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Chapter 1
Panko and Panko Business Data Networks and Security, 9th Edition
The cloud imagery indicates that the user does not have to understand how systems inside the cloud operate. 3
FBP FBP BB-D5-33-D4- 19-FF-AE-D46B-DD EC-63 -60 dBm -60 dBm 802.11n 44 AES-CCMP WPA2/PEAP Cisco 802.11n 48 AES-CCMP WPA2/PEAP Cisco
Working Definition
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P2P Processing can be done without a network (as shown) or with a network. No servers are needed.
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Transmission Speed Measurements Bits per second (bps) Usually not bytes per second (Bps) Metric Suffixes Kilobits per second Megabits per second Gigabits per second Terabits per second kbps (lowercase k) Mbps Gbps Tbps 1,000 bits per second (not 1,024) 1,000 kbps 1,000 Mbps 1,000 Gbps 15
File Downloads
E-mail message (250 words) Photograph (5 MB) 1 Hr HTDV Video (10 Mbps) Backup Synch (10 GB)
5 Mbps 0s 10 s 2h 6h
10 Mbps 0s 5s 1h 3h
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5 Mbps OK OK
10 Mbps OK OK OK
MP3 Song (10 kbps) Standard Quality TV (2 Mbps) HDTV (10 Mbps) Three HDTV Channels
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Packet Switching
Internetworking Layers Internet Standards A Small Home Network
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Internetworking
Layers Internet Standards A Small Home Network
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Capitalization of internet
With an uppercase I, Internet means the global Internet we use every day. With a lowercase i, internet means any internet or the internet layer.
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Basically, Kahn and Cerf created a second layer of networking on top of single networks. This required the creation of a parallel set of concepts for single networks and internets. Single networks and internets use similar concepts but give these concepts different names. It is important for you to get this clear in your head.
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Component Addresses
Generic Terminology
Internets 32-bit IPv4 Addresses and 128-bit IPv6 Addresses Packets Routers Routes 33
Packets
Switches
Frames
Component Addresses
Generic Terminology
Internets 32-bit IPv4 Addresses and 128-bit IPv6 Addresses Packets Routers Routes 34
Packets
Switches
Frames
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Layers
Internet Standards A Small Home Network
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2. The data link is the packets path through the network In this case: X-A-B-D-F-Y
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How many data links does the packet pass through? How many physical links does the packet pass through? Name them.
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Formed by graduate students to create standards for the ARPANET. Called their standards Requests for Comment (RFCs).
Did not feel that they had the authority to create standards, so they used the weaker term RFC.
The NWG evolved into todays standards body for the Internet, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Internet standards today are still called RFCs.
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How many physical links are there between the two hosts?
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A data link is the path of a frame through a single network, as noted earlier.
There is one data link per network. How many data links are in the figure?
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Layer 5 4 3 2
Name Broad Purpose Application Transport Internet Data Link Singlenetwork transmission (switched or Physical wireless)
Specific Purpose
Connection across a single network, Frame formats and switch operation Physical connections between adjacent devices
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Layer Name Broad Purpose Specific Purpose 5 Application 4 Transport Application message fragmentation, error correction, congestion reduction, etc. Internet 3 Internet Transmission of Transmission packet across an internet, Packet formats, router operation 2 Data Link 1 Physical
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Number Name 5
Broad Purpose
Specific Purpose
Application Communication Same between applications Transport Internet Data Link Physical
4 3 2 1
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Into the Cloud Basic Network Concepts Packet Switching Internetworking Layers
Internet Standards
A Small Home Network
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IP
Internet layer protocol Unreliable best-effort internet layer operation
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TCP
UDP
The other transport layer protocol Messages are called datagrams Unreliable, so used when reliability is not desired
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Standard(s) Transmission User Datagram Control Protocol Protocol (UDP) (TCP) No Fragmentation Fragmentation No Error Correction Error Correction No Congestion Congestion control Control Internet Protocol (IP) IPv4 and IPv6
Internet Layer
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To use the Internet, you need an Internet service provider and an access line to your ISP. Your ISP gives you access and carries your packets.
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ISPs collectively comprise the Internet backbone. They interconnect at Network Access Points (NAPs) to exchange packets.
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IP, TCP, and UDP are standards for delivery packets. TCP/IP also has supervisory protocols:
To handle things beyond packet delivery. Managing IP addresses. Error handling, and so on.
We will look at two supervisory protocols in this chapter. We will look at many more in Chapter 10.
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Into the Cloud Basic Network Concepts Packet Switching Internetworking Layers Internet Standard
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The ISP gives the home one IP address. The home network has multiple devices that need IP addresses. 69
The access router DHCP circuit gives private IP addresses to other devices.
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NAT allows multiple internal hosts to share a single external IP address. External sniffers cannot learn internal addresses.
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