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where N is the shape function matrix, u the displacement vector and d the nodal displacement vector. Here we have assumed that u depends on the nodal values of u only, and v on nodal values of v only. Most commonly employed 2D elements are linear or quadratic triangles and quadrilaterals.
ConstantStrain Triangle(CSTorT3)
Thisisthesimplest2Delement, element whichisalsocalledlineartriangularelement. element
For this element, we have three nodes at the vertices of the triangle, which are numbered around the element in the counterclockwise direction. Each node has two degrees of freedom (can move in the x and y directions). The displacements u and v are assumed to be linear functions within the element, that is,
wherebi(i =1,2,...,6)areconstants.Fromthese,thestrainsarefoundtobe,
whichareconstantthroughouttheelement.
Thedisplacementsshouldsatisfythefollowingsixequations,
Theshapefunctions(linearfunctionsinxandy)are
and d
istheareaofthetriangle.
Thestraindisplacementrelationsarewrittenas
TheNaturalCoordinates
whichensuresthattherigidbodytranslationisrepresentedbythechosenshape functions.Also,asinthe1Dcase,
andvarieslinearlywithintheelement.
TheplotforshapefunctionN1isshowninthefollowingfigure.N2andN3havesimilar features.
Wehavetwocoordinatesystemsfortheelement:theglobalcoordinates(x,y)andthe naturalcoordinates.Therelationbetweenthetwoisgivenby
where h Jis i called ll dthe h Jacobian J bi matrix i of fthe h transformation f i ,and dis i expressed das
where
andAistheareaofthetriangularelement.
Similarly,
Usingtherelations,weobtainthestraindisplacementmatrix,
LinearStrainTriangle(LSTorT6)
Thiselementisalsocalledquadratictriangularelement.
wherebi(i =1,2,...,12)areconstants.
Thestrainsarefoundtobe,
inwhich
Eachofthesesixshapefunctionsrepresentsaquadraticformontheelementasshownin thefollowingfigure.
Displacements p canbewrittenas, ,
LinearQuadrilateralElement(Q4)
Therearefournodesatthecornersofthequadrilateralshape.Inthe naturalcoordinatesystem,thefourshapefunctionsare,
atanypointinsidetheelement.
Thedisplacementfieldisgivenby
Thereareeightnodesforthiselement,fourcornersnodes andfourmidsidenodes.
Inthenaturalcoordinatesystem
theeightshapefunctionsare,
whicharequadraticfunctionsovertheelement.Strainsandstressesoveraquadratic quadrilateralelementarequadraticfunctions,whicharebetterrepresentations.
Notes:
whereBisthestrainnodaldisplacementmatrixanddisthenodaldisplacement vectorwhichisknownforeachelementoncetheglobalFEequationhasbeensolved. Stressescanbeevaluatedatanypointinsidetheelement(suchasthecenter)orat thenodes.Contourp plotsareusually yusedinFEAsoftwarep packages g (during ( gpost p process)foruserstovisuallyinspectthestressresults. ThevonMises Stress: ThevonMises stressistheeffectiveorequivalentstressfor2Dand3Dstress analysis.
For2Dproblems,thetwoprinciplestressesintheplanearedeterminedby