UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA FINAL EXAMINATION ANSWERS SCRIPT SEMESTER I SESI 2010/2011

COURSE NAME COURSE CODE PROGRAMME DATE DURATION INSTRUCTION : ENGINEERING GEOMATIC : BFC 2103 : 2 BFF : NOV 2010 : 3 HOURS : ANSWER ONLY FOUR (4) QUESTIONS.

THIS PAPER CONSISTS OF ELEVEN (11) PAGES

BFC 2103

Q1

(a)

Give the exact definition of Geomatic? Discuss the five (5) disciplines in Geomatic. (10 marks) Geomatics is an umbrella term for a cluster of activities and technologies dealing with the locations and identities of earth features. Geomatics has many sub-disciplines disccused as follow: (i) Land Surveying Land surveying is a traditional name applied to measuring features directly in the field with tools such as theodolites, EDM, levels, and level staffs. A common use of surveying today is to map site in advance. (ii) Photogrametry Photogrammetry is the science of measuring from photos as opposed to direct field measurement. Most is done with aerial photos taken from an airplane with a precise mapping camera. (iii) Remote Sensing Remote Sensing is a general term about gathering information about an object from a far-removed sensor. In common usage, the term remote sensing applies to acquisition and analysis of satellite imagery. (iv) Geodesy Geodesy is the term applied to the study of the earths size and shape. (v) Geographic Information System (GIS) (vi) The Global Positioning System (GPS)

(b)

Briefly describe the type of errors in linear measurement and explain their source of error. What types of errors are classified as blunders and mistakes in linear measurement? (10 marks) The types of errors in linear measurement and their sources of error are described as follows: (i) Systematic or Cumulative Errors These errors exist in any survey measurement and each additional measurement increases the effect of the error. Such errors which may be either +ve or ve. (ii) Compensating or Accidental Errors Although every precaution may be taken, certain unavoidable errors always exist in any measurement. Such errors are generally or less important than systematic errors. Sometimes +ve and sometimes ve. (iii) Gross Errors These errors arise from mistakes, carelessness or lack of experience. They are quite random and allowance cannot be made for them. Examples of errors are classified as blunders and mistakes in linear measurement are: (i) displacement of arrows or station mark, (ii) miscounting tape lengths, (iii) misreading the tape, and (iv) wrong booking

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(c)

What is the significant difference between topographic survey and engineering survey in terms of their uses and scales. (5 marks) Topographic Surveys These are surveys where the physical features of the earth are measured. The uses of topographic survey are for engineering design, navigational, recreational, geological, and military. The map or plan produced in topographic survey has scales ranging from 1:25,000 to 1:1,000,000 Engineering Surveys These embrace all survey works required before, during and after any engineering works. Some common uses of engineering surveys are for building work, location drawings, site plan, civil engineering works, and highway surveys. Typical scales range used in this type of survey are from 1:50 to 1:50,000.

Q2

(a)

What are the applications of leveling in civil engineering. (4 marks) Typical examples of leveling applications includes: (i) establishing new vertical control (TBM), (ii) providing data for road cross-sections or volumes of earthworks, (iii) providing a level or inclined plane in the setting out of contruction works, and (iv) determining the height of discrete points.

(b)

The following consecutive readings in meters were taken with a automatic level: (0.795, 1.855, 3.190, 3.015, 0.655, 0.625, 0.955, 0.255, 1.635, 0.860, 2.375). The level was shifted (move) after the fourth and eight readings. The first reading was taken on a benchmark whose Reduce Level (R.L) is 550.605 meters. Create a page of a level book and enter the readings. Calculate the reduced levels of a stations by the RISE and FALL Method and apply arithmetical checks. Note : Use Form Q2 to answer this question (15 marks)

(c)

In a two peg test of a automatic level, the following readings were taken: (i) Instrument at B, midway between A and C where AB=BC Staff reading on A = 1.726 Staff reading on C = 1.262 (ii) Instrument at D where CD = AB/10 Staff reading on A = 2.245 Staff reading on C = 1.745 3

BFC 2103

Determine whether or not the instrument is in adjustment? (6 marks) Difference in height determined from A = 1.726 1.262 = 0.464 m (2M) Difference in height determined from D = 2.245 1.745 = 0.500 m (2M) Collimation error = 0.500 0.464 = 0.036 m (2M)

S3

(a)

Define the following: i. Close Traverse A closed traverse is one that begins and ends at the same point or one that begins and ends at points whose positions have been previously determined. ( 3 marks) Open Traverse An open traverse is a series of measured straight lines (and angles) that do not geometrically close. ( 3 marks)

ii.

(b)

Table Q3 shows the final bearing and distance from second class field work book. Table Q3 : Traverse bearing and distance Final Distance (m) Coordinates North 1234.50 East 6789.00

Line

Final Bearing

1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-1

06330'00" 07725'00" 17343'30" 23155'00" 32219'00"

63.264 75.119 82.147 87.273 114.829

Note: Use Form Q3 to answer this question. Determine the following : (i) Linear Misclosure ( 5 marks) (ii) (iii) Latitude and departure correction using Bowditch method ( 5 marks) Coordinate for every stations ( 5 marks) (iv) The traverse area using coordinate method ( 4 marks) 4

BFC 2103

S4

(a)

Briefly explain the tacheometry systems below: i. Optics Tacheometry The stadia method (Optics Tacheometry) is an approximate procedure for measuring distances and elevations using a theodolite and stadia rod (leveling staff). In this method, the tacheometer is directed at the staff and the distance id indirectly computed by reading the upper and lower stadia hairs on the telescope view. ( 3 marks) ii. EDM Tacheometry Uses a total station which contains an EDM, able to read distance by reflecting off a prism. ( 3 marks) Tacheometry survey using stadia technique was performed from station O. Table Q4(a) shows all the observation data. Table Q4(a) : Techeometry data Station : O Instrument height : 1.500 meter Station reduced level : 12.635 meter Vertical Angle 1620'40" 1032'40" Stadia Middle 1.435 1.837

(b)

Upper 2.120 3.050

Lower 0.750 0.625

Notes To A To B

Based on this data, determine :

i.

Horizontal distance for each observation point when the constant values (K) = 100 and (c) = 0. HAB = 100 S Cos2 = 100 (1.370) Cos2 (1620'40") = 126.150 meter (2M) 2 2 HAC = 100 S Cos = 100 (2.425) Cos (1032'40") = 234.379 meter (2M) ( 4 marks)

ii.

Reduced level for every observation point. RLB = RLA + IH + V h = 12.635 + 1.500 + (50 S Sin 2) 1.435 = 12.635 + 1.500 + [50 (1.370) Sin 2(1620'40")] 1.435 = 12.635 + 1.500 + [36.995] 1.435 = 49.695 meter (3M) 5

BFC 2103

RLC = RLA + IH - V h = 12.635 + 1.500 + (50 S Sin 2) 1.837 = 12.635 + 1.500 + [50 (2.425) Sin 2(1032'40")] 1.837 = 12.635 + 1.500 + [43.628] 1.837 = 55.926 meter (3M) ( 6 marks) (c) Table Q4(b) shows the data from tacheometry survey using total station. Table Q4(b) : Tacheometry observations data Fr. Stn 1 To Stn 2 R.L. Stn 8.940 Ins. Height 1.543 Bearing 00 00' 72 05' 10200' 10200' Horz. Dist. 21.333 18..490 28.897 Prism Height 1.350 1.350 1.350 Diff. Height 0.250 -0.347 0.634 Notes

A B C

Calculate : i. Reduced level for point A, B and C RLA = RL1 + IH + V TH = 8.940 + 1.543 + 0.250 1.350 = 9.383 meter (2M) RLB = RL1 + IH - V TH = 8.940 + 1.543 - 0.347 1.350 = 8.786 meter (2M) RLC = RL1 + IH + V TH = 8.940 + 1.543 + 0.634 1.350 = 9.767 meter (2M) ( 6 marks) ii. Horizontal distance for AC A 30 C

AC2 = (1--A)2 + (1--C)2 [2(1--A) (1--C) Cos2 30] = 21.3332 + 28.8972 [2(21.333)(28.897) Cos230] AC = 19.117 meter

BFC 2103

S5

(a)

( 3 marks) Table Q5(a) shows the area of contour lines from 100m to 140m. Based on this value determine the volume using trapezium and simpson method.

Table Q5(a) : Contour line and area Contour line (m) 100 110 120 130 140 Area (m) 3250 3101 2875 1337 571 (10 marks) Trapezium Method I = d (1/2 (A1 + An) + A2 + A3 + An-1) = 10 (1/2 (3250 + 571) + 3101 + 2875 +1337) = 92235 m (5M) Simpson Method I = d/3 ((A1 + An) + 4 (A2 + A4 +An-1) + 2 (A3 )) = 10/3 ((3250 + 571) + 4 (3101 + 1337) + 2 (2875)) = 91076 m (5M) (b) Figure Q5 shows all point observed using the levelling equipement with grid method. The reduced level values for each point are given in Table Q5(b). Each point will be dug to same level of 10 m above datum. Determine the mean value and volume using both methods. (i) (ii) Triangle Method (5 marks) Square Method (5 marks) Table Q5(b) : Reduced level for each point Point A B C D E F G H Reduced Level (m) 13.10 13.48 14.01 13.94 13.56 13.87 14.53 14.27

BFC 2103

10m

10m

10m

10m

10m

10m

10m
FIGURE Q5

10m

Triangle Method: Point A B C D E F G H Reduced Level 13.10 13.48 14.01 13.94 13.56 13.87 14.53 14.27 Formed Level 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 X 3.10 3.48 4.01 3.94 3.56 3.87 4.53 4.27 18 Average Level = (70.04/18) = 3.89 meter Volume = Area x Average Level = (30 x 10) x 3.89 = 1167 m3 (5M) Point A B C D E F G H Reduced Level 13.10 13.48 14.01 13.94 13.56 13.87 14.53 14.27 Formed Level 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 X 3.10 3.48 4.01 3.94 3.56 3.87 4.53 4.27 Num (N) 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 12 NxX 3.10 6.96 8.02 3.94 3.56 7.74 9.06 4.27 46.65 Num (N) 1 3 3 2 2 3 3 1 NxX 3.10 10.44 12.03 7.88 7.12 11.61 13.59 4.27 70.04

Square Method: Average Level = (46.65/12) = 3.89 meter 8

BFC 2103

Volume = Area x Average Level = (30 x 10) x 3.89 = 1167 m3 (5M) (c) Define the algorithm to calculate the area for irregularly curved boundaries. (5 marks) The Trapezoidal Rule Land parcels are not always contained by regular straight line or circular arc boundaries, especially when they front water courses or ridge lines. Methods for surveying these boundaries and computing the enclosed areas are as follows: Irregular Boundary

Fig. 4 : Irregular Boundary Area = L [ (1st ordinate + last ordinate)/2 + (sum of other ordinates) ] where O1 .. On are ordinates; P is the uniform distance between ordinates. The Simpsons Rule In Simpsons Rule, it is assumed that the irregular boundary is comprised of parabolic arc. The assumption is that each adjacent sub-areas are a single bounded parabola rather than each sub-area being a trapezoid.

Fig. 5: Simpsons Rule A = d/3 [(1st + last ordinates) + 2(odd ordinates) + 4(even ordinates)] where O1 .. On are ordinates; d is the distance between ordinates.

BFC 2103

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER/SESION SUBJECT : : SEM II/ 2009/2010 ENGINEERING GEOMATICS COURSE SUBJECT CODE : : 2 BFF BFC 2103

Form Q2
BS IS FS Rise Fall Reduced Level Correction Adjusted Reduced Level Remarks

0.795 1.855 3.190 0.655 0.625 0.955 1.635 0.860 2.375 BS=3.085 BS-FS = 2.560 FS=5.645 Rise=1.680 0.255 0.700 0.775 1.515 Fall=4.240 3.015 0.175 0.030 0.330 1.060 1.335

550.605 549.545 548.210 548.035 548.415 548.085 548.785 549.560 548.045

BM

CP

CP

Rise-Fall= 2.560

10

BFC 2103

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER/SESSION SUBJECT : : SEM II/ 2009/2010 ENGINEERING GEOMATICS COURSE SUBJECT CODE : : 2 BFF BFC 2103

Borang Q3
Latitude Stn Bearing Distance (+) (-) (+) (-) Latitude Departure N E Departure Corrected Coordinat

1 2 063 30 00 3 077 25 00 173 43 30 5 231 55 00 1 322 19 00 = 63.264 75.119 82.147 87.273 114.829 417.632 +0.005 90.876 135.469 L = 0.017 Misclose = 1: (JJ/e) e = L2 + D2 Misclose = 1 : 15021 (2M) 135.486 (1.5M) 138.911 D = 0.022 +0.003 28.228 +0.003 16.365 -0.003 81.655 -0.003 53.831 -0.003 56.617 -0.004 73.315 -0.004 8.979 +0.005 68.694 +0.006 70.195 138.889 (1.5M) 28.231 16.368 -81.652 -53.828 90.881 56.614 73.311 8.975 -68.699 -70.201 (5M)

1234.5 1206.3 1189.9 1271.6 1325.4 1234.5 (5M)

=41,776,566.16

6789.0 6732.4 6659.1 6650.1 6718.8 6789.0

=41,798,740.8

Latitn Correction = Distancen x L D Dipatn Correction = Distancen x D D 11

Area = (22,174.64/2) = 11,087.3 m2 (4M)