Java Names and Variables

GEEN163
Introduction to Computer Programming

What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.
William Shakespeare

Clickers
Clickers will be required on Friday, January 17

Textbook
Java Illuminated, 3rd edition,
Brief edition by Anderson and Franceschi, ISBN 9781284021301, 9781449632021 or 9781449604400
The full edition is compatible ISBN 9781449632014

Available at the Bookstore

It is also available from online bookstores. See the class website.

MyCodeLab
Do 25 out of the 68 possible questions in sections 2.1 and 2.2 of MyCodeLab on the www.turingscraft.com website You will earn 4 points for each correct answer up to a maximum of 100 points You can retry incorrect answers Due by midnight on Wednesday, January 22

Java Source Code

What you type is called the source code of your program The source code is not directly run by the computer The source code must be compiled into an executable form before the computer can execute it

Traditional Java Programs

Source Code
Compiler Bytecodes

Bytecode Libraries

Java Virtual Machine

Modern Virtual Machines

Source Code
Compiler Bytecodes
Virtual Machine

Bytecode Libraries

JIT

machine language

Writing and Running a Program

Writing a program Done first Written by you Left alone once complete Data values are unknown Running a program Run after it is written Run by anyone May be run many times
May use any data values

Programming Assignments
Programming assignments will define a program you are to create The assignment will explicitly define what the program is supposed to do Sample data and the expected results for that data is often provided Your program should work with any data, not just the sample data

Example Assignment
Write a program to input two numbers and display the average of the numbers
Sample input 2 6 Sample output Average is 4.0

Errors
When programming you will make mistakes. There are three types of programming errors
Compile errors When you compile your program, the compiler might detect an error (i.e. missing semicolon) Run time errors An error can occur when you program is running (i.e. division by zero) Logic errors Your program might not produce the correct results

Keep Your Cool

You will have errors You will correct them Seek help if you dont understand the error

Software Development Process

Requirements high level description of what the system is supposed to do Specifications detailed description Design how will the system do this Coding writing the program Integration putting the pieces together Testing make sure it works correctly Maintenance updates and corrections

Class Programs
Requirements faculty will define briefly Specifications faculty will define Design student responsibility Coding student responsibility Testing informal student responsibility

Structure of a Java Program

import package.class; public class ProgramName { public static void main(String[] rabbit) { // your simple program here } }

import
If you use existing objects in your program, you need to tell Java where to find them import tells Java to look in this package for classes you are using The import statement allows you to use the short name of a class import is not required. You can always use the full name of an object.

import example
import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
other parts of the program ... JOptionPane.showMessageDialog();

or without import
javax.swing.JOptionPane.showMessageDialog();

Class statement
Java is an Object-Oriented language Objects are defined by classes All Java programs are an object Much more on objects to come later

main method
Methods are functions or programs that can be executed The method with the name main is always executed first main has an array of String parameters that can be used to pass command line arguments

Names
Names or identifiers in Java (such as program names, class names, variable names, etc.) can be as long as you like Names can contain letters, numbers underscores (_), and dollar signs ($) Spaces are not allowed in a name Names cannot start with a number Java is case sensitive, upper and lower case letters are different

Java Reserved Words

abstract assert boolean break byte case catch char class const continue default do double else enum extends final finally float for goto if implements import instanceof int interface long native new package private protected public return short static strictfp super switch synchronized this throw throws transient try void volatile while

Reserved words cannot be used for program names

Meaningful Names
Names should make sense to humans Variable names such as:
i X v027 v028

are not very meaningful The variable name should describe the data
balance numWidgets xCoordinate

Why Animals?

Java Conventions
While the Java language allows you to use upper and lower case letters as you please, tradition dictates you follow some rules: Variables and method names start with a lower case letter Class names start with an Upper Case letter Constants are all UPPER CASE When you combine two English words, upper case the first letter of the second word (i.e. firstPlace, mySchool, whoCares)

Which of these are valid names?

a) dog e) DOG i) a_1 b) m/h f) 25or6to4 j) studentNumber c) main g) 1stTime k) Main d) double h) first name l) ______

Which of these are valid names?

a) dog e) DOG i) a_1 b) m/h f) 25or6to4 j) studentNumber c) main g) 1stTime k) Main d) double h) first name l) ______

Variables
Variables hold data. They represent a memory location. Variables have a:
Name: so you can identify them in Java Type: the format of the data Value: assigned at run time and often changes

You must set a variable's value before you can use it

Memory Locations
owner
Fred

sum
47

price
665.95

When you create a variable in Java, it reserves memory to hold the data

Simple Data Types

int integer whole numbers double numbers with decimal points

char single characters boolean true or false

Different sized data

float a decimal with 7 digit accuracy double a decimal with 16 digit accuracy
byte a 1 byte int for numbers < 128 short a 2 byte int for number < 16384 int a 4 byte int for numbers < 2 billion long a 8 byte int for numbers < 9 x1018

A Not-So-Simple Data Type

String A string of characters A String can contain any character on the keyboard (and more) String is a Java class. (Note the first letter is capitalized.) We will talk more about classes and complex data types later.

Java is Strongly Typed

In Java you must specify the type of the data to be stored in a variable In some other programming languages, you can put any kind of data in any variable Java carefully restricts the type of data that can be stored in a variable Strong typing helps prevent subtle errors

Constants
int 1 2 3 -6 123456 double -1.234 0.000123 1.23e-4 String "inside double quotes" boolean true false character 'x' // a single character in single quotes

Declaring Variables
All variables must be declared before they are used in the program A variable is declared by writing the data type followed by the variable name More than one variable may be declared on the same line as the same type by separating the variable names by commas

Example Declarations
double int String boolean int interestRate; numPenguins; myName; doit; first, second;

Assigning Values
You can set a variable to a value during execution by putting the name of variable, an equals sign followed by a value and semicolon numPenguins = 6; first = 3; interestRate = 4.75; The type of the variable and the value must match.

Compile Time vs Run Time

You can set a variable to a value, such as dog = 47 + 5; // set to an equation or dog = keyboard.nextInt(); // read from keyboard
When you write a program, you do not know what values the user of the program will enter

Not All Are Equal

The equals sign is used to set a variable to a value. It does not mean equal in the mathematical sense. int cat, dog; cat = 3; dog = 5; cat = dog; // cat has the value 5
An old computer language used the arrow character to indicate assignment.
cat 3; dog 5; cat dog ; // not Java

Sequential Execution
Java programs are executed sequentially one line at a time int cat, dog; dog = 5; cat = dog; // cat has the value 5 dog = 7;

cat still has the value 5 while dog now has the value 7

Moving Data
cat ? dog ?

When you first create a variable, it has an undefined value

Moving Data
cat ? dog 5

dog = 5;

Moving Data
cat 5 dog 5

cat = dog;

Moving Data
cat 5 dog 7

dog = 7;

Variable Initialization
When you declare a variable, you can give it an initial value. If you dont give a variable an initial value, it will have some unknown random value. In the declaration after the variable name, put an equals sign followed by the value. The type of the variable and the value must match.

Example Initializations
double int String boolean int int interestRate = 0.075; numPenguins = 7; myName = "Ken"; doit = false; first = 1, second = 2; bad = "This is wrong";

Which are valid statements?

double int String double boolean char String cow = 47.5; goat = 14.2; right = "wrong"; bull = 2.94e14; bird = "owl"; pony = 'x'; horse = 'x';

Which are valid statements?

double int String double boolean char String cow = 47.5; goat = 14.2; no decimal point right = "wrong"; bull = 2.94e14; bird = "owl"; only true or false pony = 'x'; horse = 'x'; use double quotes

Clickers
Clickers will be required on Friday, January 17

Textbook
Java Illuminated, 3rd edition,
Brief edition by Anderson and Franceschi, ISBN 9781284021301, 9781449632021 or 9781449604400
The full edition is compatible ISBN 9781449632014

Available at the Bookstore

It is also available from online bookstores. See the class website.

MyCodeLab
Do 25 out of the 68 possible questions in sections 2.1 and 2.2 of MyCodeLab on the www.turingscraft.com website You will earn 4 points for each correct answer up to a maximum of 100 points You can retry incorrect answers Due by midnight on Wednesday, January 22