SEKOLAH SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI INSTITUT BIOLOGI TROPIKA DAN PEMULIHARAAN

ENTOMOLOGY LABORATORY REPORT TITLE: PTERYGOTA PALAEOPTEROID (Ephemeroptera; Odotana) & PTERYGOTA NEOPTEROID (Dermaptera; Orthoptera

NAME: ELYAS ERIC HUIL MATRIC. NO: BS12110134 LECTURER: DR BAKTHIAR EFENDY YAHYA LAB DEMO: AHMAD HAMDAN MOHD.AFIFI

OBJECTIVES 1. To identify the body parts of Palaeopteroid and Neopteroid insects. 2. To understand how the morphology of Palaeopteroid and Neopteroid insects help with the adaptation to their environment. 3. To learn how to correctly label pterygota insects.

INTRODUCTION Insects have evolved many variations of wings. These insects are called pterygota. The evolution of Insects began with the development of wings. Pterygota is divided into two groups which are the Paleopteroid and Neopteroid. Paleoptera is a group of primitive insect which are unable to fold their wings. They fold their wings vertically or horizontally to their bodies. Meanwhile, most insects nowadays are modern insects called Neoptera. Neoptera can fold their wings over the body which enables the insects to fit into smaller spaces.

MATERIAL AND APPARATUS 1. STEREOSCOPE 2. MAGNIFYING LENS 3. POLYSTRYENE 4. ENTO PIN 5. PETRI DISH 6. INSECT SPECIMENS a. Ephemeroptera or Odonata b. Ephemeroptera or Odonata Larvae c. Dermaptera or Ortrhoptera

PROCEDURES 1. The adult specimens (Palaeoptera and Neuroptera) were observed by using a magnifying lens or stereoscope for smaller specimens. 2. The larvae of Ephemeroptera or Odonata were observed under a stereoscope in a petri dish containing ethanol 75%. Morphologies of each order were identified. 3. Special characteristics for each order were identified. 4. Dorsal and lateral views of adult specimens were drawn. 5. Dorsal view of the larvae was drawn. 6. The drawings were labelled and appropriate scales were added.

DISCUSSION Paleoptera has primitive wings. The wings cannot be flexed and laid down over the abdomen and must be extended laterally or held together above the thorax and abdomen. They are two orders that belong to this group which are Ephemeroptera and Odonata. The nymphs of Paleoptera are aquatic. On the other hand, Neopteras wings have a wing-flexion mechanism or are descendants of insects that possessed such a mechanism. The wings can be folded over the abdomen. There are 24 to 26 orders in this group. The insects are well adapted to living on land due to the presence of exoskeleton which is impervious to water and thus prevents loss of water from the body. The exoskeleton protects it from weather and certain predators found on land. The patterns and colours of exoskeletons can help with camouflage and mimicry of objects such as leaves and sticks found in an insect's natural environment. Insects have a system of tracheal tubes which penetrates every portion of the body, taking oxygen to, and carbon dioxide from, every cell. If the environment is arid and dry, the insect can close its spiracles and use the air stored in special air sacs to get water. Insects have many organs and jointed appendages. Those in the head are used for feeding and for sensing. In the grasshopper, the mouth parts are adapted for cutting and chewing plant material. All insects are equipped with some form of three pairs of legs branching out from their thorax, the middle segment of their body. These legs have many adaptations, but all are originally designed to help an insect get around in a terrestrial environment. Those in the thorax are used for locomotion; wings. The development of wings and the ability to fly was a huge part of the success of insects. Most orders have wings, usually in two sets found on the thoracic segment of the body. Diversity exists among insect wings, from the equal-sized pairs of more primitive insects such as dragonflies to the most advanced version of hardened forewings in beetles. Flies developed their second pair of wings into hovering structures called halters, creating a faster, more efficient way to fly. Ephemeroptera is in the class Paleoptera. During mating, adult Ephemeroptera males gather in mid-air swarms, usually 5-15 metres above the ground. Females fly into the swarm, and mating occurs in flight. Females deposit eggs while flying low over the water, or by dipping the abdomen into the water. Some species submerge themselves and lay eggs underwater. Mayflies are hemimetabolous, they undergo incomplete metamorphosis.

Nymphs develop through several stages by molting. The number of molts varies depending on species, temperature, and water conditions. Mature nymphs swim to water surface or crawl onto rocks or plants, then molt into winged subimagos which fly to nearby plants and molt again into adults. Adult lifespan ranges from 1.5 hours to two weeks. The two major suborders of Odonata are the Zygoptera(Damselflies) and the Anisoptera(Dragonflies). They share certain characteristics, including membranous wings, large eyes, slender bodies, and small antennae. Although they are similar, there are clear differences between dragonflies and damselflies. Table 1: Differences between Dragonflies and Damselflies. Characteristic Eyes Anisoptera Zygoptera

Most have eyes that touch, or nearly Eyes are clearly separated, touch, at the top of the head. usually appearing to each side of the head.

Body Wing Shape

Usually stocky.

Usually long and slender.

Dissimilar wing pairs, with hind wings All wings similar in shape broader at the base

Position Rest Discal Cell Male Appendages Female Appendages Larvae

at Wings

held

open,

horizontally

or Wings held closed, usually over abdomen Undivided, quadrilateral pairs of anal

downwards Divided into triangles.

Pair of superior anal appendages, single Two inferior appendage Most have vestigial ovipositors

appendages Functional ovipositors

Breathe through rectal tracheal gills and Breathe through caudal gills they have stock body and they have slender bodies.

REFERENCES K.A.Subramanian (2005), Dragonflies and Damselflies of Peninsular India-A Field

Guide. E-Book of Project Lifescape. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institue of
Science and Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, India. 118 pages. Neil A. Campbell et al (2008), Campbell Biology 10thEd: Benjamin Cummings DuPorte E. Melville (1959), Manual of Insect Morphology: Reinhold Publishing. Mikolajewski, Johannes. D & Frank, Johansson (2014), Morphological and behavioral

defenses indragony larvae: trait compensation and cospecialization

DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arh061 Paleoptera. Neoptera. n.d. n.d. In In

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