196A

845291 Controlled sinking of an open end caisson in weak rock Vrkljan, I; Nonveiller, E; Szavits-Nossan, A; Lisac, Z; Visec, I Proc 5th Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, Melbourne, 10-15 April 1983 V2, PD337-D342. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1983
A concrete open-ended caisson 60m deep and 30m in diameter was sunk for the shaft of a reversible hydroelectric power plant through 10m of clay followed by 50m of very hard marly clay. Strict control of centre line inclination and penetration depth during the undercutting of the edge was required. The construction method chosen was: excavation of the foundation pit protected by a reinforced concrete shaft, sunk by excavating the bottom, and simultaneously concreting the shaft lining wall above ground level.

845296 Use of antislide piling Ginzburg, L K Soil Mech Found Engng V20, N1, Jan-Feb 1983, P6-9
Case study of the stabilization of a slope in the USSR, where piles were driven in the slope side to prevent further landslides.

845297 Open-pit mining over underground extraction - interactive problems (In French) Arcamone, J; Poirot, R Proc 5th Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, Melbourne, 10-15 April 1983 V2, PE115-E118. Publ Rotterdam: A. ,4. Balkema, 1983
When working open pit mines situated above underground workings it is necessary to define the working slopes by considering the surface rock as subject to fracturing and affected by subsidence. An example is used to illustrate a general method'of examining the problem.

845292 Non-linear analysis of rock foundations with soft interfaces Jia-Shou Zhuo; Yin-Tang Wang Proc 5th Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, Melbourne, 10-15 April 1983 V2, PF187-F190. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1983
Three models of material behaviour are examined: (1) the lowtension elastoplastic model, (2) the fracture model, and (3) a combined model of(l) and (2). For soft interstitial layers a notension elastoplastic model is proposed. A non-linear analysis of the rock foundation of a dam is presented, using finite element analysis and iteration with a changeable plastic stiffness.

H y d r a u l i c structures See also:845320 845298 Majes Project: geological conditions and construction Ceriani, G; Nord, G Proc 5th Congress of the International Society for Rock Mecham'cs, Melbourne, 10-15 April 1983 V2, PD293-D300. Publ Rotterdam: ,4. A. Balkema, 1983
100kin of tunnels and 40km of canals were constructed in the Andes, Peru, to divert water from the Colca River to the desert plains, as part of the Majes Project. Pre-investigation included photogeology and surface geological mapping with the excavation of exploratory adits in inlet and outlet areas. The canal route was investigated by 35 full-size canal open cuts, 10 trenches and 30 pits and the longest tunnel was investigated by 5 rotary drill borings and an adit. The consequences of the programme are presented by describing the excavation of selected sections of tunnel in varying rock conditions: high quality rock, medium quality rock, low quality rock and difficult rock.

Slopes
845293 Soil structure in relation to landslides Handsley, S E Ground Engng V17, N3, April 1984, P9-11
Report of an informal discussion of the British Geotechnical Society, 30 November 1983.

845294 Study of the resistance of debris to washing-out on natural slopes. Technique and experience Krupoderov, V S lnt Assoc Engng Geol Bull N26-27, Dec 1982-June 1983, P449-452 (Paper to the International Symposium on Soil and Rock Investigations by In Situ Testing, Paris, 18-20 May 1983)
The resistance of debris to washing out on natural slopes at various flow rates has been studied experimentally. It is found that particle size distribution of debris determines the washout depth and the rate at which a catastrophic washout starts. The impact of moisture content on the scouring resistance of debris is different at various flow rates. Water flow energy is a universal parameter of debris scouring resistance, so it is concluded that an energy parameter will be useful for the prediction of erosional and mudflow processes.

Earth retaining structures 845299 Experimental sheet pile wall anchored with active tie-rods (In French) Gigan, J P Bull Liaison Lab Ponts Chaussees N129, Jan-Feb 1984, P5-20
To test the validity of the figures of soil-wall behaviour used in subgrade modulus methods of calculation, measurements were made of sheet pile deformations (five inclinometers), soil pressure in the backfill behind the wall and stresses in the steel (gauges welded on the outer surface of the wall). On the basis of the results of theoretical studies using finite element methods in elastic soils, a rule is proposed for the calculation of the subgrade modulus during the tensioning of the tie-rods.

845295 Multivariate models for landslide hazard evaluation Carrara, A J Int Assoc Math Geol V15, N3, June 1983, P403-426
Multivariate models for assessing landslide incidence hazard, particularly in southern Italy, were developed and tested in two Calabrian sample areas characterized by different geologicalgeomorphological conditions. Discriminant analysis is able to distinguish between stable and unstable areas. Multiple regression analysis is also found to be useful for predicting actual and potential landslide hazard.

845300 Reinforced retaining walls: the use of old motor tyres (In French) Long, N T; Delmas, P; Pouget, P Bull Liaison Lab Ponts Chaussees N129, Jan-Feb 1984, P21-28

197A To determine the potential use of old motor tyres as soil reinforcement elements, work was carried out to: (1) study the behaviour of the reinforced soil, (2) study the mechanical characteristics of the tyres, (3) study the adherence between the soil and the tyres and (4) study the structural design. A description of a 10m long, 5m high experimental wall is included. screen depth. During the foundation works, flow rates were limited and no disturbance occurred in the water table outside the site.

Influence o f d y n a m i c loads due to e x p l o s i o n s or earthquakes See also: 845102 845306 Quantification of factors contributing to earthquake damage in buildings Tiedemann, H Engng Geol V20, N1-2, March 1984, P169-180
The most important factors contributing to earthquake damage in buildings are examined based upon extensive statistical analysis of building damage in 25 earthquakes. The factors include foundation material, site effects, building quality, regularity or symmetry of the building, and the orientation of the building in relation to the predominant ground shaking.

845301 Three.dimensional stability analysis of diaphragm wall excavations Washbourne, J Ground Engng II17, N4, May 1984, P24-29
A three dimensional analysis is presented for a diaphragm wall in which arching effects in the soil surrounding the slurry support trench of the wall is taken into account.

845302 Design of anchored bulkheads in sands Nataraj, M S; Hoadley, P G J Geotech Engng Die ASCE VllO, NGT4, April 1984, P505515
A design method for anchored bulkheads in sand based upon a computational pressure diagram (CPD) is presented. The CPD has been developed from use of the conventional free earth support method.

845303 Graphical solution for sheet pile embedment. Technical note Masih, R J Geotech Engng Die ASCE 11110, NGT4, April 1984, P534538
A graphical method using a trial and error approach is described for obtaining the embedment depth of sheet piles. The soil pressure may vary linearly or nonlinearly with depth.

845307 Excavated antiscismic dwellings at Santorini Islands in young volcanic tufts Garagunis, C N In: Rock Mechanics: Caverns and Pressure Shafts (papers to the I S R M Symposium, Aachen, 26-28 May 1982) V1, P275283. Publ Rotterdam." A. A. Balkema, 1982
Santorini, one of the Greek Islands, has a long history of seismic activity, and so its houses need good resistance to earthquakes. Houses are often carved into the pumice stone for this reason.

Comminution of Rocks
845308 Stress fields and subsurface crack propagation of single and multiple rook indentation and disc cutting Lindqvist, P A Rock Mech Rock Engng V17, N2, April-June 1984, P97-112
Indentation stress fields of one- and two-point loads applied on an ideal elastic half-space are presented. Laboratory observations, although few, are in surprisingly good agreement with long median and cone-type tensile cracks predicted by normal principal stresses. Results indicate that simultaneous loading by multiple indenters offers a possibility partly to control the direction and length of such cracks. This suggests the development of new cutter configurations with a possible increase in efficiency, as compared with present rock boring and rock cutting practice. A simple fracture mechanics calculation of the length of subsurface cracks is performed by applying indentation fracture studies of ceramics. Results demonstrate the influence of material parameters such as fracture surface energy, hardness and elastic constants. Auth.

Construction methods 845304 Flowable fly ash: a new cement stabilized backfill Funston, J J; Krell, W C; Zimmer, F V Cie Engng, N Y V54, N3, March 1984, P48-51
Cement stabilized fly ash placed at a plastic to fluid consistency is now in use as a new structural backfill material. Typically 45% cement is added with the appropriate amount of water for the particular application. Following a successful pilot programme the material was used to fill a mile long trench at the Belle River Power Plant. The material's light weight and strength make it ideal for reducing settlement when fill must be placed on soft ground.

G r o u n d w a t e r problems 8453O5 Nogent-sur-Seine nuclear power plant: design of diaphragm wall depth by pumping tests inside experimental walls (In French) Sigismond, J; Doucerain, T Int Assoc Engng Geol Bull N26-27, Dec 1982-June 1983, P493-500 (Paper to the International Symposium on Soil and Rock Investigations by In Situ Testing, Paris, 18-20 May 1983)
An analysis of water bearing characteristics during the dewatering of the excavations of Nogent-sur-Seine nuclear power plant, France, suggested that a diaphragm wall was needed. Four experimental walls allowed the verification of the feasibility of a grout wall and the calculation of the definitive

845309 Development and esthnalion of rook breaking methods Protasov, Y I; Oksanich, I F; Mironov, P S Proc 5tk Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, Melbourne, 10-15 April 1983 V2, PF49-F53. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1983
Examines the intensity problem of rock breaking by blasting and other methods, together with methods of blasted mass lumpiness prediction.