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Introduction:
One of the most widely used renewable source of energy for generating electricity on large scale basis is hydropower
1.Catchment Area.
The catchment area of a hydro plant is the whole area behind the dam, draining into a stream or river across which the dam has been built at a suitable place.
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Water reservoir:
In a reservoir the water collected from the catchment area is stored behind a dam. Catchment area gets its water from rain and streams. The level of water surface in the reservoir is called Head water level. Note : Continuous availability of water is a basic necessity for a hydro-electric power plant.
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Dam :
The purpose of the dam is to store the water and to regulate the out going flow of water. The dam helps to store all the incoming water. It also helps to increase the head of the water. In order to generate a required quantity of power it is necessary that a sufficient head is available.
Dam are classified based on following factors: a) Function b) Shape c) Construction material d) Design a) Based on function the dam may be called as storage dam, diversion dam or detention dam. b) Based on the shape the dam may of trapezoidal section & arch type. c) The materials used for constructing dams are earth, rock pieces, stone masonry. d) According to structural design the dam maybe classified as: i. Gravity dam ii. Arch dam iii. Buttress dam
Types of Dam:
1. Masonry Dams. 2. Earth Dams. The masonry dams are of three major classes: a) Gravity dam. b) Buttress dam. c) Arched dam.
d) Gravity dam:
Resist the pressure of water by its weight. Construction of material used for his dam, is solid masonry or concrete.
b) Arch dam: It resist the pressure of water partly due to its weight and partly due to arch action. c) Buttress dam: Buttress supporting a flat slab. When cost of reinforced concrete is high such type of dam is selected.
Spillway:
Excess accumulation of water endangers the stability of dam construction. Also in order to avoid the over flow of water out of the dam especially during rainy seasons spillways are provided. This prevents the rise of water level in the dam. Spillways are passages which allows the excess water to flow to a storage area away from the dam.
Gate:
A gate is used to regulate or control the flow of water from the dam.
Pressure tunnel:
It is a passage that carries water from the reservoir to the surge tank.
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Surge tank:
A Surge tank is a small reservoir or tank in which the water level rises or falls due to sudden changes in pressure.
Water-hammer effect :
o The water hammer is defined as the change in pressure rapidly above or below normal pressure caused by sudden change in the rate of water flow through the pipe, according to the demand of prime mover i.e. turbine
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Water Ways.
Water ways are the passages, through which the water is conveyed to the turbines from the dam. These may include tunnels, canals, flumes, forebays and penstocks and also surge tanks. A forebay is an enlarged passage for drawing the water from the reservoir or the river and giving it to the pipe lines or canals.
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Penstock thickness:
The thickness of penstock depend on water head and hoop stress allowed in the material. t=
. 2
Where, t= Penstock thickness d= Dia of penstock = Permissible stress p= Pressure due to water including water hammer.
Number of penstock
A hydro Power Plant uses a number of turbine which are to be supplied water through penstock. To use a single penstock for the whole a plant. To use on penstock for each turbine separately. To provide multiple penstock but each penstock supplying water to at least two turbine.
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Power House.
The power house is a building in which the turbines, alternators and the auxiliary plant are housed. Some important items of equipment provided in the power house are as follows: i. Turbines ii. Generators iii. Governors iv. Relief valve for penstock setting v. Gate valve vi. Transformer vii. Switch board equipment and instruments viii. Oil circuit breaker ix. Storage batteries x. Outgoing connections xi. Cranes xii. Shops & offices
The surface power house has been broadly divided into three subdivisions which is separated from the intake as mentioned below : (a) Substructure ; (b) Intermediate structure ;
(c) Super-structure.
Draft tube: It is connected to the outlet of the turbine. It allows the turbine to be placed above the tail water level.
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o Tail water level is the water level after the discharge from the turbine. The discharged water is sent to the river, thus the level of the river is the tail water level. Electric generator, Step-up transformer and Pylon : As the water rushes through the turbine, it spins the turbine shaft, which is coupled to the electric generator. The generator has a rotating electromagnet called a rotor and a stationary part called a stator. The rotor creates a magnetic field that produces an electric charge in the stator. The charge is transmitted as electricity. The step-up transformer increases the voltage of the current coming from the stator. The electricity is distributed through power lines also called as pylon.
Operating head < 15m. Operating head 15 to 50m. Operating head > 50m.
a)
a)
a)
Draft Tube:
Reaction turbines must be completely enclosed because a pressure difference exists between the working fluid (water) in the turbine and atmosphere. Therefore, it is necessary to connect the turbine outlet by means of a pipe known as draft tube upto tailrace level.
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The elbow type draft tube is often preferred in most of the power plants, where the setting of vertical draft tube does not permit enough room without excessive cost of excavation.
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This draft tube has an advantage that its conical portion at the center reduces the whirl action of water moving with high velocity centre reduces.
Hydraulic Turbines
Advantages:
Simple in construction. Easily controllable. Efficient. Ability to work at peak load. Work on load variation. Start from cold conditions & pick up load at short time.
Types of turbines:
a) Impulse b) Reaction
Impulse Turbine:
The passages are not completely filled, water acting on a wheel buckets is at atmospheric pressure and is supplied at few points at the periphery of wheel & kinetic energy is supplied to the wheel. Casing Penstock Nozzle Runner Buckets Needle Valve shaft
Reaction Turbine:
Water passages are completely filled with water, water acting on wheel vanes is under pressure greater than atmospheric, water enter all around the periphery of wheel and energy is in the form of both pressure & kinetic energy is utilized by the wheel.
Essential parts:
Spiral casing Guide wheel Runner Draft tube
Horizontal shaft type or vertical shaft type turbine Low & medium head turbines
Axial flow
Radial inward or mixed flow Tangential flow
Position of shaft:
I. II. Vertical shaft turbine. Horizontal shaft turbine.
Head of water:
I. High head turbines. II. Medium head turbines. III. Low head turbines.
Where, N = Speed in R.P.M. f= Frequency of generation. P= no. of pairs of poles of the generator.
Unit speed.
This is defined as the speed of the turbine under a head of 1 meter. DN V=
60
NH N = K2 H
where K2 is the coefficient which varies with the conditions of running. If H = 1, then N = K2 = Nu (unit speed by its definition) N = Nu H
Nu =
Specific Speed:
The specific speed of a turbine is defined as the speed at which the turbine runs developing one B.H.P. under a head of one meter. The equation for the specific speed of a turbine can be obtained by using the principle of similarity.
where D and N are diameter and speed of a turbine and H is the head acting on the turbine. where B is the height of the blade and Vf is the velocity of flow. Substituting the value of D in the above equation.
where C is constant depending upon the type of the turbine. If the turbine develops 1 B.H.P. under one meter head then C = N = N. where Ns is the specific speed as per the definition. Substituting the value of C in the above equation, we get
Efficiencies:
a) b) c) d) Volumetric efficiency. Hydraulic efficiency. Mechanical efficiency. Overall efficiency.
a) Volumetric efficiency.
Some of the water flowing in the turbine may leak through the joints. The leakage of water reduces the efficiency of thee
turbine.
Hydraulic efficiency:
Loss of head takes place in the turbine due to incomplete conversion of head over the blade into the useful work.
=
=Hydraulic efficiency. H=Net head utilised. h=Head not efficiency utilised.
Mechanical efficiency:
Mechanical efficiency takes into account the power loss due to 12 friction. =
2. Water-Storage.
The output of a hydropower plant is not uniform due to wide variations of rain fall. To have a uniform power output, a water storage is needed so that excess flow at certain times may be stored to make it available at the times of low flow. To select the site of the Dam, careful study should be made of the geology and topography of the catchment area to see if the natural foundations could be found and put to the best use. 3. Head of Water. The level of water in the reservoir for a proposed plant should always be within limits throughout the year.
5. Access to Site.
It is always a desirable factor to have a good access to the site of the plant. This factor is very important if the electric power generated is to be utilized at or near the plant site. The transport facilities must also be given due consideration.
It is natural science that deal with the distribution of water on land beneath the surface of earth. It deal with the solid, liquid & vapour forms of water.
Hydrology
Hydrologic cycle:
The various processes involved in the transfer of moisture from the sea to the land and back to the sea again constitute which is called hydrologic cycle. Hydrologic eq. is expressed as follows: P=R+E Where, P = perspiration R = Run-off E = Evaporation.
Perspiration:
It includes all the water that falls from atm. To the earth surface. Mostly perspiration is of two types. Liquid perspiration (rainfall) Solid perspiration (Snow, Hail storm)
Run-off:
It is that portion of the perspiration which makes its way towards stream, lakes or ocean. Run-off occur only if the rate of perspiration exceed the rate at which water infiltrate into the soil & after depression small and large on the soil surface get filled in the water.
Evaporation:
Transfer of water from liquid to vapour state
Transpiration:
Process by which water is released to the atmosphere by the plant.
Assignment
Topics: 6.37 & 6.38(6.38.1, 6.38.2, 6.38.3, 6.38.4) Examples: 6.1 to 6.13, 6.15 to 6.20.
Questions?