ALLOPHONES

1. Devoicing [=0| |uo0 tC]

This process takes place when a voiced sound loses a bit of voice because: a) it is followed or preceded by a voiceless sound
/Ct i:/, /q{vooCm/. b) It is followed or preceded by a pause /AcI/.
Only voiced segments can be devoiced. Vowels and diphthongs are never devoiced.

2. Aspiration || |tut|
Voice onset delay. Whenever there is a fortis plosive followed by a syllabic or non-syllabic vocoid in stressed position, the air is
released abruptly causing aspiration. When /s/ is followed by /p/ /t/ /k/ in the same syllable, there is unaspiration.

3. Germination [| |ioocI| |eoItoo| [bl{kk{t|
The offset of the first segment and the onset of the second one disappear (both segments are incomplete). It can occur when
there are two homorganic plosives together, a plosive followed by its homorganic affricate or a plosive preceded or followed by its
homorganic nasal. It also can occur within words.

4. Release masking |
>
] [eoit
>
toYot| |oti:k
>
tC] [qct
>
t|
It can occur between non-homorganic plosives or a nasal and its homorganic plosive.

5. Lateral release [
L
] [Io
L
l] [Ct
L
lA:st]
The third place is produced laterally.
-Homorganic lateral release: /t, d/ + /l/ Plosives + Lateral
-Non-homorganic lateral release: /p, b, k, g/ + /l/
-Between word boundaries.

6. Nasal release [
N
] [It
N
n] |oo
N
v
The third stage is nasal, and it can occur between a plosive and its homorganic or non-homorganic nasal. It can also occur within
words.

7. Non-audible release [] |ct oYt|
In words ended in a fortis plosive /p, t, k/, the third stage may not be pronounced and it must be followed by a pause.

8. Pre fortis clipping [.][ ]|u.t| |koYt|
Fortis cause a reduction in the length of the previous long vowel or diphthong. It occurs in the same syllable.

9. Syllabicity [ ]|A:ov=| ||ot=| |i:=v=| |ti:t=|
When vowel #12 is elided, /n, m, N/ ovo // becomes the nucleus of the syllable. It cant happen across boundaries.

10. Glottal reinforcement [] [|Y|O:| You dont say /t/, is replaced by a glottal sound.
When a phoneme is accompanied by a [], then one speaks of glottal reinforcement. This is common in most varieties
of English, RP included; /t/ and /t/ are the most affected but /p/ /k/ also regularly show glottal reinforcement.

11. Lip Rounding or Labialization [
w
] [u:| |tYo| |tO:| |tu:| |keoIt| |tYo| |teIv| |oO:|
Any consonant followed by /u: Yo e O:/. It cant occur across boundaries. We round our lips when we produce it.

12. Nasalization [ )| |toI)|
Vocalic element preceded, followed or between nasals. We lower the soft palate and the air escapes orally and nasally.
- Nasal + Vowel |u):=| |o)I|
- Vowel + Nasal |o)I| |t3):v|
- Nasal + Vowel + Nasal [u):v| |{)v|


13. Neutralization
It can affect a whole word or just a segment. It also occurs in vowels #1 and #9. Words that are different in isolation, when they
are in context they are neutralized.

14. Similitude |
+
| |

| |ki:| |kO:t| |kA:| |A:ov| |k{t|

When any velar segment is followed by a back or front vowel, the segment changes its place of articulation to either forward or
backward (depending on the vowel that follows).

15. Elision
In some words, some phonemes are not pronounced. /C/
Consonant + /t, d/ + consonant we can elide the alveolar plosive. /|A:o(t) oN/ /CoYv(o) oZov/

16. Dentalization [ ]|3:vt ACt] [bCt AIo| |o{o TINko| |qcT| |tcvT|
It takes place when alveolar segments are denatlized because they are followed by dental segments. That is to say that they
change their place of articulation. This process may occur within a word or across boundaries /t, d, n, l/ + /A, T/

17. Omission of the onset [ ] [tcv tOI,| |kCmbaIv| |oNC]
Nasal + its homorganic plosive. The onset of the plosive is omitted. /mp, mb, nt, nd, Nk, N/. It takes place within a word or across
boundaries.
18. Velarization | Dark L [K| |O:K| |ecK| ||O:K|
The lateral in final syllable position. The place of articulation is retracted.

19. Labiodentalization [ ] |k|Ct] [cI |O:|
Nasal + labiodental fricative. The place of articulation of the nasal changes. It can take place within the word or across boundaries.

20. Linking processes:
- Linking || |oIvC r at]
Words ending in a vowel followed by a word beginning with a vowel are linked by [r] when there is a /r/ in spelling.
- Linking yod [

| [ocI

It| ||i

cI||
When there is a front closing diphthong or front vowel followed by a word beginning with a syllabic vocoid, a [

| may be used as a
linker. /i:/ o /I/ + Vowel.
- Linking w [
w
] [|u:
w
INk| |voY
w
A:t|
Back closing diphthongs or back vowels may be linked by [
w
]

Assimilation: Two sounds become similar to each other. One sound takes the characteristics of the other.
Phonemic:
Phonemic progressive assimilation of place: Plosive + syllabic nasal nasal changes according to the place of articulation of the
preceding plosive. /q{t/ /3:|/ /|cIkN/ /O:N/
Phonemic regressive assimilation of place
* t d n are replaced by p b m before bilabial consonants /kt tCtcItCY,/ /Yo ti:t/ /tcv tcICz/
* t d n are replaced by k g n before velar consonants /A{t kt/ /koIvo 3:/ /kCn k/
* s z are replaced by palato alveolar /E Z/ before cons. w/palatal /AIo Eoto/ /koo tE{vC/ /AIo oZoZ/ /Io u:/
/Ai:, Eoto/ /ACY, tE3:tEI,/ /ACY, oZo|,/ /ACz N/
Phonemic progressive assimilation of voice[| /eot I, AC toI/ /eoto AC toI/ (Plurals and regular verbs)
Phonemic regressive assimilation of voice o /ok t |k o/

Allophonic
Allophonic progressive assimilation of place
Allophonic regressive assimilation of place Dentalization, labiodentalization, labialization, similitude.
Allophonic progressive assimilation of voice Devoicing
Allophonic regressive assimilation of voice Pre fortis clipping, devoicing, aspiration.

Coalescent assimilation
t + j = /tE/ /eot u eovt/ /eotEu eovt/
d + j = /oZ/ /euo u/ /euoZu/
s + j = /E/ /Iv kcIo u/ /Iv kcIEu/
z + j = /Z/ /q{, O: ctC/ /q{ZO: ctC/