NOTES

/odal 'erbs are au0iliary 'erbs which lack in!initi'e and participle !orms" 1ther 'erbs with similar meaning are used in tenses where those !orms are necessary"

PRACTICE Cir)le the )orre)t 1odal to )o1+lete the dialogue(

CAN / BE AB E TO
,an/be able to e0press possibility and ability" ,an/could ha'e no in!initi'e or participle !orms" -o we use be able to in tenses where an in!initi'e or 2per!ect3 !orm is re4uired" %sk the policeman o'er there" 5e should be able to help you" )ill I be able to tra'el to di!!erent planets in the !uture?

Kay and Evelyn are talking about the future: K: Do you think I can / Ill be able to 1 speak many languages when Im 18? E: I think youre supposed to /you can study hard to learn many !oreign languages" #ou should / must $ start studying other languages now" %nyway& do you think well be allowed to/ well ha'e to ( !ly to other planets when were older? K: Im sure we will" )hen were 18 were supposed to / well be allowed to * li'e on our own" +y the way& I ha'e to go now" E: ,an/-hould . you help me with my homework? Evelyn i( talking to her )ou(in Clare: E: Do you ha'e to/ should you < go home now? ,: I really must/ Im really supposed to 8 go now" E: )e must/ oughtnt to = do my maths homework be!ore you go" ,: ,ant/ /ustnt 1> you do it on your own? E: 8o& I cant/ mustnt"11 Im bad at maths"
'ina and Kay*( +arent(, -ake and Ellen .ent out for lun)h/ E: #oure allowed to/ must 1 work !le0ible hours& arent you? ?: #es& but Im able/ supposed 1$ to be at work between 1> am" and $ pm" #oure a doctor too& )e must/cant 1( be a'ailable almost ( hours a day" E: +ut I dont ha'e to/mustnt 1* take work home like you do" #ou ought to/cant 1. gi'e more attention to our daughters" ?: I was thinking about our summer holidays" #ou should /re able to 1< start buying new luggage and summer clothes& E: @antasticA )e can/ 7re supposed to 18 !inally ha'e !un together as a happy !amily"

,an/ be allowed to e0press permission" +e allowed to 6 a passi'e structure 6 is used when we talk about permission in tenses where the in!initi'e or a 7per!ect !orm3 is re4uired" 8ot to be allowed to is related to prohibition" In your opinion& will people be allowed to tra'el to any !oreign country without a 'isa in the !uture? #oure not allowed to smoke in this restaurant"

CAN / BE A

O!E" TO

#$ST / %A&E TO
)e use must/ha'e to when we want to e0press obligation to do something" 5a'e to can be used in any tense" It is always used in tenses where the in!initi'e or the participle are necessary" In +ritish English must is related to the speakers !eelings o! obligation and ha'e to is used to e0press obligations that come !rom outside" I must lose weight )e ha'e to ask her i! she needs anything" I couldnt see you yesterday" I had to work late" 5a'e you e'er had to phone your doctor late night?

S%O$ " /O$'%T TO

+oth modals are used to gi'e ad'ice or to e0press what is e0pected !rom someone" In +ritish English ought to is slightly stronger" 5e ought to be punished" #ou ought not to work so hard" )e should be at the airport be!ore . a"m"

BE S$PPOSE" TO
+e supposed to 9as well as should: is used to talk about what people ha'e the responsibility to do" ;he negati'e !orm 6 not to be supposed to is related to prohibition"
-tudents are supposed to be at school at 8:1* am" #oure not supposed to park here"

#r0 offi)e (lave

I ought to /should supposed to
>

1=

be craByA I ha'e to / m

be happy& arent I? 8ow I

1

ought to/ I can

go home any time I want" I stay here?

$

Im the boss" )hy should/ cant

)hy did I ha'e to/ was I supposed to

!orget

where I put the key to this ball? I should/

could

ha'e listened to my doctor"

Key
1" " $" (" *" ." <" Ill be able youre supposed should well be allowed Ill be allowed ,an Do you ha'e to 1(" must 1*" dont ha'e to 1." ought to 1<" should 18" can 1=" ought to >" 7m supposed to 1" I can " should $" did I ha'e to (" should

>8" I really must >=" )e must 1>" ,ant 11" cant 1 "7re allowed 1$" able