Lir PTH1

UGC Sponsored National Seminar
Linking of Indian Rivers : Boon or Bane

1314 September 2013
ABSTRACTS
Organised by
Department of Geology Govindram Seksaria Science Degree College, Belgaum

www.gssbgm.edu.in
Organising Committee
Advisory
Prof. S.Y.Prabhu, Principal, Deg.College Prof.S.N.Desai, Principal Jr.College Prof. U.S.Aralimatti IQAC Co-ordinator Shri.Vishwanath, Scientist, CGWB, Belgaum Dr.B.K.Purandara, Scientist, NIH, Belgaum Dr.B.Venkatesh, Scientist, NIH, Belgaum
Reception & Registration

Prof. Nagsuresh Prof. (Mrs).Vaishali Bharati Prof. (Mrs). A.R. Chitnis Prof.(Miss) Priyanka Shinde Res.Fellow
Accommodation and Transportation

Prof. A.A.Halgekar Prof. Y.B.Dalvi Prof. P.S. Patil Prof. Bharati Sawant Shri.J.R.Ravaluche Mr.S.P.Manwadkar
Stage & Mike arrangement

Prof.(Mrs.) Anuja Naik Prof.Praveen Patil Prof. A.R. Kulkarni Prof.Sagar Waghmare Res.Fellow Mr.Deepak Adiandra Mr.Manohar Patil
Catering
Prof. B.L.Majukar Prof.P.M.Bhat Prof.(Mrs.). S S. Joshi Mr.Mandolkar Mr.M.P.Karande
Banners and Certificates

Prof. Praveen P. Patil Prof.P.K.Pitre
Entertainment
Prof.P.K.Pitre
Media & Publicity

Dr. H. B. Kolkar Prof.(Mrs) M.S.Deshpande Accounts Shri. Arun Samant. Dr. P. T. Hanamgond Organising Secretary Shri.A.K.Mense Convener
Convener and Organising Secretarys Note

Govindram Seksaria Science (GSS) Degree College is a Re-accredited with A Grade (3.10 CGPA) by NAAC, and College with Ptential for Excellence. It is a premier institution in Science catering for the need of society in providing quality education in this part of the country. It is run by South Konkan Education Society, Belgaum under the supervision of a progressive management. It has a beautiful campus with well equipped laboratories, departmental museums, well qualified and dedicated staff. The library is known to have largest collection of books in the northern Karnataka. The Department of Geology is one of the oldest departments and is well known for its academic excellence in this part of the country. The alumni of the department have spread all over India. The department is active in Coastal Research of Uttara Kannada and Southern Maharashtra Coast; through major research projects funded by DST, UGC & MoES; and have contributed many National & International publications. About the present Seminar: The longstanding mega plan, River-linking project (RLP), proposes to link 14 Himalayan rivers in the north and 16 peninsular rivers in the south. The benefits of such a scheme are obvious - it would add 35-37 million hectares of irrigated land generate 34,000 million kilowatts of electricity and increase navigational efficiency apart from controlling floods and eliminating chances of drought. The Inter Linking of Rivers (ILR) was touted as one of the flagship programmes by then NDA Government; and Shri. Suresh Prabhu, then Union Minister was the architect of the programme. However, in view of the recent Supreme Court order of 27 February 2012, asking the government to implement the interlinking of rivers, the present Seminar invites the stake holders and policy makers to examine the feasibility studies based upon existing reports and future plans. In fact, none of the water balance studies or pre-feasibility studies are in the public domain. ILR is one of the most ambitious projects ever proposed to address the issues of water scarcity and conflicts in India. The purpose is to find a permanent solution to droughts and floods, to generate additional water for agriculture, and also to increase Indias hydropower capacity. Obviously the ILR has triggered many thoughts among people and there are schools of thoughts For and Against the proposed project. The present Seminar has provided a platform to assess the same. We are grateful to University Grants Commission, New Delhi for the financial support. We also thank the advisory and organising committee members for their constant support, guidance and help. Our special thanks to Shreyasi Printers, Belgaum for printing this abstract volume.
Dr.P.T.Hanamgond Organising Secretary
Prof.A.K.Mense Convener
CONTENTS
Title of Research Paper with Authors Page No. 1. Small water harvesting structures are better option than linkages of river. 1 Usha Jain, C.V Dhabriya and Devayani Kulkarni, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 2. Water Diversion with Sustainable Development Approach: A Case Study of Hivara 2 Nala Stream in Western Akole Tahsil of Ahemadnagar District, Maharashtra. Mr. Sainath P. Aher, Mr. Shashikant I. Bairagi, Mr. Ravindra D. Gaikwad, Department of Geography, S. N. Arts, D. J. M. Commerce & B. N. S. Science College, Sangamner, Maharashtra 3. Need of West Flowing Rivers Excessive Water Diversion in Upper Godavari Basin of Maharashtra. *Sainath P. Aher, Amol P. Jarag, Sambhaji D. Shinde andDr. S. S. Panhalkar; 3 *Dept. of Geography, S. N. Arts, D. J. M. Commerce & B. N. S. Science College, Sangamner, Maharashtra; Department of Geography, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra 4. Review of Interlinking of Rivers in Parola Taluka of Jalgaon District,Maharashtra State, 4 1 India. Sujit Shimpi1 and V. M. Rokade2 Department of Geology, Moolji Jetha College, Jalgaon 425 0012School of Environmental and Earth Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425 001 5. Accuracy Assessment of Carto-DEM and SRTM- Data of Panchganga River Basin Using 5 Geostatistical Techniques. S.S.Panhalkar, A.P.Jarag and S.D.Pawar*Department of Geography, Shivaji University, Kolhapur*Department of Statistics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 6. Linking of Rivers can be a boon if tackled wisely else it can be a bane. Dr. V. H. Uttangi 6 # 1431/ 2, 13th main, B. T. M, 2nd stage, 1st phase, Bangaluru- 560076. 7. Linking of Indian Rivers Boon or Bane. Prakash Kumar Gupta, Department of Geography, 7 Magadh University, Bodhgaya 824239 8. Pros and Cons for Inter Connectivity of Mizoram River to Major Drainage Systems. 8 Rahul Verma, Department of Geology, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl, Mizoram 9. Landslide occurrence and its relation to precipitation saturation in parts ofWestern Ghats 10 Escarpments, Raigarh district, Maharashtra; India. Milind A. Herlekar and Suhas Kamble, Department of Geology, University of Pune, Maharashtra, India 10. Water : Past, Present and Future. S. Y. Prabhu, Department of Zoology, G.S.Science College, 11 Belgaum-6 11. Linking of Indian Rivers A Catastrophe. Prashant Katti, Department of Civil Engineering, 13 MIT Kundapura, Karnataka 12. Inter and Intra basin Water Transfer - A Unique solution fordual problems in India. 14 Dr. H. Mahabaleshwara and H.M. Nagabhushan1, Professor & Former Principal, R.Y.M Engineering College, Bellary, 1. Professor & Dean, R.Y.M Engineering College, Bellary 13. Linking of Indian rivers to satisfy the water needs and control the floods. M. P. Itnal1, A. G. 28 Ugarkar2 and Chandan Kumar B2.1Senior Geophysicist, Office of the Deputy Director. Dept. of Mines & Geology, Mangalore-1; 2Department of Studies in Geology, Karnataka University, Dharwad- 3 14. Indias River Linking Project. Anand Kishor Verma, Akhilesh Kumar, Pawan Kumar and 46 Dhiraj Kumar JhaSIAEIT, #9, Coffee Board Layout, Hebbal Kempapura, H.A.Farm Post, Bangalore-560024 15. pUi q lSrlM eQ, sp Lu Wl: LM pasM Akrrl. 50 Dr.Upadhyay Vinod Koushik, Geography Dept, Magadh University, Bodhgaya.
UGC Sponsored National Seminar "Linking of Indian Rivers" Boon or Bane". 13-14 September 2013
Small water harvesting structures are better option than linkages of river
Usha Jain, C.V Dhabriya and Devayani Kulkarni, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur Email: ushajain11@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT The Ruparel river is one of the important river of the north-east part of Rajasthan. This river starts from Aravalli hills of Alwar district and ends in Sikri Patti dam of the Bharatpur district. During the state time there are numbers of the water harvesting structures constructed to sort out the scarcity problem of drinking and irrigation. Apart from this, due to frequent drought people of the Ruparel river basin were suffering from water scarcity problem. In beginning of 1990s people of villages situated in micro watershed no. 2C5D4e had constructed number of small rain water harvesting structures like Johad, bandh etc. to sort out water scarcity problems. The paper investigates the impact of small water harvesting structures on agriculture and forest in villages situated in micro watershed no. 2C5D4e of Ruparel river basin in Alwar district of Rajasthan. The specific objective is the assessment of the role of small structures on land use pattern; agriculture and forest cover at micro level. The data has been collected through a survey and also from primary and secondary sources. The result shows rise of water table and increase in production of food crops and cash crops. Linking of the river will create lots of problems due different biological and chemical composition of water of two different rivers. To sort out the water scarcity problem small water structures are best alternative instead of linking of the river.
Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.
Water Diversion with Sustainable Development Approach: A Case Study of Hivara Nala Stream in Western Akole Tahsil of Ahemadnagar District, Maharashtra.
Mr. Sainath P. Aher, Mr. Shashikant I. Bairagi, Mr. Ravindra D. Gaikwad Department of Geography, S. N. Arts, D. J. M. Commerce & B. N. S. Science College, Sangamner, Dist: Ahemadnagar, Maharashtra E-mail : saigeo23@gmail.com ABSTRACT
Now a days, the water diversion issue (from surplus to deficit area) swiftly discussing in the environmentalist, planners, concern peoples and research community. Evenly, the implementing bodies are eagerly waiting for the green signal from the environmental ministry of India. Hence, this issue need to careful grip with proper identification of merits and demerits of present water diversion scheme. Everyone knows that, the water has vital requirement from growing population, increasing industry and changing agriculture. So the available waters micro level planning and equal distribution is the need of incoming future with sustainable development approach.
Most of the natural water diversion sites located at the National Water Divider (NWD) line of India. Pravara River is one of the tributary of Godavari River basin, which western part is connected with NWD line in western Ahemadanagar district. From last few decades, the water situations in lower part of Pravara River basin become a very deficit due to population, industry, agricultural and urban areas rapid growth. On the other hand, in Konkan region the excessive water is flowing toward Arabian Sea in monsoon seasons. This surplus water is possible to divert in the upper Pravara basin at the source region of the west flowing rivers/streams. Nearby, 5.5 T.M.C. water will be available to the Pravara basin through this water diversions scheme implementation. An attempt has been made here, to present the significance of water diversion in Pravara basin from eastern Konkan region along with sustainable approach. Similarly, examine the capabilities of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) for the water diversion planning with minimum time and maximum welfares. This approach of water diversion issue would be supportive for the further planning process with the successful results and regional development. Key ward: Water Diversion, Pravara River, Sustainable Development, GIS, RS.
Need of West Flowing Rivers Excessive Water Diversion in Upper Godavari Basin of Maharashtra
*Sainath P. Aher, Amol P. Jarag, Sambhaji D. Shinde and Dr. S. S. Panhalkar *Dept. of Geography, S. N. Arts, D. J. M. Commerce & B. N. S. Science College, Sangamner, Ahemadnagar, Maharashtra. Department of Geography, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra Email: amol.jarag1212@gamil.com; sambhajishinde3@gamil.com ABSTRACT Water is vital requirement of growing population and developing regions for variety of indispensable purpose. The availability of water is uneven in overall region, because of physical and climatic diversity in various regions. So the available waters micro level planning and equal distribution is the need of incoming future. Thus, the excessive water diversion in drought prone regions way is flattering in this era. Godavari River basin is 3rd largest basin (312812 sq.km.) in India. But the water situations from last few decades become a very deficit in the basin. So, the Godavari River cannot sustain to living population, industry, agricultural and urban area in the basin area. On the other hand, in Konkan region the excessive water is flowing toward Arabian Sea, which comes from Sahyadri range. This surplus water need to divert in the Godavari basin at the source region of the west flowing rivers/streams. Nearby, 7- 10 T.M.C. water will be available to the Godavari basin through this water diversion. An attempt has been made here, to present the significance of water diversion in Godavari basin from eastern Konkan region. Similarly, examine the capabilities of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) for the water diversion planning. This Paper is analyzed, all prospective of water diversion in Godavari basins with environmental considerations, which will helpful for genuine planning. Key ward: Water Diversion, GIS, RS, Environment.
Review of Interlinking of Rivers in Parola Taluka of Jalgaon District, Maharashtra State, India
Sujit Shimpi1 and V. M. Rokade2
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Department of Geology, Moolji Jetha College, Jalgaon 425 001 Email: drvmrokade@gmail.com
School of Environmental and Earth Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425 001 ABSTRACT
Interlinking of rivers is one of the most debated subjects in Indian intellectual community. After the interference of Supreme Court in proposed national level river interlinking project, Government of India appointed a task force of scientists, Engineers, Ecologists, Biologists, social activists and policy makers under the leadership of Suresh Prabhu. During this time Jalgaon district Collectorate Office and Irrigation Department of Maharashtra started interlinking of rivers in Jalgaon district. Under this project Bori and Girna rivers interlinked for the benefits of agriculture and groundwater augmentation in the area. In present article, authors have taken the Geo-environmental review of Interlinking of rivers in Parola Taluka of Jalgaon district, Maharashtra.
Accuracy Assessment of Carto-DEM and SRTM- Data of Panchganga River Basin Using Geostatistical Techniques
S.S.Panhalkar, A.P.Jarag and S.D.Pawar* Department of Geography, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Email: panhalkarsachin@gmail.com; amol.jarag1212@gmail.com *Department of Statistics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur
ABSTRACT Digital elevation models are best tools for visual and mathematical analysis of topography, landscapes and land forms, as well as modeling of surface processes like river linking. Carto-DEM & Shuttle radar topographic mission (SRTM) has created an unparalleled data set of global elevations that is freely available for terrain modeling, and multidisciplinary applications. The global availability of Carto-DEM & SRTM data provides baseline information for many types of the worldwide research on river linking studies. However, overall assessment of the accuracy of this product requires additional regional as well as global studies involving ground truth control and accuracy verification methods with higher level of precision. For the present study, Panchganga basin of Kolhapur district, Maharashtra has been selected. The main objective of the present study is to assess the accuracy of Digital Elevation model of Carto-DEM and SRTM data with respect to Geostatistical techniques. Carto-Dem and SRTM data are reprojected and geometrically corrected to have same projection and datum of GCPs. Ground control points are being used as sample points and x, y and z details have been extracted with point based extraction tool of ARCGIS software. RMSE, Statistical techniques and Hotellings T Square test has been carried to assess the accuracy of Carto-DEM and SRTM data. The analysis reveals that Carto-DEM data is much more accurate and reliable for river linking studies. Keywords: SRTM, CARTO-DEM, Hotellings T2, Spatial Accuracy.
Linking of Rivers can be a boon if tackled wisely else it can be a bane

Dr. V. H. Uttangi # 1431/ 2, 13th main, B. T. M, 2nd stage, 1st phase, Bangaluru- 560076. Email: vincentuttangi@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Ever since the dawn of human civilization, equal distribution and management of water has been a burning problem. Though, in the entire universe, as our knowledge, stands today, only the earth is blessed with this unique, life supporting chemical compound called water, in the liquid state. But unfortunately it is not distributed equally throughout the globe. While some places have in excess of this commodity and others lacking in it. So in both ways it is creating problems. So, it warrants for equal distribution therefore the idea of joining rivers of our country. But this idea is not a new one, I feel. It might have been already tried in some places, with no success, in small way. We know that the northern rivers of country are perennial and water flows in them throughout the year, because of the melting of Himalayan glacier during summer and rain water during monsoon seasons. So, by joining northern rivers to the south (which are at the mercy of rain) may ease this problem to some extent. But the global warming point towards the disappearance or receding glaciers in the future, to join and to divert the flow of water from their natural courses will be a Herculean task and time, money and labor consuming. It may also upset the health of environment and create imbalance in the ecology. We know that the dynamics of weather and climate are dependent on the differential heating and cooling of land and sea. If there are no deserts and only water the air movement may not be possible, to and from. But, if the care is taken to protect the health of the environment while doing so, and make the water to reach the right places, in right amount and right time will be a boon or else we have experience of the consequence, very recent episodes in the north. Water problem has been the global problem and unfortunately it is on the rise. So, it is the judicious usage/management of this precious commodity may prove to be more viable and prudent way of dealing with this enormous ever increasing problem.
Linking of Indian Rivers Boon or Bane Prakash Kumar Gupta

Department of Geography Magadh University, Bodhgaya 824239 E-mail : Deevakar Prakash@gmail.com
ABSTRACT The linking of Indian rivers is an important part for economical development of any country. As we know that the rivers of India are mainly controlled by the broad relief features of the subcontinent. Accordingly the Indian rivers are divided into two major groups. The Himalaya rivers and the Peninsular rivers. The major Himalaya rivers are the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. The rivers are long and are joined by many large and important tributaries. A large number of the peninsular rivers are seasonal as their flow is dependent on rainfall during the day season even the large rivers home reduced flow of water in their channels. The peninsular rivers have shorter and shallower courses as compared to their Himalaya counters however some of them originate in the central high lands and flow towards the west. The main water divides India in Peninsular India is formed by the Western Ghats which runs from the north to south coast to the western coast. Most of the major rivers of Peninsular such as the Mahanadi to Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri Flow eastwards and drain into the Bay of Bengal. The major impact of the whole process regarding Linking of Indian Rivers is use for the development of Indian economy in the field of Irrigation, improvement of primary sector which is backbone of Indian economy. Linking of Indian Rivers may also create major problem in the way of flood, over brimming of river create human disaster. Rivers have the fundamental importance throughout the human history. Water is the basic natural resource essential for various human activities therefore the river banks have attracted settlers from ancient times. These settlements have now become big cities in every states which are located on the bank of a river. Linking of rivers use for irrigation, navigation, hydro power generation is of special significance-particularly to a country like India where agriculture is the major source of livelihood of the majority of its population.
Pros and Cons for Inter Connectivity of Mizoram River to Major Drainage Systems Rahul Verma
Department of Geology, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl, Mizoram E-mail : vrahul24@gmail.com ABSTRACT Mizoram is one of the Seven Sister States in North Eastern India, having coordinates 2156N - 2431N latitudes and longitudes 9216E - 9326E. It shares land borders with the states- Tripura, Assam, Manipur and countries Bangladesh and Myanmar. Mizoram is a land of rolling hills, valleys, rivers and lakes. As many as 21 major hills ranges or peaks of different heights run through the length and breadth of the state, with plains scattered here and there. The Mizoram state is practically unconnected with the rest of the country. The eastern most state Tripura, of the region is also cut off from the main land India. The only connection with the mainland is, through the very long and tedious journey through chicken neck corridor. It is high time is to look for some better alternatives to break this land lock, that is possible only through sea route via Kolkata or Rail/ route via Bangladesh. The recent growth of international ties with Myanmar and Bangladesh to develop the north east region as an important international trade and transport hub, has actually opened a bright prospect to convert the Mizoram Rivers into important water transport resources. In view of the connectivity of Mizoram Rivers with Barak Brahmaputra-Ganga System to the north and with the Bay of Bengal to south, it is prime time to work out the navigability of northerly flowing Tlwang and southerly flowing Kolodyne Rivers, to strengthen the Multi Modal Transport system in the hitherto landlocked region. Barak River has already become a part of National Waterway-6 (from Lakhipur to Bagha). The main northerly flowing rivers of Mizoram are, Tlawng, Tut, Tian, Tuichawng, Tuirial, Tuivawl, Teirei, Tuirini and Serlui. The largest of these is the Tlawng (Dhaleshwari) with a length of 185.15 kms.Tlwang, Tuirial and Tuivawl Rivers drain into the Barak River directly. All other rivers meet the Barak River through indirect and subsidiary channels either via Tripura-Bangladesh or via Manipur. Ultimately, the northerly flowing rivers of Mizoram, drain into the Barak River and constitute a part of Barak Basin. Barak River, in due course drains into Brahmaputra as its left bank tributary. The southerly flowing rivers of Mizoram constitute part of Kolodyne Basin. The southerly flowing rivers ultimately drain in the Bay of Bengal, either through Myanmar or through Bangladesh. The
biggest southerly flowing river in Mizoram is the River Kolodyne (also known as Chhimtuipui Lui in local Mizo language). It originates from Chin State in Burma and passes through Saiha and Lawngtlai districts in Southern tip of Mizoram and is joined by Tio, Mat, Tuichiang and Tuipui in Mizoram. Further, it goes back to Burmas Rakhine state, finally it enters Bay of Bengal at Akyab, a very popular port in Sittwe, Burma. With a vision of the Look East Policy, India is developing the Sittwe Port in Myanmar at a cost of Rs.5.4 billion and the port on the Kolodyne river as a gateway for the northeastern states to the main land India, as the distance between Kolkata and Sittwe is just 600 km,. For the sake of rapid growth of the whole region, large scale geoenvironmental threats are on the evident. Devastation of local population, destruction of fertile farmland , fishing grounds and mangrove forests, disruption to ecosystem, massive land degradation, active slope erosion, Carbon Foot Prints and Environmental Pollution, have resulted as the major consequences. Violation of human right and nonpayment of compensation, have also been reported. The threat is of an increase the occurrence of floods or droughts, and also of impact on the habitats of endangered species such as Kaldon dolphins, tigers, elephants, rhinoceroses, gibbons, hornbills, and Rakhine forest turtles. A detailed geological investigation of the two main river systems of Mizoram, may lead to some valuable information regarding the stretches of deeper and navigable part of these rivers, erosion pockets and heavily silted patches, in order to demarcate the un navigable parts of these rivers. A careful planning may lead the way to sustainable and eco friendly growth of the region.
Landslide occurrence and its relation to precipitation saturation in parts of Western Ghats Escarpments, Raigarh district, Maharashtra; India
Milind A. Herlekar and Suhas Kamble Department of Geology, University of Pune, Maharashtra, India E-mail : milindk@unipune.ac.in, milindaherlekar@gmail.com
ABSTRACT The Western Ghats is a prominent topographic feature running, parallel to the West coast of India. Considered as a receded fault scarp (Ollier and Powar, 1985), it has developed a narrow coastal land between the Arabian coastline and the Western Ghat hill ranges. The study area occupying about 160 sq.km receives an annual rainfall of ~3884 mm mainly due to SW monsoon during the months of June to September. In 2005, high rainfall of 554 mm occurred on 25th and 26th July, 2005 that resulted in 21 major landslides that disrupted the life and economy of the populace. The Western Ghat predominantly composed of on the basaltic lava flows of Upper Cretaceous to Eocene period are marked by two major structural/tectonic elements viz. West Coast Fault and Panvel Flexure. The satellite imagery studies further reveal that the area is traversed by number of lineaments, majority of which orient in NNW-SSE and ENE-WSW direction. Detailed field studies and analysis of landslides on the basis of satellite images revealed that the extensive landslides took place not only because of unstable slopes but aided by the seismic activities resulting in development of fractures and fissures in the area. Definite dislocation pattern in the landslides has been revealed, by the study of 21 major landslides.
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Water : Past, Present and Future

S. Y. Prabhu Department of Zoology, G.S.Science College, Belgaum 590 006 E-mail : prabhusy@yahoo.co.in ABSTRACT Water is an enigmatic material. One of the rare ones that is found on earth in all the three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas. It is also one of the most abundant substances found on earth (covers more than 3/4th of the globe), yet is becoming one of the scarcest. It is believed that life on earth began in the primordial seas over a billion years ago. The earliest, simple microscopic life forms later evolved into complex and higher forms of living organisms in the seas, and later went on to colonise land and fly into air. Every living being is composed of water (60% to 90%). All life forms require water to sustain life processes. So much so that in ancient human folklore, literature and philosophy, water came to be equated with life. Out of total water found on earth just about 0.01/0.02 % is fresh water and all living beings on land and air have to share it. Yet quality of life of humans everywhere today largely depends on the availability and use of water. And in a country like India it is very much so. The formation of primitive life on this earth was in water. Life originated and developed in water on this planet, and then spread onto the land and into air. This made water, land and air zones become alive. (We normally think that the water, land and air are non-living.) The critical balance of life in different media like land/soil and air is maintained by moisture, i.e., water in different forms. Man evolved from higher apes in the open, humid terrain along the river valleys of tropical Africa. Hence man is designed for warm, tropical climate. Most human cultures have taken root and flourished along rivers. Indus Valley civilisation and ancient Sumerian, Egyptian and Maya empires are good examples. Even today we find that human societies living in tropical, riverine areas usually live in harmony with nature. Then primitive man began to move out of Africa into western Asia, and later into cold Europe. To cope with the chilly climate primitive man developed clothing that covered his body in order to reduce heat loss to the surroundings. He began to rely on fire for warmth and protection. This precipitated a surge in human exploration and inventiveness which gradually began to give him more influence on the surroundings. And man started exploiting the surroundings instead of living in harmony with it. Then he so-called developed and started exploiting environment more and more. This concept of harnessing of nature arose all over the globe. And the downfall of environment became assured. As development and progress became the hallmarks of civilization, the need for water and power increased geometrically. Water is required for every human activity. Today, man finds his civilisation in a
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state where there is acute shortage of fresh water all over the globe. Increasing urbanization, intensive agriculture, manufacturing industry, and growing population have resulted in ever increasing demands on fresh water. India has 2% of the globes land and about 2% of the fresh water available on the planet. Yet India is largely successful in feeding and sustaining 16% of the worlds population. That perhaps makes us the most efficient user of natural resources in the world - even more than China. But of late, in recent decades, disputes have arisen with neighboring China, Pakistan and Bangladesh over the sharing of river waters. There are indications that these disputes may become more serious even dangerous in future. (Futurologists and intellectuals fear that the Third World War would be triggered by disputes over water!) Northern India is supplied water from Himalayan glaciers by a network of major rivers which have made it one of the most productive lands on earth. Southern India gets its water from the Monsoons, part of which is stored in tanks and lakes, and it is supplied to deficient areas by rivers, and during the dry season from the tanks. Rivers also help drain excess water from land. Underground water is regularly charged during rainy season. It is also a major source of fresh water in the USA, China, India and the Middle East. Underground water is interconnected by intricate aquifer system. After the rainy season is over, these aquifers supply fresh water during the lean periods of the year. Overexploitation of this water for urban needs, agriculture and industry is already causing alarming environmental problems. Certain industrial activities are likely to cause irreparable damage to aquifers and put human civilization, and nature to a certain extent, into grave crisis. Hence, I feel that humans should: 1. Protect these aquifers on highest priority: no developmental activities in catchment areas. Let the human activities be far away. 2. Take measures to recharging the aquifers to restore the lost ground water levels. 3. Reduce per capita use of water by increasing efficiency. 4. Introduce water cooperation at local and international levels. 5. Allow development programmes only on the assured water availability. 6. Agricultural crops should be grown on the basis of soil condition and water availability. Should not promote water-intensive crops in water deficient areas. 7. Mandatory recycling of water. 8. Indians should design our own Water Use model - not copy irrelevant western models.
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Linking of Indian Rivers A Catastrophe

Prashant Katti,
Department of Civil Engineering, MIT Kundapura, Karnataka E-mail : prashantpkatti@gmail.com
ABSTRACT I believe that the thought of linking rivers is itself a Recipe for disaster, Despite of its numerous positive impacts, The linking of different river basins will change the natural drainage pattern of the basins, in turn changes Hydrological character of the basins, every water shed has its unique character depending on the regional physiographic which in turn determines the rate of rain fall, evaporation, infiltration, runoff characteristics, ground water availability, peak flow etc. Water transfer from surplus basin to deficit basin seems to be unscientific because every basin has its unique and independent character, linking will change the geomorphology and sedimentary load of the river and this will permanently alter the individual basin characteristics, hence also altering the ecology of the region. Further there is possibility that the designed structure to link the rivers will prove to be practically inefficient in the future when the basin characters change or the river itself changes its direction which usually happens over a period of 70 100 years. Its a natural phenomenon which cannot be altered. Considering the problem of pollution , if water from polluted rivers is diverted to healthy rivers the result is pollution of healthy rivers, for example if the Yamuna and Ganga are linked , the contaminated Yamuna will pollute the Ganges any may also alter the concentration of Bacteriophages present in the ganga ,which help in purification of the water It is a myth that interlinking of rivers will solve the problem of water shortage and food production, in fact the use of excessive water for irrigation along with the rampant use of chemical fertilizers will soon reduce the production of food grain as well as pollute the ground water, It may cause formation of barren land which may remain uncultivable. Also linking of rivers could have a drastic effect on downstream ecology, decrease in downstream flow, mineral content, reduced sediment load, reduced fresh water inflow in the sea will jeopardize aquatic life, this will cause a loss to fishery and wildlife disturbing the bio diversity and as a result damaging the ecology of the region. Also the project may result in Deforestation for creation of dams, canals and other structures and have an ecological impact especially in Forest prone areas which lie within the vicinity of the project. Further there is possibility of submergence of land, water logging and eutrofication which could serve as a breeding ground for water born diseases, will also cause massive human displacement and rehabilitation to new areas as large areas needs to be converted to canals and dams this will pose additional problems. The ecological, economic & social costs of interlinking rivers will be enormous and will alter the natural drainage system permanently and cause an irreparable ecological hazard, as the project goes against basic principles of sustainability. Rivers are an integral part of an ecosystem, Rivers are not pipelines; they are lifelines which support the whole ecosystem.
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Inter and Intra basin Water Transfer - A Unique solution for dual problems in India
Dr. H. Mahabaleshwara1 and H.M. Nagabhushan2, 1. Professor & Former Principal, R.Y.M Engineering College, Bellary 2. Professor & Dean, R.Y.M Engineering College, Bellary E-mail : mahavec@gmail.com ABSTRACT Water is treated as liquid gold since it is sacred and precious natural resource for health and wealth of the humanity. It is one and only the life sustaining elements of nature and second to air for survival of mankind and live stock on the earth. Earth is the only planet at present contains liquid water. The spatial and temporal uniformity in rainfall may possibly meet the water requirements for the various sectors such as Agriculture, Power, Industries, Domestic requirements etc., for the overall development of a region or country, If non uniformity is observed it results in the flooding situations in certain areas and drought conditions in some areas which have adverse impacts on the socio economic growth of a developing country. The government of India is spending enormous amount every year to overcome these natural unforeseen calamities. To protect a region or country from floods and droughts, it is inevitable to have a remedy/solution to transfer the water from surplus basin to deficit basins. The concept of Inter basin & Intra basin water transfer can provide unique solution for the dual problems faced by the country like India. India having geographical area of 328 MHa stands as Seventh largest country in the world. The total water potential of India per annum is 4 x 106 Mm3 (4000 km3) including snow fall out of which 1.887 x 106 Mm3 (1887 Km3) flows as river water. At present 1.033 x 106 Mm3 (1033 Km3) of water is utilized and balances as 0.854 x 106 Mm3 (854 Km3) flows into sea and oceans. Also India experiences/ blessed with good rainfall in majority of the areas and scanty rainfall in few locations. The magnitude of average rainfall in North Eastern states of India is about 300 cm and less than 15 cm in North Western parts in the arid and semiarid regions. For the effective management of rain water in India the only alternative is to implementing Inter basin & Intra basin concepts. As per the studies conducted by NWDA(National Water Development Agency) about all river basis of India, it is remarked that Inter basin Water transfer is quite possible. NWDA proposed linking of Indian rivers under two components namely Himalayan and Peninsular components comprising perennial and non perennial rivers. Thus 30 links are proposed for benefiting water deficit basins from surplus basins, thereby flooding situations can be reduced and drought impact may be minimized to uplift for social and economical growth of India. The present paper throws a light on present rainfall and water potential scenario of India pertaining to interlinking of rivers which is on the top agenda of the country.
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INTRODUCTION The concept of the Inter basin water transfer is to be explored and implemented to ensure uniform distribution of available natural water resource and to mitigate the consequences of hydrologic extremes of floods and droughts. The implementation of Inter basin water transfer is the need of the hour for the overall development of a country like India in which population is growing at an alarming rate. Also the Inter basin water transfer helps to prevent the formation of deltas along the coast line and migration of people from drought affected regions. India has 1/6th of the global population and 1/25th of worlds water resources, but the water availability is highly uncertain both in time and space due to its peculiar monsoonal climate. About 70 % of the population directly or indirectly depends on agriculture, in the back drop of economic growth from industrialization. The urban population in the country is increasing at faster rate which requires the establishment of basic infrastructure, amenities and increase in food production. It is essential to convert rain fed crops into irrigation crops. At present the average food production is about 1.4 Ton/Ha which needs to be increased to 3.0 ton/Ha. Out of the net sown area of 140 M Ha, the rain fed area is about 80 M Ha and remaining 60 M Ha is under irrigation. Nearly 78% of water harnessed is being used for irrigation and the balance 22% is used for domestic and Industrial requirements. The basins of Ganga, Brahmaputra, Meghana and west flowing rivers constitute 27% of the drainage area and receive 72% of total rain fall of India. The important river basins of India are shown in Figure and the detail is presented. The available storage in all reservoirs and tanks is only 55% of available surface water, considering 1.5 times filling. Hence it is required to utilize remaining 45% of surface water by creating the additional storage. The irrigation commission in 1972 has identified 67 drought prone districts comprising 326 taluks located in 8 states having an area of 49.73 M Ha. Subsequently the national commission on agriculture in 1976 identified few more drought prone areas with slightly different criteria. The state wise drought affected areas are shown in the Table
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The Criteria adopted to declare drought occurrence in an area are 1. When the annual rainfall is less than 75% of the normal in 20% of the years examined. 2. When less than 30% of the culturable area is irrigated. The revised study made by Central Water Commission (CWC) in 2006 reveals that 51.12 M Ha area is drought affected in 74 districts. Thus in comparison to total geographical area of the country about 1/6th is drought prone area, Figure 1.2 shows location of drought prone areas of India. Drought affected States SNo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 State Karnataka Andhra Pradesh Maharastra Tamil Nadu Rajasthan Gujarat Orissa Area (Ha) 19177000 27662000 30776000 13007000 34222000 19598000 15578000 Drought area (Ha) 15240095 12562382 12418056 8327617 21408800 12091618 2290000 % 79 45 49 64 63 62 15
As per international standards per capita water requirement is 1700 m3 per year. If the availability is less than 1000 m3, it is considered as water scarcity. If it ranges between 1000-1700 m3 it is treated as water stressed. India with present availability of about 1600 m3 is under water stress condition. The North East river systems namely Ganga and Brahmaputra contribute 60% to nations water resources where as 3 major southern river systems viz Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery contribute 6%, 4% and 1% respectively. The annual rainfall over the country is ranging from 10cm in Rajasthan to 1100 cm at Chirapunji in Assam. WATER CRISIS SCENARIO IN INDIA The estimated drought prone area is 51.12 M Ha and flood prone area is 33.52 M Ha. By 2025 the estimated per capita availability of water may go down to 1340 m3/year, thus nearly 60% of Indian population will be living in water stress conditions. India produces about 200 Million Tons of food grains to feed the population of about 110 crores. In next 50 years the population is expected to grow to 160 crores, necessitating food production of 450 Million Tons. The country is to gear up to achieve it with proper perspective and vision. The culturable command area in the country is about 184 M Ha and the net sown area is about 140 M Ha.
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RIVER BASIN MAP OF INDIA
1. Indus 2. Mahi 3. Narmada 4. Sabarmati 5. Tapi
6. WFR1 7. WFR2 8. Brahmani & Baitarani 9. Cauvery 10. EFR1
11. EFR2 12. Ganga 13. Godavari 14. Krishna 15. Mahanadi
16. Pennar 17. Subernareka 18. Brahmaputra 19. Meghana
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WATER RESOURCES OF INDIAN RIVER BASINS PUWR Km3 S.No Name of Basin Indus Mahi Narmada Sabarmathi Tapi WFR1 WFR2 Brahmani & Baitarani Cauvery EFR1 EFR2 Ganga Godavari Krishna Mahanadi Pennar Subernarekha Brahmaputra Meghana TRWR Km3 73.3 11 45.6 3.8 14.9 15.1 200.9 28.5 21.4 22.5 16.5 525 110.5 78.1 66.9 6.3 12.4 585.6 48.4 Surface Water 46 3.1 34.5 1.9 14.5 15 36.2 18.3 19 13.1 16.7 250 76.3 58 50 6.3 6.8 24.3 1.7 Ground Water 14.3 3.5 9.4 2.9 6.7 9.1 15.6 3.4 8.8 12.8 12.7 136.5 33.5 19.9 13.6 4.04 1.7 25.7 8.5 Total 60.3 6.6 43.9 4.8 21.2 24.1 51.8 21.7 27.8 25.9 29.4 386.5 109.8 77.9 63.6 10.9 8.5 48 10.2 Water resources available per capita m3 TRWR 1501 1649 2542 631 831 257 3871 1703 656 1169 423 1418 1441 1133 2463 440 829 17661 4830 PUWR 1235 990 2448 797 1183 409 998 1296 852 1346 753 1044 1431 1130 2341 762 568 1448 1018
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 TRWR PUWR
Total Renewable Water Resources Potentially Utilizable Water Resources
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AREA LIABLE TO FLOODS Geographical Area liable to area (M Ha ) flood (M Ha ) 27.51 7.84 17.39 19.60 4.42 5.57 22.22 19.18 3.89 44.34 30.77 2.23 2.24 15.57 5.04 34.22 13.01 1.05 29.44 8.88 0.15 0.05 1.39 3.15 4.26 1.39 2.35 0.23 0.08 0.02 0.87 0.26 0.23 0.08 0.02 1.40 3.70 3.26 0.45 0.33 7.34 2.65 0.05 0.01 33.52 Area protected ( M Ha ) 0.70 1.305 1.566 0.362 1.095 0.012 0.001 0.011 0.110 0.073 0.075 0.351 2.407 0.016 0.029 0.009 0.739 1.001 0.023 9.776
SNo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
State Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharastra Manipur Meghalaya Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Tripura Utter Pradesh West Bengal Delhi Pandicherry Total
% 5.05 40.18 24.50 7.09 53.17 4.13 0.36 0.10 22.37 0.59 0.75 3.59 0.89 8.99 73.41 9.53 3.46 31.43 44.93 29.84 33.33 20.00
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NECESSITY OF THE STUDY As long as spatial and temporal uniformity in occurrence of rainfall is present, the water deficit and excess conditions do not arise. If not, the available water must be utilized properly by storage and transfer so as to satisfy the various needs uniformly over the entire country. In India the monsoons are highly orographic causing floods in North and North Eastern region and drought in other areas. The solution for storage and transfer lies in much talked about interlinking of rivers or inter basin water transfer. As the Govt. of India is spending huge amount of money every year towards the relief of floods and drought, it is worth while to spend on inter basin and intra basin water transfer schemes keeping long term benefits in view. Moreover the inter basin water transfer is the only solution to maintain regional balance in all sectors like Agricultural, Industrial, Power generation, Domestic, Navigation etc. EXISTING INTER BASIN WATER TRANSFER PROJECTS IN INDIA AND OTHER COUNTRIES The concept of Inter basin water transfer is not new. In fact it was practiced in India and other countries long back and most of the projects of water transfer are still functioning well. Consequently many projects of large scale water transfer have been planned and some of them are implemented. Examples of Inter basin water transfer in India Periyar - Vaigai project (Kerala state 1985) Kurnool - Cuddapah Canal ( Andhra Pradesh 1863-1870) Parambikulam - Aliyar project (1962-82) Telugu - Ganga project Beas - Sutlej Link (1983) Indira Gandhi Nahar project ( Rajasthan canal, 1958) Sarada - Sahayak Project (1960 ) Ramganga - Ganga Link (1978) Tungabhadra - Pennar project Mahi project Tehri Multipurpose project
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OTHER COUNTRIES CANADA : In Canada 16 inter basin water transfer schemes have been implemented for hydropower development. USA : In United States, the California state water project, first phase of which was completed in 1973, provides for the diversion of 4 Km3 of flow from surplus Northern California to the deficit central and southern parts of the state. CHINA: In China there are schemes existing from ancient times which are recently supplemented by modern construction techniques. Now China is also planning for transfer of 48 BCM of water from South to North through a Grand Canal close to Eastern coast. Recently completed projects in China include Biliuha-Dalian inter basin water supply system. U.S.S.R : Among the Inter basin water transfer projects planned and implemented in USSR, the notable scheme executed in the central Kazakistana is Irtysh Karganda scheme NEW PROPOSALS FOR INTER BASIN WATER TRANSFER IN INDIA The concept of Interlinking of rivers was initially proposed by Sir Arthur Cotton in the year 1850 for Inland navigation purpose. Later in 1972 the then Central Irrigation Minister Dr K.L.Rao proposed GangaCauvery link. In 1977 Captain Dastur proposed Garland of canal around the Himalayan, Central and Peninsular India. Later, Ministry of Water Resources and Central Water Commission formulated a National Perspective Plan (NPP) in 1980 to study water resources development in the country and transfer of water from surplus basin to deficit one to minimize regional imbalance. NWDA (National Water Development Agency) was formed under NPP to further investigate and explore the possibilities of interlinking of rivers. The broad objectives of NWDA are 1. To promote systematic and scientific study of interlinking of rivers. 2. To carryout detailed study, survey, investigations of Peninsular and Himalayan rivers. 3. To identify possible water transfer projects/links to carry water from surplus basin to deficit one after meeting the existing and proposed needs. 4. To prepare feasibility reports of various components of Himalayan and Peninsular rivers. After thorough investigations NWDA proposed to transfer 173 BCM of water through 12,500 Km length of canal. As per NWDA, Inter basin water transfer is proposed in two components namely (1) Himalayan component and (2) Peninsular component. The proposed national water grid is given in Figure below. In this figure numbers 1-30 refer to the links considered under Himalayan (1-14) and Peninsular (15-30) components as listed below.
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HIMALAYAN COMPONENT This component mainly proposes to link Brahmaputra and its tributaries with the river Ganga and Ganga with Mahanadi. In addition it also proposes to transfer surplus flows of the Eastern tributaries of Ganga to the West. This component envisages construction of canal systems and storage reservoirs on the principal tributaries of Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers in India, Nepal and Bhutan. This component would provide additional irrigation to about 22 MHa and power generation of about 30000 MW besides flood control in Brahmaputra and Ganga basins. The 14 links of Himalayan component are
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15. 17. 19. 21. 23. 25. 27. 29.
Brahmaputra-Ganga kosi-Ghagra Gandak-Ganga Ghagra- Yamuna Sarada-Yamuna Yamuna-Rajastana Rajastana-Sabaramati Mahanadi (Manibhadra) - Godavari (Dowleswaram) Link Godavari (Inchampalli Low Dam) - Krishna (Nagarjunasagar Tail pond) Link Krishna (Almatti) - Pennar (Bukkapatnam) Link Krishna (Nagarjunasagar) - Pennar (Somasila)Link Cauvery (Kattalai) - Vaigai - Gundar Link Parbathi - kalisindh Link Damanganga - Pinjal Link Netravathi - Hemavathi Link
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Chemar- Sone barrage link Sone dam-southern Ganga Ganga Damodar Subernarekha Subernarekha- Mahanadi Kosi-Mechi Farakka-Sunderban Brahmaputra-Ganga(Jogighopa-Tista-Farakka)
16. Godavari (Inchampalli) - Krishna (Nagarjunasagar) Link 18. Godavari (Polavaram) - Krishna (Vijayawada Link) 20. Krishna (Srisailam) - Pennar (Mylavaram )Link 22. Pennar (Somasila) - Cauvery (Grand Anicut) Link 24. Ken - Betwa Link 26. Par - Tapi - Narmada 28. Bedti - Varda Link 30. Pamba-Achankovil - Vaippar Link
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PENINSULAR COMPONENT In this component a network of interconnected river basins of Peninsular India is considered. NWDA carried out water balance studies of all the major river basins such as Mahanadi , Godavari , Krishna ,Pennar , Cauvery , Vaigai, West flowing rivers of Kerala , Karnataka , North of Bombay and South of Tapi and Southern tributaries of Yamuna to find out water surplus and deficit basins. The 16 links of Peninsular component are given below. From Peninsular Component it is possible to irrigate about 13 M Ha and about 4000 MW of Hydropower can be generated. The Peninsular component utilizes 69.6 TMCum of water. This component involves the construction of storage reservoirs at potential sites in addition to the existing /ongoing reservoirs and a network of canals for water transfer. The following Table gives the details of proposed Interlinking of rivers.
Proposed National Water Grid (NWDA)
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Details of Interlinking of Rivers SNo Particulars Himalayan Component 14 9 6100 33 30000 185000 Peninsular Component 16 27 4780 141 4000 106000 Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Link Canal Major Reservoirs Total Length of Link Canals (Km) Transferable Water (Km3) Power Generation (MW) Project Cost of Irrigation unit( Crores ) Project cost of Hydropower Unit (Crores)
30 36 10880 174 34000 291000 269000
SALIENT FEATURES OF INTER BASIN WATER TRANSFERS IN INDIA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Additional Irrigation: 35 M Ha Hydropower generation The Cost of the project Water utilization Execution period Agricultural production Total length of canals Cost per Ha Water availability Flood control Area can be protected Population protected Financial savings 11. Drought protection Population benefited States benefited Districts benefited Financial benefit 12. 13. Rivers involved Reservoirs involved : : : : : : About 86 Million 14 116 About 1200 crores per year 37 60 : : : About 40 M Ha About 260 Million About 1200 crores per year : : : : : : : : 34000 to 40000 MW Rs 5,60,000 crores ( as per 2002 estimate) 20.96 MHa m 40 years 250 to 450 Million Tons 10880 Km Rs 75000 1122 m3 / capita / year
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MERITS AND DEMERITS OF INTER BASIN WATER TRANSFER MERITS 1. Possible to utilize the water resources uniformly and economically to yield Significant output. 2. Enhancement in Irrigation potential and power generation 3. Provides ample surface water to meet the growing needs of Domestic and Industries. 4. Scopes for Inland Navigation which reduces stress on existing communication system. 5. It minimizes the intensity of drought and floods. 6. It helps to increase per capita income. 7. Reduces the exploitation of ground water as surface water is made available in abundant. 8. Huge employment generation 9. Development of fisheries 10. Salinity control 11. Recreation facility 12. Infrastructural development 13. Socio economic development 14. Considerable improvement in ground water potential 15. Control in migration 16. Conversion of barren land into culturable land 17. Reduction in formation of further deltas in coastal zones. 18. Minimization of the relief expenditure towards floods and droughts. DEMERITS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Large area liable for submersion due to construction of reservoirs and canals Adverse effects over ecological system Difficult to solve Interstate or International water disputes Legal problem in sharing the water Cost of the project and recurring expenditure for maintenance are high Water pollution in conveyance Loss of water in conveyance through the canals Land acquisition and rehabilitation problems Requires afforestation to compensate for loss in green It is a long term project which may cause large variation in estimation Serving for high altitude areas needs pumping of water which requires huge power and maintenance. Needs huge debate at micro level and macro level on the issue to convince the public. Problems of soil erosion and sedimentation In undulated zones it may required to construct large number of cross drainage works.
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ESSENTIAL STUDIES AND ANALYSES To prepare a project report of water transfer scheme between two basins, the following studies and analyses are essential. 1. Water balance studies 2. Toposheet studies 3. Ecology and environmental impact assessment 4. Existing utilization and surplus of surface and sub surface water 5. Existing Irrigation, Industrial, domestic, power generation and other usages 6. Making International treaty and bilateral agreement between related states regarding water sharing. 7. Survey and Investigations 8. Water resources and hydrology 9. Preparations of plans, designs and estimates 10. Benefit cost ratio and financial returns. 11. Optimization studies for managing water resources CONCLUSIONS The hydrological extremes of floods and droughts will have adverse effects on social and economical development of a country or region. The unique and long term solution for dual problem is inter basin water transfer. The study proves to be an authentic reference and resource for the planners, field engineers, administrators, researchers and the general public dealing with water resource exploitation, utilization and transfer. The following conclusions are drawn out of this work. The next 50 years in India would witness a very large growth of urban centers. Many large urban centers would grow into metropolitan centers and meeting their water requirements would pose new challenges. The food production has to grow proportionally necessitating more allocation of water for irrigation. The inter basin water transfer proves to be the best option for the policy planners, administrators, professionals, media, NGOs and public to meet the challenges of the future. The entire surface water resource of the country is to be treated as national property so as to make its development and utilization uniform for the overall development of the country.Remote sensing and GIS tools can be utilized to carry out the hydrological, drainage, seepage and socio-economic analysis and the environmental impact assessment of the proposed water transfer projects. The basins of the water transfer scheme can be studied by developing digital elevation models (DEM) which help to generate the stream networks map, slope and aspect ratios of the basins.
26
REFERENCES : 1 Jonathan L Chenoweth, Hector M. Malano & Juliet. F. Bird Resources Development vol 17, No 3, 2001, P 365-377 2 3 4 NWDA (National Water Development Agency) India A study on Inter- basin Water Transfer in India Rajiv K Gupta Human Rights Dimension of Regional Water Transfer: Experience of the Sardar Sarovar Project Journal of Water Resources Development Vol 17, No 1, 2001, P 125-147 Dr A.K.Chakraborty Interlinking of Rivers How can we use Space Technology to Resolve Survey & Investigation Issues National Seminar on Inter-Basin transfer of water in India Prospects and Feasibility, P 10.1-10.5 5 6 7 8 S.V.Chitale Inter-basin Transfer by Water Grid Caution and Precaution The Indian Society for Hydraulics, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering , 2006, Vol 12(2), P 1-6 Ramaswamy. R.Iyer Linking of Rivers: Vision or mirage? Published in Indias National Magazine, The Publication of The Hindu Vol 19 December 2002, Issue 25, P 1-7 W.G.Yeh Reservoir Management and Operational Models A state of the Art Review, Water Resources Research, Vol 21, 1985, P 1797-1818 Charles Revelle, Edward Joeres and William Kirby The linear Decision rule in reservoir management and decision Development of the stochastic model Water Resources Research, Vol 4,1969, P 767-777 9 10 11 12 K.Can and Mark H.Houck Real-Time Reservoir Operation by Goal Programming Journal of Water Resource Planning and Management, ASCE Vol 110, 1984, P 297-309 Slobodam,P.Simonovi Reservoir System Analysis: Closing Gap between theory and Practice Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management ASCE , Vol 118,1992, P 262-280 H.Mahabaleswara & G.Abbaiah Inter-basin Water Transfers and Resolving Conflicts International Conference on Hydrology and Watershed Management, 5-8 December 2006, Hyderabad H.Mahabaleswara, Dr.G.Abbaiah Interlinking of Rivers National Conference on Hydraulics and Water Resources with Special emphasis on Interlinking of Rivers, held at Bharathi Vidyapeetha Deemed University College of Engineering, Pune (Maharashtra India ) 8-9 December 2006 Integrated River Basin management in the Multi-Jurisdictional River Basin: The Case of the Mekong River Basin Journal of Water
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Linking of Indian rivers to satisfy the water needs and control the floods
M. P. Itnal1, A. G. Ugarkar2 and Chandan Kumar B2
1
Senior Geophysicist, Office of the Deputy Director. Dept. of Mines & Geology, Mangalore-1 2 Department of Studies in Geology, Karnataka University, Dharwad- 3 Email: renukamin1@gmail.com; ugarkarag@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT In India, especially in the northern and the eastern parts, the floods are the recurring feature affecting the states of Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Bihar and West Bengal. This recurring feature of the floods is commonly found in Brahmaputra and Ganga Basin, in which almost 60% of the river flows of our country occur. On the other hand, there are major areas in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra that face major draughts every year. Almost 80% of draught laden areas of the country are confined in these states. Since more than three decades, many debates have taken place regarding linking of Indian rivers, its advantages and disadvantages. Although, there are disadvantages in the longer run, the advantages are relatively more. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to suggest a holistic approach for interlinking of Indian rivers by taking into account the physiography, topography, geomorphology, tectonic aspects, major lineaments, elevations, alignment of mountain ranges, soil cover and geological aspects to suit the optimum need of natural gravity flow of water from one basin to another.
INTRODUCTION Rivers have been of fundamental importance throughout the civilization, human history and habitation, and hence, the river banks have attracted settlers from ancient times. These settlements have now become big cities wherein the rivers are being used for domestic, irrigation, navigation and hydro-power generation purposes. But, settlements along the river banks accompanies risk viz., the floods which destroys the lives and property, sometimes on a huge scale. In India, especially in the northern and the eastern parts, the floods are the recurring feature affecting the states of Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Bihar and West Bengal. This recurring feature of the floods is commonly found in Brahmaputra and Ganga Basin, in which almost 60% of the river flows of our country occur. Flood damages, which were Rs. 52 crores in 1953, have gone up to Rs. 5,846 crores in 1998 with annual average being Rs. 1,343 crores, affecting the states of Assam, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal along with the human casualties and sufferings. On the other hand, there are major areas in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra that face major draughts every year. Almost 80% of draught laden areas of the country are confined in these states. Thus, in some parts of the country floods occur throughout the monsoons, while in some parts either there is insufficient or no monsoons. Keeping in view of these aspects, the most debated mega
28
proposal, the linking of Indian Rivers is an idea of transferring the surplus water from an area to an area with no water. In the year 1975, the then Minister for Irrigation, Mr. K. C. Rao, proposed a 2640 km long link between the Ganga and Cauvery rivers. In 1982, the National Water Development Agency (NWDA) was set up to carry out surveys of the links and prepare feasibility studies. However, the idea of linking rivers for various purposes in the Indian Subcontinent is not a new concept. Sir Arthur Cotton conceived a plan to link rivers in southern India for inland navigation in the 19th century (Shukla and Asthana, 2005). Since more than three decades, many debates have taken place regarding linking of Indian rivers, its advantages and disadvantages (Bagla, 2006; Verghese, 2003; Bandyopadhyaya and Perveen, 2003; Falkenmark et al., 1989; Nair and Radhakrishna, 2005; Rath, 2003, Shiva, 2003; Sharma et al., 2006; Sinha et al., 2005; Snaddon et al., 1999; Valdimir, 2006; Vombatkere, 2003). Although, there are disadvantages in the longer run, the advantages are relatively more, and needs a thorough study and appropriate implementation of the proposal considering various aspects and limitations of environmental and ecological issues, rehabilitation/ relocation and political aspects, financial constraints, physiographical and geological aspects, compatibility with social and environmental protection groups etc., which indeed, a difficult task practically. Thus, for one or more reasons, the linking of rivers project stands still, without any optimistic proceedings to implement it. However, on 27th February, 2012, the Supreme Court of India ordered the Government of India to reconsider this project for implementation. So it came as no surprise when in December 2012, Indian Government announced progress on plans to connect 37 rivers across the nation through 31 links with 9,000 km long canals, saying such a project was feasible, for which an estimate costs about $140 billion (Rao, 1975). India accounts for 15% of the world population and 4% of the worlds water resources. The per capita water availability in India was 5177 m3/year during 1951 and has decreased to 1544 m3/year during 2011. If annual per capita water availability is below 1700 cubic meter, then the region is called water stressed and if it is below 1000 then the region is termed as water scarce. Per capita annual water availability (m3/ capita/year) in India is expected to decrease to around 1200 m3/year by 2030. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to suggest a holistic approach for interlinking of Indian rivers by taking into account the physiography, topography, geomorphology, tectonic aspects, major lineaments, elevations, alignment of mountain ranges, soil cover and geological aspects to suit the optimum need of natural gravity flow of water from one basin to another. Also, it is stressed to find a most economical way out of the relief and to transfer the inter basin water through the artificially built canals and aqueducts across the interbasin and intrabasin topography.
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UGC Sponsored National Seminar

Linking of Indian Rivers : Boon or Bane

Department of Geology Govindram Seksaria Science Degree College, Belgaum

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Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Linking of Rivers can be a boon if tackled wisely else it can be a bane

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Linking of Indian Rivers Boon or Bane Prakash Kumar Gupta

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Water : Past, Present and Future

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Linking of Indian Rivers A Catastrophe

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

RIVER BASIN MAP OF INDIA

1. Indus 2. Mahi 3. Narmada 4. Sabarmati 5. Tapi

6. WFR1 7. WFR2 8. Brahmani & Baitarani 9. Cauvery 10. EFR1

16. Pennar 17. Subernareka 18. Brahmaputra 19. Meghana

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Total Renewable Water Resources Potentially Utilizable Water Resources

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15. 17. 19. 21. 23. 25. 27. 29.

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Proposed National Water Grid (NWDA)

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

30 36 10880 174 34000 291000 269000

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

Department of Geology, S.K.E. Society's G.S. Science Degree College, Belgaum.

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