A Corne dAbundance, Go Leor, verfld, Digonedd, Gu Ler, Fllhorni, Cornucopia of Heritages

a Family Project by Brynna K. Stevens To Fulfill the Requirements for ENGL 3325: American Folklore Taught by Dr. Catherine Sepko Due 14 April 2014

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Table of Contents
Point of the Project .. p. 3 Use of Ancestry.com in the Project .. p. 4 Project Results .. p. 5 Swedish .. p. 13 French .. p. 21 Prussian .. p. 22 Irish .. p. 24 Scottish .. p. 27 English . p. 36

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The Point of the Project

The main aspects I wanted to focus on with this project were 1) to look at the various ethnic artifacts around my house and find heritage ties to them; 2) trace my family roots back to their ethnicities before they came to America and learn just exactly much I am of different countries in my bloodline; and 3) to learn more about the different cultures themselves that my ancestors come from. I achieved these goals with several surprises, much researching, many complications over MLA formatting, and some quite shocking realizations. Thanks are very much due to my mother, Jennie, for telling me a lot about the memories she has of her ancestors and for directing me to various pieces of our familys history; to my father, Andy, who helped me with computer problems and family history bits; my Aunt Pippa, who allowed me access to her Ancestry.com account (and to her compilations of her mothers family tree); and to my boyfriend, Andrew, for helping me research things on Ancestry.com. Thanks, all!

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The Use of Ancestry.com in this Project

At Ancestry.com, my Aunt Pippa had already compiled a portion of grandmother
Stevens, her mothers, bloodline. In order to find out my complete immigration heritages I decided to trace the entirety of my fathers bloodline back to when his ancestors moved to America. After researching and adding, documenting and clicking, I was able to complete my Dad and Pippas bloodline, first finishing Papas ancestry then Mamas, and, thus half my own, all using the website. My mothers line I found documents for on Ancestry, but hers was quite easy to trace back to before the US, since her father was first generation and her mother half. To help, Pippa allowed me to use some of the information that she compiled on her own account to complete the family tree. Dad told me about many of the peoples names and verified all the information he could. Since Andrew has a Bachelor of Arts in History, he was able to help in verifying information as well, and his searching for familial ties was invaluable. Ancestry.com was simply wonderful; there were all sorts of documents that helped me to uncover potential family members. It made navigating the site much easier than I expected. The variety of documents was surprising at times, but also frustrating at other times, as there were very little documents that were not Census records on many of my ancestors. Perhaps I was hoping for too much; I can see that. Regardless, for my purposes, to discover a fairly complete picture of what my immigration ancestry looked like, it was irreplaceable. The list went back quite far on my grandfathers side, with some relatives having lived in America since the early 1600s. We found out that many of my ancestors lived in the settlement at Jamestown, several cases of kissing cousins, and a couple of cases of sibling marriage with one couple in Jamestown that might have even been twins (oh). The most shocking thing that I discovered (other than the twin-marriage) was simply how English my grandfathers line is. I was under the impression that my family line was far more Scottish and Irish, but learning more about my grandfathers side revealed that he was almost completely English.

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The Results of the Research

Method:
I compiled a list of all of Papas ancestors giving them each a point system. I gave each individual 2048 points, and then assigned points to them in desceding order further away from Papa. The ancestors and their heritages who were the closest to Papa generationally were given more points. Those who were further removed received less, since their bloodlines have little to say about his. After completing the bloodline all the way back to when the ancestors made their appearance in America, I did the same thing to Mamas bloodline.

I started with Papas Bloodline:

Many of his relatives go far back into America, some having been around at the beginning of the 1600s, one or two who were possibly here before that century began. For the graph below, I did not include the names of people whose heritage I could not identify, and I also did not bother to mention the English ancestors, since I knew that they would take up far more room and they already take up the majority of the heritage on my fathers side. For the sake of ease of reading, I highlighted each of the different cultures in different colours.

Papas Total Heritage:

Total English Scottish Irish French Welsh Canadian Dutch Belgian Unknown 2048 847 75 56.5 33.5 26 1 1 0 1008

Each point is equal to .05% of Paul Stevens ancestry.

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Mary Sharp 32pts Scottish Birth 1762 in Scotland Death 10 Oct 1863 in South Carolina, United States Jacob Summerford 16pts Scottish Birth 1727 in Scotland Death 19 Apr 1794 in Camden, Kershaw, South Carolina, United States Margaret Davidson 16pts Scottish Birth 1736 in Scotland Death Unknown Donald MacBean 2pts Scottish Birth 1604 in Faullis, Dayiot, Lochabar, Scotland Death 1690 in , Inverness-shire, , Scotland Mary MacGillis 2pts Scottish Birth 1610 in Faullis, Dayiot, Lochabar, Scotland Death 1710 in Strathnair, , , Scotland Giles Fritz Roberts 2pts Scottish Birth 1645 in Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland Death 1731 in Dunkirk, King Queen, Virginia, USA Edward Johnston 2pts Scottish Birth 21 April 1649 in Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, Scotland Death 1704 in St Peters Parish, New Kent, Virginia George Bruce 1pt Scottish Birth 1638 in Perth, Perthshire, Scotland Death 13 August 1692 in Woburn, Middlesex, Massachusetts, USA Alexander Walker 1pts Scottish Birth 1616 in Monkegy, Scotland Death 1725 in New Kent, New Kent, Virginia, United States Hugh Roy .5pts Scottish Birth 1637 in Galloway, Scotland Death 1680 in Westmoreland, Virginia, United States Dr. Patrick Napier .5pts Scottish Birth 1610 in Edinburgh, Edinbg, Scottland Death April 12, 1669 in York, Colony of Virginia

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John Verner 16pts Irish Birth 10 Feb 1727 in , Tyrone, , Ireland Death 1800 in Pendleton, Anderson, South Carolina, United States James Pettigrew 8pts Irish Birth 16 Apr 1713 in Aughnacloy, Tyrone, Ulster, Ireland Death 24 Dec 1784 in , Abbeville, South Carolina, USA Mary Cochran 8pts Irish Birth Oct 1713 in Aughnacloy, Tyrone, Ulster, Ireland Death 7 Oct 1786 in , Abbeville, South Carolina, USA John Dickey 8pts Irish Birth 11 Nov 1703 in Muckamore, Antrium, Ulster, Ireland Death 13 Feb 1789 in York, York, South Carolina, United States Martha McNeely 8pts Irish Birth 1706 in Antrim, Ireland Death 1805 in York, South Carolina, United States John Haley 8pts Irish Birth 1720 in Armagh, Armagh, Ireland Death 1773 in Caroline, Virginia, United States Lady Grace Waters ONeill .5pts Irish Birth 1602 in Dunluce Castle, Giants Head, Ireland, Ireland Death 2 Mar 1682 in Cheriton, Northampton, Virginia, United States Ellis Barron .5pts Irish Birth 1605 in Burn Church, Waterford, Ireland Death 30 Oct 1676 in Watertown, Middlesex, Massachusetts, United States

Joseph Fuqua 32pts French Birth 1758 in Charlotte, VA, Woodford, Kentucky Death 1813 in Woodford, Kentucky, United States Jean Dejaranette 1pts French Birth 1680 in La Rochelle, France Death 1760 in Gloucester, Virginia, United States George Xavier DeRochelle .5pts French Birth 1640 in St Peters, New Kent, Virginia, United States Death 1760 in Surry, Surry, Virginia, USA !
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Katherine Humpherys 8pts Welsh Birth 1672 in Kegidog, Denbighshire, , Wales Death Jun 1726 in Pennsylvania, United States Samuel Robinson 8pts Welsh Birth in Wales Death in Virginia, United States John Humphreys 8pts Welsh Birth 1673 in , , , Wales Death 18 Dec 1723 in Charlestown, Chester, Pennsylvania, United States John Sr. Word 2pts Welsh Birth 1650 in Llandoff, Glenmorganshire, Wales Death 1710 in New Kent County, Virginia, USA Joshua Booten and Susannah 1pts Canadian Birth 1670 in parish, Essex, Virginia, United States Death 26 Sep 1731 in Essex, Virginia, United States Sarah Greniffe 1pts Dutch Birth 1614 in Holland, Reusel-de Mierden, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands Death 1642 in Lower, Norfolk, Virginia, United States Anne 0pts Belgian Birth 1559 in Wallonia, Belgium Death 1634

Next came Mamas Bloodline: Her Familial Results

Mamas results were surprising; I was not expecting that much French influence at all,
nor the German and Danish influence.
Total English Irish Scottish Welsh German French Dutch Denmark Unknown 2048 531 200 12 5 32 64 5 16 1183

Each point is worth .05% of Glenda Baileys ancestry.

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Henry Womack and Sarah 2pts Welsh Birth 1600 in Wales Death 1650 in Virginia Joanna Morrill 1pts Welsh Birth 1602 in Somersetshire, Wales, Hampden, England Death 7 Feb 1689 in Roxbury, Suffolk, Massachusetts, United States Col. George Eskridge, Sr. 2pts Welsh Birth 30 Sept.,1639 in Gressingham Parish, Lancashire, Wales, England Death 25 Nov.,1715 in Westmoreland Co., Virginia, USA Sir Morgan Bryan 16pts Denmark Birth 1671 in Maribo, Storstrom, Denmark Death 3 Apr 1763 in Yadkin River, Rowan, North Carolina, United States George Thompson I 4pts Scottish Birth 1632 in Ayr, Ayrshire, Scotland Death 6 May 1693 in Virginia Margaret Craigie Finley 4pts Scottish Birth 12 Jan 1637 in Inchervie, Fife, Scotland, Great Britian Death 4 Dec 1698 in Inchervie, Fife, Scotland, Great Britian Elizabeth Wallace 2pts Scottish Birth 5 May 1632 in Glasgow, Lanarkshire, , Scotland Death 1710 in Somerset, Maryland, United States Elizabeth Winn 4pts Scottish Birth 1664 in, Scotland Death in Cecil, Maryland, United States John McKnitt 2pts Scottish Birth 1617 in Scotland Death 1714 in Cecil, Maryland, United States Sarah LeFleur 64pts French Birth 1776 in Adams, Mississippi Territory Death 1815

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Thomas Sharpe 4pts Irish Birth 1660 in England, Ireland Death 1729 in Gloucester, New Jersey, United States Matthew Wallace 6pts Irish Birth 1640 in Ulster, Donegal, Ireland Death 1714 in Manokin, Somerset, Maryland, United States Elizabeth Alexander 6pts Irish Birth 1650 in Ulster, Donegal, , Ireland Death 1692 in Manokin, Somerset, Maryland, United States Sarah Bryant 64pts Irish Birth 1812 in South Carolina, United States Death 1855 in Mississippi, United States Joseph Alexander 4pts Irish Birth 1660 in Ulster, Donegal, Ireland Death 9 Mar 1730 in New Munster, Cecil, Maryland, United States Jane Alexander 2pts Irish Birth 1665 in Ulster, Donegal, Ireland Death 26 Mar 1691 in Manokin, Somerset, Maryland, United States Sarah Alexander 1pts Irish Birth 28 August 1690 in Pocomoke, Somerset, Maryland, United States Death 1760 in Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States Matthew Matthias Wallace 1pts Irish Birth 1672 in Cecil, Maryland, United States Death 3 May 1751 in Manokin, Somerset, MD, USA Isaac Wade Fife 64pts Irish Birth 1764 in Fifeshire, Ireland Death 1813 in Claiborne, Mississippi, United States Edward Terrance Lorenzo Lawrence Clark 32pts Irish Birth 1732 in Ireland Death 21 Jun 1786 in Opelousas, Evangeline, Louisiana, USA
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Eva Elizabetha 4pts German Birth 1693 in Germany Death 1717 in Ennerich, Limburg-Weilburg, Hessen, Germany Gerhardt Walrath 4pts German Birth 1670 in Ennerich, Limburg-Weilburg, Hessen, Germany Death 1720 in Ontario, Canada Amelia Sutz 16pts German Birth 4 Sep 1716 in Palatine,Montgomery,New York,USA Death 5 Mar 1795 in Fort Plain,Montgomery,New York,USA Anna Christina Matheus 8pts German Birth 1684 in Schoharie, Schoharie, New York, United States Death 1784 in New York, United States

Richard Sears 1pts Dutch Birth 1590 in Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands Death 26 AUG 1676 in Yarmouth, Barnstable, Massachusetts, United States John Mitchell 4 pts Dutch Birth 1650 in Duxbury, Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States Death 14 Oct 1719 in Providence, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

From these results, I could learn what my Dads (and Aunt Pippas) complete heritages are. Dad was:
33.6% English 2% Scottish 6.2% Irish 2.2% French .8% Welsh .8% German Unknown tallies for him take up 26.7%

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Moms was far simpler, since she and others had already done the work compiling
names. Tracing the names back to their respective countries was not nearly so extensive because of her familys considerably shorter stay in the US. The tallies were: 12% Scottish 12% Irish 3% French 48% Swedish and 25% Prussian With all this information, I piechart.

was able to figure out my own heritage and create a

My Ancestry 24% Swedish 17% English 12.5% Prussian 9% Irish 7% Scottish 2.5% French .5% Welsh .5% German 27% Unknown

And there they were; I could at last have a clearer picture of just what my family looked like.

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Swedish Heritage - mothers side: Lindquist family

In my siblings line and mine we are all a solid one-quarter Swedish (although I mention the sliver of French that we can claim from the 1700s in this project). Our grandfather, our mothers mother, Carl Lindquist was completely Swedish (except for 1/16 French), but since this amount is so insignificant for my own line, for the numbers, I am going to refer to her grandfather as full-Swede. (Although I will mention the French ties later in the project). My mother grew up mostly only knowing her Swedish aunts and uncles; though her father was fully Swede, he died when she was eight. Her Swedish grandparents died when she was very young as well. This lack of proportionate Swedish influence from true Swedes did not completely stop Moms education of Swedish ways. Grandmother Lindquist intentionally would tell her children of various Swedish things. Mom said that she thought heritage was pretty important to [grandmother Lindquist]. She always wanted us to remember our heritages, even our Swedish one. My grandmother was not Swedish, but since she valued her own heritage, she did not want her children to forget their own. Mom does have some memories of her Swedish grandparents, and she mentioned specific memories of her grandmother always pronouncing the j sound as the letter y. So, when her grandmother Lindquist said her name, it was always Yennie and not Jennie. This pronunciation is typical, as in Scandinavian languages the letter j stands for the y sound. This is a photo of my great grandparents Lindquist, David and Ida Hellstrom, in 1962. They came to America to work on the farm of an uncle and to inherit it when he passed away. Both were full Swedish, except for David, who was one-eighth French (see family tree below). They lived much of their lives tending to the farm and raising their children.

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This photograph is of my grandparents as well.

The family tree below was constructed by members of my moms family. My grandfather, Carl Lindquist, is mentioned on the very left side, underneath mention of his parents. Each name on his tree is Swedish expect for the name Anna Dubois, who married Lars Lonnquist. The information is limited, unfortunately, so I do not have any background information on Anna Stima Sigfrigsdotter, but with a name like that, she most definitely had at least one parent with Scandinavian blood. Still, something to research later.

Handmade Lindquist Family Tree:

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A copy of the 1930 US Census record for Marinette County, WI, where my great grandparents Lindquist lived with their children.

Closer Look:

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Carl at the bottom is my grandfather; the census was taken before Aunt Margaret, his little sister, was born. Grandfather actually went by the nickname of Cully which my Uncle Marty, Grandfathers second son, named his own son as his proper name.

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Swedish Traditions my family follows:

Rosemaled Plates and Other Wooden Pieces:
Rosemaling most commonly depicts pictures of flowers, especially of roses, for which it derives its name, in bright, vivid colours. Creating types of depth and attention to detail, with swirls and varying thickness of lines is common in the style (though not as much as the colours and flowers). With origins in Norway, it is also very common in Sweden. Artists would paint in this style to gain room and board or money, and people all over Norway began to pick up the style. It became one of the many folk arts in Scandinavian culture and the patterns spread across and took on its own new styles and motifs. Around the house, my family has collected or been given various pieces with Rosemaling. These are just a few examples of the type of art from my own house.

Rosemaled Bowl

Rosemaled Hanging Plate

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Rosemaled Plate

Rosemaled Decoration

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At Christmastime:
Mom said that her family did not celebrate a great number of traditions when she was little. She said that she remembers her Aunt Margaret (her fathers sister) telling her about Santa Lucia, but that they never actually celebrated it in her family. The ones that they did celebrate, however, and the ones my family followed are as follows:

- Pepparkakor and other Swedish cookies

Pepparkakor cookies were always sent to my family from my grandmother, Jacqueline Lindquist. Though she was not of Swedish descent, Grandmother Lindquist would send the Swedish staple treats in a decorated tin, like this one: The cookies always resembled these:

We would always hold a cookie in the palm of our hands, flick the cookie in the centre, and see if the cookie would crack into three pieces. Mom told us that if it broke into three, then we could make a wish. Our chances for wishes were often slimmer, though; often, we would either get it into three to five pieces, so our chances of getting just three were less than 1/3 of the time. Apparently, this cookie-thwacking tradition goes beyond our family; Annas, a company that makes this type of cookie, mentions the practice on its website.
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Pepparkakors are not the only Swedish dessert that appears on the family table at Christmas time; though initially, I had no idea that another cookie we have is considered a staple in Sweden: the Spritz Cookie. Possible origins mentioned that it was German to begin with, but then it spread across Europe. Regardless of where it began, it is a traditional Swedish cookie. Many, including myself, would describe the flavor as buttery almond light and crumbly. Rather than grandmother sending them in the mail, we usually bake ours. In honor of Christmas, we either let the dough stay its off-white colour or we put green or red food coloring into the dough. With a cookie press gun, we squeeze them out in different shapes onto the cookie tray.

We have the same press plates for our cookie press.

Our cookie press looks much like this one.

The cookies would often look like these:

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- Dala Horses
Growing up, I thought that they were called Dalarna Horses, rather than Dala Horses. Turns out, that the horse came originated in Dalarna, Sweden. We always brought them out at Christmas time, with the rest of our Swedish decorations, though the statues themselves are a symbol of Sweden or Dalarna and not simply Christmas decorations. Our two horses look almost just like the blue and red-orange one in this photo: When I was little, I loved playing with the adorable horses that would come out for Christmas. The red one was a bit bigger than the dark blue one, and so, in my mind when I played with them, the bigger one was the mother and the blue one was the child. I dont think I ever gave them names or anything, or if the little one was ever just a boy or girl, but I do remembering loving it whenever they would come out of the box.

There are some great pieces of folklore surrounding the Dala Horseii: Some think that there are strong ties for the Swedish to the horse going back to Viking times; they think that the Dala Horses are reminiscent of Odins warhorse, Sleipneriii. Regardless, a specific tale regarding the horses is that during the 1700s Swedens King Charles IIIX waged war. To keep the sodiers nearby, many of them lived in nearby. The winter was especially hard because of weather conditions and lack of provisions because of the war. One soldier carved one of the tradiational horses, but before giving it to the little child of the house as it was, plain wood-colored and unpainted, he painted it red (since copper pigments were easy to come by in the area). The mother of the child liked it so much that she gave him some soup. Apparently, more soldiers caught onto this and carved more of them to barter for food. Thus the Dala Horse is credited in part with the army's surviving the cruel winter (Joyce Englund). Another neat thing about Dala Horses is their paint and patterns. The traditional red-orange colour is the most common shade for them. Before that, they were often left unpainted. Nowadays, they come in all sorts of colours, like the ones you see in the photo above. The leaves that make up their saddles and bridles are reminiscent of the leaves found on gourds called kurbits; this plant was believed to be the kind that sheltered Jonah when he sat, watched, and waited outside of Ninevah. The Dala Horse is a symbol of Sweden itself, and is very famous in the United States and worldwide.
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French Heritage - mothers side: Anna Dubois

The name comes from the French word for wood (bois). I found out that it is one of the most common names in France currently, and it started as a nickname for people who live near or are from the woods. Also, it could belong to a person ho lives near a place called the wood. Interestingly enough, there is a French expression that says toucher du bois meaning, in English (not kidding) knock on wood. How is the family currently celebrating this part of our ancestry? Well, were not, really. The best thing that I can point out is my own desire to learn French (which I am doing), but I did not learn that we were ever so slightly French until after I began to learn. Considering that Madame Dubois lived in the 1700-1800siv, and thus is quite a few generations removed (and was forgotten until we saw our family tree), Im sure it is entirely forgivable that we do not run around the house screaming about the latest French football match or eat croissants more often than we do.

Prussian Heritage mothers side: theReifschlagers

My family does not do a great deal to celebrate our Prussian heritage; in fact, we do practically
nothing at all about it. The heritage factor is significant here, though, because, my siblings and I are all one-eighth Prussian. My mother told me about how my great great grandfather, Carl Reifschlager, moved to America to escape having to fight in the Reichs wars in the mid-1800s as her mother told her. Apparently, he had intended to marry Wilhelmina Kruegers sister, but she died on the journey to America. Carl decided to marry Wilhelmina afterwards. From what I could tell, the two had good lives in America. At times, Carl would roll up the carpet in his living room and move the furniture to the walls and invite his and Wilhelminas neighbors over to dance. He played either the accordion or the concertina (Mom wasnt sure which), and he had red hair and purple eyes according to Grandmother Lindquist. Wilhelmina Willie knew a great deal about the healing powers of herbs and would help heal her neighbors.
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The back of this photo of them (written by Grandmother Lindquist) says that it was taken in Prussia. She is the one who told Mom that they were married in America; I am currently uncertain as to exactly which account is the correct one.!!

The Reifschlagers had several children, one of whom they named Lillian. Lillian moved to Minnesota when she was eighteen, where she met John Timoney, an Irish immigrant from the County of Tyrone. 21

Irish Heritage mothers side: John and Joseph Timoney

John Timoney was the son of Jane MacGuirk Timoney, who was Scottish, and Joseph
Timoney, who was Irish. Mr. and Mrs. Timoney lived in Ireland and had seven children. vJohn moved to the United States on October 8, 1905, his ship landing at Ellis Island in New York. His ship was named the Numidian and originally depart from Moville, Ireland. He was, at this point, 23 years old and one month away from a half. He moved out west to find work in Minnesota, where he met Lillian Reifschlager. Before that, he had worked on the railroad out in Montana, where he injured his leg. The injury had negative affects for him for the rest of his life. Upon marrying Lillian, he was excommunicated by the Catholic Church because Lillian was Lutheran. When he died, though, years later, in the hospital a priest was willing to give him his last rights.

This is a photo of my Grandfather Timoney and his wife, Lillian.

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Ways that my family celebrates our Irish Heritage

My grandmother, Jacqueline Lindquist, was especially fond of her Irish heritage. She also
loved writing poetry. In honor of her heritage, she wrote a poem called Hibernian Heritage. While she was still alive, her children paired the poem with a picture of an Irish landscape and framed the picture and poem so that each child could have a copy:

Grandmother wrote many other poems had them privately published, but she felt a special love for this particular poem, perhaps because of its sentimentality for a country she always longed to visit but never went to.

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Shillelagh
The traditional Irish walking stick could serve as a mere walking stick or a club to fend off hooligans. The top end of the stick is typically much heavier than the rest of the stick, often with balled or larger than the shaft. Some shillelaghs have handles on them, and the staffs are traditionally made out of blackthorn wood. The black bark is especially tough. The wood was cured by burying it in a dung heap or smearing it with butter, then placing it in the chimney (Susa Morgan Black). Grandmother Lindquist gave Dad one and it has been in my family for as long as I can remember. When I was little, I thought it was terribly big, since it was not only quite long, but it was rather thick as well; while the perceived height has changed considerably since Ive grown, the width has not seemed to change much at all. It is still a fairly thick stick.

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Saint Patricks Day:

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My family has often celebrated Saint Patricks Day in the way that my moms
family would. We cook a corned beef inside a large pot with stewing carrots, cabbages, and red potatoes. In addition, we eat plain scones; my mom typically makes the meal, and we set out some of our nicer dishes and sit down in the dining room that we usually use for special occasions.

Other than perhaps Thanksgiving, Saint Patricks Day Dinner is one of my absolute favourite meals of the year. I really love the saltiness of the corned beef that is balanced by the sweetness of the scones. Mom said that when she was growing up, her family would serve the same foods that we typically eat, but her mother would also give them green milk to drink along with their meal. I learned through researching, though, that corned beef is not actually a traditional Irish meal; rather, the tradition of eating it on Saint Patricks Day came from Irish immigrants who moved to America. A more Irish meal is really one called bacon and cabbage made with back bacon, cabbage, butter and herbs.
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Scottish Heritage
Scottish Society was often broken into various clans (a system from the Middle Ages). Different families, based off bloodlines and surnames, were associated with different clans. The two clans that are in my bloodline come from the Fifes, whose respective clan would have been MacDuff, and my great, great grandmother Jane Timoney, who would have been of the MacFarlane Clan.

Mothers side: Clan MacFarlane Jane MacGuirk Timoney

Jane MacGuirk Timoney was a Scottish woman who married an Irishman named Joesph Timoney. She was the mother of my great grandfather, John Timoney, who was the father of my grandmother, Jaqueline Timoney Lindquist, mother of my mother, Jennie Lindquist Stevens. This is most likely a picture of Jane MacGuirk Timoney. We do not have any definite photos of her that we know of, unfortunately.
The reason that we believe that she is of Clan MacFarlane is because of her maiden name, MacGuirk. Mom and dad did research and believe that it links her back to this clan.

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vi

The MacFarlanes are most famous for fighting alongside Robert the Bruce during that campaign of freedom from the English, and for being notorious cow-thieves.
One story that I learned at one of the Scottish Games I attended was the tale of MacFarlanes Latnern. The stories of cow-thieving go way back in 1600s Scotland; there one could only lay claim to a missing cow for a few months; after that time was up, even if you found that cow, you could not claim it. The MacFarlanes used this law to their advantage. At night, they would go out to nearby richer mens fields and lead their cows into caves some distance from the cows owners. They would keep the cows in the caves until the time allotment for reclaiming them reached its end, and then they would bring the purloined bovines to their own fields. Typically, their nefarious thievery was done by the light of the full moon. Thus, the moon has been coined as MacFarlanes Lantern. The MacFarlanes, apparently, were so proud of their abilitesi to steal so well that they wrote a piobaireachdvii titled "Thogail nam Bo theid sinn" (To Lift the Cows We Shall Go) (Story of the Clan).

This Ill Defend is MacFarlanes motto.

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Fathers side: Clan MacDuff Glenda Bailey ! Isaac Wade Fife

MacDuff is the clan that my father claims, and he wears the clans tartan for his regalia.
On my grandmothers side, Isaac Wade Fife, with a true Scottish name, came over from Ireland to America. Fife is a last name that is associated with the Scottish Clan MacDuff.

Why MacDuff is famous:

Fictional members of the clan are mentioned in William Shakespeares MacBeth. There is the famous Earls of Fife office. The earls had special privy to counsel the king of Scotland. It is one of the most ancient and respected clans. People have actually treated me more politely because I claimed MacDuff as my clan.

Their motto states Deus Juvat meaning God assists in Latin.

MacDuff, illustrated by R. R. McIan

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What my Family Does to Celebrate their Scottish-ness:

Other times, my family has celebrated Robert Burns Night, to celebrate the life and works of the famous Scottish poet and songwriter. This years celebration took place at the local library, where my little brother, Micah, tried haggis for the very first time. Apparently, he liked it. I have tried haggis myself, and, well I was far less thrilled about it, to be fair. Ill take a meat pie or a bridie any day to the stuff. For those who might not know, Haggis is a type of Scottish sausage. Various organs of a sheep are ground up with oatmeal, spices, onions, and other possible ingredients and cooked in the sheeps stomach. Sounds simply delectable, no?

Bagpiping, Drumming, and Playing in a Band

My father has celebrated his Scottish heritage for as long as I can remember. He started playing the bagpipes and hasnt really stopped. He has joined multiple bands (since my family moved so much), and has sometimes played the Highland bass drum rather than the bagpipes. I joined him in this tradition back in 2007 when I joined the City of Greenvilles Pipes and Drums. I decided to play snare drum at first, but then decided to land on the tenor drum. I stayed in the band until 2011, when I quite because I began working on my Bachelor of Arts degree at North Greenville University. Photo: Dad and I preparing for a competition at the Greenville Scottish Games in 2011. The tenor drum is played by twirling the sticks around ones hand by letting the sticks hang by strings attached to the ends. Gravity and centripetal force work with the movements of the players hands to create the twirling patterns (known as flourishing) and hit the drum on beat. For a good demonstration of tenor drumming, watch this video on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gr3HcBfeHog

Dad and I marching onto the competition field at the Greenville Games in 2010.

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In addition to playing the bagpipes, he also put together his regalia, his traditional Scottish ensemble, so that he is able to play for functions other than band performances.
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The Scottish Regalia

In this photo, Dad is wearing many parts to the full Highland Regalia for men; these pieces are typically worn in more formal settings. He is wearing a leather vest, a highland laceup shirt, a plaid, a sporran and belt, a kilt, stockings, flashes, and ghillie brogues. The Sporran was a pouch that the Scots would wear rather than pockets. Many would wear pouches on their belts in the medieval era, and the Scots continued this tradition since it only made sense with their lack of pockets. Sporrans can come in all colours and sometimes are covered various types of fur. Ghillie brogues are the typical shoe worn with the rest of the Highland regalia. The laces on the shoes can be used to lace up the ankle and leg in various ways. In his hand, Dad is also holding a dirk, a long dagger. They were often used by naval officers, and by the Scottish Highland Regiments officers. They would use them in hand-tohand combat. The plaid is the wrap of the tartan around his shoulder. Plaids were often used to keep ones shoulders warm and also served as a blanket for when one camped outside. Now they are more worn for the former function and for the sake of tradition and style. ! ! ! !

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The Scottish Regalia Continued

The Kilt
The kilt as worn by the scots came about in the 16th century, known as the belted plaid. (as seen in the photo beside). The belted plaid could be wrapped around the mans waist in any fashion he so chose. The excess could be tossed over the shoulder (like the aforementioned plaid. The kilt that Dad is wearing in the picture is the more modern version of the kilt, where the pleats are sewn into it to create the garment. It is a more simplified and standardized way of wearing the kilt. Standardization of the kilt was possibly desired because of the uniform nature of the military.

This painting was done by Richard Waitt, a Scottish painter (died 1732).

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Highland Hats
Glengarry:

Glengarrys are the type of hats that most bagpipe band members wear, including the band my dad was in. This style of hat was largely used in the military.

Tam o Shanter:
Apparently, the main distinguishing factor about the Tam from other types of folk hats is that it has a pom-pom at its center. The Tam was worn by men in the British Isles on an everyday basis, with no connections to the military. It was given its name from Robert Burns famous poem Tam o Shanter.

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Balmoral:
Balmoral hats were also worn in the military. This style is similar to the Tam o Shanter except that it has a rim at the bottom; also, the Balmoral came to be known as a Tam during its use in the military.

Celtic Music:
Music was and is very important to my family, and different aspects of the Celtic culture, whether Irish or Scottish were passed down to us through different songs. Ever since I was little, my parents gave us Celtic music to listen to. We had cassette tapes that we played in the car, and I would listen to various tapes and CDs on my player when I went to bed to settle my thoughts down for the night. Some of my favourite tunes were Green Grow, the Rashes, O, Cockles and Mussels, Star of the County Down, The Briar Round the Rose, The Lakes of Poncetrain, and The Maid that Sold Her Barley. When Micah was born, Dad sang Skye Boat Song, a Scottish tune, to him. He sang it to him many nights afterward when he would go to sleep. Also, Too-ra-loo, ra-loo-ral was a lullaby that my parents would sing to me as I went to sleep when I was very little. Too Ra Loo, Ra Loo Ral was a song written in 1914 by James Royce Shannon. Bing Crosby sang it in his film Going my Way, which made the tune popular. I originally thought that it was a tradtitional Irish tune; however, Shannon apparently was a musical writer, and he wrote it for the Broadway show Shameen Dhu. The musical was set in 1700s Ireland, about a love story set amid Irelands struggle to be free from Britain. The tune still does have positive memories for me and my siblings, though.
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English Heritage Papas Side of the Family

The biggest shock of the entire project was the realization that not only was I far
less Scottish than I thought I was, but I was also far more English than I would have ever guessed. So, the biggest shock in my familys bloodline for me was the amount of Englishness in our line. I grew up with a sort of prejudice against the English because of the whole FREEDOM! sentiment that the Scots had against them and the Irish feelings of hating their oppressors (not to mention the fact that as a child, the British were the bad guys of the Revolutionary War). However, as Andrew and I delved deep into the Ancestry.com records, the awful truth of just how pathetically English I am came to light. In retrospect, looking at photos of Papa, I can see his heritage. There are some key facial characteristics that people of English descent tend to have, such as the dimples around his face that many other British people have that Ive observed. Also, I have often been told that I look very English not Scottish or Irish as I thought my heritage mostly consisted of no, I looked English. (Perhaps this accounts for my distinct love of tea) Many of my English ancestors lived in London before they came to America. What I was able to uncover about London life in the mid 1500s early 1700s is that it marks the city as changing quite a bitviii. There were outbreaks of the plague, the Renaissance was beginning to wane, Elizabeth I gave her full rule, Shakespeares plays were being published, religious tensions between Catholics and Protestants, maps were made of ever-growing city, Charles I was beheaded, the Puritans began to take over, and great portions of the city were destroyed in the Great London Fire. Other bits of English culture are found in the other regions my ancestors are from. Some were from Yorkshire, which is very famous for its puddings, the stereotype of all the men wearing cabbie driver hats, and being the setting for the song Scarborough Fair (made popular by Simon and Garfunkel back in the 1960s). In Warwickshire, there was at the time and still remains a castle built by William the Conqueror. Dorset County had a population that were largely influenced by the Inuit culture. Suffolk County had the old city of Ipswich, one of the oldest still continually settled cities in Britain. Each of these different regions have their own cultures, which shape the way their inhabitants live.

Here are some of the places I found that my ancestors were from:
Kent, Shropshire (lots of them), Somerset, Middlesex, Downton Wiltshire, Cheshire, Yorkshire, Warwickshire, Sussex, Rutland, Suffolk, Dorset, Surrey, Hartfordshire, Gloucestershire, Essex, Suffolk, London, Cambridge, Devon, Cornwall, Buckinghamshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire, and London.

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Works cited:
Balmoral. Photograph. n.d. Balmoral Hat, Diced. n. d. Heritage of Scotland. Web. 7 Apr. 2014. <!http://www.heritageofscotland.com/pid,5852,product.php#.U0sT1iiRnww> Broken Peppakakor Cookie. Photograph. 28 Nov. 2011. Swedish Christmas treats Julmust and Pepparkakor. Before I am 35. Web. <!http://www.beforeiam35.com/2011/11/swedish-christmas-treats-julmust-and-pepparkakor/> Carl Larsson Cookie Tin. Photograph. 23 Sept. 2012. Gamla grunkor. Ratata. Web. <http://gamlagrunkor.ratata.fi/blogg/> Colored Sprits Cookies. Photograph. n.d. Spritz Cookies. Mr. Food. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. <http://www.mrfood.com/Cookie-Recipes/Spritz-Cookies> Dala Horses. Photograph. 2008. Welcome to DalaHorse.com. Hemslojd. Web. <http://www.dalahorse.com/> Emily. Sprinkled Spritz Cookies. Photograph. n.d. Dare to Eat Cookies: Family Swedish Spritz Christmas Cookies. Imperfect Blog. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http://www.imperfectblog.com/2011/11/dare-to-eat-cookies-family-swedish.html> Englund, Joyce. The History of the Dala Horse. 2008. Hemslojd. Web. <!http://www.dalahorse.com/dala_horse_history.html> Glengarry Hats. Photograph. n.d. Headwear. Highland X Press. Web. 10 Apr. 2014. Janowski, Ella. Brynna and Andrew Stevens Playing Instruments. Photograph. 29 May 2011. JPEG File. LaurasLastDitch. Spritz Cookie Gun. Photograph. n.d. Wearever Super Shooter Cookie Press Electric complete (used). Etsy. Web. 6 Apr. 2014. <!https://www.etsy.com/listing/168261710/wearever-super-shooter-cookie-press?ref=market> ---- Spritz Cookie Plates. Photograph. n.d. Wearever Super Shooter Cookie Press Electric complete (used). Etsy. Web. 5 Apr. 2014. MacDuff Crest. Photograph. n. d. MacDuff. Kilts and More. Web. 6 Apr. 2014. <!https://kiltsandmore.com/clanwappen-artikel/clan-information/mac/macduff-:k1C116:c455:lde.html> McIan, R. R. MacFarlane. 1845. The Clans of The Scottish Highlands. James Logan. London: Ackermann and Co., 1845. Print. ---- MacDuff. 1845. The Clans of The Scottish Highlands. James Logan. London: Ackermann and Co., 1845. Print. Pepparkakor Cookies. Photograph. 24 Dec. 2011. Pepparkakor (Swedish Ginger Cookies). Frans Favs. Web. <http://www.fransfavs.com/2011/12/pepparkakor-swedish-ginger-cookies/> Robinson, Laura Ferguson. Andrew and Brynna Stevens on Competition Field. Photograph. 29 May 2010. JPEG File. Stevens, Andrew. Andrew Stevens in Regalia. Photograph. 2 May 2010. JPEG File. ---- Corned Beef. Photograph. n.d. JPEG File. ---- Handmade Lindquist Family Tree. Photograph. n.d. JPEG File. ---- Lindquist Grandparents. Photograph. n.d. JPEG File. ---- Lindquist Grandparents and Others. Photograph. n.d. JPEG File.
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---- United States 1930 Census Record. Photograph. n. d. JPEG File. Stevens, Brynna. Grandparents Timoney. Photograph. n.d. JPEG File. ---- Jane MacGuirk Timoney. Photograph. n.d. JPEG File. ---- Rosemalued Bowl. Photograph. n.d. JPEG File. ---- Rosemauled God Bless Our Home Plate. Photograph. n.d. JPEG File. ---- Rosemauled Plate. Photograph. n.d. JPEG File. ---- Rosemauled Wall Plate. Photograph. n.d. JPEG File. ---- Shillelagh. Photograph. n.d. JPEG File. ---- Shillelagh Handle. Photograph. n.d. JPEG File. Stevens, Jennie. Personal Interview. 7 Apr. 2014. Story of the Clan. The MacFarlane Clan of North America. n.p., 5 Jun. 2008. Web. 6 Apr. 2014. <!http://www.scottish-clans.org/clans/story.htm> Susa Morgan Black. Tree Lore: Blackthorn. n. d. Druidry.org. The Order of Bards, Ovates, and Druids. Web. 7 Apr. 2014 <http://www.druidry.org/library/trees/tree-lore-blackthorn> Tam o Shanter. Photograph. n.d. San Diego: Tartan Day. Web. 10 Apr. 2014. Waitt, Richard. Piper to the Laird of Grant. 1714. National Museums of Scotland. Alan J. Keith. Web. 5 Apr. 2014. <!http://www.keithmusic.com/Images/Bagpipes/GrantPiper.GIF>

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Cornucopia or abundance in (in order) French, Irish Gaelic, Swedish, Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, and German. ii A Swedish handicraft company, Hemslojd, has more information on their website: < http://www.dalahorse.com/dala_horse_history.html> iii An article mentioning possible pagan ties was found at <http://www.xoxosweden.com/blogs/community/traditions/84>! iv See the Handmade Lindquist Family Tree picture for more details.
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A good website to find more information about clan lore can be found at: http://www.scottishclans.org/clans/story.htm "''!A piobaireachd is a traditional type of Scottish song. They are typified based off how the song is constructed musically, focusing on patterns and repetition of musical ideas. "'''! The British Librarys website has a great deal of information in a great format: http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/timeline/accessvers/1600s/index.html
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