1

Fifth Edition Reinforced Concrete Design

A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
CHAPTER
6b
REINFORCED CONCRETE
A Fundamental Approach - Fifth Edition
SHEAR AND DIAGONAL
TENSION IN BEAMS
ENCE 454 Design of Concrete Structures
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
SPRING 2004
By
Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 1
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear
The design of stirrups for shear
reinforcement involves the determination
of stirrup size and spacing pattern.
A general procedure is as follows:
1. Determine the critical section, shear values
based on clear span, and draw a shear
diagram for the factored shear force V
u
.
2. Check whether
( ) d b f V V
w c c u

+ 8
2
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 2
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Where b
w
is the web width or diameter of the
circular section. If this condition is not met,
the cross section has to be enlarged.
3. Use minimum shear reinforcement A
v
if V
u
larger than one-half V
c
with the following
exceptions:
(a) Concrete joist construction
(b) Slabs and Footings
(c) Small shallow beams of depth not
exceeding 10 in. or 2 times flange
thickness
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 3
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Good construction practice dictates that
some stirrups always be used to facilitate
proper handling of the reinforcement cage.
4. If V
u
> V
c
, shear reinforcement must be
provided such as that V
u
(V
c
+ V
s
), where
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear
y
w
v
y
w
c v
f
s b
A
f
s b
f A
50
or 75 . 0 min = =
whichever is larger
( )

+
=
stirrups inclined for cos sin
stirrups al for vertic

s
d f A
s
d f A
V
y v
y v
s
3
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 4
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
If = 45
0
, then
5. Maximum spacing s must be
except that if , then the spacing
should be
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear
s
d f A
V
y v
s
414 . 1
=
in. 24
2
=
d
s
d b f V
w c s
> 4
in. 12
4

d
s
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 5
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
The flowchart of Figure 14 contains the
sequence of calculations needed for the
design of vertical stirrups.
Simple corresponding modifications of this
chart can be made so that the chart can
be used in the design of inclined web
reinforcement steel.
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear
4
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 6
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Figure 14. Flowchart for web
reinforcement design procedure
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 7
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear
Example 3
A continuous reinforced concrete is 15 in.
wide and 33 in. deep, and has an effective
depth of 31 in. The beam is subjected to two
concentrated live loads of 62.5 kips each as
shown, and a distributed live load of 0.32 k/ft.
The distributed load does not include the
weight of the beam. Design the web
reinforcement if = 4000 psi and f
y
= 60,000
psi. Assume normal weight concrete.
c
f
5
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 8
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear
Example 3 (contd)
span clear 0 5 1
P P
0 - 5 0 - 5 0 - 5
w
u
A
A
Section A-A
5 1
1 3
A
s
3 3
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 9
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 3 (contd)
Calculate the factored loads:
Estimate self-weight of the beam
Factored distributed load:
Factored concentrated load
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear
( )
ft
kips
52 . 0
ft
lb
625 . 515 150
144
33 15
= =

=
sw
w
( )
ft
Kips
0 . 1 32 . 0 52 . 0 2 . 1 = + =
u
w
( ) kips 100 5 . 62 6 . 1 = =
u
P
6
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 10
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear
Example 3 (contd)
Section A-A
5 1
1 3
A
s
3 3
span clear 0 5 1
100 k 100 k
0 - 5 0 - 5 0 - 5
w
u
= 1.0 k/ft A
A
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 11
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear
Example 3 (contd)
Establish the shear force diagram for V
u
:
100 k 100 k
0 - 5 0 - 5 0 - 5
w
u
= 1.0 k/ft
107.5 k 107.5 k
( ) ( )
k 5 . 107
2
15 1 100 2
2 1
=
+
= = R R
7
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 12
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
100 k 100 k
0 - 5 0 - 5 0 - 5
w
u
= 1.0 k/ft
107.5 k
107.5 k
107.5
102.5
V
u
(kips)
2.5
107.5
2.5
+
-
Example 3 (contd)
See Figure 15 for enlargement
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 13
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
100 k 100 k
0 - 5 0 - 5 0 - 5
w
u
= 1.0 k/ft
107.5 k
107.5 k
Example 2 (contd)
M
V
107.5 k
( ) 5 0 for 1 5 . 107 = x x V
u
M
V
100 k
( ) 10 5 for 1 100 5 . 107 = x x V
u
107.5 k
( ) ( ) k 9 . 104 1 58 . 2 5 . 107 58 . 2
8 5 . 2 1 3
*
= = =
= =
u u
V V
d
x
x
8
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 14
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 3 (contd)
Because of the symmetry, we will focus on
the left half of the shear diagram as shown
in Fig. 2.
Shear capacity:
( ) ( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) kips 57 . 220 27 . 235 82 . 58 75 . 0 8
kips 27 . 235
1000
31 15 4000 8
8
kips 82 . 58
1000
31 15 000 , 4 1 2
2
= + = +
= =
= = =
d b f V
d b f
d b f V
w c c
w c
w c c

Web Reinforcement Design

Procedure for shear
( ) d b f V V
w c c u
+ 8
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 15
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 3 (contd)
Shear Capacity (contd)
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear
( )
( )
( ) kips 12 . 44 82 . 58 75 . 0
required are stirrups 06 . 22
2
1
9 . 104
OK section - cross 57 . 220 9 . 104
*
*
= =
|
.
|

\
|
= > =
< =
c
c u
u
V
V V
V

( ) d b f V V
w c c u
+ 8
9
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 16
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 3 (contd)
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear
9 . 104
5 . 107
*
u
V
c
V
5 . 102
12 . 44
06 . 22 c
V
2
1
*
*
8 5 . 2 1 3 = = d
0 . 5 5 . 2
Sym.
C
L
s
V required
V
u
(kips)
0
Figure 15
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 17
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear
Example 3 (contd)
Stirrups are required to the point where
From Figure 15, this point is located at the first
concentrated load and it is at distance 5 ft from
the face of the support.
Determine the required V
s
on the V
u
diagram:
kips 06 . 22
2
1
= =
c u
V V
( )
5 2.58 for 38 . 63 required
1 12 . 44 5 . 107
max required
=
=
=
x x V
x
wx V V V
s
c u s

10
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 18
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 3 (contd)
Try No. 3 vertical stirrups (A
v
= 0.22 in
2
):
Establish ACI Code maximum spacing
requirements:
( )( )( )
in. 5 use
in. 05 . 5
12 . 44 9 . 104
31 60 22 . 0 75 . 0
required
required
*
*
=

= =
s
y y
V
d f A
s

( )( )
kips 04 . 81
75 . 0
12 . 44 9 . 104
kips 6 . 117
1000
31 15 4000 4
4
*
*
=

= =
= =

s
s
w c
V
V
d b f
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear

c u
s
V V
V

= : Eq.17
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 19
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
#3 #4 $5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11
1 0.11 0.20 0.31 0.44 0.60 0.79 1.00 1.27 1.56
2 0.22 0.40 0.62 0.88 1.20 1.58 2.00 2.54 3.12
3 0.33 0.60 0.93 1.32 1.80 2.37 3.00 3.81 4.68
4 0.44 0.80 1.24 1.76 2.40 3.16 4.00 5.08 6.24
5 0.55 1.00 1.55 2.20 3.00 3.95 5.00 6.35 7.80
6 0.66 1.20 1.86 2.64 3.60 4.74 6.00 7.62 9.36
7 0.77 1.40 2.17 3.08 4.20 5.53 7.00 8.89 10.92
8 0.88 1.60 2.48 3.52 4.80 6.32 8.00 10.16 12.48
9 0.99 1.80 2.79 3.96 5.40 7.11 9.00 11.43 14.04
10 1.10 2.00 3.10 4.40 6.00 7.90 10.00 12.70 15.60
Number
of bars
Bar number
Table 1. Areas of Multiple of Reinforcing Bars (in
2
)
Example 3 (contd)
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear
11
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 20
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear
Example 3 (contd)
Since 81.04 kips < 117.6 kips, the
maximum spacing shall be the smallest of
the following values (see Eq. 18):
( )
( )
( )
( )
in. 24
in. 5 . 15
2
31
2
in. 6 . 18
15 50
000 , 60 22 . 0
,
15 4000 75 . 0
000 , 60 22 . 0
max
50
,
75 . 0
max
max
max
max
=
= = =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
(
(

=
s
d
s
b
f A
b f
f A
s
w
y v
w c
y v
Therefore, use a maximum spacing of 15 in.
controls
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 21
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 3 (contd)
Determine the spacing requirements
between the critical section and the first
concentrated load:
The results of applying above equation for
values of x ranges from 3 to 5 are tabulated
as shown
( )( )( )
x V
d f A
s
s
y y

= =
38 . 63
31 60 22 . 0 75 . 0
required
required

5.26 5
5.17 4
5.08 3
Required s (in) x (ft)
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear
12
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 22
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 3 (contd)
Since no stirrups are required in the
distance between the concentrated loads,
it is clear that the maximum spacing of 15
in. need not be used in that distance.
A spacing of 5 in. will be used between the
face of the support and the concentrated
load.
The center part of the beam will be
reinforced with stirrups at a spacing slightly
less than the maximum spacing of 15 in.
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 23
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 3 (contd)
Final Sketch for Shear Reinforcement:
6 7
5 6 @ spaces 10 =
3


2
1
1 1


2
1
1 1
L
C
Sym.
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear
13
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 24
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Example 3 (contd)
Final Sketch for Shear Reinforcement:
Web Reinforcement Design
Procedure for shear
Section A-A
5 1

3 3
clear
2
1
1

stirrup 3 #
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 25
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Deep Beams
Deep beams are structural elements
loaded as beams but having a large
depth/thickness ratio.
For deep beams, the shear span/depth
ratio is not to exceed 2 for concentrated
load and 4 for distributed load, where the
shear span is the clear span of the beam
for distributed load.
14
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 26
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Deep Beams
Because of the geometry of deep beams,
they behave in a non-linear analysis as
two-dimensional rather one-dimensional
members and are subjected to a two-
dimensional state of stress.
As a result, plane sections before bending
do not necessarily remain plane after
bending.
Strain distribution no longer considered
linear.
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 27
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Deep Beams
l
n
h
Heavy loading
2 span/depth
4 : load d distribute
2 : load ed concentrat
<
<
d
l
d
a
n
15
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 28
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Deep Beams
Design Criteria
Deep beam have a higher nominal shear
resistance V
c
than do normal beams.
While the critical section for calculating the
factored shear force V
u
is taken at a distance
d from the face of the support in normal
beams, the shear plane in the deep beam is
considerably steeper in inclination and closer
to the support.
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 29
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Deep Beams
Design Criteria (contd)
If x is the distance of the failure plane from the
face of the support, the expression for
distance become
In either case, the distance x should not
exceed the effective depth d of the beam.
a x
l x
n
50 . 0 : load ed concentrat
15 . 0 : load uniform
=
=
16
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 30
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Deep Beams
Design Criteria (contd)
The factored shear force V
u
has to satisfy the
condition
If not, the section has to be enlarged.
The strength reduction factor = 0.75 for
deep beams (the same as for normal beams).
( )
d b f V
d b f V
w c n
w c u


10
or
10
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 31
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Deep Beams
Design Criteria (contd)
The nominal shear resistance force V
c
of plain
concrete can be taken as
Where
d b f d b
M
d V
f
d V
M
V
w c w
u
u
c
u
u
c

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= 6 2500 9 . 1 5 . 2 5 . 3
5 . 2 5 . 2 5 . 3 0 . 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
<
d V
M
u
u
17
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 32
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Deep Beams
Design Criteria (contd)
If V
u
> V
c
, shear reinforcement has to be
provided such that V
u
(V
c
+ V
s
), where V
s
is
the force resisted by the shear reinforcement:
d f
d l
s
A d l
s
A
V
y
n
h
vh n
v
v
s (

|
.
|

\
|

+
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
12
/ 11
12
/ 1
A
v
= total area of vertical stirrups spaced at s
v
in the horizontal direction
at both faces of the beam
A
vh
= total area of horizontal stirrups spaced at s
h
in the vertical direction
at both faces of the beam
CHAPTER 6b. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS
Slide No. 33
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Deep Beams
Design Criteria (contd)
Maximum and Minimum Requirements
The shear reinforcement required at the critical
section must be provided throughout the entire
length of the beam.
v v
h vh
h
v
bs A
bs A
d
s
d
s
0025 . 0 min
0015 . 0 min
in. 12 or
5
max
in. 12 or
5
max
=
=