REVIEW NOTES IN POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY PREPARED BY: RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ Module I Spe !"! O#$e %!

&e': A% %(e e)d o" %(e *e&!e+ %(e '%ude)%' '(ould #e ,#le %o: ,- A''e'' %(e (!'%o*! ,l #, ./*ou)d o" p(o%o/*,p(0 #- App*,!'e l!/(% ,)d !%' (,*, %e*!'%! ' I)%*odu %!o) %o PHOTOGRAPHY I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND O1 PHOTOGRAPHY In 1818, France, Niepce obtained camera images on paper sensitized with silver-chloride solution; however, the fixation is onl partial! Niepce regarded the results as "Imperfect failures# because the are reversed in %o),l!%0 2)e/,%!&e'-. In the earl part of 18$%&s, produced "heliographic drawings# contact-print image of engravings or other line cop on class, paper or metal coated with a bitumen varnish that hardens when exposed! 'ome 18$( in France, Niepce achieved the first permanent photograph in a camera on a plate coated with light gra bitumen! )fter an 8-hours exposure, a direct-positive image results when oil of lavender dissolves awa unexposed, unhardened bitumen to let the dar* metal plate represent shadow! +arious amounts of hardened bitumen remain to from highlights middle tones! In 18$,, -e used silver plate and devised a wa to remove bitumen from highlights after dar*ening shadow area which .aguerre forms a partnership with Niepce to perfect this invention! In 18//, Niepce died, .aguerre too* over the actual experimentation! In 18/0, 1ngland! 2!-!F! 3albot obtains negative images on silver-chloride paper b long "printing out# exposures in a camera obscura; the are imperfectl fixed! 4till in 18/0, France, .aguerre discovers that mercur fumes will develop an invisible 5latent6 image on a silver plate that is sensitized with iodine fumes before exposure! In 18/,, 1ngland, 2illiam -! Fox 3albot points out the basis of modern photograph 7 8ositive copies as desire b contract printing! In )ugust 1,, 18/, ".aguerre t pe,# the first practical photographic process, is given to the world! In 189%, 3albot discovers methods of developing paper-negative images that greatl reduces the exposure re:uired in the camera! In 189%, ;!4! <!2! .raper is one of the first to produce photographs portraits using a lens with a diameter of five inches and a focus of seven inches, In 189%, )ustralia = -ungar , <!>! 8etzvel designs the first lens specificall for photographic use! 3he lens is produced the following ear b +ioglander for use in the first all-metal, utilized camera!

 1891, 3albot patents the calot pe process, later called the talot pe! Negative on paper sensitized with silver nitrate, and gallic acid are developed in gallic acid! In 189$, 1ngland, -erschel invent the ferroprusiate 5blueprints, c anot pe6 process! In 1898, )bel Niepce .e 4anit-+octor perfected the use of albumen to hold light-sensitive compounds on a glass plate to ma*e negatives on an absolutel smooth and transparent material! In 180%, France, ?!.! @lan:uart-1vrard invents albumen high resolution obtainable with glass-plate negtives! In 1801, 1ngland, F!4! )rcher publishes a method of using collodion in place of albumen for negative on glass! In 180$, ;!4! 'ollodion direct positive-li*e ambrot pes, but produced on dar* metal-are introduced as ferrot pe! In 180/ 1ngland, <!@! dancer ma*es the first model of a twin-lens camera for stereo photograph , designs suggested in 189, b 4ir .avid @rewster in 180(! In 1808 France, Nadar ta*es the first aerial photographs over 8aris from a free balloon! In 18(1 4cotland, <ames 'ler* >axwell published research in color perception and the three color separation of light! In 18($ ;!4! reversal process to obtain positive images is first demonstrated b bleaching out the negative! In 18(0, ;!4! building on a demonstration of photograph! In 18(8, France, .ucos da -auron publishes methods for both additive and substractive color s nthesis of images b photograph and suggest the use of a three color monopac* plate! In 18A1, 1ngland, Bichard ?each >addox invents the first trul practical dr plate negative process, using gelatin in place of collodion to bind silver halides to glass plate! In 18A$, ;!4! 1dward <ames >u bridge ma*es the first attempts to photographicall anal ze a horse&s gallop, for ?eland 4tanford! In 18A/, Cerman , 8rofessor -!2! +ogel discovers the use of d e substances to extend the sensitivit of photographic emulsion from the blue into the green region of the spectrum ma*ing possible orthochromatic plates 5meaning "correct color,# although the are still red-blind6! In 18A0, 1ngland, ?eon 2arner*e invents a roll holder for use with studio and field 5view6 cameras! In 18A,, ;!4!, 1!<! >u bridge invents the Doopraxiscope to proEect continuous movement from photographic images! In 188%, 1ngland, 4ir 2illiam )bbe discovers the use of h dro:uinone as a developing agent!

 1n 188$, France, 1tinne mare begins chrono-photograph to records stages in the flow of movement b recording successive images on a single plate at constant rate of 1$ per second and faster! In 188$, 1ngland, 4ir 2illiam )bne produces silverchloride gelatin emulsion for printing-out paper! 1889, ;!4! 1astman negative paper is introduced; it consists of light-sensitive emulsion or paper which, after development is made transparent enough for printing b treating it with hot castor oil! 1888, ;!4! <ohn 'arbutt >anufacture the celluloids-base sheet film! 3he 1astman .r plate and film compan introduces the number one Foda* camera! 188,, ;!4! 3he first commercial transparent roll film, perfected b 1astman and his research chemist, is put on the mar*et! 18,%, 1ngland, -unter and .riffield publish the results of $% ears of research into the response of photographic materials! In 18,1, ;!4! >etol and gl cin are first used as developing agents! 3homas 1dison produces motion pictures on a continuous length of 1astman celluloid film in his *inescope camera and proEector! In 18,$, ;!4! Frederic* e! Ives invents a camera to ta*e three color separation negatives! 3he process was patented in 18,9 and later manufactured as "Fromscop# In 18,/, Ireland, <ohn <ol invented the additive color process using regular line screen chec*ered with red, green and blue s:uares! In 18,0, ;!4! Beverend -annibal Coodwin is granted a patent covering roll film composed of a silver-bromide gelatin emulsion on a celluloid base! In 1,,%, France, )uguste and ?ouis ?umiere invent the photodrama, which ta*es and proEects /(% degree panoramic photographs! In 1,%1, France, 'ellulose acetate was invented; its non flammable properties promote its adoption as a safet base still films! In 1,%9, Cerman , @! -omo*a and 1! Fonig who had studied with -!2! +ogel, invent d e sensitizers that extent emulsion sensitivit into the ellow and red regions of the spectrum! 2ritten and 2ainwright begin commercial production of panchromatic 5Gallcolor#6 plates two ears later in 1ngland! In 1,%A, France, >! ?umiere color process, the )utochrome plate, become the first commerciall manufactured practical color process in photograph ! In 1,1%, France, .ioptichrome color materials are produced based on patents of ?ouis .ufa ! ?ater products based on similar principles include .ufa color! 1,1$, Cerman ! Friedrich .ec*el invents the compound shutter, which uses gears to control slow speeds and a cloc* wor* movements to control fast speed!

 In 1,19, ;!4! 1astman Foda* compan introduces a two color subtractive process called Fodachrome it is dropped after a few ears, but the name is use again, $1 ears later for a tree-color process based on different principles! 1,$1, ;!4! Badio transmitional photograph is demonstrated the mention is eventuall used widel as phototelegraph 5"wirephoto#6 invented in 1,%9! 1,$/, ;!4! )mateur movie-ma*ing becomes possible with the introduction of 1( mm reversal blac* = and = white film, b 1astman Foda* 'ompan ! 1,$9, Cerman , 1! ?eits begins production of the ?eica camera designed b Hs*ar @arnac*! )lthough not the first to use /0 mm film, it succeeds in establishing a new *ind of photograph ! 1,$A, ;!4! ) full length film, "3he <azz 4inger# is a +itaphone production with s nchronized sound on disc! ?ater the @ell ?absIFox-movie tone process produces integral sound on film! 1,$8, Cerman , modern twin-lens roll film reflex camera, the Bollieflex, was introduced b Franc*e and -eidec*e! 1,$,, Cerman , <! Hstermeler produces the first commerciall acceptable selfcontained flash-bulb aluminum foil sealed in an ox gen-filled bulb! In 1,/$, ;!4! 3he first photoelectric exposure meter is produced b 2estern 1lectric Instrument 'ompan ! In 1,/9, -olland, 3he first wire-filled flashbulb is introduced b 8hilips! In 1,/,, ;!4! a gas-discharge tube emitting white light is introduced for electronic flash photograph ! >annes and Crodows* , wor*ing with the staff of the Foda* Besearch ?aborator , invented *odachrome film! In 1,/(, Cerman ! )gfacolor reversal films is introduced; it is the first tree color monopac* film in which subtractive d e-formers are incorporated in each emulsion la er! In 1,/,, Cerman ! Negative positive subtractive color cine materials are developed using agfa tripac* emulsion! 4till in 1,/,, Cerman ! ) Bott and 1! 2e de independentl develop diffusion transfer processing of negative images! In 1,9%, ;!4! and 1ngland, >ultiple contrast blac* and white printing paper is introduced in the ;!4! In 1,9$, ;!4, *odacolor negative film is introduced in the mar*et! In 1,9$, 1ngland, ) new developing agent, phenidone, is patented b Ilford; it is similar to metol! In 1,9/, ;!4! Beversal print material, )nsco 8rinter, for ma*ing color prints from slider or transparencies, is introduced for user processing! In 1,90, ;!4! Beversal print incorporated color couples, development during world 2ar ii are available to the public first unscocclor film in 1,90, then 1*tachrome film in 1,9(!

 In 1,9(, ;!4! Foda* d e transfers process is introduced it is a commercial process that represents the culmination of various printing methods utilizing d ed or pigmented bichromate-gelatin emulsion that hardens on exposure and development in an tanning developer! In 1,9A, ;!4! 1dwin -! ?and Introduces 8olaroid "one step photograph # with a self-processing blac* = and = white film that ield a positive print b the diffusion transfer reversal method! In 1,0%, ;!4! 'olor couplers for self-mas*ing color correction are introduced in *oda* color negative films! In 1,0%, ;!4! 3he first modern wide-screen motion picture are produced using an anamorphic s stem, which optional s:ueezes the $!1 1mm motion picture frame, and restores it to full width upon proEection! In 1,,0, ;!4! Foda* 3ri-J 5)4) $%%6 and Bo al J pan 5)4) (0%6 films, and Foda* 1*tacolor paper from color negatives, are introduced! In 1,(%, ;!4! a self-processing color print material based on the 8olaroid diffusion transfer s stem is demonstrated; it is mar*eted as 8olacolor film in 1,(/! In 1,(/, ;!4! ) modern d e destruction, or silver d e bleach, reversal colorprint material 'ibachrome is introduced in both professional and home processing versions! In 1,(/, ;!4! 3he loading of iflm is still cameras is greatl simplified with the production of a film cartridge made with a built-in prethreaded ta*e-up spool! In 1,A$, ;!4! 8olaroid 'orporation demonstrates a new camera and film as the 4J-A% s stem, the camera is a uni:ue single lens reflex design and the film is an integral diffusion transfer materials that produces a full color print without an peel-awa , discardable component! In 1,A(, ;!4! Foda* instant print film 8B1% is introduced! In 1,A8, ;!4! 8olavision self-processing color movie film is mar*eted; it combines a self-processing diffusion transfer emulsion with an integral additive color line screen! PHOTOGRAPHY = defined as an )rt or 4cience of reproducing image b the action of light on sensitized material with the aid of an image forming device *nown as camera and the chemical process involved therein! Lou!' 3, 4ue' M,)de D,/ue**e = -e is a French national, who is considered the father of photograph ! -is maEor contribution into the field of photograph is the ".aguerro 3 pe 3heor #! Pol! e o* 1o*e)'! P(o%o/*,p(0 = Is an )rt or 4cience that deals with the stud of principles of photograph , in relation to police wor* and preparationIpresentation of photographic evidence in court! 8resentation of documents in the court as an evidence for a case! Ed+,*d Bu*.e = )n )merican who is considered the advocator of 8oliceIForensic 8hotograph ! 3he Father of 8oliceIForensic 8hotograph ! II. L!/(% ,)d !%' (,*, %e*!'%! ': ,. L!/(% = Is an electromagnetic redial energ to which excites the retina of the e e and ma*es things visible!

3he 1lectromagnetic 1nerg 4pectrum is composed of both visible radiant energ 5light6 and invisible radiant energ 5ultraviolet and infrared6! ?ight differs7 4peed of travel K medium = space - )ir - Class - 2ater ?ight is being measure through its wavelength 1 >illionth of a meter or 1 millionth of a millimeter! 5>illimicron6

#. C(,*, %e*!'%! ' o" L!/(%: 1! 4peed $! 2avelength /! Fre:uenc . T(e %(*ee ,*e !)%e**el,%ed %o e, ( o%(e*. Speed = Is the rate of travel per second! W,&ele)/%( = Is the distance in between light travels in airIwave 18(,%%% miles per second! 1*e4ue) 0 = Is the number of wave passing to one point in one second! Colo* o" L!/(%: 5. Blue 6. G*ee) 7. Red d. T(e %(*ee ,*e o)'!de*ed P*!8,*0 Colo*'. Lellow = Is considered complimentar color of the primar color ' an = 4econdar color >agenta = 4econdar color @lue = Is measured from 9%%-0%% millimicron Creen = Is >easured from 0%%-(%% millimicron Bed = is measured from (%%-A%% millimicron Colo*' = )re the even mixture of all wavelengths! 4ufficient wavelength of all colors! Bl, . 9 )bsent of light! G*,0 = ) little mixtures of light! T(e Sou* e' o" L!/(%: 1! 4unI>oonI4tars $! Natural ?ight /! Beflection of 2ater 9! Beflection of 'lothes N,%u*,l L!/(% = None man made 5we do not *now6! A*%!"! !,l L!/(% = >an >ade 53homas <efferson6! A&,!l,#le L!/(% = Is the combination of natural and artificial light! No%e: 2e see color because of our nerve cell and Betina of our e e called :Co)e';. 3he RATD LAW = Beflected, )bsorbed, 3ransmitted and .iffraction! Re"*, %!o) < It is the bending of lights when stri*e to an obEect! III. L!/(% ,)d M,%e*!,l':

1o ,l Le)/%( = Is the distance between the center of the lens and the film plane when the lens is focused at infinit ! Le)' = Is a medium or a s stem which converge or diverge ra s of light passing through it and it form an image! T0pe' o" C,8e*, Le)'e': 1! W!de A)/le Le)' = From $0>> to 90>> $! No*8,l Le)'e' = 0%>> /! Telep(o%o Le)' = 00>> to 1%%%>> or more 5Doom ?ens6 Zoo8 Le)' < It is considered as a variable lenses! ,. LENS ABERRATIONS OR DE1ECTS )n aberration is an optical imperfection responsible for image distortion! 3hese defects are not the results of the manufacturers& carelessness! 3he are cause b the behavior of light! It can be avoided b combining several lenses and b eliminating marginal ra s refracted through the outer edges of the lens! A'%!/8,%!'8 3he inabilit of a lens to proEect a sharpl focused image of both vertical and horizontal lines upon the same plane, at one lens to image distance! ?enses corrected for astigmatism are termed anastigmatic! Co8, ) pear-shaped image of a small circle or point near to the edges of the image plane! 3o correct or minimize coma in a compound lens, positive and negative elements of var ing radii of curvature are combined in a lens s stem, and the size of the aperture is reduced! C(*o8,%! A#e**,%!o) 3he inabilit of a simple lens to bring the different wavelengths 5colors6 of white light to a focused on the same plane! 'orrection is made when the compound lens is constructed b placing a simple negative lens in optical contact with a simple positive lens! Cu*&,%u*e o" 1!eld ) simple lens produces a curved, concave, or saucer = shaped image of wan obEect which has a flat surface! 3his t pe of aberration is more apparent in lenses which have a wide angle of view! D!'%o*%!o) 2Cu*&!l!)e,* D!'%o*%!o)>a be defined as a lens inabilit to produced the same enlargement in the image formed b the edges of the lens as in that part formed b the center of the lens! B,**el D!'%o*%!o) ?ines near the margins of the image curve inward li*e the sides of a barrel! P!) u'(!o) D!'%o*%!o) ?ines curve inward li*e the sides of a stuffed pincushion! 8lacing the aperture behind the lens causes this affect! 1l,*e Flares exhibits itself as a mist haze, or a cloud semicircular patch of light, which ma cover part or all of the image! 2hen it appears as a small pear-shaped bright spot it is called coma! Op%! ,l 1l,*e

Is the result of double reflections from inner lens surfaces! Me (,)! ,l 1l,*e Is the result of reflections from worn shin parts of the lens such as stop, shutter, lens mount or from inside of the camera itself! Sp(e*! ,l A#e**,%!o) 2hen parallel marginal and axial ra s passing through a simple lens focused at different planes along the optical axis, causing fuzz images!

#. PRINTING PAPERS @ecause of the fact that all negatives do not print best on one *ind of paper, and in order to permit printing for special effects, photographic paper is made in several different grades of contrast and surface texture! +elox paper made b Foda* offers the most and in six degrees of contrast and gloss 5F6 surface! Velo=> No. ? ;sed for printing from extremel contrast negatives, the low contrast in the paper sensitizing counteracts the high contrast in the negative, to give a new print! Velo=> No. 5 ;sed for high contrast negatives! Velo= No. 6 ) paper for normal contrast used with normal negatives! Velo=> No. 7 For used with negatives that are a little wea* in contrast! Velo=> No. @ 8rovides sufficient contrast to compensate for ver thin or wea* negatives! It is useful in printing silhouettes and other such pictures in which high contrast is desired! Velo=> No. A For negatives so flat as to be otherwise unprintable! Module II Spe !"! O#$e %!&e': A% %(e e)d o" %(e *e&!e+ %(e '%ude)%' '(ould #e ,#le %o: ,- App*e !,%e d,*.*oo8 p(o%o/*,p(0 #- Re ,ll %(e p,*%' o" ,8e*, I: D,*.*oo8 P(o%o/*,p(0 ,)d Se)'!%!Bed M,%e*!,l': ,. D,*.*oo8 < ) light tight room used for developing film ma*ing contact print and enlargement! 9 ) room protected from ra s of light harmful to sensitized materials, plates and papers! T+o d!'%!) % '!de': 5. D*0 S!de = 1nlarger side and materials that must be *ept awa from water! 6. We% S!de < 8rocessing area, chemical, stoc* solutions, tra s and other materials! C(e8! ,l P*o e''e': De&elop!)/ p*o e'' o" "!l8 = the latent image becomes permanent and visible in a reverse wa thus producing a negative!

De&elop!)/ p*o e'' o" p(o%o p,pe* = the permanent and visible image produces positive print or photographs! T+o 1, %o*' %o #e o)'!de*ed !) de&elop!)/ p*o e'': 5. De)'!%0 < is the degree of dar*ness of the image developed = too dar* or to light! 6. Co)%*,'% < is the different of tone from another! ,.5. 1, %o*' %(,% ,""e % (e8! ,l de&elop8e)% o" %(e 'e)'!%!Bed 8,%e*!,l: 1! Co) e)%*,%!o) o* '%*e)/%( o" %(e +o*.!)/ 'olu%!o) = used mixture procedure b manufacturers! $! 3emperature of chemical involved in the development process /! 3ime of development 9! )gitation of the sensitized material during development! ,.6. C(e8! ,l P*o e''!)/: 5. De&elop8e)% < processes of reduction, exposed silver halides are reduced into metallic silver! 6. S%op9#,%( < it is an intermediate bath between development and fixer! 9 3o prevent contamination of the chemical! 7. 1!=,%!o) < the process of removing unexposed silver halides remaining in the emulsion after the first stage of development of the latent image! @! 2ashing = use of running water! A. 3he application :We%%!)/ A/e)%;CP(o%o9"loC1o%o9/lo < to prevent watermar* and easier to dr ! D. D*0!)/. ,.7. C(e8! ,l o8po)e)% o" , "!=e*: 5. D!''ol&!)/ A/e)% < - po or sodium thiosulphite 6. P*e'e*&,%!&e < 4odium sulphite 7. Neu%*,l!Be* < boric and acetic acid @. H,*de)e* < 8otassium alum! T+o '0'%e8' o" "!l8 de&elop!)/: 5. Repe,%ed u'e '0'%e8 < after each development the solution is poured in a container for use again! 6. O)e '(o% '0'%e8 9 after development the solution is poured into the sin*! 1,ul%' ,)d Re8ed0 o) Ne/,%!&e': 5. I)%e)'!"! ,%!o) < under-exposed negative 6. Redu %!o) < over exposed negative 7. I) *e,'!)/ o* De *e,'!)/ de&elop8e)% %!8e. @. U'e o" de&elop8e)% %(,% !) *e,'e o* 'u#due' o)%*,'%. I)%e)'!"! ,%!o) < the addition of minute part of another metal usuall chromium or mercur on the top of the metallic silver formed to strengthen contrast to obtain good densit ! ;nder exposed negatives! Redu %!o) < the reducing of densit in the negative-overexposed negatives potassium ferr c anide and sodium thiosulphite or - po or Farmer&s Beducer! ,.@. P*!)%8,.!)/ P*o e'': 5. P*!)%8,.!)/ < the final stage in ma*ing photograph! 6. E)l,*/e* < It is a machine used in ma*ing enlargement! 7. Co)%, % P*!)%!)/ < photograph is made through direct negative and paper contact! 1, %o*' %o o)'!de* !) 'ele %!)/ )e/,%!&e: 5. S(,*p)e'' 6. De)'!%0

7. Co)%*,'% ,.A. E)l,*/e* P,*%' ,)d 1u) %!o)': 5. E)l,*/e* He,d < the main wor*ing part of enlarger contains7 ?ight, condenser, lens, negative holder, the lens itself! 6. L,8p < light that passes through the negative that exposed photo paper! 7. Co)de)'e* Le)' < lens that spread the light coming from the lamp of the enlarger! @. Ne/,%!&e D,**!e* = hold the negative flat and level! A! Le)' Ape*%u*e < the opening of the lens that control ra s of light passing through it! D! Le)' = it is the one responsible in forming the image coming from the negative! E! 1o u'!)/ Me (,)!'8 = it moves the lens up and down to focus the proEected image! F! E)l,*/e* Colu8) = it is the holder of the enlarger head and commonl serves as a rail in controlling the height of enlarger head! G. Ele&,%!)/ Co)%*ol K)o# < control size of image b raising or lowering the enlarger head! 5?. B,'e Bo,*d < the support of the entire unit of the enlarger! ,. . P*o edu*e !) 1!l8 P*o e''!)/. 2Bl, . ,)d W(!%e1! 8repare of solution needed in the development process! $! 'hec* the temperature of the solution and ma*e it constant b using temperature control pan! /! 3urn off the lights and chec* the room weather its totall dar*! 9! Hpen the film cassette or film holder! 0! 8lace film in the developer reel or film hanger! (! 4oa* or immerse the developing reel or film hanger into the developer tan*! A! 3ap the bottom of developing tan* to dislodge air bubbles! 8! 8lace the light tight cover to the developer tan*! ,! 4et the timer on the specified time, remove and rinse the film for 1% seconds! 1%! 4lowl agitate the developer tan* for five seconds ever minutes of the development time! 11! )t end of development time, remove and rinse the film for 1% seconds! 1$! 4oa* or immerse the developer reel or film hanger into the stop batch tan*, tap the developer reel or hanger at the bottom for /% seconds! 1/! Bemove and raise the film for 1% seconds! 19! 4oa* and immerse developer reel and film hanger into the fixing bath tan* for /% seconds and let film stand still in the solution for re:uired fixing time! 10! )fter fixing period switch on the light wash the film developer or negatives in running water for /% minutes! B. Se)'!%!Bed M,%e*!,l': Se)'!%!Bed p,pe*Cp(o%o/*,p(! p,pe* = a paper coated with emulsion! P(o%o/*,p(' < is result of both mechanical and chemical process of photograph ! E8ul'!o) < the sensitized of a film or paper usuall silver halides in gelatin on acetate, pol ester or paper! S!l&e* H,l!de' < the component that sensitize to light! 1!l8 B.5. 1!l8 L,0e* 2Bl, . H W(!%e1! 1mulsion $! Cra or )nti-halation bac*ing /! )cetate = "8lastic# 9! @ase B.6. K!)d' o" "!l8' !) %e*8' o" 'peed < 'e)'!%!&!%0 %o l!/(% 1,'% 1!l8 < -i-speed - sensitivit to light 5I4H $0 3H 0% mu6 M!d 1!l8 < >id-speed = sensitivit to light 5I4H 0% to 9%% mu6 Slo+ 1!l8 = 4low-speed = sensitivit to light 5I4H 9%% to /$%% high latitude6

10

-igher densit = more blac*Ihigher contrast the bigger the size of the silver cr stal granules the higher sensitivit to light the finer the granules the slower sensitivit ! B.7. Co8po)e)% o" , "!l8 "*o8 %op %o #o%%o8: 1! Hver 'oating = hard gelatin solvent $! Celatin 4olvent with grains of silver salt 5halide6 = 1mulsion- sensitive to light /! Cum )rabic 54tic* gelatin substance6 = substratum la er 9! 'elluloid )cetateIclear plastic = base of the film 0! 4ubstratum la er (! )nti-halation bac*ing = blac* substance %!%%9 of a millimeter Il"o*d 3he name of the sensitized material! Cenerall , there are two t pes of color film, namel 7 1! 8ositive color film $! Negative color film B.@. Se)'!%!Bed p,pe*Cp(o%o/*,p(! p,pe* P(o%o/*,p( Is the result of both mechanical and chemical process of photograph ! Se)'!%!Bed 8,%e*!,lCp,pe* = a paper coated with emulsion! E8ul'!o) 3he sensitivit of a film or paper usuall silver halides in gelatin on acetate, pol ester or paper! S!l&e* H,l!de' 3he component that sensitized to light! T0pe' o" E8ul'!o) 1! 4ilver 'hloride 1mulsion $! 4ilver @romide 1mulsion /! 4ilver 'hloride-@romide 1mulsion T0pe' o" p,pe* , o*d!)/ %o e8ul'!o) o)%e)%: 1! 'hloride paper - paper that contains silver chloride in their emulsion! $! @romide paper = paper that contains silver bromide in their emulsion /! 'hloro @romide paper = paper that contains the combination or both chloro and bromide emulsion! 9! 1cta color B,'! %0pe' o" p,pe* 1! 1nlarging paperI8roEection paper = @romide paper $! 'ontact printing paper = producing prints with the same size as the paper! 'hloride paper! 'hloro bromide paper - general use = contact or enlarging paper T(*ee !8po*%,)% ", %o*' %o o)'!de* o) p(o%o p,pe*: 1! 3 pes of emulsion $! contrast = refers to the relative densities = the range of gra tone from blac* and white /! 8h sical characteristic of paper Co)%*,'% o)%*ol: 5. V,*!,#le Co)%*,'%C'ele %!&e o)%*,'% p,pe* = enlargement of negative is done with the use of filters, to correct the contrast on the print or photograph!

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6! G*,ded Co)%*,'% p,pe* < the traditional method which re:uires different grades of paper for ever contrasts! B.A. P(0'! ,l C(,*, %e*!'%! ' < construction of photographic papers a! 'onventional 8aper - Celatin over coat - 4ilver halide cr stals in gelatin emulsion - @ar ta la er 5pigmented6 - 8hotographic paper base

b! Besin-'oated 5B!'!6 8aper - Celatin over coat - 4ilver halide cr stals in gelatin emulsion - Besin la er 5pigmented6 - 8hotographic paper base - Besin la er P(0'! ,l C(,*, %e*!'%! ': ,. P,pe* B,'e < >ust be able to with stand immersion of paper in various processing solution as well as prolonged washing during processing-made seven 5A6 different wood pulp that have the unit and strength necessar for high grade base! #. B,'e We!/(% < this refers to the thic*ness of the paper. T0pe' o" p,pe* , o*d!)/ %o +e!/(%: 1! 4ingle weight $! .ouble weight No%e: 1! 1mulsion side of paper is the shin part! $! 1mulsion side of film = the dull side! . W,%e* Re'!'%,)% B,'e < possible good dimensional stabilit less absorption of chemicals, shorts processing time as the fiber base! d. P,pe* S!Be' < ma supplement in standard sizes sheet or long roll of various width for automatic processing common sizes of paper! 8ost card, 0 J A, A!0 J 0!0, 8 J 1%, 11 J 19, 1( J $% M $% J $9! e. B,'e T!)= < refers to the color of the paper! a! 2hite b! 'ream ". I8,/e To)e < refers to the color of sharp silver image colors gra from brown through warm blac* and neutral blac* and blue blac*! /. 1lo*e' e)% B*!/(%)e'' = refers to the brightness in prints! (. Colo* Se)'!%!&!%0 < 8anchromatic paper are sensitive to all color but less sensitive to red! T0pe' o" p,pe* , o*d!)/ %o 'u*", e: 1! Closs or smooth $! >att-rough /! 4emi-matt Spe !,l pu*po'e p,pe*':

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5. P*!)%!)/ ou% p,pe* < produces image b the action of light alone, no development is re:uired, use to provide temporar portrait prints! 1xample7 8olaroid 8hotos! 6. D!*e %9po'!%!&e p,pe* < can be expose in a camera and reversal-processed to ield a positive point! II. C,8e*, ,)d %(e E0e: C,8e*, = is a light tight box machine use to record an image through the aid of a sensitize materials if lights is allowed to pass into it! E''e)%!,l P,*% o" C,8e*,: 5. L!/(% %!/(% #o= = Is a box which devoid light! 6! Le)' < is a medium used as the passage of light! 7. 1!l8 Holde* = Its hold the film! @. S(u%%e* = Is a contraction placed on the path of the light passing through the lens! A. V!e+!)/ '0'%e8C&!e+ "!)de*. 5Note7 3his is accessor part6 1l,'( U)!%: 1! Flash bulb $! 1lectronic flash /! 'ube flash E4u!p8e)%' %o (old %(e C,8e*,: 1! @ipod $! 3ripod /! 'amera 4tand E''e)%!,l 1u) %!o)' o" %(e C,8e*,: 1! 4urveillance $! 8olice 8ublic Belation /! 8resentation 9! 8reservation 0! 1ntrapment 6. Be-enactment A! 8olice 'ommunication M! *op(o%o98! *o"!l8!)/ P(o%o M! *o = using of a microscope attached in the lens of a camera! 5For smallIminute obEect enlargement6 P(o%o M, *o = ;sing a tube lens, connected in the lens of a camera! E0e = Is the most important part of our human bod without it, we can not appreciate the beaut of the world! Dep%( o" 1!eld = In relation of the distance of the subEect to the focused that is accepted to the bac*ground of the focused! - It is the distance measure from the nearest to the farthest obEect when the lens is focused in a particular distance! 1 < Nu8#e*' F1!9IF$IF$!8IF/!0IF0!(IF8IF11IF1(IF$$ S(u%%e*' @ 1 $ 9 8 10 /% (% 1$0 $0% 0%% 1%%% P!) u'(!o) o* B,**el D!'%o*%!o) = 3he line is bend, the principle of light travels can be distortIbend! Re %!ll!)e,* Le)' = 3he lens that cures the pincushion or barrel distortion! A#e**,%!o) = lens defect! Module III

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Spe !"! O#$e %!&e': a6 1valuate the application of photograph b6 <ustif the importance of photographic evidence CAMERA OPERATION I. No*8,l P(o%o/*,p(0: 5. Lo,d %(e 1!l8 = >a*e sure not to load the film in direct sunlightIsubEect7 a! 8ull up the film rewind cran* full until the cover is unloc*ed and open; b!8lace the film cartridge in the film compartment with the emulsion side of film facing the lens; c! 8ull the film leader and insert the film tip into the slot of the film ta*e up spool! d! 3urn the film advance lever and wind the film around the ta*e-up spool and film advance sproc*et engage the perforation in the film; e! 3a*e two blan* shots releasing the shutter after each shot! 3he film counter will advance from "4# mar* to "H#, with one more advanced, the camera will be read for the first shot! 6. Se% %(e ASACISO #,%!)/ o" "!l8 7. W!)d %(e ,d&,) e le&e* @. Loo. %(*ou/( %(e &!e+"!)de* ,)d "o u' A. Co8po'e %(e p! %u*e +!%(!) %(e &!e+!)/ "*,8e o" ,8e*, D. De%e*8!)e %(e e=po'u*e +!%( %(e #u!l%9!) 8e%e* E. P*e'' %(e '(u%%e* *ele,'e #u%%o) /e)%l0. T,.e No%e: 3he importance of camera manual for more modified operations! ,- 1ou* 2@- I8po*%,)% o)%*ol' !) , ,8e*, %o #e 8,)!pul,%ed ,)d ,d$u'%ed: 5. 1o u'!)/ Co)%*ol = In order to form a sharp image! 1o u' = Is the means b which the obEect distance is established or calculated to form a sharp image! T(*ee %0pe' o" "o u'!)/ de&! e: a! Bange finder t pe b! Cround glass focusing t pe c! 4cale bed t pe 6. S(u%%e* Speed Co)%*ol 7. D!,p(*,/8 o* Ape*%u*e Co)%*ol @. S(u%%e* Speed ,)d 19 Nu8#e* %o/e%(e* #- S(u%%e* Speed Co)%*ol 1, %o*' %o o)'!de*: a! ?ight sensitivit of film b! >otion of the subEect on different angles c! 3he purpose of photo T+o T0pe' o" S(u%%e*'I 1! ?eaf 4hutter $! Focal 8lane - SS ,)d 19Nu8#e* %o/e%(e* 19Nu8#e* S(u%%e* Speed F$$ 1I$%%% F1( 1I1%% F11 1I0%% F8 1I$0% F0!( 1I1$0 F9 1I(% F$ F1!9 d- P(o%o/*,p(! Te ()!4ue':

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5. Loo. ,% %(e L!/(% 6. U'e olo* "o* #e'% e""e % 7. M,.e '(,pe %(e 'u#$e % /!1! Near shape /!$! Far shape @. B*!)/9ou% 'u#$e % "o*8 A. E8p(,'!Be 'u#$e % %e=%u*e D. 1!)d ,)d u'e 'u#$e % p,%%e*) E. G!&e 0ou* 'u#$e %Cp! %u*e dep%( F. Tu*) ,*ou)d %(e ,8e*, a! 'hange the viewpoint and angle G. S(o% ,*ou)d %(e 'u#$e % 5?. 1*,8e 0ou* '(o% 55. Po'!%!o) 0ou* 'u#$e % 56. De !de +(,% %o !) lude 57. Po'e 0ou* 'u#$e % 5@. Loo. "o* ,l%e*),%!&e '(o% 5A. C*e,%e , 'e)'e o" 8o&e8e)% 5D. U'e o)9 ,8e*, "l,'( a! Flash fall-off c! Flash fill-in b! .efused flash d! )ction-stopping flash II. K!)d' o" P(o%o/*,p(0 ,)d !%' Appl! ,%!o). ,. K!)d' o" P(o%o/*,p(0: 1! P(o%o8! *o/*,p(0 = Finds of photograph that ma*e enlargement minute obEect from 1 to 0% times! 5)id of >icroscope6 - It is used usuall in :uestion documents and Fire )rm Identification! T(!)/' %(,% ,*e #e!)/ e=,8!)e: 1! 1lements $! Features /! 'haracteristics $! P(o%o8, *o/*,p(0 = 3 pe of photograph that enlarge a minute obEect up to 1% times and commonl used in 8ersonal Identification li*e Finger 8rint, Foot 8rint, 8alm 8rint, tubeIextension bilus /! M! *op(o%o/*,p(0 = 3he process of reducing big obEect or things of minute obEect! N1xample 7 micro-film 9! C*!8e S e)e P(o%o/*,p(0 = .eals with the photographing the scene of the crime on details of perpetuated crime! JE=,8ple: M,) Sl,u/(%e* 1! Identification photograph of the victim $! 4pecific place where the victim, is found /! >inute obEect, article found in the scene 9! 3he place where the victim is remove #. Cl,''!"! ,%!o) o" *!8e' o88!%%ed 1! InEur sustain b the victim $! Ceneral view of the scene must be photograph /! 3he point of view must be photograph 9! 3he general view of the building where crime is committed JSpe !"! C*!8e S e)e: 3he following must be photograph into the case of hanging

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1! 3he photograph of the victim when still hang, the distance between the feet and the floor $! 'lose-up photograph of the rope tied around the nec* /! 3he four corner where the victim is found 9! 'lose-up view of the *not R,pe C,'e': 2People V'. CeB,* Gu0 KAu/. 5GLLL SCRAMa! 3he identification of the victim b! 8hotograph of the victim with clothing 8hotograph of the victim without clothing c! 8hotograph of the victim in the stomach d! 8hotograph of the vagina 5close-up6 e! 3he area of laceration 5close-up6 f6 8lace where the crime is committed g6 'lose-up of the contusion, abrasion, hematomma JNo%e: Hne with mar*ings and one without 0! Su*&e!ll,) e P(o%o/*,p(0 = .eals with the photograph of individual without his *nowledge, such is the same in clandestine photograph ! (! I)"*,*ed P(o%o/*,p(0 = deals with the photographing of obEect visible, divisible, invisible even with haze! A! Ul%*,9V!ole% P(o%o/*,p(0 = deals with the photographing of obEect or mar*ings which is invisible using reflected or fluorescent! 8! N9R,0 P(o%o/*,p(0 = deals with photographing of hidden obEect or things! ,! T*,""! A !de)% P(o%o/*,p(0 = deals with the photographing of traffic incident or occurrence especiall in a vehicular accident! a! 8lace of occurrenceIaccident! b! 8hotograph of vehicle toward on both side of the drivers c! 'lose-up photograph of the impact 5Lou can identif through center point of the point of impact d! 'lose-up photograph of the debris 8hotograph on the view of the witness e! Identification photograph of both drivers involves f! 8hotograph of some of the spectator around to include passengers of both vehicles! g! 'lose-up photograph of the damages occurredIsustain b both vehicle h! 8hotograph of both plate numbers i! 8hotograph the specific place where the coalition too* place E! 8hotograph the s*id mar*! 1%! I)&e'%!/,%!&e P(o%o/*,p(0 = deals with the stud of the concept of photograph its application to law enforcement or investigation process and the preparation of photographic evidence for court presentation! 11! Mu/ P(o%o/*,p(0 = .eals with the stud of photographing individual for identification process! 1$! 1!)/e* P*!)% P(o%o/*,p(0 = .eals with the application of macrophotograph so as to produces an enlargement of finger print for comparison purposes! 1/! 1!*e,*8 Ide)%!"! ,%!o) p(o%o/*,p(0 = .eals with the photographing of firearm shells and bullet! It is also where photomicrograph is applied! 19! Oue'%!o) Do u8e)%' - process of photographing document for purposes of examination and as a substitute for duplicate cop when original is lost and the purpose of duplicate photograph is to establish the contents of the lost original document!

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10! A*'o) ,)d Oue'%!o),#le 1!*e' < It is the willful and malicious burning of propert , usuall a building or dwelling unit! N 8hotographing the scene of arson especiall when the fire is in progress can establish the following7 1! 3he origin of fire! +er often in the crime of arson, fires started in several places or area of the building! )ll of these occurrence must be shown in the photographs; $! 3he direction and fast spreading of the fires must be photographed; /! Becorded color of the smo*e, color of the flame and the size of the flame can establish the nature of burning substance which can be the proximate cause of fires! 'olor film must be used in photographing the fires while in progress; 9! 3he entire area of the scene of the crime must be photographed in such a manner that spectators, who are watching the fires must be included! ;suall , the arsonist will sta at the scene of the fire to watch the burning of the propert ! J I8po*%,) e o" P(o%o/*,p(0 !) L,+ E)"o* e8e)%: 1! For Becords $! For identification /! For 8resentationI8reservation 9! 4ubstitution 5>anila +s! 'abangis, 1% 8hil! 1016 0! 1xtension of man visualIlimitation (! 'ommunication A! Information III. P*ep,*,%!o) o" P(o%o/*,p(! E&!de) e: ,. De"!)!%!o) o" Te*8': P*ep,*,%!o) o" P(o%o/*,p(! E&!de) e = 3he moment the photographer received the order to haveIconduct a photograph with the crime scene! Co8p,*!'o) P(o%o/*,p( = ;sing a comparison microscope with an aid of a camera attached into the e e piece of the latter! 3u=%,po'!%!o) = Is the result between two obEectIimage in a comparison microscope with camera attachment! Co8po'!%e P(o%o/*,p( = ;se in comparing :uestion hand writing from the standard to the one in :uestion! O&e*l,0 = 3o determine whether the document hand writing is trace or originalIstandard! Sou* e' o" P(o%o/*,p(! E&!de) e: 1! 8olice 8hotographer $! )mateur 8hotographer /! >edia 8hotographer #. C*!8e S e)e P(o%o/*,p(0: C*!8!),l I)&e'%!/,%!o) = determination of facts and circumstances surrounding the commission of the crime and the identification of perpetuators! I)&e'%!/,%o* = 8ersons who collect facts to accomplish the triple C7 1! Identit the Cuilt 8art $! ?ocate the Cuilt 8art /! 3o provide evidence of Cuilt

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. T(*ee 8e%(od' o" *e o*d!)/ %(e *!8e ' e)e: 1! Note 3a*ing $! 4*etching /! 8hotographing 8urpose7 Becord Hriginal 4cene M 'onditions .ocument )ppearance of 1vidence 'apture 8ermanent Becord )dmissibilit Issues7 8hoto must be relevant Non-preEudicial .istortion-free )ccurate representation d. DOP' ,)d DONPT' o" Pol! e P(o%o/*,p(e* 8hotograph the scene as soon as possible ;se 8hoto ?og for documentation ;tilize various views of the scene Hverall >edium 'lose-up (with and without scale) 8hotograph all evidence prior to collection 8hotograph the scene completel to include7 8oints of entr Iexit 4urrounding areaIneighborhood 3a*e photographs at e e level 8hotographs supplement s*etches and notes - the do not stand alone FI?> I4 '-1)8O ;se itO @od with five 506 )ngles 'lose-up of Hbvious 2ounds 2eapons 3race 1vidence 4igns of 8rior )ctivit 1vidence of 4truggle 2itness 8erspective 4hots )utops .o ta*e our time .oing more is better than less .on&t Beposition 1vidence .on&t destro in the process

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