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This document contains an Abaqus tutorial for performing a buckling analysis using the finite element program Abaqus/Standard, version 6.10. The analysis is performed on a simply supported beam with end moments. The beam is modelled using shell elements. Many different types of analyses are available with Abaqus. However, only one single type of analysis is covered by the guide, namely large displacement analysis with used to examine instability. The instability is triggered by introducing a small geometric imperfection in the structrure. Abaqus has two different ways of providing input: Via a graphical user interface (the so-called CAE) or directly via an input text file. Only the first method will be described in the following. Advanced users may prefer the second option as it provides some freedom compared with the CAE.
Getting started
Run Abaqus CAE and choose Create Model Database With Standard/Explicit Model. You should now see the screen visualised in Figure 1. On the left you have the project tree and on the right you have the working area. The field right above the working area is denoted the context bar.
Figure 1 Start-up screen in Abaqus 6.10-2. The Module drop-down menu is encircled in red.
Abaqus CAE has a number of so-called modules. Each module is utilized to define some part of the model, e.g. the geometry or the boundary conditions. You work in one module at a time and can 1
change module in the drop-down menu Module which can be found in the context bar as indicated by the red rectangle in Figure 1. The modules are: 1. Part defines the geometry of a structural element or model to be used in the analysis. 2. Property defines materials and cross sections. 3. Assembly assembles a number of parts to form the global geometry of a model. 4. Step defines the different analyses to be carried out. 5. Interaction defines connections and interface conditions between different parts. 6. Load defines the boundary conditions of the model. 7. Mesh provides the discretization of the model into finite elements. 8. Job defines the jobs to be carried out by the analysis program. 9. Visualization is utilized for viewing and post processing the results. 10. Sketch can be used as a simple CAD programme for making additional drawings. As indicated in Figure 1, you will start out in the module Part.
d. Click Add Dimension. Select the point on the arc and the constraint point (the purple +). Then positon the dimension text. Accept the proposed value of 0.1. Hit ESC and then press Done. e. Enter the value 1.0 for the maximum scale for the section sketch. f. Create a rectangle using the Create Lines: Rectangle tool. The rectangle should have the dimensions 0.08 x 0.32. This can be achieved by typing 0,0 as the starting point and 0.08,0.32 as the end point in the input box below the window. If the rectangle is outside the window you can click the Auto-Fit view button on the top menu bar. After this your view should resemble Figure 3. g. Hit the Esc-key and click Done in the prompt area. h. Abaqus/CAE exits the Sketcher and displays the part.
2. Now the beam end face must be partitioned. Click Partition Face: Sketch. a. Select one of the end faces of the beam. Press done. b. Select one of the long edges of the highlighted rectangle. You should now see a screen resembling Figure 4
c. Click Create Lines: Connected. d. Select the midpoints of the two short edges (the top and bottom edge in Figure 4). Hit Esc and press Done, and then Done again. 3. Create a cut through the part by using the Partition Cell: Extrude/Sweep tool. The tool can be found by pressing the small black triangle encircled in Figure 5. a. Select the partition line that was created in step 2 and press Done. b. Click Sweep Along Edge. c. Choose one of the curved edge lines and click Create Partition and Done. d. The beam solid should now be divided into two partitions.
4. Convert the solid part to a shell model by the Create Shell: From Solid tool. The tool can be found by pressing the small black triangle marked by a red circle in Figure 6. a. Select both of the solids. This can be done by holding down the shift key. Then click done.
Figure 6. The small black triangle needed to find the Create Shell: From Solid tool
5. To remove the two shell faces click Remove Faces. a. Select the large surface that is the beam side and press Done. The face is now removed. b. Now hold down Ctrl+Alt and use Mouse Key 1 to rotate the model so that the opposite side surface becomes visible. Repeat item 5.a. for this surface. 6. Skip to the Assembly module to assemble the model. a. Use the Instance Part tool to include the part (Beam) you just created in the model. b. Keep the Instance Type as Dependent c. Click OK to finish the Create Instance box. d. The geometry has now been defined except the shell thickness. The model should appear as shown in Figure 7. Note that the beam axis is parallel to the x-axis. Note
also that the imperfection was in the y-direction, which is perpendicular to the beam web (web = krop in Danish). 7. If you have not yet saved the model, this is certainly the time to do so!
c. The Section should automatically appear as Plate. d. Push OK to close the Edit Section Assignment box.
Figure 8 The midlines at both ends have been selected for application of supports in the y-direction.
2. Use the Create Boundary Condition tool to define supports for the beam in the z-direction. a. Change Name to pin-z. b. Keep Step as Initial. c. Keep Category as Mechanical and Type for Selected Step as Displacement/Rotation. Then click Continue ... d. Select the bottom edges at both ends of the beam and click Done in the prompt area. Note that the bottom edge at either end is composed of two lines. The boundary conditions should be applied along the entire edge. e. In the Edit Boundary Condition box, check U3. Then click OK to exit the box. 3. Use the Create Boundary Condition tool to define supports for the beam in the x-direction. a. Change Name to pin-x. b. Keep Step as Initial. c. Keep Category as Mechanical and put Type for Selected Step as Displacement/Rotation. Then click Continue ... d. Select the bottom edge at one end of the beam and click Done in the prompt area. e. In the Edit Boundary Condition box, check U1. Then click OK to exit the box. 4. Now, apply the Create Load tool to define a moment at one end for the displacement analysis. a. Change Name to End Moment 1. b. Change Step to End moment load.
c. Keep Category as Mechanical and change Types for Selected Step to Moment. Then click Continue ... d. Select the mid-points at the bottom edge and the top edge at one end of the beam. Again, use Shift to mark more points at a time. When the visualization of the model looks like the illustration on Figure 9, click Done in the prompt area. e. In the Edit Load box, set CM2 to -9500. This produces a bending moment with a total magnitude of 19000 around the global y-axis and leading to tension in the bottom flange. f. The moment is indicated by two-headed arrows pointing in the negative y-direction. 5. Again, apply the Create Load tool to define a moment at the other end of the beam. a. Change Name to End Moment 2. b. Keep Step as Instability, Category as Mechanical and Type for Selected Step as Moment. Then click Continue ... c. Select the mid-points at the bottom edge and the top edge at the other end of the beam. Then click Done in the prompt area. d. In the Edit Load box, set CM2 to 9500. This produces a bending moment with a total magnitude of 19000 around the global y-axis and leading to tension in the bottom flange. e. The moment is indicated by two-headed arrows pointing in the positive y-direction. The boundary conditions defined for the model correspond to a simply supported beam which has been forked at both ends, i.e. torsional rotation is not possible at the ends of the beam. Note that the applied moments are a tad larger than the instability moments found in the tutorial file AbaqusSimpleLatTorsBuckling.pdf via a bifurcation buckling analysis. In the analysis, the bending moments applied at the ends lead to a homogeneous moment along the beam. This corresponds to the boundary conditions in the classical torsionallateral instability problem.
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Figure 9 Points at which the moment is applied at one end of the beam.
e. Click OK to close the box. 5. Use the Mesh Part tool to form the finite element model. a. Click Yes in the promt area to apply the mesh. b. The model now changes colour to cyan and the elements should be visible. 6. Save the model before you continue.
Setting up a set
Later it will become practical to have a specific point on the beam, that we can use in plotting the results. Instead of having to click on a certain point every time we need it, we can save the point in a set. 1. Go to the Part module and expand the tree for your part in the left tree structure, see Figure 10. a. Double click on Sets, which is highlighted in blue on Figure 10. b. Name the set Mid node, change the Type to Node and click Continue...
Figure 10. How to create a Set. c. Select a node near the beam centre, e.g. as shown in Figure 11, and press Done.
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Figure 12. Visualisation of the displacement. Notice that the deformation is scaled with a scale factor of 12.92.
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c. Click on the Elements/Nodes fan. d. Highlight Node sets in the Method window. e. Select the node set called Part-1-1.MID NODE, which contains the node that you marked earlier. Then click Save and then Plot and then Dismiss. Now you are seeing a graph with Time on the x axis and the y-displacement of the mid node on the y-axis. As you can see it is linear. This is because that we set Nlgeom as Off in the step module. This means that we only calculate on the undeformed geometry. (like in all hand calculations). The applied moment load can be found from the time, as it is linearly dependent on it. This means that the moment is time 19000.
b. Close the Edit XY Data and click Delete in order to delete the data set. This deletion is done in order not confuse data sets when other analyses are performed. c. Close the XY Data Manager.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8.
9. 10.
Then select the Step module. Click on the Step Manager. Highlight the step End moment load and click Edit. In the Basic tab change Nlgeom from Off to On. Large displacement analysis is now enabled. Click OK and then Dismiss. Go to the Job module and click on the Job Manager. Submit the job and monitor the calculations. In the monitoring you will now see that more steps are used compared to the linear analysis. This is because geometrical non-linearity is now included in the analysis. When the analysis is finished go to the Results and Plot Contours on Deformed Shape. If you still have the scale factor set to 1 you should be able to see that the displacement is a lot bigger than in the linear analysis. Plot the displacement plot in the same way as instructed in the linear analysis. You should now see a non-linear response. Extract the data to MatLab as instructed above.
1. Switch to the Model tree and select the Part module. 2. Expand the Parts tree --> Part-1 --> Features as shown in Figure 15
3. Double click on the Path Sketch. 4. Click Edit Dimension Value and select the imperfection dimension shown in red in Figure 16. 5. Type 0.05 as the new value and click OK. You will now notice that the dimension moves left or right into a position where the height is 0.05. You will now have to manually drag the dimension to the high point of the arc. 6. Click Drag Entities. Click on the point on the arc that the dimension measures (marked with a small square) and drag it to the arc high point. 7. Then hit ESC and Done. A warning appear and tells you that you must regenerate the feature. Click OK, to close this window.
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8. In the top menu bar select Feature --> Regenerate. Unfortunately the element mesh will be invalidated by the change of geometry, so you will have to form the element mesh again in the same way as is noted above. After the mesh is regenerated you should remember to re-create the node set with the mid node. The perform the analysis in the same way as done in the above, plot graphs and extract data for the MatLab-plot. A MatLab-plot with the results can be seen in Figur 17. If lower values of the imperfection are used the results should tend towards those from bifurcation buckling.
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x 10
Moment
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Bifurcation buckling Linear, e = 0.1 Non-linear, e = 0.1 Non-linear, e = 0.05 Non-linear, e = 0.03 Non-linear, e = 0.01
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
y-displacement
Figur 17. MatLab-plot with four different values of the imperfection
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