95 of the urban population) Bf those %ho did ha/e access to electricity in India, the supply %as intermittent and unreliable) In 2010, blackouts and po%er sheddin# interrupted irri#ation and manufacturin# across the country),*-,10- States such as 'u(arat,,11- :adhya !radesh,12and others,citation needed- pro/ide continuous po%er supply) $he per capita a/era#e annual domestic electricity consumption in India in 200* %as *9 kWh in rural areas and 222 kWh in urban areas for those %ith access to electricity, in contrast to the %orld%ide per capita annual a/era#e of 2900 kWh and 9200 kWh in the uropean 7nion),13- India.s total domestic, a#ricultural and industrial per capita ener#y consumption estimate /ary dependin# on the source) $%o sources place it bet%een 000 to 300 kWh in 2002=200*),10-,14- &s of Canuary 2012, one report found the per capita total consumption in India to be 332 kWh),*India currently suffers from a ma(or shorta#e of electricity #eneration capacity, e/en thou#h it is the %orld.s fourth lar#est ener#y consumer after 7nited States, China and "ussia),19$he International ner#y &#ency estimates India %ill add bet%een 900 'W to 1200 'W of additional ne% po%er #eneration capacity before 2040),10- $his added ne% capacity is eAui/alent to the 300 'W of total po%er #eneration capacity of uropean 7nion 8 7>23; in 2004) $he technolo#ies and fuel sources India adopts, as it adds this electricity #eneration capacity, may make si#nificant impact to #lobal resource usa#e and en/ironmental issues),13India.s electricity sector is amon#st the %orld.s most acti/e players in rene%able ener#y utili@ation, especially %ind ener#y),12- &s of +ecember 2013, India had an installed capacity of about 2*)4 'W of rene%al technolo#ies>based electricity, ,1- e<ceedin# the total installed electricity capacity in &ustria by all technolo#ies)

&ccordin# to some ambitious estimates, India has 10,900 :W of potential in the #eothermal pro/inces but it still needs to be e<ploited),1*India.s net%ork technical losses is 23)945 in 2013,,1- compared to %orld a/era#e of less than 145) $he 'o/ernment has pe##ed the national $D+ losses at around 205 for the year 2011 D has set a tar#et of reducin# them to 13)15 by 2013 D to 10)15 by 2022) & hi#h proportion of non>technical losses are caused by ille#al tappin# of lines, and faulty electric meters that underestimate actual consumption also contribute to reduced payment collection) & case study in Eerala estimated that replacin# faulty meters could reduce distribution losses from 305 to 2*5),10Eey implementation challen#es for India.s electricity sector include ne% pro(ect mana#ement and e<ecution, ensurin# a/ailability of fuel Auantities and Aualities, lack of initiati/e to de/elop lar#e coal and natural #as resources present in India, land acAuisition, en/ironmental clearances at state and central #o/ernment le/el, and trainin# of skilled manpo%er to pre/ent talent shorta#es for operatin# latest technolo#y plants),10-

Contents

1 Fistory 2 +emand 3 lectricity Consumption 0 lectricity 'eneration 4 Con/entional Sources o 4)1 $hermal po%er o 4)2 Fydro po%er o 4)3 1uclear po%er 9 1on>Con/entional Sources o 9)1 Solar po%er o 9)2 Wind po%er o 9)3 6iomass po%er o 9)0 'eothermal ener#y o 9)4 $idal %a/e ener#y 3 !roblems %ith India.s po%er sector 2 "esource potential in electricity sector * lectricity tradin# %ith nei#hbour countries 10 "ural electrification 11 Fuman resource de/elopment 12 $radin# 13 "e#ulation and administration o 13)1 'o/ernment o%ned po%er companies o 13)2 Fundin# of po%er infrastructure 10 See also 14 <ternal links 19 "eferences

History
$he first demonstration of electric li#ht in Calcutta %as conducted on 20 Culy 123* by ! W Fleury D Co) Bn 3 Canuary 12*3, Eilburn D Co secured the Calcutta electric li#htin# license as a#ents of the Indian lectric Co, %hich %as re#istered in Gondon on 14 Canuary 12*3) & month later, the company %as renamed the Calcutta lectric Supply Corporation) $he control of the company %as transferred from Gondon to Calcutta only in 1*30) nthused by the success of electricity in Calcutta, po%er %as thereafter introduced in 6ombay),20- :umbai sa% electric li#htin# demonstration for the first time in 1222 at Cra%ford :arket, and 6ombay lectric Supply D $ram%ays Company 86) )S)$); set up a #eneratin# station in 1*04 to pro/ide electricity for the tram%ay) ,21$he first hydroelectric installation in India %as installed near a tea estate at Sidrapon# for the +ar(eelin# :unicipality in 12*3),22- $he first electric train ran bet%een 6ombay.s Hictoria $erminus and Eurla alon# the Farbour Gine, in 1*24),23- In 1*31, electrification of the metre #au#e track bet%een :adras 6each and $ambaram %as started),20'ro%th of Installed Capacity in India,24Thermal (in MW) Renewable (in MW) % Installe Nuclea d Total rowt "ub# "ub# r $ther h Capacit (in !iese Total Hyde Total (in Coal as Renewab (on y l Therm l Renewab MW) yearly MW) le as on al le basis) 31>+ec> 1*03 31>+ec> 1*40 31>:ar> 1*49 31>:ar> 1*91 31>:ar> 1*99 31>:ar> 1*30 31>:ar> 1*3* 31>:ar> 1*24 31>:ar> 1**0 31>:ar> 1**3 31>:ar> 2002 349 1,000 1,4*3 2,039 0,013 2,942 10,234 29,311 > > > > *2 10* 222 300 240 1,143 1,224 2,339 0,*03 *,042 > > > > > 402 490 1,091 1,*13 0,120 > > > > > > > > > *02 1,922 402 1,392 >

490 1,313 2)4*5 1,091 2,229 13)005 1,*13 0,943 12)245 0,120 *,023 12)205 9,*99 19,990 10)425 10,233 29,920 12)025 10,090 02,424 *)*05 12,303 93,939 *)2*5 22,490 24,3*4 0)*05 23,2*3 104,00 0)0*5 9

133 342 194 201

900 9,*99 900 10,23 3 10,09 0 12,30 3 21,94 2 29,29 *

192 190 14,203

402 133 23,030 1,0*4

01,239 2,303 194 03,390 1,494 40,140 9,492 2*0 91,010 2,224 92,131 11,19 1,134 30,02* 2,320 3

Installe d Capacit y as on 31>:ar> 2003 31>+ec> 2013

'ro%th of Installed Capacity in India,24Thermal (in MW) Renewable (in MW) Nuclea "ub# "ub# r $ther !iese Total Hyde Total (in Coal as Renewab l Therm l Renewab MW) le al le 13,9* 30,94 31,121 1,202 29,014 3,*00 3,390 02,010 2 0 132,21 20,32 3*,2* 1,200 14*,3*0 0,320 2*,093 9*,349 3 1 3

Total (in MW)

% rowt h
(on yearly basis)

132,32 4)1*5 * 233,*3 13)345 0

!emand
+emand dri/ers

Satellite pictures of India sho% thick ha@e and black carbon smoke abo/e India and other &sian countries) $his problem is particularly se/ere alon# the 'an#a 6asin in northern India) :a(or sources of particulate matter and aerosols are belie/ed to be smoke from biomass burnin# in rural parts of India, and air pollution from lar#e cities in northern India) I <pandin# access to ener#y means includin# 2)0 billion peopleJ 1)0 billion that still has no access to electricity 8235 of %hom li/e in the rural areas; and 1 billion that only has access to unreliable electricity networ%s) We need smart and practical approaches because ener#y, as a dri/er of de/elopment, plays a central role in both fi#htin# po/erty and addressin# climate chan#e) $he implications are enormousJ families fore#o entrepreneurial endea/ors, children cannot study after dark, health clinics do not function properly, and %omen are burdened %ith time consumin# chores such as poundin# #rain or haulin# %ater, lea/in# them %ith less time to en#a#e in income #eneratin# acti/ities) Further, it is estimated that kitchen smoke leads to around 1)4 million premature deaths e/ery year, more than the number of deaths from malaria each year) &fter #ainin# access to ener#y, households #enerate more income, are more producti/e and are less hun#ry, further multiplyin# the :illennium +e/elopment 'oal.s pro#ress)I

K "ebeca 'rynspan, 71+! &ssociate &dministrator and 7nder Secretary 'eneral, 6loomber# 1e% ner#y Summit, &pril 3, 2011,29Bf the 1)0 billion people of the %orld %ho ha/e no access to electricity in the %orld, India accounts for o/er 300 million) Some 200 million Indians use traditional fuels = fuel%ood, a#ricultural %aste and biomass cakes = for cookin# and #eneral heatin# needs) $hese traditional fuels are burnt in cook sto/es, kno%n as chulah or chulha in some parts of India),23-,22- $raditional fuel is inefficient source of ener#y, its burnin# releases hi#h le/els of smoke, !:10 particulate matter, 1BL, SBL, !&Fs, polyaromatics, formaldehyde, carbon mono<ide and other air pollutants),2*-,30-,31- Some reports, includin# one by the World Fealth Br#anisation, claim 300,000 to 000,000 people in India die of indoor air pollution and carbon mono<ide poisonin# e/ery year because of biomass burnin# and use of chullahs),32- $raditional fuel burnin# in con/entional cook sto/es releases unnecessarily lar#e amounts of pollutants, bet%een 4 to 14 times hi#her than industrial combustion of coal, thereby affectin# outdoor air Auality, ha@e and smo#, chronic health problems, dama#e to forests, ecosystems and #lobal climate) 6urnin# of biomass and fire%ood %ill not stop, these reports claim, unless electricity or clean burnin# fuel and combustion technolo#ies become reliably a/ailable and %idely adopted in rural and urban India) $he #ro%th of electricity sector in India may help find a sustainable alternati/e to traditional fuel burnin#) In addition to air pollution problems, a 2003 study finds that dischar#e of untreated se%a#e is sin#le most important cause for pollution of surface and #round %ater in India) $here is a lar#e #ap bet%een #eneration and treatment of domestic %aste%ater in India) $he problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the se%a#e treatment plants that e<ist do not operate and are not maintained) :a(ority of the #o/ernment>o%ned se%a#e treatment plants remain closed most of the time in part because of the lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants) $he %aste%ater #enerated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or e/aporates) $he uncollected %astes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhy#ienic conditions, release hea/y metals and pollutants that leaches to surface and #round%ater),33-,30- &lmost all ri/ers, lakes and %ater bodies are se/erely polluted in India) Water pollution also ad/ersely impacts ri/er, %etland and ocean life) "eliable #eneration and supply of electricity is essential for addressin# India.s %ater pollution and associated en/ironmental issues) Bther dri/ers for India.s electricity sector are its rapidly #ro%in# economy, risin# e<ports, impro/in# infrastructure and increasin# household incomes) +emand trends

lectricity transmission #rid in eastern India)

& to%er supportin# 220kH line near nnore, Chennai &s in pre/ious years, durin# the year 2010=11, demand for electricity in India far outstripped a/ailability, both in terms of base load ener#y and peak a/ailability) 6ase load reAuirement %as 291,4*1 8:7,34-; a#ainst a/ailability of 322,344 :7, a 2)45 deficit) +urin# peak loads, the demand %as for 122 'W a#ainst a/ailability of 110 'W, a *)25 shortfall),39In a :ay 2011 report, India.s Central lectricity &uthority anticipated, for 2011=12>year, a base load ener#y deficit and peakin# shorta#e to be 10)35 and 12)*5 respecti/ely) $he peakin# shorta#e %ould pre/ail in all re#ions of the country, /aryin# from 4)*5 in the 1orth> astern re#ion to 10)45 in the Southern "e#ion) India also e<pects all re#ions to face ener#y shorta#e /aryin# from 0)35 in the 1orth> astern re#ion to 11)05 in the Western re#ion) India.s Central lectricity &uthority e<pects a surplus output in some of the states of 1orthern India, those %ith predominantly hydropo%er capacity, but only durin# the monsoon months) In these states, shorta#e conditions %ould pre/ail durin# %inter season),39- &ccordin# to this report, the fi/e states %ith lar#est po%er demand and a/ailability, as of :ay 2011, %ere :aharashtra, &ndhra !radesh, $amil 1adu, 7ttar !radesh and 'u(arat) In late 2011 ne%spaper articles, 'u(arat %as declared a po%er surplus state, %ith about 2=3 'W more po%er a/ailable than its internal demand) $he state %as e<pectin# more

capacity to become a/ailable) It %as e<pectin# to find customers, sell e<cess capacity to meet po%er demand in other states of India, thereby #enerate re/enues for the state),33-,32+espite an ambitious rural electrification pro#ramme,,3*- some 000 million Indians lose electricity access durin# blackouts),00- While 205 of Indian /illa#es ha/e at least an electricity line, (ust 42)45 of rural households ha/e access to electricity) In urban areas, the access to electricity is *3)15 in 2002) $he o/erall electrification rate in India is 90)45 %hile 34)45 of the population still li/e %ithout access to electricity) ,01&ccordin# to a sample of *3,222 households in 2002, electricity %as the main source of li#htin# for 435 of rural households compared to 395 in 1**3),02$he 13th electric po%er sur/ey of India report claimsJ,03

B/er 2010=11, India.s industrial demand accounted for 345 of electrical po%er reAuirement, domestic household use accounted for 225, a#riculture 215, commercial *5, public li#htin# and other miscellaneous applications accounted for the rest) $he electrical ener#y demand for 2019=13 is e<pected to be at least 13*2 $era Watt Fours, %ith a peak electric demand of 212 'W) $he electrical ener#y demand for 2021=22 is e<pected to be at least 1*14 $era Watt Fours, %ith a peak electric demand of 2*2 'W)

If current a/era#e transmission and distribution a/era#e losses remain same 8325;, India needs to add about 134 'W of po%er #eneration capacity, before 2013, to satisfy the pro(ected demand after losses) :cEinsey claims,00- that India.s demand for electricity may cross 300 'W, earlier than most estimates) $o e<plain their estimates, they point to four reasonsJ

India.s manufacturin# sector is likely to #ro% faster than in the past +omestic demand %ill increase more rapidly as the Auality of life for more Indians impro/e &bout 124,000 /illa#es are likely to #et connected to India.s electricity #rid Currently blackouts and load sheddin# artificially suppresses demand? this demand %ill be sou#ht as re/enue potential by po%er distribution companies

& demand of 300 'W %ill reAuire about 000 'W of installed capacity, :cEinsey notes) $he e<tra capacity is necessary to account for plant a/ailability, infrastructure maintenance, spinnin# reser/e and losses) In 2010, electricity losses in India durin# transmission and distribution %ere about 205, %hile losses because of consumer theft or billin# deficiencies added another 10=145),04&ccordin# to t%o studies published in 2000, theft of electricity in India, amounted to a nation%ide loss of M0)4 billion),09-,03- $his led se/eral states of India to enact and

implement re#ulatory, and institutional frame%ork? de/elop a ne% industry and market structure? and pri/atise distribution) $he state of &ndhra !radesh, for e<ample, enacted an electricity reform la%? unbundled the utility into one #eneration, one transmission, and four distribution and supply companies? and established an independent re#ulatory commission responsible for licensin#, settin# tariffs, and promotin# efficiency and competition) Some state #o/ernments amended the Indian lectricity &ct of 1*10 to make electricity theft a co#nisable offence and impose strin#ent penalties) & separate la%, unprecedented in India, pro/ided for mandatory imprisonment and penalties for offenders, allo%ed constitution of special courts and tribunals for speedy trial, and reco#nised collusion by utility staff as a criminal offence) $he state #o/ernment made ad/ance preparations and constituted special courts and appellate tribunals as soon as the ne% la% came into force) Fi#h Auality metrin# and enhanced audit information flo% %as implemented) Such campai#ns ha/e made a bi# difference in the Indian utilitiesN bottom line) :onthly billin# has increased substantially, and the collection rate reached more than *25) $ransmission and distribution losses %ere reduced by 25) !o%er cuts are common throu#hout India and the conseAuent failure to satisfy the demand for electricity has ad/ersely effected India.s economic #ro%th),02-,0*'ro%th of lectricity Consumption in India,24% o& Total

'er#Capita Consumpti Total Consumpti on (in !omesti Commerci Industri Tractio ()ricultu on (in Misc as on Wh) c al al n re %Wh) 31>+ec> 4)20 0,122 10)115 0)295 30)325 9)925 2)**5 19)3 1*03 5 31>+ec> 0)00 4,910 *)395 4)415 32)325 4)0*5 2)2*5 12)2 1*40 5 31>:ar> 0)2* 10,140 *)205 4)325 30)035 3)**5 3)115 30)* 1*49 5 31>:ar> 3)34 19,200 2)225 4)045 30)935 2)305 0)*95 04)* 1*91 5 31>:ar> 2)*3 30,044 3)335 4)025 30)1*5 3)035 9)215 33)* 1*99 5 31>:ar> 0)13 44,443 2)395 4)325 92)025 2)395 11)395 129)2 1*30 5 31>:ar> 0)10 20,004 *)025 4)145 90)215 2)905 10)325 131)9 1*3* 5 31>:ar> 120,49 3)23 12)045 4)435 4*)025 2)315 19)235 222)3 1*24 * 5 31>:ar> 1*4,0* 3)23 14)195 0)2*5 41)045 2)0*5 22)425 32*)2 1**0 2 5 31>:ar> 314,2* 0)01 13)435 4)495 00)135 2)0*5 29)945 090)9 1**3 0 5 31>:ar> 330,93 21)235 9)005 02)435 2)195 21)205 4)34 931)*

'ro%th of lectricity Consumption in India,24% o& Total Consumpti Consumpti Total on (in on (in !omesti Commerci Industri Tractio ()ricultu Misc %Wh) as on Wh) c al al n re 2002 0 5 31>:ar> 424,93 0)04 21)125 3)945 04)2*5 2)045 12)205 44*)2 2003 2 5 31>+ec> 310,93 0)21 21)495 2)*95 04)235 1)225 12)195 213)3!ro/isional 2011 3 5

Electricity Consumption
!er>Capita Consumption of lectricity8kWh;,40- 8in 2011=12; 'er#Capita Consumption "tate * +nion Territory Re)ion (%Wh) +adra D 1a#ar Fa/eli Western 13,399)9 +aman D +iu Western 3,324)2 'oa Western 2,024)4 'u(arat Western 1,993)2 Chhattis#arh Western 1,31*)9 :aharashtra Western 1,200)0 :adhya !radesh Western 931)4 Western Region 1,201.2 !uducherry Southern 2,120)3 $amil 1adu Southern 1,239)9 &ndhra !radesh Southern 1,149)4 Earnataka Southern 1,021)0 Eerala Southern 4*3)2 Gakshad%eep Southern 1,0*2)0 Southern Region 938.88 !un(ab 1orthern 1,3**)0 Faryana 1orthern 1,922)3 +elhi 1orthern 1,429)3 Fimachal !radesh 1orthern 1,22*)0 7ttarakhand 1orthern 1,232)2 Chandi#arh 1orthern 1,213)0 Cammu D Eashmir 1orthern 1,014)2 "a(asthan 1orthern *23)0 7ttar !radesh 1orthern 00*)* Northern Region 833.2 Bdisha astern 1,104)2 Sikkim astern 229)0

!er>Capita Consumption of lectricity8kWh;,40- 8in 2011=12; 'er#Capita Consumption "tate * +nion Territory Re)ion (%Wh) Charkhand astern 3*0)2 West 6en#al astern 493)2 &ndaman D 1icobar Islands astern 401)0 6ihar astern 133)9 Eastern Region 521.2 &runachal !radesh 1orth astern 923)1 :e#halaya 1orth astern 943)9 :i@oram 1orth astern 409)3 1a#aland 1orth astern 243)2 $ripura 1orth astern 243)2 &ssam 1orth astern 20*)2 :anipur 1orth astern 234)* North Eastern Region 257.98 NATIONA 883.!

Electricity

eneration

$ehri Fydroelectric !o%er station.s lake in 7ttarakhand) $ehri is %orld.s 3th tallest dam) ,41With a capacity of 2)0 'W, it is India.s lar#est hydroelectric po%er #eneration installation) !o%er de/elopment in India %as first started in 12*3 in +ar(eelin#, follo%ed by commissionin# of a hydropo%er station at Si/asamudram in Earnataka durin# 1*02) $hermal po%er stations %hich #enerates electricity more than 1,000 :W are referred as Super $hermal !o%er Stations) India.s electricity #eneration capacity additions from 1*40 to 1*24 %ere /ery lo% %hen compared to de/eloped nations) Since 1**0, India has been one of the fastest #ro%in#

markets for ne% electricity #eneration capacity) India.s electricity #eneration capacity has increased from 13* $W>h in 1*24 to 1043 $W>h in 2012),4$he country.s total installed capacity of electricity has increased in last 22 years by about 192 'W, from about 99 'W in 1**1,42- to o/er 100 'W in 2001,,43- to 233)*3 'W in 2013),1- India.s !o%er Finance Corporation Gimited pro(ects that current and appro/ed electricity capacity addition pro(ects in India are e<pected to add about 100 'W of installed capacity bet%een 2012 and 2013) $his #ro%th makes India one the fastest #ro%in# markets for electricity infrastructure eAuipment),40-,44- India.s installed capacity #ro%th rates are still less than those achie/ed by China, and short of capacity needed to ensure uni/ersal a/ailability of electricity throu#hout India by 2013) $he table belo% presents the electricity #eneration capacity, as %ell as a/ailability to India.s end user and their demand) $he difference bet%een installed capacity and a/ailability is the transmission, distribution and consumer losses) $he #ap bet%een a/ailability and demand is the shorta#e India is sufferin#) $his shorta#e in supply i#nores the effects of %aitin# list of users in rural, urban and industrial customers? it also i#nores the demand #ap from India.s unreliable electricity supply) lectricity sector capacity and a/ailability in India 8e<cludes effect of blackouts O po%er> sheddin#; Item ,alue !ate reported Re&erence ,49-,43$otal installed capacity 8'W; 20*)23 Bctober 2012 ,42&/ailable base load supply 8:7; 2*3331 Bctober 2012 ,42&/ailable peak load supply 8'W; 124)23 Bctober 2012 ,42+emand base load 8:7; *24313 Bctober 2012 ,42+emand peak load 8'W; 100)0* Bctober 2012 State>o%ned and pri/ately o%ned companies are si#nificant players in India.s electricity sector, %ith the pri/ate sector #ro%in# at a faster rate) India.s central #o/ernment and state #o/ernments (ointly re#ulate electricity sector in India) &s of &u#ust 2011, the states and union territories of India %ith po%er surplus %ere Fimachal !radesh, Sikkim, $ripura, 'u(arat, +elhi and +adra and 1a#ar Fa/eli),39-,33:a(or economic and social dri/ers for India.s push for electricity #eneration include India.s #oal to pro/ide uni/ersal access, the need to replace current hi#hly pollutin# ener#y sources in use in India %ith cleaner ener#y sources, a rapidly #ro%in# economy, increasin# household incomes, limited domestic reser/es of fossil fuels and the ad/erse impact on the en/ironment of rapid de/elopment in urban and re#ional areas),4*-

State>%ise &ll India installed capacity,18as of 31>+ecember>2013 includin# allocated shares in (oint and central sector utilities;

Thermal (in MW) "tate * +nion Coal Territory

Renewable (in MW)

Nucle "ub# "ub# ar $ther Total Total (in Hydel Renewa as !iesel Therm Renewa MW) ble al ble 3,331) 0,392)2 2,100)9 20 0 0 0,203)0 0,*34)0 332)00 9 9 3,223) 3,292)0 900)32 99 0 120)00 302)*0 022)*0 > > > > > 0)04 > > >

:aharastr 20,23*) 3,034) 23,314) 9*0)1 > a 23 *3 20 0 14,332) 0,*32) 20,330) 44*)3 'u(arat 13)02 23 ** 30 2 :adhya 2,403)2 2,391)0 233)2 243)12 > !radesh * 3 0 Chhattis# 9,322)0 9,322)0 > > 03)42 arh * * +adra D 1,922)3 1,21*)2 222)1 1a#ar 1*9)*1 > 4 9 0 Fa/eli 'oa 329)13 02)00 > 330)13 24)20 +aman D 39)31 0)20 > 00)*1 3)32 +iu Central 1,622.3 1,819.2 228.1 Unallocat 196.91 > 5 6 4 ed 52,899. 8,988. !1,905. 1,8"0. Western 17."8 51 31 30 00 7ttar 10,922) 11,232) 334)3 40*)*3 > !radesh *4 *2 2 3,93*)3 2,040)3 433)0 "a(asthan 334)03 > 2 4 0 9,022)0 9,909)2 10*)1 Faryana 490)2* 3)*2 3 0 9 3,3*0)2 0,03*)2 202)0 !un(ab 222)*2 > 2 0 0 0,449)3 2,119) 9,932)3 122)0 +elhi > 3 01 2 2 Fimachal 142)02 91)22 3)*2 210)03 30)02 !radesh 7ttarakha 300)40 9*)34 > 39*)24 22)22 nd Cammu D 32*)32 300)10 2)*0 902)00 33)00 Eashmir

% o& Nation Total al (in Install MW) ed Capac ity 32,404) 13)*0 *2 5 29,29*) 11)23 12 5 12,*02) 4)425 34 9,290)* 2)*35 1 2,003)0 0)225 0

0)04 000)02 0)135 > > 02)2* 0)025 2,047.4 0.88% 0 -./..01 22 10,230) 43 10,04*) 12 2,241)2 1 3,910)* 4 3,400)3 * 3,220)* 9 2,422)0 1 2,420)* 9 3415% 9)105 9)015 3)435 3)295 3)215 1)905 1)115 1)025

7,""7. 9,925.1 17,372. 50 9 !9 1,24*) 2,304)* 209)02 04 3 1,402) 3,023)0 4,031)3 32 4 3 1,333) 1,0*9)0 123)20 21 1 3,02*) 3,323)1 2*3)42 43 1 9*0)33 19)00 309)33

2,*40) 3,439)2 924)*1 *0 4 2,009) 2,1*4)2 12*)23 01 2 1,942) 1,204)4 103)43 03 9

State>%ise &ll India installed capacity,18as of 31>+ecember>2013 includin# allocated shares in (oint and central sector utilities;

Thermal (in MW) Renewable (in MW) Nucle "tate * "ub# "ub# ar $ther +nion Total Total (in Hydel Renewa Coal as !iesel Territory Therm Renewa MW) ble al ble Chandi#a 32)40 14)32 > 03)29 2)20 42)22 > 42)22 rh Central 1,267.5 129.8 Unallocat 977.19 290.35 > 524.05 > 524.05 4 0 ed 3",583. 5,031. 39,!27. 1,!20. 15,!92 5,729.! 21,"22. Northern 12.99 50 2! 75 00 .75 2 37 $amil 2,329)0 1029)3 011)9 10,010) 420)0 2,122) 3,*09)1 10,122) 1adu 0 0 9 39 0 20 3 33 &ndhra 2,433)0 3,330) 11,*20) 234)3 3,330) 1,2*0)0 4,02*)0 39)20 !radesh 2 00 92 2 43 * 2 Earnatak 9,142)3 230)0 9,3*2)2 240)2 3,4**) 3,9*3)1 3,2*2)* > a * 2 1 9 20 * * 249)0 1,300)4 1221)4 2,034)0 Eerala *10)49 433)42 *4)90 1*3)42 0 2 0 2 !uducher 230)0* 32)40 > 292)4* 1*)22 > > > ry Central 1,329.5 1,329.5 150.4 Unallocat > > > > > 8 8 8 ed 25,932. ",9!2. 939.3 31,83". 1,320. 11,398 13,127. 2",525. Southern 50 78 2 !0 00 .03 33 3! West 3,219)2 3,32*)0 1,202) 1,33*)3 100)00 12)20 > 131)04 6en#al 3 3 30 4 4,114)0 4,114)0 2,199) 2,299)3 Bdisha > > > **)20 9 9 *3 3 6,555.6 6,645.6 DVC 90.00 > > 193.26 > 193.26 0 0 Charkhan 2,342)2 2,342)2 > > > 200)*3 20)04 220)*2 d 2 2 1,*40)3 1,*40)3 6ihar > > > 12*)03 110)00 203)03 0 0 &ssam :e#halay a $ripura 90)00 4*2)42 20)9* 93*)21 > > 94)91 2)04 93)99 > > > 02*)32 349)42 92)33

% o& Total Nation al (in MW) Install ed Capac 10*)42 0)045 1,921.3 0.82% 9 56/5071 .6 20,999) 9* 13,224) 02 13,*00) 99 3,234)2 0 65102 % 2)235 3)3*5 4)*95 1)995

221)23 0)125 1,480.0 0.82% 6 64155 % 3)325 3)195 2.92% 1)105 0)*05 0)0*5

80/5021 25 2,302)2 2 3,321)3 * 6838.8 6 2,43*)2 9 2,1*2)1 3 1,100)0 31)11 090)23 0

31)03 323)91 044)23 0)1*5 19)01 32)32 033)03 0)1*5

30*)20 0)24 340)9*

State>%ise &ll India installed capacity,18as of 31>+ecember>2013 includin# allocated shares in (oint and central sector utilities;

Thermal (in MW) Renewable (in MW) % o& Nucle "tate * "ub# "ub# Total Nation ar $ther al +nion (in Total Total (in Hydel Renewa Coal as !iesel Territory Therm Renewa MW) Install MW) ble ed al ble Capac Sikkim 22)91 > 4)00 23)91 > 130)23 42)11 229)32 313)** 0)135 &runacha > 32)04 14)22 03)*3 > *3)43 103)*1 201)02 20*)01 0)115 l !radesh :anipur > 09)*9 04)01 *2)33 > 20)*2 4)04 29)03 132)20 0)025 :i@oram > 23)22 41)29 3*)10 > 30)31 39)03 30)32 10*)*2 0)095 1a#aland > 32)20 2)00 30)20 > 43)32 22)93 21)** 119)23 0)045 Central 1,454.1 1,509.5 1,636.7 Unallocat 55.40 > > 127.15 > 127.15 0.70% 6 6 1 ed 2",797. 1,398. 159.9 2!,35!. 5,355. !,025.1 36/3-.1 .31-4 Eastern # !70.0! 88 50 " 32 12 8 8 % &ndaman D > > 90)04 90)04 > > 10)34 10)34 30)00 0)035 1icobar Gakshad > > *)*3 *)*3 > > > > *)*3 0)005 %eep Is$an%s # # 70.02 70.02 # # 10.35 10.35 -7130 7173% 138,21 20,380 1,199. 159,79 39,893 29,"!2. !9,355. 633/262 .77177 TOTA ",780 3.39 .85 75 3.99 ."0 55 95 124 % In 2010, the fi/e lar#est po%er companies in India, by installed capacity, in decreasin# order, %ere the center>o%ned 1$!C, center>o%ned 1F!C, follo%ed by three pri/ately o%ned companiesJ $ata !o%er, "eliance !o%er and &dani !o%er) In India.s effort to add electricity #eneration capacity o/er 200*=2011, both central #o/ernment and state #o/ernment o%ned po%er companies ha/e repeatedly failed to add the capacity tar#ets because of issues %ith procurement of eAuipment and poor pro(ect mana#ement) !ri/ate companies ha/e deli/ered better results),90Sector>%ise &ll India installed capacity,1Thermal (in Hydel (in Nuclear (in Renewable (in Total (in MW) MW) MW) MW) MW) 42,400)40 4*,923)*3 03,994)42 *,313)0 23,022)00 2,9*0)00 0,320)00 > > > 3,329)33 24,334)32 99,**3)*0 *0,239)30 39,0*4)30

"ector Central 'o/t) State 'o/t) !ri/ate

% o& total 22)905 32)235 32)435

"ector TOTA

Sector>%ise &ll India installed capacity,1Thermal (in Hydel (in Nuclear (in Renewable (in Total (in % o& MW) MW) MW) MW) MW) total 159,793.99 39,893."0 ",780 29,"!2.55 233,929.9" 100.00&

Con9entional "ources
Thermal power

& super thermal po%er plant in "a(asthan

& thermal po%er plant in :aharashtra $hermal po%er plants con/ert ener#y rich fuel into electricity and heat) !ossible fuels include coal, natural #as, petroleum products, a#ricultural %aste and domestic trash O %aste) Bther sources of fuel include landfill #as and bio#ases) In some plants, rene%al fuels such as bio#as are co>fired %ith coal) Coal and li#nite accounted for about 435 of India.s installed capacity) Fo%e/er, since %ind ener#y depends on %ind speed, and hydropo%er ener#y on %ater le/els, thermal

po%er plants account for o/er 945 of India.s #enerated electricity) India.s electricity sector consumes about 205 of the coal produced in the country) India e<pects that its pro(ected rapid #ro%th in electricity #eneration o/er the ne<t couple of decades is e<pected to be lar#ely met by thermal po%er plants) Fuel constraints & lar#e part of Indian coal reser/e is similar to 'ond%ana coal) It is of lo% calorific /alue and hi#h ash content) $he iron content is lo% in India.s coal, and to<ic trace element concentrations are ne#li#ible) $he natural fuel /alue of Indian coal is poor) Bn a/era#e, the Indian po%er plants usin# India.s coal supply consume about 0)3 k# of coal to #enerate a kWh, %hereas 7nited States thermal po%er plants consume about 0)04 k# of coal per kWh) $his is because of the difference in the Auality of the coal, as measured by the 'ross Calorific Halue 8'CH;) Bn a/era#e, Indian coal has a 'CH of about 0400 EcalOk#, %hereas the Auality else%here in the %orld is much better? for e<ample, in &ustralia, the 'CH is 9400 EcalOk# appro<imately) ,91$he hi#h ash content in India.s coal affects the thermal po%er plant.s potential emissions) $herefore, India.s :inistry of n/ironment D Forests has mandated the use of beneficiated coals %hose ash content has been reduced to 305 8or lo%er; in po%er plants in urban, ecolo#ically sensiti/e and other critically polluted areas, and ecolo#ically sensiti/e areas) Coal benefaction industry has rapidly #ro%n in India, %ith current capacity toppin# *0 :$) $hermal po%er plants can deploy a %ide ran#e of technolo#ies) Some of the ma(or technolo#ies includeJ

Steam cycle facilities 8most commonly used for lar#e utilities;? 'as turbines 8commonly used for moderate si@ed peakin# facilities;? Co#eneration and combined cycle facility 8the combination of #as turbines or internal combustion en#ines %ith heat reco/ery systems;? and Internal combustion en#ines 8commonly used for small remote sites or stand>by po%er #eneration;)

India has an e<tensi/e re/ie% process, one that includes en/ironment impact assessment, prior to a thermal po%er plant bein# appro/ed for construction and commissionin#) $he :inistry of n/ironment and Forests has published a technical #uidance manual to help pro(ect proposers and to pre/ent en/ironmental pollution in India from thermal po%er plants),92Installed thermal po%er capacity $he installed capacity of $hermal !o%er in India, as of 31 Bctober 2012, %as 100209)12 :W %hich is 99)**,93- of total installed capacity)

Current installed base of Coal 6ased $hermal !o%er is 120,103)32 :W %hich comes to 43)325 of total installed base) Current installed base of 'as 6ased $hermal !o%er is 12,*03)04 :W %hich is *)035 of total installed capacity) Current installed base of Bil 6ased $hermal !o%er is 1,1**)34 :W %hich is 0)435 of total installed capacity)

$he state of :aharashtra is the lar#est producer of thermal po%er in the country)

Hydro power
:ain articleJ Fydroelectric po%er in India

Indira Sa#ar +am partially completed in 2002

1a#ar(una Sa#ar +am and hydroelectric po%er plant on the Erishna "i/er) It is the %orld.s lar#est masonry dam, %ith an installed capacity of 200:W) $he dam also irri#ates about 1)0 million acres of pre/iously drou#ht>prone land) In this system of po%er #eneration, the potential of the %ater fallin# under #ra/itational force is utilised to rotate a turbine %hich a#ain is coupled to a 'enerator, leadin# to #eneration of electricity) India is one of the pioneerin# countries in establishin# hydro> electric po%er plants) $he po%er plants at +ar(eelin# and Shimsha 8Shi/anasamudra; %ere established in 12*2 and 1*02 respecti/ely and are amon# the first in &sia) India is endo%ed %ith economically e<ploitable and /iable hydro potential assessed to be about 20,000 :W at 905 load factor) In addition, 9,320 :W in terms of installed capacity from Small, :ini, and :icro Fydel schemes ha/e been assessed) &lso, 49 sites for pumped stora#e schemes %ith an a##re#ate installed capacity of *0,000 :W ha/e been identified) It is the most %idely used form of rene%able ener#y) India is blessed %ith immense amount of hydro>electric potential and ranks 4th in terms of e<ploitable hydro>potential on #lobal scenario)

$he present installed capacity as of 31 Bctober 2012 is appro<imately 3*,2*1)00 :W %hich is 12)335 of total electricity #eneration in India),90- $he public sector has a predominant share of *35 in this sector),94- 1ational Fydroelectric !o%er Corporation 81F!C;, 1ortheast lectric !o%er Company 81 !CB;, Satlu( (al /idyut ni#am 8SCH1G;, $ehri Fydro +e/elopment Corporation, 1$!C>Fydro are a fe% public sector companies en#a#ed in de/elopment of hydroelectric po%er in India) 6hakra 6eas :ana#ement 6oard 866:6;, illustrati/e state>o%ned enterprise in north India, has an installed capacity of 2)* 'W and #enerates 12000>10000 :7,34- per year) $he cost of #eneration of ener#y after four decades of operation is about 20 paiseOkWh,citation needed- 8P0)2 rupeeOkWh P appro<) 0)3 7S centsOkWh;) 66:6 is a ma(or source of peakin# po%er and black start to the northern #rid in India) Gar#e reser/oirs pro/ide operational fle<ibility) 66:6 reser/oirs annually supply %ater for irri#ation to 12)4 million812)4 million; acres of a#ricultural land of partner states, enablin# northern India in its #reen re/olution)

Nuclear power
:ain articleJ 1uclear po%er in India

Eudankulam 1uclear !o%er !lant under construction in 200*) It %as *95 complete as of :arch 2011, %ith first phase e<pected to be in use in 2012) With initial installed capacity of 2 'W, this plant %ill be e<panded to 9)2 'W capacity) &s of 2011, India had 0)2 'W of installed electricity #eneration capacity usin# nuclear fuels) India.s 1uclear plants #enerated 32044 million units or 3)345 of total electricity produced in India),99India.s nuclear po%er plant de/elopment be#an in 1*90) India si#ned an a#reement %ith 'eneral lectric of the 7nited States for the construction and commissionin# of t%o boilin# %ater reactors at $arapur) In 1*93, this effort %as placed under India.s +epartment of &tomic ner#y) In 1*31, India set up its first pressurised hea/y %ater reactors %ith Canadian collaboration in "a(asthan) In 1*23, India created 1uclear !o%er Corporation of India Gimited to commercialise nuclear po%er) 1uclear !o%er Corporation of India Gimited is a public sector enterprise, %holly o%ned by the 'o/ernment of India, under the administrati/e control of its +epartment of &tomic ner#y) Its ob(ecti/e is to implement and operate nuclear po%er stations for India.s electricity sector) $he state>o%ned company has ambitious plans to establish 93 'W

#eneration capacity by 2032, as a safe, en/ironmentally beni#n and economically /iable source of electrical ener#y to meet the increasin# electricity needs of India),93India.s nuclear po%er #eneration effort satisfies many safe#uards and o/ersi#hts, such as #ettin# ISB>10001 accreditation for en/ironment mana#ement system and peer re/ie% by World &ssociation of 1uclear Bperators includin# a pre>start up peer re/ie%) 1uclear !o%er Corporation of India Gimited admits, in its annual report for 2011, that its bi##est challen#e is to address the public and policy maker perceptions about the safety of nuclear po%er, particularly after the Fukushima incident in Capan),99In 2011, India had 12 pressurised hea/y %ater reactors in operation, %ith another four pro(ects of 2)2 'W capacity launched) $he country plans to implement fast breeder reactors, usin# plutonium based fuel) !lutonium is obtained by reprocessin# spent fuel of first sta#e reactors) India successfully launched its first prototype fast breeder reactor of 400 :W capacity in $amil 1adu, and no% operates t%o such reactors) India has nuclear po%er plants operatin# in the follo%in# statesJ :aharashtra, 'u(arat, "a(asthan, 7ttar !radesh, $amil 1adu and Earnataka) $hese reactors ha/e an installed electricity #eneration capacity bet%een 100 to 400 :W each) 1e% reactors %ith installed capacity of 1000 :W per reactor are e<pected to be in use by 2012) In 2011, $he Wall Street Cournal reported the disco/ery of uranium in a ne% mine in India, the country.s lar#est e/er) $he estimated reser/es of 90,000 tonnes, could be as lar#e as 140,000 tonnes 8makin# the mine one of the %orld.s lar#est;) $he ne% mine is e<pected to pro/ide India %ith a fuel that it currently imports) 1uclear fuel supply constraints had limited India.s ability to #ro% its nuclear po%er #eneration capacity) $he ne%ly disco/ered ore, unlike those in &ustralia, is of sli#htly lo%er #rade) $his mine is e<pected to be in operation in 2012),92India.s share of nuclear po%er plant #eneration capacity is (ust 1)25 of %orld%ide nuclear po%er production capacity, makin# it the 14th lar#est nuclear po%er producer) 1uclear po%er pro/ided 35 of the country.s total electricity #eneration in 2011) India aims to supply *5 of it electricity needs %ith nuclear po%er by 2032),99- India.s lar#est nuclear po%er plant pro(ect under implementation is at Caitapur, :aharashtra in partnership %ith &re/a, France)

Non#Con9entional "ources
:ain articleJ "ene%able ener#y in India "ene%able ener#y in India is a sector that is still in its infancy) &s of 31 Canuary 2010, India had an installed capacity of about 31)14 'W of non> con/entional rene%able technolo#ies>based electricity, about 13)325 of its total),9*-,30- For conte<t, the total installed capacity for electricity in S%it@erland %as about 12 'W in 200*)

"ene%al ner#y Installed Capacity in India,9*- 8as of 31 Canuary 2010; Installed capacity Type Technolo)y (in MW) rid Connected 'ower Wind 20,2*2)23 Small Fydel !o%er !ro(ects 3,330)14 6a#asse Co#eneration 2,412)22 Solar 2,202)39 6iomass !o%er D 'asification 1,224)90 Waste to !o%er **)02 Tota$ # 'ri% (onne)te% *o+er 30,177.90 $&&# rid * Capti9e 'ower 6a#asse Co#eneration 413)30 S!H Systems 8Q1 kW; 14*)33 6iomass 'asifiers > Industrial 109)00 Waste to !o%er 11*)93 6iomass 'asifiers > "ural 13)93 Water :illsO:icro Fydel 10)12 &ero#enerator O Fybrid Systems 2)12 Tota$ # O,,#'ri% - (a.ti/e *o+er 973.13 TOTA 31,151.03 &s of &u#ust 2011, India had deployed rene%al ener#y to pro/ide electricity in 2209 remote /illa#es, installed 0)0 million family bio#as plants, 1200 microhydel units and 0)3 million sAuare metres of solar %ater heatin# capacity) India anticipates to add another 3)9 'W of rene%al ener#y installed capacity by +ecember 2012),31India plans to add about 30 'W of installed electricity #eneration capacity based on rene%al ener#y technolo#ies, by 2013),32"ene%able ener#y pro(ects in India are re#ulated and championed by the central #o/ernment.s :inistry of 1e% and "ene%able ner#y)

"olar power
:ain articleJ Solar po%er in India

Solar resources in India India is endo%ed %ith a /ast solar ener#y potential) India recei/es one of the hi#hest #lobal solar radiation > an ener#y of about 4,000 trillion kWh per year is incident o/er India.s land mass %ith most parts recei/in# 0>3 kWh per m2 per day),33- 7nder Solar :ission, a central #o/ernment initiati/e, India plans to #enerate 1 'W of po%er by 2013 and up to 20 'W #rid>based solar po%er, 2 'W of off>#rid solar po%er and co/er 20 million sAuare metres %ith solar ener#y collectors by 2020),30- India plans utility scale solar po%er #eneration plants throu#h solar parks %ith dedicated infrastructure by state #o/ernments, amon# others, the #o/ernments of 'u(arat and "a(asthan),34$he 'o/ernment of 'u(arat takin# ad/anta#e of the national initiati/e and hi#h solar irradiation in the state, launched the Solar !o%er !olicy in 200* and proposes to establish a number of lar#e>scale solar parks startin# %ith the Charanka Solar !ark in !atan district in the sparsely populated northern part of the state) $he de/elopment of solar parks %ill streamline the pro(ect de/elopment timeline by lettin# #o/ernment a#encies undertake land acAuisition and necessary permits, and pro/ide dedicated common infrastructure for settin# up solar po%er #eneration plants lar#ely in the pri/ate sector) $his approach %ill facilitate the accelerated installation of pri/ate sector solar po%er #eneration capacity reducin# costs by addressin# issues faced by stand alone pro(ects) Common infrastructure for the solar park include site preparation and le/elin#, po%er e/acuation, a/ailability of %ater, access roads, security and ser/ices) In parallel %ith the central #o/ernment.s initiati/e, the 'u(arat lectricity "e#ulatory Commission has announced feed>in>tariff to mainstream solar po%er #eneration %hich %ill be applied for solar po%er #eneration plants in the solar park) 'u(arat !o%er Corporation Gimited is the responsible a#ency for de/elopin# the solar park of 400 :W and %ill lease the lands to the pro(ect de/elopers to #enerate solar po%er) 'u(arat ner#y $ransmission Corporation Gimited %ill de/elop the transmission e/acuation from the identified interconnection points %ith the solar de/eloper) $his pro(ect is bein# supported, in part, by the &sian +e/elopment 6ank),34$he Indian Solar Goan !ro#ramme, supported by the 7nited 1ations n/ironment !ro#ramme has %on the presti#ious ner#y 'lobe World a%ard for Sustainability for

helpin# to establish a consumer financin# pro#ramme for solar home po%er systems) B/er the span of three years more than 19,000 solar home systems ha/e been financed throu#h 2,000 bank branches, particularly in rural areas of South India %here the electricity #rid does not yet e<tend) Gaunched in 2003, the Indian Solar Goan !ro#ramme %as a four>year partnership bet%een 71 !, the 71 ! "isoe Centre, and t%o of India.s lar#est banks, the Canara 6ank and Syndicate 6ank),39-,33-

Canal Solar !o%er !ro(ect in Eadi, 'u(arat Gand acAuisition is a challen#e to solar farm pro(ects in India) Some state #o/ernments are e<plorin# means to address land a/ailability throu#h inno/ation? for e<ample, by e<plorin# means to deploy solar capacity abo/e their e<tensi/e irri#ation canal pro(ects, thereby har/estin# solar ener#y %hile reducin# the loss of irri#ation %ater by solar e/aporation) $he state of 'u(arat %as first to implement the Canal Solar !o%er !ro(ect, to use 1*,000 km 812,000 mi; lon# net%ork of 1armada canals across the state for settin# up solar panels to #enerate electricity) It %as the first e/er such pro(ect in India)

Wind power
:ain articleJ Wind po%er in India

Wind farm in "a(asthan)

Wind turbines midst India.s a#ricultural farms)

Wind farms midst paddy fields in India) India has the fifth lar#est installed %ind po%er capacity in the %orld),32- In 2010, %ind po%er accounted for 95 of India.s total installed po%er capacity, and 1)95 of the country.s po%er output) $he de/elopment of wind power in India be#an in the 1**0s by $amil 1adu lectric 6oard near $uticorin, and has si#nificantly increased in the last fe% years) Su@lon is the leadin# Indian company in %ind po%er, %ith an installed #eneration capacity of 9)2 'W in India) Hestas is another ma(or company acti/e in India.s %ind ener#y initiati/e),3*&s +ecember 2011, the installed capacity of %ind po%er in India %as 14)* 'W, spread across many states of India),32-,32- $he lar#est %ind po%er #eneratin# state %as $amil 1adu accountin# for 305 of installed capacity, follo%ed in decreasin# order by :aharashtra, 'u(arat, Earnataka, and "a(asthan),20- It is estimated that 9 'W of additional %ind po%er capacity %ill be installed in India by 2012),21- In $amil 1adu, %ind po%er is mostly har/ested in the southern districts such as Eanyakumari, $irunel/eli and $uticorin) $he state of 'u(arat is estimated to ha/e the ma<imum #ross %ind po%er potential in India, %ith a potential of 10)9 'W),3*-

:iomass power
In this system biomass, ba#asse, forestry and a#ro residue D a#ricultural %astes are used as fuel to produce electricity),22-

6iomass #asifier India has been promotin# biomass #asifier technolo#ies in its rural areas, to utilise surplus biomass resources such as rice husk, crop stalks, small %ood chips, other a#ro> residues) $he #oal %as to produce electricity for /illa#es %ith po%er plants of up to 2 :W capacities) +urin# 2011, India installed 24 rice husk based #asifier systems for distributed po%er #eneration in 30 remote /illa#es of 6ihar) $he Gar#est 6iomass based po%er plant in India is at SIrohi, "a(asthan ha/in# the capacity of 20 :W)i)e) Sambha/ ner#y Gimited) In addition, #asifier systems are bein# installed at 90 rice mills in India) +urin# the year, biomass #asifier pro(ects of 1)20 :W in 'u(arat and 0)4 :W in $amil 1adu %ere successfully installed),326io#as $his pilot pro#ramme aims to install small scale bio#as plants for meetin# the cookin# ener#y needs in rural areas of India) +urin# 2011, some 04000 small scale bio#as plants %ere installed) Cumulati/ely, India has installed 0)00 million small scale bio#as plants) In 2011, India started a ne% initiati/e %ith the aim to demonstrate medium si@e mi<ed feed bio#as>fertiliser pilot plants) $his technolo#y aims for #eneration, purificationOenrichment, bottlin# and piped distribution of bio#as) India appro/ed 21 of these pro(ects %ith a##re#ate capacity of 33019 cubic metre per day, of %hich 2 pro(ects ha/e been successfully commissioned by +ecember 2011),32India has additionally commissioned 142 pro(ects under its 6io#as based +istributedO'rid !o%er 'eneration pro#ramme, %ith a total installed capacity of about 2 :W) India is rich in biomass and has a potential of 19,221:W 8a#ro>residues and plantations;, 4000:W 8ba#asse co#eneration; and 2300:W 8ener#y reco/ery from %aste;) 6iomass po%er #eneration in India is an industry that attracts in/estments of o/er I1" 9 billion e/ery year, #eneratin# more than 4000 million units of electricity and yearly employment of more than 10 million man>days in the rural areas),citation needed&s of 2010, India burnt o/er 200 million tonnes of coal replacement %orth of traditional biomass fuel e/ery year to meet its ener#y need for cookin# and other domestic use) $his traditional biomass fuel = fuel%ood, crop %aste and animal dun# = is a potential ra% material for the application of biomass technolo#ies for the reco/ery of cleaner fuel, fertilisers and electricity %ith si#nificantly lo%er pollution) 6iomass a/ailable in India can and has been playin# an important role as fuel for su#ar mills, te<tiles, paper mills, and small and medium enterprises 8S: ;) In particular there is a si#nificant potential in bre%eries, te<tile mills, fertiliser plants, the paper and pulp industry, sol/ent e<traction units, rice mills, petrochemical plants and other industries to harness biomass po%er),23-

eothermal ener)y

India.s #eothermal ener#y installed capacity is e<perimental) Commercial use is insi#nificant) India has potential resources to har/est #eothermal ener#y) $he resource map for India has been #rouped into si< #eothermal pro/incesJ,20

Fimalayan !ro/ince = $ertiary Bro#enic belt %ith $ertiary ma#matism &reas of Faulted blocks = &ra/alli belt, 1a#a>Gushi, West coast re#ions and Son> 1armada lineament) Holcanic arc = &ndaman and 1icobar arc) +eep sedimentary basin of $ertiary a#e such as Cambay basin in 'u(arat) "adioacti/e !ro/ince = Sura(kund, Fa@ariba#h, Charkhand) Cratonic pro/ince = !eninsular India

India has about 300 hot sprin#s spread o/er the country) Bf this, 92 are distributed alon# the north%est Fimalaya, in the States of Cammu and Eashmir, Fimachal !radesh and 7ttarakhand) $hey are found concentrated alon# a 30>40>km %ide thermal band mostly alon# the ri/er /alleys) 1a#a>Gusai and West Coast !ro/inces manifest a series of thermal sprin#s) &ndaman and 1icobar arc is the only place in India %here /olcanic acti/ity, a continuation of the Indonesian #eothermal fields, and can be #ood potential sites for #eothermal ener#y) Cambay #raben #eothermal belt is 200 km lon# and 40 km %ide %ith $ertiary sediments) $hermal sprin#s ha/e been reported from the belt althou#h they are not of /ery hi#h temperature and dischar#e) +urin# oil and #as drillin# in this area, in recent times, hi#h subsurface temperature and thermal fluid ha/e been reported in deep drill %ells in depth ran#es of 1)3 to 1)* km) Steam blo%out ha/e also been reported in the drill holes in depth ran#e of 1)4 to 3)0 km) $he thermal sprin#s in India.s peninsular re#ion are more related to the faults, %hich allo% do%n circulation of meteoric %ater to considerable depths) $he circulatin# %ater acAuires heat from the normal thermal #radient in the area, and dependin# upon local condition, emer#es out at suitable localities) $he area includes &ra/alli ran#e, Son>1armada>$apti lineament, 'oda/ari and :ahanadi /alleys and South Cratonic 6elts),20In a +ecember 2011 report, India identified si< most promisin# #eothermal sites for the de/elopment of #eothermal ener#y) $hese are, in decreasin# order of potentialJ

$attapani in Chhattis#arh !u#a in Cammu D Eashmir Cambay 'raben in 'u(arat :anikaran in Fimachal !radesh Sura(kund in Charkhand Chhumathan# in Cammu D Eashmir

India plans to set up its first #eothermal po%er plant, %ith 2=4 :W capacity at !u#a in Cammu and Eashmir),24-

Tidal wa9e ener)y

$idal ener#y technolo#ies har/est ener#y from the seas) $he potential of tidal %a/e ener#y becomes hi#her in certain re#ions by local effects such as shel/in#, funnellin#, reflection and resonance) India is surrounded by sea on three sides, its potential to harness tidal ener#y is si#nificant) ner#y can be e<tracted from tides in se/eral %ays) In one method, a reser/oir is created behind a barra#e and then tidal %aters pass throu#h turbines in the barra#e to #enerate electricity) $his method reAuires mean tidal differences #reater than 0 metres and also fa/ourable topo#raphical conditions to keep installation costs lo%) Bne report claims the most attracti/e locations in India, for the barra#e technolo#y, are the 'ulf of Ehambhat and the 'ulf of Eutch on India.s %est coast %here the ma<imum tidal ran#e is 11 m and 2 m %ith a/era#e tidal ran#e of 9)33 m and 4)23 m respecti/ely) $he 'an#es +elta in the Sunderbans, West 6en#al is another possibility, althou#h %ith si#nificantly less reco/erable ener#y? the ma<imum tidal ran#e in Sunderbans is appro<imately 4 m %ith an a/era#e tidal ran#e of 2)*3 m) $he report claims, barra#e technolo#y could har/est about 2 'W from tidal ener#y in India, mostly in 'u(arat) $he barra#e approach has se/eral disad/anta#es, one bein# the effect of any badly en#ineered barra#e on the mi#ratory fishes, marine ecosystem and aAuatic life) Inte#rated barra#e technolo#y plants can be e<pensi/e to build) In +ecember 2011, the :inistry of 1e% D "ene%able ner#y, 'o/ernment of India and the "ene%able ner#y +e/elopment &#ency of 'o/t) of West 6en#al (ointly appro/ed and a#reed to implement India.s first 3)34 :W +ur#aduani mini tidal po%er pro(ect) Indian #o/ernment belie/es that tidal ener#y may be an attracti/e solution to meet the local ener#y demands of this remote delta re#ion),24&nother tidal %a/e technolo#y har/ests ener#y from surface %a/es or from pressure fluctuations belo% the sea surface) & report from the Bcean n#ineerin# Centre, Indian Institute of $echnolo#y, :adras estimates the annual %a/e ener#y potential alon# the Indian coast is bet%een 4 :W to 14 :W per metre, su##estin# a theoretical ma<imum potential for electricity har/estin# from India.s 3400 kilometre coast line may be about 00 'W) Fo%e/er, the realistic economical potential, the report claims, is likely to be considerably less),29- & si#nificant barrier to surface ener#y har/estin# is the interference of its eAuipment to fishin# and other sea bound /essels, particularly in unsettled %eather) India built its first seas surface ener#y har/estin# technolo#y demonstration plant in Hi@hin(am, near $hiruru/ananthpuram) $he third approach to har/estin# tidal ener#y consists of ocean thermal ener#y technolo#y) $his approach tries to har/est the solar ener#y trapped in ocean %aters into usable ener#y) Bceans ha/e a thermal #radient, the surface bein# much %armer than deeper le/els of ocean) $his thermal #radient may be har/ested usin# modified "ankine cycle) India.s 1ational Institute of Bcean $echnolo#y 81IB$; attempted this approach o/er the last 20 years, but %ithout success) In 2003, %ith Sa#a 7ni/ersity of Capan, 1IB$ attempted to build and deploy a 1 :W demonstration plant),23- Fo%e/er, mechanical

problems pre/ented success) &fter initial tests near Eerala, the unit %as scheduled for redeployment and further de/elopment in the Gakshad%eep Islands in 2004) $he demonstration pro(ect.s e<perience ha/e limited follo%>on efforts %ith ocean thermal ener#y technolo#y in India)

'roblems with India;s power sector

India.s electricity sector faces many issues) Some areJ,*-,31-,22-,2*

'o/ernment #i/ea%ays such as free electricity for farmers, partly to curry political fa/our, ha/e depleted the cash reser/es of state>run electricity> distribution system) $his has financially crippled the distribution net%ork, and its ability to pay for po%er to meet the demand) $his situation has been %orsened by #o/ernment departments of India that do not pay their bills) Shorta#es of fuelJ despite abundant reser/es of coal, India is facin# a se/ere shorta#e of coal) $he country isn.t producin# enou#h to feed its po%er plants) Some plants do not ha/e reser/e coal supplies to last a day of operations) India.s monopoly coal producer, state>controlled Coal India, is constrained by primiti/e minin# techniAues and is rife %ith theft and corruption? Coal India has consistently missed production tar#ets and #ro%th tar#ets) !oor coal transport infrastructure has %orsened these problems) $o e<pand its coal production capacity, Coal India needs to mine ne% deposits) Fo%e/er, most of India.s coal lies under protected forests or desi#nated tribal lands) &ny minin# acti/ity or land acAuisition for infrastructure in these coal>rich areas of India, has been rife %ith political demonstrations, social acti/ism and public interest liti#ations) !oor pipeline connecti/ity and infrastructure to harness India.s abundant coal bed methane and shale #as potential) $he #iant ne% offshore natural #as field has deli/ered less fuel than pro(ected) India faces a shorta#e of natural #as) Fydroelectric po%er pro(ects in India.s mountainous north and north east re#ions ha/e been slo%ed do%n by ecolo#ical, en/ironmental and rehabilitation contro/ersies, coupled %ith public interest liti#ations) India.s nuclear po%er #eneration potential has been stymied by political acti/ism since the Fukushima disaster in Capan) &/era#e transmission, distribution and consumer>le/el losses e<ceedin# 305 %hich includes au<iliary po%er consumption of thermal po%er stations, fictitious electricity #eneration by %ind #enerators D independent po%er producers 8I!!s;, etc) B/er 30 crore 8300 million; people in India ha/e no access to electricity) Bf those %ho do, almost all find electricity supply intermittent and unreliable) Gack of clean and reliable ener#y sources such as electricity is, in part, causin# about 20 crore 8200 million; people in India to continue usin# traditional biomass ener#y sources = namely fuel %ood, a#ricultural %aste and li/estock dun# = for cookin# and other domestic needs),23- $raditional fuel combustion is the primary source of indoor air pollution in India, causes bet%een 300,000 to 000,000 deaths per year and other chronic health issues)

IndiaNs coal>fired, oil>fired and natural #as>fired thermal po%er plants are inefficient and offer si#nificant potential for #reenhouse #as 8CB2; emission reduction throu#h better technolo#y) Compared to the a/era#e emissions from coal>fired, oil>fired and natural #as>fired thermal po%er plants in uropean 7nion 8 7>23; countries, IndiaNs thermal po%er plants emit 405 to 1205 more CB2 per kWh produced),*0-

$he Culy 2012 blackout, affectin# the north of the country, %as the lar#est po%er #rid failure in history by number of people affected)

Resource potential in electricity sector

&ccordin# to Bil and 'as Cournal, India had appro<imately 32 trillion cubic feet 8$cf; of pro/en natural #as reser/es as of Canuary 2011, %orld.s 29th lar#est) 7nited States ner#y Information &dministration estimates that India produced appro<imately 1)2 $cf of natural #as in 2010, %hile consumin# rou#hly 2)3 $cf of natural #as) $he electrical po%er and fertiliser sectors account for nearly three>Auarters of natural #as consumption in India) 1atural #as is e<pected to be an increasin#ly important component of ener#y consumption as the country pursues ener#y resource di/ersification and o/erall ener#y security),*1-,*27ntil 2002, the ma(ority of India.s natural #as production came from the :umbai Fi#h comple< in the north%est part of the country) "ecent disco/eries in the 6ay of 6en#al ha/e shifted the centre of #ra/ity of Indian natural #as production) $he country already produces some coalbed methane and has ma(or potential to e<pand this source of cleaner fuel) &ccordin# to a 2011 Bil and 'as Cournal report, India is estimated to ha/e bet%een 900 to 2000 $cf of shale #as resources 8one of the %orldNs lar#est;) +espite its natural resource potential, and an opportunity to create ener#y industry (obs, India has yet to hold a licensin# round for its shale #as blocks) It is not e/en mentioned in India.s central #o/ernment ener#y infrastructure or electricity #eneration plan documents throu#h 2024) $he traditional natural #as reser/es too ha/e been /ery slo% to de/elop in India because re#ulatory burdens and bureaucratic red tape se/erely limit the countryNs ability to harness its natural #as resources),*-,*0-,*3-

Electricity tradin) with nei)hbour countries

+espite lo% electricity per capita consumption in India, the country is #oin# to achie/e surplus electricity #eneration durin# the 12th plan 82012 to 2013; period pro/ided its coal production and transport infrastructure is de/eloped adeAuately) ,*0-,*4- Surplus electricity can be e<ported to the nei#hbour countries in return for natural #as supplies from !akistan, 6an#ladesh and :yanmar) 6an#ladesh, :yanmar and !akistan are producin# substantial natural #as and usin# for electricity #eneration purpose) 6an#ladesh, :yanmar and !akistan produce 44 million

cubic metres per day 8mcmd;, * mcmd and 112 mcmd out of %hich 20 mcmd, 1)0 mcmd and 30 mcmd are consumed for electricity #eneration respecti/ely) ,*9- Whereas the natural #as production in India is not e/en adeAuate to meet its non>electricity reAuirements) 6an#ladesh, :yanmar and !akistan ha/e pro/en reser/es of 120 billion cubic metres 8bcm;, 223 bcm and 340 bcm respecti/ely) $here is ample opportunity for mutually beneficial tradin# in ener#y resources %ith these countries) India can supply its surplus electricity to !akistan and 6an#ladesh in return for the natural #as imports by #as pipe lines) Similarly India can de/elop on 6BB$ basis hydro po%er pro(ects in 1epal, :yanmar and 6hutan) &lready, India has constructed fe% hydro pro(ects in 6hutan totalin# nearly 2900 :W) :ost of the electricity #enerated by 6hutan from these hydro pro(ects is presently e<ported to India) India can also enter into lon# term po%er purchase a#reements %ith China for de/elopin# the hydro po%er potential in 6rahmaputra "i/er basin of $ibet re#ion) India can also supply its surplus O imported electricity to Sri Ganka by undersea cable link) $here is ample tradin# syner#y for India %ith its nei#hbor countries in securin# its ener#y reAuirements),*3-,*2-,**-

Rural electri&ication
:ain articleJ "ural lectrification Corporation Gimited India.s :inistry of !o%er launched "a(i/ 'andhi 'rameen Hidyutikaran Ro(ana as one of its fla#ship pro#ramme in :arch 2004 %ith the ob(ecti/e of electrifyin# o/er one lakh 8100,000; un>electrified /illa#es and to pro/ide free electricity connections to 2)30 crore 823)0 million; rural households) $his free electricity pro#ramme promises ener#y access to India.s rural areas, but is in part creatin# problems for India.s electricity sector),*-

Human resource de9elopment

"apid #ro%th of electricity sector in India demands that talent and trained personnel become a/ailable as India.s ne% installed capacity adds ne% (obs) India has initiated the process to rapidly e<pand ener#y education in the country, to enable the e<istin# educational institutions to introduce courses related to ener#y capacity addition, production, operations and maintenance, in their re#ular curriculum) $his initiati/e includes con/entional and rene%al ener#y) & :inistry of "ene%al and 1e% ner#y announcement claims State "ene%able ner#y &#encies are bein# supported to or#anise short>term trainin# pro#rammes for installation, operation and maintenance and repair of rene%able ener#y systems in such places %here intensi/e " pro#ramme are bein# implemented) "ene%able ner#y Chairs ha/e been established in II$ "oorkee and II$ Ehara#pur),32-

ducation and a/ailability of skilled %orkers is e<pected to be a key challen#e in India.s effort to rapidly e<pand its electricity sector)

Tradin)

India lit up at ni#ht) $his media, courtesy of 1&S&, %as taken by the cre% of <pedition 2* on 21 Bctober 2011) It starts o/er $urkmenistan, mo/in# east) India be#ins past the lon# %a/y solid oran#e line, markin# the li#hts at the India>!akistan borderline) 1e% +elhi, India.s capital and the Eathia%ar !eninsula are lit) So are :umbai, Fyderabad, Chennai, 6an#alore and many smaller cities in central and southern India, as this International Space Station.s /ideo shifts south>east%ard throu#h southern India, into the 6ay of 6en#al) Gi#htnin# storms are also present, represented by the flashin# li#hts throu#hout the /ideo) $he pass ends o/er %estern Indonesia) :ulti Commodity <chan#e has sou#ht permission to offer electricity future markets in India),100-

Re)ulation and administration

$he :inistry of !o%er is India.s ape< central #o/ernment body re#ulatin# the electrical ener#y sector in India) $his ministry %as created on 2 Culy 1**2) It is responsible for plannin#, policy formulation, processin# of pro(ects for in/estment decisions, monitorin# pro(ect implementation, trainin# and manpo%er de/elopment, and the administration and enactment of le#islation in re#ard to thermal, hydro po%er #eneration, transmission and distribution) It is also responsible for the administration of India.s lectricity &ct 82003;, the ner#y Conser/ation &ct 82001; and to undertake such amendments to these &cts, as and %hen necessary, in conformity %ith the Indian #o/ernment.s policy ob(ecti/es),101ffecti/e 22 Bctober 2012, the 7nion :inister of state for !o%er is Cyotiraditya :adha/rao Scindia) lectricity is a concurrent sub(ect at ntry 32 in Gist III of the se/enth Schedule of the Constitution of India) In India.s federal #o/ernance structure this means that both the central #o/ernment and India.s state #o/ernments are in/ol/ed in establishin# policy and la%s for its electricity sector) $his principle moti/ates central #o/ernment of India and indi/idual state #o/ernments to enter into memorandum of understandin# to help e<pedite pro(ects and reform electricity sector in respecti/e state),102-

o9ernment owned power companies

India.s :inistry of !o%er administers central #o/ernment o%ned companies in/ol/ed in the #eneration of electricity in India) $hese include 1ational $hermal !o%er Corporation, +amodar Halley Corporation, 1ational Fydroelectric !o%er Corporation and 1uclear !o%er Corporation of India) $he !o%er 'rid Corporation of India is also administered by the :inistry? it is responsible for the inter>state transmission of electricity and the de/elopment of national #rid) $he :inistry %orks %ith /arious state #o/ernments in matters related to state #o/ernment o%ned corporations in India.s electricity sector) <amples of state corporations include &ndhra !radesh !o%er 'eneration Corporation Gimited, &ssam !o%er 'eneration Corporation Gimited, $amil 1adu lectricity 6oard, :aharashtra State lectricity 6oard, Eerala State lectricity 6oard, and 'u(arat 7r(a Hikas 1i#am Gimited),1-

<undin) o& power in&rastructure

India.s :inistry of !o%er administers "ural lectrification Corporation Gimited and !o%er Finance Corporation Gimited) $hese central #o/ernment o%ned public sector enterprises pro/ide loans and #uarantees for public and pri/ate electricity sector infrastructure pro(ects in India)

"ee also

ner#y policy of India Ge/elised ener#y cost Solar po%er ner#y returned on ener#y in/ested Coal slurry pipeline 00,000 :W Rarlun# $san#po Fydroelectric !ro(ect

$orrefaction 'rid parity 1et meterin# 1e#a%att po%er Inde< of solar ener#y articles Central lectricity &uthority of India

conomics of ne% nuclear po%er plants +emand response 1ational 'rid 8'reat 6ritain; Spark spread lectricity market

Energ0 .orta$

E=ternal lin%s

:acro !atterns in the 7se of $raditional 6iomass Fuels = & StanfordO$ "I report on ener#y sector and human history lectricity industry in the !ublic Sector in India India.s ner#y !olicy and lectricity !roduction S lectricity online tradin# in IndiaT

S ner#y resources in IndiaT lectricity industry in !ublic Sector in India

Re&erences
U Cump up toJ a 1 ) % e , I <ecuti/e summary of month of +ecember 2013I) Central lectricity &uthority, :inistry of !o%er, 'o/ernment of India) 1o/ember 2013) "etrie/ed 2 Canuary 2010) 2) >ump up ? IInternational ner#y StatisticsI) "etrie/ed 1 February 2010) 3) >ump up ? India.s Installed !o%er 'eneration Capacity touches 2,10,400 :W? "ene%able ner#y Contribution "eaches 12)045 > "ene% India Campai#n > solar photo/oltaic, Indian Solar 1e%s, Indian Wind 1e%s, Indian Wind :arket) "ene%indians)com 82012>12>10;) "etrie/ed on 2013>12>09) 0) >ump up ? I <ecuti/e summaryI) 31 :arch 2013) "etrie/ed 13 Canuary 2010) 4) U Cump up toJ a 1 IStatistical "e/ie% of %orld ener#yI) "etrie/ed 0 February 2010) 9) >ump up ? IGlist of countries by electricity productionI) "etrie/ed 0 February 2010) 3) >ump up ? I!o%er sector at a #lanceJ &ll India dataI) :inistry of !o%er, 'o/ernment of India) September 2013) 2) >ump up ? World Coal Institute = India I$he coal resource, a comprehensi/e o/er/ie% of coalI) World Coal Institute) :arch 200*) *) U Cump up toJ a 1 ) % e IFor India, a !o%er Failure GoomsI) $he Wall Street Cournal) 2 Canuary 2012) 10) U Cump up toJ a 1 ) 7%e "emme et al) 8February 2011;) I$echnolo#y de/elopment prospects for the Indian po%er sectorI) International ner#y &#ency France? B C+) 11) >ump up ? IVWX!o%er>fullVWY 'u(arat #i/es 20>hour electricityI) i!e" o# $ndia) 0 :ay 2012) 12) >ump up ? I:adhya !radesh #oes the 'u(arat %ay for po%erI) %u"ine"" &tandard) 19 :ay 2013) 13) >ump up ? IWorld ner#y Butlook 2011J ner#y for &llI) International ner#y &#ency) Bctober 2011) 10) U Cump up toJ a 1 I!o%er Sector in IndiaJ White paper on Implementation Challen#es and BpportunitiesI) E!:') Canuary 2010) 14) >ump up ? I$he World FactbookI) CI&) 2002) "etrie/ed +ecember 2011) 19) >ump up ? IIndiaJ B/er/ie%, +ata D &nalysisI) 7)S) ner#y Information &dministration) 2011) 13) >ump up ? I&nalysis of the ener#y trends in the uropean 7nion D &sia to 2030I) Centre for ner#y> n/ironment "esources +e/elopment, $hailand) Canuary 200*) 12) >ump up ? Winds of chan#e come to country pla#ued by po%er blackouts) 'uardian) 30 +ecember 2002) "etrie/ed on 2012>01>13) 1)

1*)

>ump up ? 'eothermal ner#y and its !otential in India Z For the Chan#in# !lanet) 'reenclean#uide)com 82013>03>20;) "etrie/ed on 2013>12>09) 20) >ump up ? IGet there be li#htI) $he $ele#raph) 29 &pril 200*) 21) >ump up ? lectricity arri/es in :umbai 22) >ump up ? +ar(eelin# Fydro !o%er System 23) >ump up ? "elic of IndiaNs first electric rail%ay to be dismantled 20) >ump up ? Indian "ail%ays Fistory 1*00=1*03 24) U Cump up toJ a 1 I'ro%th of lectricity Sector in India from 1*03>2011I) Central lectricity &uthority, :inistry of !o%er, 'o/ernment of India) Cune 2011) "etrie/ed 20 February 2010) 29) >ump up ? IIntroductory remarks at the "oundtable +ay on ner#y &ccess and Climate Finance in &ssociation %ith 71> ner#yI) 7nited 1ations +e/elopment !ro#ramme) 2011) 23) U Cump up toJ a 1 $he !artnership for Clean Indoor &ir = Sierra Club) !ciaonline)or#) "etrie/ed on 2012>01>13) 22) >ump up ? &tmanand et al) 8200*;) I ner#y and Sustainable +e/elopment>&n Indian !erspecti/eI) World &cademy of Science) 2*) >ump up ? 'an#uly et al 82001;) II1+BB" &I" !BGG7$IB1 I1 I1+I& = & :&CB" 1HI"B1: 1$&G &1+ !76GIC F &G$F CB1C "1I) Indian Council of :edical "esearch, 1e% +elhi) 30) >ump up ? [[citQI$he &sian 6ro%n CloudJ Climate and Bther n/ironmental ImpactsI) 7nited 1ations n/ironmental !ro#ramme) 2002) 31) U Cump up toJ a 1 IIndoor air pollution and household ener#yI) WFB and 71 !) 2011) 32) >ump up ? I'reen sto/es to replace chullahsI) $he $imes of India) 3 +ecember 200*) 33) >ump up ? IStatus of Se%a#e $reatment in IndiaI) Central !ollution Control 6oard, :inistry of n/ironment D Forests, 'o/t of India) 2004) 30) >ump up ? I /aluation of Bperation &nd :aintenance Bf Se%a#e $reatment !lants in India>2003I) Central !ollution Control 6oard, :inistry of n/ironment D Forests) 2002) 34) U Cump up toJ a 1 I'et enli#htened about electricity = India 881 :7 P 1 :illion 7nits in India P 1 'WhrI) ZpublisherP$he Financial <pressZdateP20 +ecember 2000ZurlPhttpJOO%%%)financiale<press)comOprinterOne%sO122141O\\ 39) U Cump up toJ a 1 ) IGoad 'eneration 6alance "eport 2011>12I) Central lectricity &uthority, 'o/ernment of India :inistry of !o%er) :ay 2011) "etrie/ed 2011>11>29) 33) U Cump up toJ a 1 I'u(arat solar park likely to produce 300:W by the end of +ecemberI) $he Gi/e :int D $he Wall Street Cournal) 19 &u#ust 2011) 32) >ump up ? I'u(arat #o/t sets aside $ata.s demand for po%er price hikeI) $he $imes of India) 12 +ecember 2011) 3*) >ump up ? "ural electrification in India,dead lin'00) >ump up ? "e/kin, &ndre% C) 8* &pril 2002;) I:oney for India.s ]7ltra :e#a. Coal !lants &ppro/edI) he (e) *or' i!e") "etrie/ed 1 :ay 2010) 01) >ump up ? $he lectricity &ccess +atabase) iea)or#

02)

>ump up ? IFousin# condition in IndiaJ Fousehold amenities and other characteristics 8Culy = September 2002;I) 'o/ernment of India) 03) >ump up ? I"eport on 13th electric po%er sur/ey of IndiaI) Central lectricity &uthority, :inistry of !o%er) 2003) 00) >ump up ? I!o%erin# IndiaJ $he "oad to 2013I) :cEinsey) 2002) 04) >ump up ? Ro#inder &la#h, Former :inister of !o%er and Science $echnolo#y of India 82011;) I$ransmission and +istribution of lectricity in India "e#ulation, In/estment and fficiencyI) B C+) 09) >ump up ? IIndia stru##les %ith po%er theftI) 66C) 14 :arch 2009) "etrie/ed 3 Canuary 2010) 03) >ump up ? I"eformin# the !o%er SectorJ Controllin# lectricity $heft and Impro/in# "e/enueI 8!+F;) $he World 6ank) 02) >ump up ? lectricity and po%er shorta#e holdin# India back) Free>press> release)com 820 Cune 2003;) "etrie/ed on 2012>01>13) 0*) >ump up ? "an#e, Cackie) 822 Bctober 2002; India Faulted for Failure to Impro/e !o%er Supply) Bnline)%s()com) "etrie/ed on 2012>01>13) 40) >ump up ? I"a(ya Sabha > Starred ^uestion 1o) 201I) :inistry of !o%er, 'o/t) of India) 2* &u#ust 2013) "etrie/ed 20 February 2010) 41) >ump up ? 6asistha "a( &dhikari 8Culy 200*;) I$ehri +amJ &n n#ineerin# :ar/elI) +,dro (e-al 8) doiJ10)3129Ohn)/4i0)2021) 42) >ump up ? I&nnual "eport 1**1>1**2I) +epartment of !o%er, 'o/t of India) 1**2) 43) >ump up ? I&nnual "eport 2002>2003I) +epartment of !o%er, 'o/t of India) 2003) 40) >ump up ? I&nnual "eport 2010>2011I) !o%er Finance Corporation Gtd, India = & 'o/t of India entity) 2011) 44) >ump up ? I6oom time for po%er eAuipment companiesI) 6usiness Standard) September 200*) 49) >ump up ? I&GG I1+I& " 'IB1WIS ' 1 "&$I1' I1S$&GG + C&!&CI$R BF !BW "I) Central lectricity &uthority, :inistry of !o%er, 'o/ernment of India) Bctober 2013) 43) >ump up ? I:inistry of !o%erI) !o%ermin)nic)in) 31 Bctober 2012) "etrie/ed 2012>12>12) 42) U Cump up toJ a 1 ) % IGoad 'eneration and 6alance "eportI) Central lectricity &uthority, :inistry of !o%er, 'o/ernment of India) 2012) 4*) >ump up ? "a/i Erishnan 8:arch 2010;) I!o%er "eport = IndiaJ Can she make the most of her opportunities_I) .o)er /n0ineerin0 $nternational 8!ennWell;J 19=20) 90) >ump up ? I!ri/ate firms o/ertake #o/ernment enterprises in po%er production, adds about 205 of the tar#etI) $he conomic $imes) 23 Culy 2011) 91) >ump up ? I conomics of Coal and 'as 6ased ner#yI) $hird Wa/e Solutions) 2012) 92) >ump up ? I$ CF1IC&G I& '7I+&1C :&17&G FB" $F ":&G !BW " !G&1$SI) :inistry of n/ironment and Forests, 'o/ernment of India) 200*)

93)

>ump up ? !o%er Sector at a 'lance &GG I1+I&) !o%ermin)nic)in) "etrie/ed on 2012>12>12) 90) >ump up ? IFi#hli#hts of !o%er Sector durin# monthI) Cea)nic)in) "etrie/ed 2012>12>12) 94) >ump up ? Fydropo%er +e/elopment in IndiaJ & Sector &ssessment 99) U Cump up toJ a 1 ) I1!CIG &nnual "eport, 2010=2011I) 1uclear !o%er Corporation of India Gimited) 2011) 93) >ump up ? I1!CIG &nnual "eport, 200*=2010I) 1uclear !o%er Corporation of India Gimited) 2010) 92) >ump up ? IIndia Steps 7p 7ranium <ploration &fter "ecord +isco/eryI) $he Wall Street Cournal) 21 Culy 2011) 9*) U Cump up toJ a 1 I!hysical !ro#ress 8&chie/ements;I) :inistry of 1e% and "ene%able ner#y, 'o/t) of India) 31 Canuary 2010) "etrie/ed 21 February 2010) 30) >ump up ? I!o%er 'eneration from Harious "ene%able ner#y SourcesI) :inistry of 1e% and "ene%able ner#y) * +ecember 2013) "etrie/ed 10 Canuary 2010) 31) >ump up ? I1 W D " 1 W&6G 1 "'R, Cumulati/e deployment of /arious "ene%able ner#y Systems as on 31O12O2012I) :inistry of 1e% and "ene%able ner#y, 'o/ernment of India) +ecember 2012) 32) U Cump up toJ a 1 ) % e IRear nd "e/ie% = 2011I) !ress Information 6ureau, 'o/ernment of India) +ecember 2011) 33) >ump up ? ISolarI) :inistry of 1e% and "ene%able ner#y, 'o/t) of India) "etrie/ed 21 February 2010) 30) >ump up ? Sethi, 1itin 812 1o/ember 200*;) IIndia tar#ets 1,000m% solar po%er in 2013I) $imes of India) 34) U Cump up toJ a 1 I'u(arat Solar !o%er $ransmission !ro(ectJ IndiaI) &sian +e/elopment 6ank) September 2011) 39) >ump up ? Consumer financin# pro#ramme for solar home systems in southern India) ner#y#lobe)info) "etrie/ed on 2012>01>13) 33) >ump up ? 71 ! %ins ner#y 'lobe a%ard) "ene%able>ener#y> %orld)com) "etrie/ed on 2012>01>13) 32) U Cump up toJ a 1 IWorld Wind ner#y "eport 2010I 8!+F;) 1e-ort) World Wind ner#y &ssociation) February 2011) 3*) U Cump up toJ a 1 IFacts D Fi#ures, IndiaI) Wind !o%er India) 2011) 20) >ump up ? State>%ise Wind !o%er Installed Capacity In India) %indpo%erindia)com 21) >ump up ? India to add 9,000 m% %ind po%er by 2012? but belo% tar#et) 6usiness>standard)com) "etrie/ed on 2012>01>13) 22) >ump up ? I6iomass for po%er #eneration and CF!I) International ner#y &#ency) 2003) 23) >ump up ? IIndia, 6iofuels &nnual 2011I) 7nited States +epartment of &#ricultureJ 'lobal &#ricultural Information 1et%ork) Culy 2011) 20) U Cump up toJ a 1 I'eothermal fields of IndiaI) 'eolo#ical Sur/ey of India) 2001)

U Cump up toJ a 1 I+e/elopment of 3)34 :W +ur#aduani :ini $idal !o%er !ro(ect, Sunderbans, West 6en#alI) 1F!C Gimited = & 'o/ernment of India nterprise) +ecember 2011) 29) >ump up ? I$idal ner#y in IndiaI) ner#y &lternati/es India) 2002) 23) >ump up ? ISur/ey of ner#y "esourcesI) World ner#y Council) 2003) pp) 434=439) 22) >ump up ? Chris 'ascoyne and &le<is &ik 8February 2011;) I7ncon/entional 'as and Implications for the G1' :arket F&C$S 'lobal ner#yI) .aci#ic /ner0, &u!!it) 2*) >ump up ? &mol Sharma and :e#ha 6ahree 81 Culy 2012;) I'rindin# ner#y Shorta#e $akes $oll on India.s 'ro%thI) $he Wall Street Cournal) *0) U Cump up toJ a 1 ICB2 :ISSIB1S F"B: F7 G CB:67S$IB1 FI'FGI'F$S, 2011 ditionI) International ner#y &#ency, France) 2011) *1) >ump up ? I1atural 'as = !ro/ed "eser/esI) CI& World Factbook) "etrie/ed Canuary 2012) *2) >ump up ? ICountry &nalysis 6riefJ IndiaI) 7)S) ner#y Information &dministration) 2011) *3) >ump up ? IIndia starts testin# shale>#as playsI) Bil and 'as Cournal) 4 +ecember 2011) *0) >ump up ? I+aily report of po%er situation, :inistry of !o%er, 'oI,I) "etrie/ed 13 February 2013) *4) >ump up ? ISee "eports section, 1ational load dispatch centre, :inistry of !o%er, 'oI,I) "etrie/ed 13 February 2013) *9) >ump up ? ISee ener#y sections of !akistan, 6urma, 6an#ladesh, 1epal, 6hutan D Sri Ganka) Facts book of all countries)I) "etrie/ed 13 February 2013) *3) >ump up ? I ner#y resources in IndiaI) "etrie/ed 13 February 2013) *2) >ump up ? lectricity online tradin# in India **) >ump up ? IInte#ratin# uropean lectricity :arketsI) "etrie/ed 14 :ay 2013) 100) >ump up ? I:CL mo/e to launch electricity future faces le#al hurdleI) $he Financial <press) 101) >ump up ? I:inistry of !o%erI) 'o/ernment of India) "etrie/ed +ecember 2011) 102) >ump up ? I" FB": !"B'"&:: BF '7C&"&$I) :inistry of !o%er, 'o/ernment of India) Canuary 2001) 24) @showA 9 t e

Electricity sector in (sia

@showA 9 t

Nuclear power in India

@showA 9 t e

Economy o& India

@showA 9 t e

Electricity deli9ery
Cate#oriesJ lectric po%er in India

Na9i)ation menu

Create account Go# in &rticle $alk "ead dit Hie% history :ain pa#e Contents Featured content Current e/ents "andom article +onate to Wikipedia Wikimedia Shop

Interaction

Felp &bout Wikipedia Community portal

"ecent chan#es Contact pa#e

Tools 'rint*e=port Ban)ua)es

dit links $his pa#e %as last modified on 13 :arch 2010 at 14J10) $e<t is a/ailable under the Creati/e Commons &ttribution>Share&like Gicense? additional terms may apply) 6y usin# this site, you a#ree to the $erms of 7se and !ri/acy !olicy) Wikipedia` is a re#istered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc), a non> profit or#ani@ation)