Literature Review Introduction write later Terms:

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Cyber jihad: Kloet, J. (2002), is a group of Muslim hackers who hacked the Indonesian police web site to force them to let the rebellious Muslim leader free. Cyber war: is the use of computers to disrupt the activities of an enemy country. Code Red Worm: Kloet, J. (2002), this was a virus that attacked computers running Microsofts IIS web server in 2001. Lion Worm: Kloet, J. (2002), this was a virus made by a Chinese cracker named Lion; he says that he created the worm to show Chinese anger towards Japan. Ethical hackers: Smith, B., Yurcik, W., & Doss, D. (2001), according to this article an ethical hackers is someone who hacks the computer network to test and evaluate its security, instead of malicious or criminal intent. Cyber-terrorism: Lewis, J. A. (2002), hacking computer networks to endure fear into society. Love Bug virus: Lewis, J. A. (2002), was a worm that attacked millions of Windows personal computers in 2000. It also cost billions of dollars. Firewall: is software or hardware based security system that controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic. RFID: Venkataramani, G., & Gopalan, S. (2007, April), radio frequency identification, it is a technology that uses electronic tags to relay information to electronic readers by using radio waves. Generation Y: Freestone, O., & Mitchell, V. (2004), in this article Generation Y means the youngest group of people in the population. Phone Line Hacked

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A power company in Baltimore, Constellation Energy Group Inc., is tried to be hacked into hundreds of times each day. The chief risk officer for the company, John Collins, says that they have no idea who is trying to hack their system, but they know someone is trying to hack it. Even though, the hackers have not caused any damage to the nations power grid, the company is very concerned with their efforts. Power companies are worried that one of the hackers could be a terrorist. If a terrorist were to hack into the company they could cause a blackout or damage power plants, which could lead into an outage. Patrick H. Wood III, chairman of Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, has told companies that they need to focus more on security. They are taking the proper steps an ensuring that their systems are protected. Although, there are many attacks on the cyber networks across the industries in the U.S., the biggest fear for the government is the threat to the countrys power supply. Some of the problems that company security has are viruses and worms. During the Fast and the Furious series, Dom needed someone who can hack into security systems, safes, and phone lines. Tej is the man to count on. In Fast 5, Tej hacks into a safe that has millions of dollars. Also, Santos and Leo help Tej hack into the police station by cutting the wires and installing a device so they can see the live feed. In Fast 6, Tej saves Mias life by hacking into the phone line before Shaw was able to call his team and tell them to kill her. Companies Hacked My interview with William and Lisa Grimm talked about the Target credit card scam during Christmas time. They were none too happy about that because William was laid off at the time and they were low on money. William went to the bank to cancel their credit cards and their banker told him if they did not get a call from Target they would be 95% in the clear. Lisa would check their bank account every day to make sure there were no changes. Recently, when

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they checked their bank account was negative. Someone took Lisas credit card information and spent $190 on GoDaddy.com and the very last time she used that card was at Target during Christmas. When they called GoDaddy to tell them that they did not buy anything from them and the call rep said that they knew it was a fraud. The money was refunded right away. They said they are having a hard time coping because they are borrowing money from family members to keep stable until William starts his new job. According to Schneier, computer security is failing regularly. CEOs of businesses want the security on their network to be improved. When you increase security it will also increase the spending. Auditors want firewalls because without them they would fail an audit and be accused of not following proper guidelines. In Schneiers paper he has a three step program that will help motivate the business. State Government Hacked When interviewing William Grimm about his Social Security Number getting hacked, he told me exactly the reason why it happened. He worked in the state of South Carolina for a couple months and because of that he had to file taxes for South Carolina. A few months later, he was watching the local news and a news story shared that the department of South Carolinas IRS had been hacked. Since that happened, he was able to get 12 months of free credit monitoring. Knowing he had his social security number hacked is very scary. He will have to watch his credit record very closely and most likely for the rest of his life. He told me that he is worried someone will open credit cards and his credit score will decrease. Lewiss paper Assessing the Risks of Cyber Terrorism, Cyber War and other Cyber Threats talks about cyber terrorism and how it affects the computer network. Lewis compares the theories of cyber-warfare and air power. Even though, the costs of cyber-attacks are cheaper

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than physical attacks, they are less effective. He says that if the cyber-attack does not cause harm then there is no need for immediate risk for national security. Lewis cited a post from The Washington Post and it states that U.S. analysts believe that by disabling or taking command of the floodgates in a dam, for example, or of substations handling 300,000 volts of electric power, an intruder could use virtual tools to destroy real-world lives and property. Cyber-terrorist needed to attack numerous targets for a long period of time for it to be considered terror. He states that The Love Bug virus cost computer users worldwide between $3 billion to $15 billion. Internet Hacked In the article, Ethical Hacking, C.C. Palmer talks about the two definitions for hacker in the computer industry. When the media saw a numerous amount of damaged computers they made it into news. They would use the word hacker rather than using the proper term computer criminal. Network security is becoming a major concern for business and governments because the Internet is increasing rapidly. An ethical hacker is someone who would act like a criminal hacker, but would not damage anything on the computer. To be an ethical hacker you have to be trustworthy and responsible. When evaluating the security they ask themselves three questions. After they answer the questions, they make an agreement between their client and themselves and this protects them from any lawsuits. Anyone who is good with computers can be a hacker. The word hacker has so many definitions. Smith and Doss explain in their article Ethical Hacking: The Security Justification, what an ethical hacker is and why they are able to get away with a crime. Ethical hackers use their knowledge to improve security. Just like in the article Ethical Hacking, they ask themselves a series of three questions. They believe that people are being hypocrites because

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they are paying the ethical hackers to do a crime, while they are putting the unethical hackers in prison. In this article, Generation Y Attitudes towards E-ethics and Internet-related Misbehaviours, Freestone and Mitchell talk about the cost of hacking and viruses on computers. Annually, the cost is about $4 billion and the number of people affected is 700,000 in the U.S. alone. They did an experiment with 12 groups. Each group consisted of 6 students ranging from ages 18 to 21. They asked the groups a couple of questions. The results should that five dimensions emerged: illegal activities, questionable activities, hacking related activities, human internet trade, and downloading material. This study acknowledged 24 unethical activities, despite the fact that these activities are costly to the businesses and society, most of them are not seen as wrong. China and Indonesian The article, Digitisation and its Asian discontents: the Internet, politics, and hacking in China and Indonesia, talks about how the Chinese and Indonesian governments feel about the Internet. Hackers sometimes challenge the government. Wenas is one of the major hacker in Indonesia. Hacking is nothing new to the Indonesians. In May 2001, a group of Muslim hackers, Cyber jihad, hacked the police web site to force them to let a militant Muslim leader free. Chinese government has banned some of the U.S. websites. Americans think that the Code Red Worm and Lion Worm were caused by the Chinese. All over the Asian countries cyberwar is happening. A hacker from China was arrested for replacing the content of the government wed sites with pornography. Indonesia was banned from e-Bay because of a hacker manipulating sellers. Credit Card Hacked

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In this article, Mobile phone based RFID architecture for secure electronic Payments using RFID credit cards, it starts off by saying if someone steals a credit card they can use it to buy an online purchase and they would never know who the true owners of the credit card are. In this article, Venkataramani and Gopalan both agree that RFID credit cards will be used in the future. RFID (radio-frequency identification) is defenseless to security breaches. Their major goal is to improve the security of electronic payments. They give real life scenarios. For example, Jack forgot his credit card when he purchased something at a store. Someone picked up his card and used it to purchase expensive items. Jack did not even know his credit card was missing until he got a credit card statement. The use of online shopping has increased because of the rapid growth of the Internet. They use different scenarios to motivate business/individuals.