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Thirty-six people took part in an experiment to discover the effects of alcohol on drinking ability. They were randomly assigned to three conditions: placebo (no alcohol), low alcohol and high alcohol. The non-alcoholic drink looked and tasted exactly the same as the other drink. Participants were weighted and given the appropriate amount of drink. After half an hour of drinking, participants drove in a simulator for ten minutes, and the number of errors made was automatically registered by the computer.
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Research paper
Results: A one-way ANOVA revealed a significant effect of the amount of alcohol on the error rate (F(2,33) = 9.91; p = 0.001).
SPSS output
Degrees of Freedom
ANOVA SCORE
P-value
One-way ANOVA??????
Between Groups
Sum of Squares 97.556 225.667 323.222 df 2 33 35 Mean Square 48.778 6.838 F 7.133 Sig. 0.003
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Learning objectives
Principles of ANOVA
ANOVA
Null Hypothesis: T h e m e a n s o f all g r o u p s a r e e q u a l . Experiment: Alcohol has no influence on driving ability
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Within-groups variance
Within-groups variance
Sources:
Individual differences Experimental error
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Between-groups variance
Grand mean
Between-groups variance
Sources:
Treatment effects Individual differences Experimental error
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F-statistic
Small F:
F-statistic
Grand mean
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F-statistic
Large F: Grand mean
F-statistic
Grand mean
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F-statistic
Large F: Grand mean
F-statistic
P-value given by F-distribution: F ( d fb e t w e e n , d fw i t h i n )
Degrees of Freedoms:
dfb e t w e e n = groups 1
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F-statistic
Research Paper
F-statistic p-value
Important: Rejection of null hypothesis means at least one of the means is different from at least one other mean, but we do not know exactly which means a r e d i f f e r e n t f r o m w h i c h o t h e r m e a n s!
One-way
= one factor = one independent variable
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SPSS output
ANOVA SCORE Sum of Squares Between Groups Within Groups Total 97.556 225.667 323.222 df 2 33 35 Mean Square 48.778 6.838
~ Variance
Part 2
p-value
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Research paper
Research paper
Results: A repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant effect of the amount of alcohol on the error rate (F(2,22) = 10.83; p = 0.001). Repeated-measure????
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Repeated-measures ANOVA
Between groups Degrees of freedom
Learning objectives
~ Variance
p-value
Tests of Within-Subjects Effects Measure: MEASURE_1 Source ALCOHOL Type III Sum of Squares 145.167 145.167 145.167 145.167 147.500 147.500 147.500 147.500 df 2 1.833 2.000 1.000 22 20.164 22.000 11.000 Mean Square 72.583 79.194 72.583 145.167 6.705 7.315 6.705 13.409 F 10.826 10.826 10.826 10.826 Sig. .001 .001 .001 .007
R e a d S P S S s printouts
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Between-participants design: Experimental design in which different participants serve under the different treatment levels
Within-participants design: E x p e r i m e n t a l d e s i g n s in which each participants receives all levels if at least one independent variable
Total Variance
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Partitioning variance
Total variance Individual diff. variance
Error variance
Betweengroups variance
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F-statistic
Degrees of freedom
d fb e t w e e n = g r o u p s 1 d fe r r o r = df within - d fb e t w e e n
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Repeated-measures ANOVA
Advantages
Tests of Within-Subjects Effects Measure: MEASURE_1 Type III Sum Source of Squares ALCOHOL Sphericity Assumed 145.167 Greenhouse-Geisser 145.167 Huynh-Feldt 145.167 Lower-bound 145.167 Error(ALCOHOL) Sphericity Assumed 147.500 Greenhouse-Geisser 147.500 Huynh-Feldt 147.500 Lower-bound 147.500 df 2 1.833 2.000 1.000 22 20.164 22.000 11.000 Mean Square 72.583 79.194 72.583 145.167 6.705 7.315 6.705 13.409 F 10.826 10.826 10.826 10.826 Sig. .001 .001 .001 .007
Disadvantage
Counterbalancing
Order effects
or
Example:
Participant: Placebo; Low Alcohol; High Alcohol Participant: Placebo; High Alcohol; Low Alcohol Participant: Low Alcohol; Placebo; High Alcohol Participant: High Alcohol; Placebo; Low Alcohol Participant: Low Alcohol; High Alcohol; Placebo Participant: High Alcohol; Low Alcohol; Placebo Participant: like first participant
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C o u n t e r b a l a n c i n g for avoidance
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