Planning

Derives its objectives and social premises from the Directive Principles of State Policy enshrined in the Constitution Public and private sectors are viewed as complementary Planning Commission set up by a Resolution of the Government of India in March 1950 pursuance of declared objectives of the Government to promote a rapid rise in the standard of living of the people by efficient exploitation of the resources of the country, increasing production and offering opportunities to all for employment in the service of the community . Charged with the responsibility of making assessment of all resources of the country augmenting deficient resources, formulating plan for the most effective and balanced utilisation of resources and determining priorities. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first chairman of the Planning Commission At Present Dr. Manmohan Singh is the Chairman of the Planning Commission and Shri Montek Singh Ahluwalia is its Deputy Chairman First Five-year Plan was launched in 1951Two successive years of drought, devaluation of the currency, a general rise in prices and erosion of resources distrupted the planning process and after three Annual Plan between 1966 and 1969 fourth Five-Year plan was started in 1969. Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political situation at the Centre 1990-91 and 1991-92 were treated as Annual Plans. First eight Plans the emphases was on a growing public sector with massive investments in basic and heavy industries From ninth plan onwards the emphasis on the public sector has become less pronounced and the current thinking of planning in the country in general is that it should increasingly be of an indicative nature.

FIRST PLAN:
Keeping in view the large-scale import of foodgrains in 1951 and inflationary pressures on the economy accorded the highest priority to agriculture including irrigation and power projects Plan aimed at increasing the rate of investment from five to about seven per cent of the national income.

SECOND PLAN:
Sought to promote a pattern of development, which would ultimately lead to the establishment of a socialistic pattern of society in India laid emphasis on industrialisation, increased production of iron and steel, heavy chemicals including nitrogenous fertilizers and development of heavy engineering and machine building industry Aims: (i) an increase of 25 per cent in the national income; (ii) rapid industrialisation with particular emphasis on the development of basic and heavy industries; (iii) large expansion of

employment opportunities; and (iv) reduction of inequalities in income and wealth and a more even distribution of economic power.

THIRD PLAN:
Aimed at securing a marked advance towards self-sustaining growth Objectives : 1) Increase in the national income and ensure a pattern of investment which could sustain this rate of growth in the subsequent Plan periods. 2) Achieve self-sufficiency in foodgrains increase agricultural production to meet the requirements of industry and exports. 3) expand basic industries like steel, chemicals, fuel and power and establish machine building capacity requirements of further industrialisation could be met 4) Fully utilise the manpower resources of the country ensure a substantial expansion in employment opportunities. 5) Establish progressively greater equality of opportunity more even distribution of economic power.

ANNUAL PLANS:
Situation created by the Indo-Pakistan conflict in 1965, two successive years of severe drought, devaluation of the currency, general rise in prices and erosion of resources available delayed the finalization of the Fourth Five Year Plan 1966 and 1969 Three annual plans formulated within the framework of the draft outline of the Fourth Plan.

FOURTH PLAN:
Accelerating the tempo of development of reducing fluctuations in agricultural production as well as the impact of uncertainties of foreign aid raise the standard of living through programs designed to promote equality and social justice reduction of concentration of wealth, income and economic power to promote equity.

FIFTH PLAN:
Formulated against the backdrop of severe inflationary pressures self-reliance and adopt measures for raising the consumption standard of people living below the poverty line high priority to bring inflation under control and to achieve stability in the economic situation.

SIXTH PLAN:
Removal of poverty strategy adopted was to move simultaneously towards strengthening the infrastructure for both agriculture and industry tackling inter-related problems and active involvement of people in formulating specific schemes of development at the local level and securing their speedy and effective implementation.

SEVENTH PLAN:
Emphasized policies and programmes which aimed at rapid growth in foodgrains production, increased employment opportunities and productivity within the framework of basic tenets of planning, namely, growth, modernisation, self-reliance and social justice. To reduce unemployment and consequently, the incidence of poverty, special programmes like Jawahar Rozgar Yojana recognition role, small-scale and food processing industries could play in this regard.

ANNUAL PLANS:
Due to the fast-changing political situation at the Centre 8th plan put off Formulated within the framework of the Approach to the Eighth Five-Year Plan basic thrust of these Annual Plans was on maximisation of employment and social transformation.

EIGHTH PLAN:
Launched immediately after the initiation of structural adjustment policies and macro stabilisation policies, which were necessitated by the worsening Balance of Payments position and the position of inflation during 1990-91 various structural adjustment policies were introduced gradually so that the economy could be pushed to a higher growth path and improve its strength and thus prevent a crisis in Balance of Payments and inflation in the future Aim of 8th plan average annual growth rate of 5.6 per cent and an average industrial growth rate of about 7.5 per cent with relative price stability and substantial improvement in the countrys Balance of Payments.

NINTH PLAN:
Aimed at achieving a targeted GDP growth rate of seven per cent per annum and there was emphasis on the seven identified Basic Minimum Services (BMS) with additional Central Assistance earmarked for these services with a view to obtaining a complete coverage of the population in a time-bound manner. i) priority to agriculture and rural development with a view to generate adequate productive employment and eradication of poverty; (ii) accelerating the growth rate of the economy with stable prices; (iii) ensuring food and nutritional security for all, particularly the vulnerable sections of society; (iv) providing the basic minimum services of safe drinking water, primary health care facilities, universal primary education, shelter, and connectivity to all in a time-bound manner; (v) containing the growth rate of population; (vi) ensuring mobilisation and participation of people at all levels; (vii) empowerment of women and socially disadvantaged groups such as Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes and minorities as agents of socio-economic change and development; (viii) promoting and developing peoples participatory institutions like Panchayati Raj Institutions, cooperatives and self-help groups; and (ix) strengthening efforts to build self-reliance.

TENTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN:

Harnessing the benefits of growth to improve the quality of life of the people by setting key targets Plan recognises the rapid growth in the labour force addresses the issue of poverty and the unacceptably low levels of social indicators For the first time a statewise growth and other monitorable targets have been worked out in consultation with the States to focus better on their own development plans, since national targets do not necessarily translate into balanced regional development and the potential and constraints of each State differ vastly recognition that Governance is perhaps one of the most important factors for ensuring that the Plan is realised, as envisaged, laid down a list of reforms in this connection includes a carefully crafted mediumterm macroeconomic policy stance, both for the Centre and the States, but also lays out the policy and institutional reforms that are required for each sector. Agriculture is to be the core element of the Tenth Plan.

ELEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN:

outlines the new priories for the public sector relate to reviving dynamism in agriculture and building the necessary supportive infrastructure in rural areas, expanding access to health and education, especially in rural areas, undertaking programmes for improving living conditions for the weaker section and for improving their access to economic opportunitymajor thrust for infrastructure development in general.

AGRICULTURE:
Contributes approximately one-fifth of total gross domestic product (GDP) means of livelihood to about two-thirds of the countrys population single largest private sector occupation accounts for about 10 percent of the total export earnings and provides raw material to a large number of industries agriculture is the only source of food security for the nation. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) has been launched to encourage States to provide higher expenditure to the agriculture and allied sectors like Animal Husbandry and Fisheries and prepare agricultural Plans at the grass root levels through Comprehensive District Agricuture Plan. Improve water management through enhanced water use efficiency by the use of drip and sprinkler-irrigation systems a new programme of Micro-Irrigation is being implemented. Kissan Call Centres were established to enable farmers to get expert advice on agriculture related issues and problems.

MINERAL SECTOR:
Accelerated growth rate in India warrants a rapid development of mining sector on which most of the basic industries in the manufacturing sector depend endeavoured to encourage greater investment in exploration and mining by opening up the sector for private investment

Need to make coordinated efforts to remove bottlenecks which hinder the productivity and efficiency of this sector further improve the investment climate for mining Planning Commission set up a High Level Committee Chairmanship of Shri Anwarul Hoda, the then Member, (Industry) review the National Mineral Policy and recommend possible amendments to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act).

EDUCATION:
Most crucial investment in human development Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) is a statistical measure used in the education sector and by the UN in its Education Index to determine the number of students enrolled in school at several different grade levels (like elementary, middle school and high school), and examine it to analyze the ratio of the number of students who live in that country to those who qualify for the particular grade level quality of education too requires improvement and there are gender, social and regional disparitiesthere are various systemic issues like inadequate infrastructure and delivery of services, teacher vacancies, teacher absenteeism and poor laboratory and library facilities. Ninth Five Year Plan Universalisation of Elementary Education (UEE), adult literacy, raising the quality of education at all levels and improving learner achievement goal of Education for All (EFA) Major initiatives taken to bring about quantitative and qualitative improvement in elementary education Operation Black Board, Non-formal Education Programme, Teachers Education, District Primary Education Programme (DPEP), National Programme of Nutritional Support to Children of Primary Education popularly known as Mid-Day Meal Scheme Operation Black Board policy covers elementary education to colleges in both rural and urban India emphasizes three aspects in relation to elementary education:

universal access and enrolment, universal retention of children up to 14 years of age, and a substantial improvement in the quality of education to enable all children to achieve Revival of Sanskrit and other classical languages for contemporary use.

Non-formal Education Programme meant for children who are unable to attend school provide free and compulsory education for all children between the ages of six to fourteen years. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan major flagship programme partnership with the State Governments directs level decentralized management framework involving local bodies envisages free and compulsory education for all children for the age group 6-14 Mid-Day Meal Scheme aimed at providing cooked meals to about 11 crore primary school children Studies show that it eliminated classroom hunger

Education of women and girls recognized by the NPE (1986) as the kernel of redressing traditional gender imbalances in educational access and achievement steps taken: Mandatory recruitment of at least 50 per cent female teachers under Operation Black Board A separate budget for girls centres under Non-Formal Education Scheme, EGS/AIE centres Bridge courses Back to school camps Residential camps for out of school girls Lok Jumbish (Rajasthan) to bridge the gender gap in primary education DPEP in low female literacy districts Mahila Sanghas under Mahila Samkhya Scheme for womens empowerment A National Programme for Education for Girls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL)a component of SSA Residential upper primary schools under Kasturba Gandhi Swatantrata Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), which specifically target the girl child in educationally backward districts/blocks.

EDUCATION OF MINORITIES:

Free textbooks are provided to all minority girls from classes I-VIII and Urdu textbooks are provided for Urdu medium schools The scheme of Area Intensive and Madarsas Modernization Programme (AIMMP) has been revised as two distinct schemes (SPQEM and IDMI) for bringing quality improvement in Madarsas to enable children to obtain standards of the national education system in formal education subjects. Literacy campaigns are area specific, time-bound and are developed through voluntary, costeffective and outcome-oriented methods NLM will be converted into National Female Literacy Mission (NFLM) Secondary Education serves as a bridge between elementary and higher education and prepares young persons between the age group of 14-18 for entry into the world of work or into higher education Mission for secondary education is essential to consolidate the gains of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and to move forward in establishing a knowledge society. Eleventh Plan aims (i) raise the minimum level of education to class X and accordingly, universalize access to secondary education; (ii) ensure good quality secondary education with focus on Science, Mathematics and English and (ii) strive for major reduction in gender, social and regional gaps in enrolment, dropouts, and school retention. The norms will be to provide a secondary school within 5 km, and a higher secondary school within 7-8 km of every habitation Plan also focuses on demand driven Vocational Education programmes in partnership with employers, expansion and diversification of the open learning system and revamping ICT in secondary and higher secondary schools. XI plan provides for launching a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) named SUCCESS (Universalisation of Access to and Improvement of Quality of Education at Secondary Stage) main objectives (1) Universalizing access with major reduction in gender, social and regional gaps in enrolment, drop-out, and retention and (ii) improviing quality with focus on Science and Maths.

Vocationlisation of Higher Secondary Education: Emphasis will be on demand driven VE programme for skill development in partnership with industry/employers emphasis should be placed on the service sector and, therefore, on soft skills, computer literacy and flexi-time compulsory partnership with employers who could provide trainers and arrange for internship, give advice on curricula and participate in assessment and certification. Higher Education Expansion, inclusion, rapid improvement in quality throughout the higher and technical education system by enhancing public spending, encouraging private initiatives and initiating the long overdue major institutional and policy reforms as the core of the plan efforts.

HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE:

Unacceptably high proporation of the population continues to suffer and die from new diseases, which are emerging, apart from continuing and new threats posed by the existing ones National Rural Health Mission & National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) system-centric approach is being adopted rather than a disease-centric approach, whereby all health programmes are converged and health system through upgradation of infrastructure and PPP is strengthened "Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana" with a view to providing health insurance cover to Below Poverty Line (BPL) workers in the unorganised sector and their families. Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) for health care institutions at all levels, accrediting private health care facilities and providers. Health Human Resources, improving Medical, Paramedical, Nursing, and Dental education alongwith reorienting AYUSH education, taking care of the Older persons, reducing Disability and integrating disabled, providing humane mental health service and oral health services and launching new initiatives for Rabies. Fluorosis and Leptospirosis. Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY) correcting the imbalances in availability of affordable/tertiary level healthcare services and to augment facilities for quality medical education in the country.

PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS:

The Amendment Act contains provisions for devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats both for preparation of Plans for economic development and social justice and for implementation. States of Jammu and Kashmir, the National Capital Territory of Delhi where the Panchayat Raj Institutions had been superseded in 1990 and have not been revived till date. Empowered Sub-Committee of National Development Council on Financial and Administrative Empowerment of PRIs to look into the whole gamut of issues relocated to devolution of powers, functions and financial resources to the PRIs. At present, panchayats receive funds from three sources, namely: (i) local body grants as recommended by the Central Finance Commission, (ii) funds for implementation of centrally-

sponsored schemes; and (iii) funds released by State Governments on the recommendations of State Finance Commissions. State Governments are required to constitute District Planning Committees (DPCs) as envisaged Article 243 ZD at the district level to facilitate the process of decentralised planning by consolidating the development Plans prepared by the panchayats and municipalities for the district as a whole covering both rural and urban areas. States have been requested to take the following measures to empower the Gram Sabha: (i) to ensure that Gram Sabhas should meet at least once in each quarter preferably on Republic Day, Labour Day, Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti; (ii) vest powers in Gram Sabhas giving them the powers of ownership, management and control over natural resources, as envisaged under the provision of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996; (iii) Gram Sabhas should have full powers for determining the priorities for various programmes; (iv) Panchayats should be made accountable to the Gram Sabha in unequivocal terms; (v) members of Gram Sabhas should be made aware of their powers and responsibilities and steps should be taken to ensure mass participation, particularly of SCs/STs and women; and (vi) Gram Sabhas should have the powers to evolve its own procedures to carry out social audit of development programmes.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY:
Industry performance was marked by sustained double-digit revenue growth steady expansion into newer service lines and increased geographic penetration.

TELECOM SECTOR:
Major approaches taken in the earlier plan are : (i) Affordable and effective communication facilities to all citizens; (ii) Provision of universal service to all uncovered areas including rural areas; (iii) Building a modern and efficient telecommunication infrastructure to meet the convergence of Telecom, IT and Media; (iv) Transformation of the telecommunication sector to a greater competitive environment providing equal opportunities and level playing field for all players; (v) Strengthening Research and Development efforts in the country; (vi) Achieving efficiency and transparency in the spectrum management; (vii) Protecting the defence and security interests of the country, (viii) Enabling Indian telecom companies to become truly global players. Improving rural connectivity by providing Village Public Telephones (VPTs) in remaining unconnected villages under 'Bharat Nirman' has been high on priority of Department of Telecommunications (DoT).

 Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) has been awarded to work for providing Village Public Telephone (VPTs) in all the remaining 66822 uncovered villages, with support from Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF).

POSTAL SECTOR :
Upgrading traditional services through induction of technology, and introducing new products and services in order to meet the challenges of providing faster, more reliable, and more user responsive service in the face of increasing competition from the private courier industry and continuing advances in communication technology. An agreement has also been entered by the department with some state governments for providing Social Security Services/Schemes like National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) and old age pension payment through Savings Bank Accounts.

INFORMATION AND BROADCASTING:

Information and Broadcasting sector consisting of Films, Information and Broadcasting wings. Information Wing: To act precisely to bring the programmes and projects of the Governments committed to the people through advertising in audio-visual and print media. Film Wing: Entertainment and media industry have outperformed the Indian economy. Broadcasting Wing: Radio has been the cheapest entertainment and information distributor to the common people and has tremendous impact in the development of the country

(SAME AS IN MAIN TOPICS)