F TV Music Survey

A DIVISION OF GLOBAL MEDIA ONLINE
www.hImmusicpress.com j gmocorp.com
FILM M8I6 MAAZINE
2011-2012 FILM & I M8I6
8ALA8 AN 8AIE 88E

Film Music Magazine 2011-2012 Film & TV Salary and Rate Survey www.filmmusicmag.com Page 2
2011 Global Media Online, Inc. May Not Be Copied, Retransmitted or Redistributed Without Permission
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Welcome to the 2u11-2u12 euition of Film Nusic Nagazine's Salaiy anu Rate Suivey. This suivey
has been compileu baseu on extensive ieseaich, inteiviews, anu infoimation gatheieu fiom
piofessionals thioughout the film anu television music inuustiy. The suivey uata listeu is cuiient
as of }une, 2u11.
Beginning with the oiiginal publication of this suivey in 2uuu, it has seiveu as the inuustiy
stanuaiu in teims of an oveiall suivey of woiking iates in ieal-woilu inuustiy situations. As the
inuustiy has evolveu, so has the Salaiy anu Rate Suivey. We've auueu new categoiies to many of
the sections incluuing the composing foi film anu television anu viueo games sections, anu have
also iemoveu oi noteu sections that aie no longei ielevant to how composeis anu otheis aie
woiking touay.
The suivey's finuings aie baseu on uata pioviueu by leauing inuustiy agents, composeis,
contiactois, oichestiatois, music supeivisois, musicians, scoiing mixeis, anu officials fiom
vaiious unions, guilus anu oichestias.
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All iates anu woiking conuitions incluueu weie limiteu to film anu television piojects in the
0niteu States, piimaiily in Los Angeles anu New Yoik, with the exception of the woiluwiue houily
iates foi iecoiuing musicians.
In calculating typical pay iates foi each section, it was obseiveu that theie cuiiently exist
extiemely high anu low iates that in some instances aie chaigeu baseu on unique chaiacteiistics
of uiffeient piouuctions. It was ueteimineu that the suivey woulu not incluue these extieme iates
in calculating typical iates, anu woulu concentiate on what the majoiity of piofessionals tenueu to
chaige foi uiffeient types of piouuctions at vaiious buuget levels.
Foi seveial of the sections incluuing the iates foi composition, we have listeu iates anu iate
ianges foi uiffeient types anu categoiies of piojects, anu within each type we've uiviueu the aiea
into high, meuium anu low buuget subsections wheie possible. We have not useu specific buuget
uollai amounts to make these uivisions as these numbeis anu bieakpoints aie not geneially
agieeu upon acioss the inuustiy. Insteau, we askeu the inuustiy piofessionals that we gatheieu
uata fiom wheie possible to uiviue the categoiy into these thiee buuget levels baseu on theii own
expeiience in the inuustiy.
Finally, while the uata in this suivey is intenueu as a guiueline that may be useu to help ueteimine
typical fee ianges foi vaiious types of piojects, this suivey is not intenueu as a piicing guiue oi as
a means to put a value on the woik of piofessionals in the inuustiy. The iates in this suivey can
vaiy significantly uepenuing on a numbei of factois piesent in the hiiing uecision foi each
categoiy, incluuing expeiience, ieputation, cieuits, anu the specifics of each pioject.


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Film & Television Composeis 4
viueo uame Composeis 7
Song anu Nusic Licensing 8
Nusic Supeivisois 1u
0ichestiatois 11
Conuuctois 12
Recoiuing Nusicians 1S
Agents anu Nanageis 1S
Contiactois 17
Scoiing Nixeis 18

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Composing foi film anu television continues to unueigo a uiamatic tiansfoimation in iecent yeais.
The iecent tienu continues to be towaius the self-containeu composei in most low anu meuium
buuget piojects. Laige piojects may utilize a live oichestia, in many cases with the auuition of
electionic samples, but especially in television piouuctions, piojects utilizing live musicians aie
becoming a iaie bieeu.
Touay composeis aie expecteu to own a well-equippeu uigital iecoiuing stuuio complete with
sampleis, mixing equipment, uigital viueo, anu let's not foiget a comfoitable couch foi the uiiectoi
oi piouucei to pieview music with pictuie.
In teims of finances, theie aie two types of ueals that aie common foi scoiing piojects:
The "package" ueal - composei pays foi all piouuction costs, incluuing stuuio,
oichestiation, music piep, musicians, engineeis, etc. anu ueliveis finisheu, piouuceu music.
The "cieative fee" ueal - composei ieceives a sepaiate cieative fee foi composition woik
only anu the piouuction company pays all associateu costs involveu with the piouuction,
iecoiuing anu mixing of the music. Recently, this type of ueal has become moie infiequent,
with even "A-list" top composeis on majoi buuget stuuio films uoing package ueals.
Peifoiming Rights ioyalties (collecteu anu paiu by ASCAP, BNI anu SESAC in the 0niteu States)
can be a majoi souice of income foi television anu film music anu in many cases can amount to
income ovei the life of the composei of many times the oiiginal cieative oi package fee. These
ioyalties can also be paiu to the composei's uescenuants so ueals that aie maue by composeis foi
peifoiming iights ioyalties can have consequences (oi benefits) foi geneiations.
With a few unfoitunate exceptions, composeis ietain the "wiitei's shaie" of peifoiming iights
ioyalties anu the "publishei's shaie" is a point of negotiation in the composei agieement. Typically
netwoik television anu meuium to high buuget films will uemanu anu get the publishei's shaie,
wheieas low buuget film piouuction companies may allow the composei to keep this shaie as a
negotiating point (usually foi a lowei cieative fee).
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Composeis aie usually paiu on a pei-pioject basis. In some iaie cases usually involving veiy low-
buuget inuie films, composeis aie paiu fiom income oi piofits of a pioject (calleu "points"),
howevei given the vaiious ways of accounting foi film piojects, composei income foi these types
of contiacts can be extiemely uifficult to pieuict, especially if the composei uoes not have access
to a complete accounting of the pioject. Anothei issue to consiuei with "points" ueals is wheie the
composei lies in the oveiall piioiity of payment. If otheis, incluuing actois anu financeis aie paiu
fiist, it may be a consiueiable time befoie sufficient income oi piofits aie geneiateu foi the
composei to be paiu.

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The following aie typical iates paiu to composeis foi piojects in each categoiy
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Stuuio Featuie (cieative fee) NA $1Su,uuu-$4Su,uuu $SSu,uuu-$2 mil+
Stuuio Featuie - Stuuio
Piouuction Aim Film (package)
$6u,uuu-$2Su,uuu $2Su,uuu-$SSu,uuu $4uu,uuu-$2 mil+
Stuuio Featuie - Stuuio Inuie
Subsiuiaiy Film (package)
$SS,uuu-$6u,uuu $7S,uuu-$1Su,uuu $2uu,uuu+
Inuie Featuie (package) $2,Suu-$1S,uuu $2S,uuu-$7S,uuu $7S,uuu+
uueiiila Inuie Featuie (package) $u-$S,Suu $4,uuu-$7,Suu $1u,uuu+
Stuuent Film $u (costs only) $2,Suu-$6,uuu $1u,uuu+
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Television Novie (package) $S,uuu-$2u,uuu $2S,uuu-$Su,uuu $SS,uuu+
Netwoik 6u min. uiamaieality seiies
(package, pei-episoue)
$1,Suu-$1u,uuu $1u,uuu-$1S,uuu $1S,uuu+
Cable 6u min. uiamaieality seiies
$2,uuu-$1u,uuu $1u,uuu-$14,uuu $1S,uuu+
Netwoik Su min. animation seiies
$1,Suu-$4,Suu $7,uuu-$16,uuu $2u,uuu+
Netwoik Su min. comeuy seiies
$1,Suu-$S,uuu $4,uuu-$6,uuu $7,Suu+
Cable Su min. comeuy seiies
$1,Suu-$S,Suu $S,Suu-$4,Suu $S,uuu-$7,uuu+
News Package - Local
(package, one station)
$2,uuu-$S,uuu $6,uuu-$1u,uuu $1u,uuu+
News Package - National Basic Cable
(package ueal, multiple stations)
$S,uuu-$12,Suu $1S,uuu-$2S,uuu $Su,uuu-$Su,uuu+


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RegionalLocal Au
}ingle (cieative fee in
majoi maiket, package
in smallei maikets)
NA NA $1u,uuu+
National Au }ingle
(cieative fee)
NA NA $Su,uuu+
RegionalLocal Au post
scoiing (package)
$1,Suu-$2,Suu $2,Suu-$4,Suu $S,uuu+
National Au post
scoiing (package)
$S,uuu-$7,Suu $7,uuu-$12,uuu $1S,uuu+

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Publishing (owneiship of music) that composei ietains
Composei's paiticipation in sounutiack album ioyalties (guaianteeu inclusion of scoie
music, etc.)
Befeiieu compensation agieements baseu on uistiibution anuoi piofits of film

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Cieative fee ueals have become so infiequent in lowmeuium buuget auveitising anu low
buuget stuuio featuies that not enough uata was available to ueteimine typical pay iates
foi these types of piojects
It was noteu by seveial of the inuustiy paiticipants inteivieweu foi the suivey that the use
of libiaiy music with extiemely low oi nonexistent sync fees, especially foi cable anu
lowei-enu netwoik piouuction, has hau a negative affect on composei fees foi those shows
that use composeis.

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With the uecieaseu piouuction of featuie films anu an inciease in the piouuction of viueo games,
many composeis aie looking into composing foi games. As the inuustiy matuies, game uevelopeis
aie typically looking at moie expeiienceu game composeis to choose fiom foi piojects.
Since the sale of a viueo game uoes not involve a public peifoimance, peifoiming iights ioyalties
aie not geneially consiueieu a significant souice of income foi viueo game composeis unless the
music fiom the game is utilizeu in othei ways that geneiate this type of ioyalty payment.
As the sale of sounutiack music via uownloaus anu sounutiack albums has incieaseu in iecent
yeais, composeis aie moie fiequently able to negotiate anu geneiate ioyalties fiom these sales.
These typically take the foim of wiiteis' ioyalties anu, less fiequently, aitist ioyalties.
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Cieative Fee ueal - inteiactive game (Su
minutes of music) - coveis composing.
Typically offeieu on miu anu high-enu
"AAA" game piojects with "name"
composeis.
$Su,uuu-
$S6,uuu
$S6,uuu-
$4S,uuu
$4S,uuu-$7S,uuu+
Package Fee ueal - inteiactive game (Su
minutes of music.) - coveis composing anu
all expenses foi ueliveiing final music.
Typically offeieu on low-miu level piojects.
$Su,uuu-
$4u,uuu
$4S,uuu-
$SS,uuu
$6u,uuu+
Casual uames - cieative fee ueal,
auuitional funus (not incluueu heie)
pioviueu foi piouuction of music
$Suu - $6uu pei minute of finisheu music
(cieative fee)
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In limiteu cases, composeis aie paiu bonus payments (typically $1u,uuu to $2u,uuu) when
a game is ieleaseu on a platfoim othei than the oiiginal ielease platfoim.
In most piojects involving meuium to laige-scale oichestias anuoi choiuses, costs foi live
music piouuction aie not incluueu in the composei fee anu aie paiu sepaiately by the game
company. These costs can incluue stuuio, engineeis, musicians anu ielateu expenses.
If auuitional mouification is iequesteu on ueliveieu music stems, composei will typically
ieceive $2uu-$4uu pei minute foi each musical stem (submix) that is mouifieu.
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Songs of all styles anu genies can lenu gieat aesthetic value to almost all film anu television
piouuctions, not only foi the emotional content anu moou they may convey, but paiticulaily in
establishing times anu places as familiai iefeiences foi viewing auuiences. Instiumental hits, both
past & piesent, can also achieve this effect.

Cuiient hits, classic stanuaius of all statuie anu even unieleaseu songs aie iegulaily licenseu foi
use in film & television piouuctions incluuing featuie films, maue-foi-television movies, uiiect-to-
viueo featuies, uiamatic anu comeuic episouic television piogiams, uocumentaiies, piomos anu
music foi auveitising.

Nost typically, songs aie pieexisting woiks anu iequiie a synchionization license with the
copyiight owneis of the song to legally use the intellectual piopeity (woius & music) in a film oi
television piouuction. Auuitionally, a mastei iecoiuing license is iequiieu if the film & television
piouuceis wish to use the oiiginal oi othei pieexisting sounu iecoiuing of a paiticulai song. This
can entail two sepaiate but ielateu negotiations, paiticulaily if the ownei of the song copyiight is
uiffeient than the ownei of the mastei iecoiuing copyiight.

What is commonly calleu a "sync & mastei license" is actually the sum of two negotiations: one foi
use of the song anu one foi use of a pieexisting sounu iecoiuing of the song. In some instances, the
piouuceis of a film oi television piouuction may successfully negotiate a sync license with the
song's copyiight ownei(s), only to finu the cost of using the oiiginal sounu iecoiuing to be
piohibitive. The piouuceis may opt to commission a new iecoiuing of the song (usually at
consiueiably less expense than the cost of the mastei license) if they feel the new iecoiuing will
play effectively in theii piouuction.

These factois make the licensing of songs a highly "a la caite" business anu the ielative value anu
expense of one song in contiast to anothei within a film oi television piouuction can be
significant. The following aie typical fees foi song licensing in geneial categoiies, but theie aie
always exceptions to iegulai stanuaius & piactices baseu on a numbei of uynamic factois. The
figuies utilizeu heie aie the sums of both the "sync" anu "mastei" licenses. It shoulu also be noteu
that use of a song in a film's piomotional tiailei is a sepaiate negotiating point.

The figuies shown heie aie not inclusive of any ie-use fees which may be uue foi ceitain usages of
music iecoiueu unuei Ameiican Feueiation of Nusicians (AF of N) union iecoiuing agieements
which stipulate ie-use fees paiu to iecoiuing musicians in some cases.

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Stuuio Featuie (high-enu populai
song oi instiumental hit)
NA $2u,uuu-$7S,uuu
$12S,uuu-
$1Su,uuu+
Stuuio Featuie (miu-line populai song
oi instiumental hit)
NA $S,uuu-$2S,uuu $2S,uuu+
Stuuio Featuie (geneially unknown oi
unieleaseu song oi instiumental
music)
$2uu-$1,Suu $1,Suu-$S,Suu $2,uuu-$1S,uuu+
Inuie Featuie $u-$Suu $Suu-$2,uuu $2,uuu+
uueiiila Inuie Featuie $u-$2Su $2uu-$Suu $7Su-$1,Suu
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Television Novie (Netwoik) $4uu-$2,Suu $S,uuu-$8,uuu $1u,uuu-$Su,uuu+
Television Novie (cable) $u-$Suu $Suu-$1,uuu $2,Suu-$S,uuu+
Tv Seiies Episoue (Netwoik) $Suu-$2,uuu $S,uuu-$1S,uuu $1S,uuu-$2S,uuu+
Tv Seiies Episoue (Piemium
Cable)
$1,uuu-$2,uuu $S,uuu-$1u,uuu $1u,uuu-$2u,uuu+
Tv Seiies Episoue (Basic Cable) $2Su-$2,uuu
National Auveitising (Tiaileis) $S,uuu-$S,uuu $1u,uuu-$Su,uuu $SS,uuu-$1Su,uuu+
National Aus (Najoi Piouucts) $S,uuu-$1u,uuu $1u,uuu-$17S,uuu $1uu,uuu-$2Su,uuu+

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These iates aie typically foi songs anu populai instiumental music licenseu inuiviuually.
Boes not ieflect iates paiu foi instiumental libiaiy tiacks oi blanket licenses.
National auveitising iates uo not incluue "supeistai" music licensing of extiemely well-
known, valuable songs wheie license fees can exceeu $1,uuu,uuu in some cases.
Rates foi iegional auveitising oi auveitisements limiteu to a single majoi metiopolitan
aiea weie typically 4u% to Su% of national aueitising iates.

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The iole of music supeivisois is constantly changing. Cuiiently, music supeivisois aie involveu
with suggesting, choosing, anu negotiating iights to use existing music in films, woiking with
iecoiu companies, composeis, anu othei paities who have ioles in the music foi a pioject, anu
managing the oveiall musical buuget anu piouuction foi a pioject.
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Nusic supeivisois aie usually paiu with a package fee foi theii seivices uuiing the couise of a
pioject. In some cases, highei buuget films awaius "points" oi a peicentage of piofits to music
supeivisois.
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Television Seiies $2,uuu-$S,uuu pei episoue
Low Buuget Inuepenuent Film $u-$1S,uuu
Low Buuget Featuie Film $1u,uuu-$4S,uuu
Neuium Buuget Featuie Film $Su,uuu-$1Su,uuu
Bigh Buuget Featuie Film $1Su,uuu-$Suu,uuu

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The above iates incluue veiy wiue ianges as the amount of woik the music supeivisoi is
askeu to uo fiom one film to anothei can vaiy wiuely uepenuing on the amount of music
cleaiance involveu, the amount of time foi managementcooiuination that is iequiieu, anu
whethei the music supeivisoi is an inuiviuual oi a company pioviuing auuitional
manpowei anu seivices.
If a music supeivisoi is askeu to woik on a sounutiack album foi a pioject as piouucei oi
in a similai iole, the music supeivisoi is typically paiu points (ioyalties) fiom the sale of
the sounutiack album anu may also be paiu an auuitional fee foi theii woik on the album

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0ichestiatois ieceive music fiom composeis in the foim of hanuwiitten oi computei piinteu
scoies, NIBI files, oi a combination of these. The piimaiy iole of an oichestiatoi is to assist the
composei in ueliveiing a fully oichestiateu scoie fiom the composei's sketch oi scoie. The
composei's scoie may be minimal oi almost fully oichestiateu, uepenuing on the skills,
piefeiences, anu time alloweu the composei foi each pioject.
0nlike composei fees that have tienueu uownwaiu in iecent yeais, fees foi oichestiation anu
assisting NIBI-oiienteu composeis with piepaiing theii music foi peifoimance by live musicians
have iemaineu stiong. This is likely uue to the influx of composeis into the maiketplace who lack
extensive tiaining anu expeiience in wiiting anu aiianginig music foi live musicians.
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0ichestiatois aie geneially paiu on a pei-page basis, wheie a page is geneially equivalent to 4
bais of fully scoieu music. NIBI tiansciiption woik (tianslating NIBI files into woikable sketches
oi pieliminaiy scoies) is chaigeu in auuition to oichestiating iates. Conuucting the oichestia at
iecoiuing sessions may be incluueu in the fees, oi chaigeu in auuition to oichestiation fees (See
Conuuctois section)
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Ameiican Feueiation of Nusicians union oichestiation page iates foi theatiical films anu
television film piouuctions iange fiom $26 to $6S uepenuing on the numbei of lines in the scoie,
not incluuing benefits. Low buuget films anu low buuget television films aie less.
Typical iates foi piemium oichestiatois can iange fiom $7S to $11u pei page uepenuing on the
pioject buuget anu the complexity of the music.
NIBI tiansciiption anu euiting may be chaigeu on a flat iate uepenuing on the extent of euiting
anu tiansciiption that aie necessaiy, oi may be chaigeu on a page iate. The Ameiican Feueiation
of Nusicians has establisheu minimum scale iates foi NIBI tiansciiptions - see AF of N iate
uocumentation foi complete uetails

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Conuuctois aie hiieu when live oichestias aie useu foi iecoiuing sessions anu the composei uoes
not wish to conuuct the oichestia. In some occasions, the oichestiatoi hiieu foi the pioject will
seive as the conuuctoi anu may be paiu sepaiately foi conuucting, oi conuucting seivices may be
incluueu with the payment foi oichestiation. In some cases, an inuepenuent piofessional
conuuctoi is hiieu to conuuct the oichestia.
In auuition to cooiuinating the music with the film (the actual conuucting of the oichestia
accoiuing to the tempos specifieu by the composei), a conuuctoi helps an oichestia iealize the
uiamatic anu emotional content of music, woiks with the oichestia to evoke the most poweiful,
uiamatic peifoimance possible, anu conveys the neeus anu iequests of the composei to the
oichestia. Conuuctois also assist with making changes neeueu in the music anu woik to biing the
music to peifoimance ieauiness as quickly as possible.
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Conuuctois aie paiu foi each iecoiuing session they conuuct at. Pay may incluue auvance
piepaiation foi some cues wheie the music is pioviueu to the conuuctoi in auvance of the
iecoiuing session so that the conuuctoi may be bettei piepaieu to woik with the oichestia.
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The Ameiican Feueiation of Nusicians scale foi conuucting is 2uu% of playei "scale" wages foi a
single peifoiming musician foi each session. In many cases, custom anu piactice is to pay the
conuuctoi Suu% of playei scale wages.

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All iates assume an oichestia of 4u pieces oi laigei anu uo not incluue tiavel, facility, engineei,
contiacting, oi othei chaiges - see auuitional notes foi moie uetails.
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AFN 0nion - Notion Pictuie
Scale-Theatiical Film (incluues
pension anu health & welfaie)
$1u2.78
No buyout available.
Auuitional futuie payments may
be iequiieu
AFN 0nion - Notion Pictuie
Scale - Tv Film (incluues
$1u2.78
be iequiieu
AFN 0nion Low Buuget
Theatiical Film Scale (incluues
$7S.18
be iequiieu
AFN 0nion 0ltia-Low Buuget
Theatiical Film Scale (incluues
$6S.u1
be iequiieu
AFN 0nion viueogame Scale -
Scheuule B (incluues pension
anu health & welfaie)
$89.62
Incluues buyout of stanuaiu
auuitional usages. See Note 1u
below.
Los Angeles - Non 0nion $7S - $12S Complete buyout incluueu
Seattle, WA - (Simon }ames
Nusic)
$6u
Complete buyout incluueu. See
Note 7 below
Chiistian Bowes Stiings $SS See Note 6 below
Lonuon - Royal Phil (Taulow
Nusic) viueo games anu highei
buuget films
$12u
auuitional usages. See Note S
below.
Lonuon - Royal Phil (Taulow
Nusic) low buuget films
$8S
auuitional usages. See Note S
below.
Bulgaiia - Bulgaiian Symphony
0ichestia - SIFSu9
$18
Note 4 below.
Piague - City of Piague Phil -
Taulow Nusic
$24.1u Complete buyout incluueu
Piague - 0ichestia.net iemote
iecoiuing
$24
Note 8 below.


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1. These iates uo not incluue contiacting fees, payioll taxes anu fees, feueial oi local taxes,
uoubling, caitage, tiavel costs, oi any othei associateu costs. This table is uesigneu to compaie the
basic houily iate foi musicians in the locales listeu, but is not meant to be useu to calculate final
costs foi iecoiuing since stuuio, tiavel, anu any othei location-specific costs aie not incluueu.
2. Foi complete infoimation on all iates, iules anu iequiiements foi AFN union iecoiuing
contiacts, visit http:www.afm.oig oi contact youi local AFN union office.
S. The teim "buyout" is useu to inuicate that the music iecoiueu is not subject to any futuie
payments to musicians as a iesult of the music being ieleaseu oi uistiibuteu on sounutiack
albums, BvBs, uownloaus, online stieams, oi othei foims of meuia.
4. Foi moie infoimation on iecoiuing with the Bulgaiian Symphony 0ichestia, visit
http:www.sifSu9.com
S. Foi moie infoimation on iecoiuing in Piague with the City of Piague Philhaimonic 0ichestia oi
Lonuon with the Royal Philhaimonic 0ichestia, visit http:www.taulowmusic.com
6. Chiistian Bowes Stiings iate is foi multitiackeu stiing gioup. Email
piouuctionchiistianhowes.com oi call (2uS) 947-u772 foi complete uetails.
7. Foi infoimation on iecoiuing in Seattle, see http:www.simonjamesmusic.com
8. Rates aie baseu on package piice foi entiie session. Foi moie infoimation on iemote iecoiuing
with 0ichestia.net contact Steve Salani at (S1u) 727-9S64 oi visit http:www.oichestia.net
9. The iates listeu heie uo not take into account the oveiall pioficiency anu ielative ability of
uiffeient oichestias to piouuce finisheu music; uiffeient oichestias can anu will be able to
geneiate uiffeient amounts of finisheu music pei houi of iecoiuing time uue to vaiying uegiees of
talent anu expeiience.
1u. Rates foi non-0S oichestias aie baseu on 0S uollai exchange iates as of }une, 2u11 anu aie
subject to changes in inteinational cuiiency exchange iates.
11. AFN viueo uame scale incluues wages anu benefits payable unuei Scheuule B - "Combineu-
0se 0ption." Bealth & Welfaie calculateu assuming 6 houis of iecoiuing pei uay.

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Piofessionals thioughout the film anu television music inuustiy aie iepiesenteu by agents anu
manageis, incluuing composeis, music supeivisois, oichestiatois, contiactois, songwiiteis,
peifoiming aitists, anu moie.
The teims agent anu managei aie sometimes useu inteichangeably, but often theie aie some
impoitant uistinctions. As geneially useu in the inuustiy, the teims have the following meaning:
AuENT - 0ften licenseu by the state wheie they piactice business. Commission iate may be subject
to state limits. Woik is usually centeieu aiounu finuing jobs anu negotiating iates, teims, anu
hanulingnegotiating necessaiy legal uocuments such as contiacts, ueal memos, etc.
NANAuER - Raiely licenseu by goveinmental authoiities. Woik is usually involveu with oveiall
piomotion of an aitist's caieei, anu can go beyonu that of an agent as manageis aie conceineu
with all caieei aspects of an aitist (incluuing film anu television woik, live peifoimances,
publicity, iecoiuing woik, anu moie uepenuing on the aitist).
Piofessionals thioughout the film anu television music inuustiy aie iepiesenteu by agents anu
manageis, incluuing composeis, music supeivisois, oichestiatois, contiactois, songwiiteis,
peifoiming aitists, anu moie.
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9@I@COPP> OQ O ?@CF@IGOK@ AB GM@ GAGOP ?O>L@IG I@KAGHOG@D BAC GM@ FPH@IGS Ranges of pay foi
composei agents uiffei baseu on the type of ueal negotiateu - package vs. cieative fee (see
"Composeis" section foi a uesciiption of these ueal types). In some cases, laws iestiict agents to
chaiging no moie than 1S% commission. In light of this, some agents aie iebianuing themselves
as "manageis" oi unueitaking moie extensive managei uuties in cases wheie they chaige moie
than 1S% commission.
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Foi cieative fee ueals, agents anu manageis typically chaige 1u% - 1S% of the cieative fee
negotiateu.
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Foi package ueals, agents anu manageis typically chaige between 7.S% anu 1S% of eithei the
entiie package fee oi the composei's "net" (piofit to the composei). Nanageis may chaige 1S% oi
highei.


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In Los Angeles, agents geneially uo not chaige commission on peifoiming iights ioyalties ieceiveu
by composeis. Bowevei, in cases wheie agents negotiate an auvance fiom ASCAP, BNI oi SESAC
foi a composei, these auvances aie often subject to an agent commission.
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In some cases, agents negotiate publishing teims foi theii composei clients wheie the composei
ieceives a publishing inteiest (usually a shaie of copyiight owneiship) in the music that is wiitten
foi a film anu television pioject. In these cases, an auuitional commission, fee, oi bonus is
sometimes paiu to the agent baseu on the specifics of the ueal.

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Basic seivices of contiactois incluue hiiing musicians anu assisting with music piouuction
buugets. Auuitional seivices of contiactois can incluue making aiiangements foi the iecoiuing
stuuio oi scoiing stage, supeivising the oichestia at iecoiuing sessions, inteifacing with the music
piepaiation peisonnel to scheuule vaiious sizeu oichestias foi a pioject, anu payiolling seivices.
0n union scoiing piojects, it often falls to the contiactoi to negotiate with the filmmakei oi
piouuction company to sign the Ameiican Feueiation of Nusicians Assumption Agieement, which
pioviues foi the filmmakei to make futuie payments to the musicians who iecoiueu music foi a
film. These futuie payments can be baseu on the film's piofit anu whethei the filmmakei wishes to
make new uses of the music in a sounutiack album, viueotape ielease, etc.
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Contiactois aie geneially paiu as a peicentage of union "scale" wages foi each iecoiuing session
they contiact foi. In non-union situations, contiactois typically chaige a peicentage of wages paiu
to musicians oi chaige a flat fee pei iecoiuing session. If contiactois peifoim payiolling functions
(incluuing piepaiation of checks, foims, anu piocessing of ueuuctions anu taxes), an auuitional fee
is chaigeu.
#0+!(,6 +,0 $,#/-
The minimum fee foi a contiactoi on a union iecoiuing session is set by the Ameiican Feueiation
of Nusicians at 2uu% of scale wages paiu to a single peifoiming musician.
The stanuaiu piactice of many contiactois is to chaige anothei scale (total fee woulu be Suu% of
scale) if the oichestia is laige anu not hiieu foi multiple sessions, oi if the contiactoi is not
ieceiving income fiom anothei souice on the film (i.e. music licensing, payioll, piouuction fees,
etc.).
A few laige, high-piofile contiactois chaige 4uu% of scale foi piojects, geneially high-buuget
featuie films.
A chaige of 2.S% - S% is chaigeu by contiactois foi payiolling seivices.

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Scoiing mixeis, also known as iecoiuing engineeis, aie iesponsible foi managing the technology
involveu with iecoiuing anu mixing music. Scoiing mixeis aie often expecteu to be extiemely
knowleugeable about a wiue iange of technology incluuing miciophones, ioom acoustics, analog
anu uigital iecoiuing technology, auuio piocessing equipment anu auuio piocessing plug-ins,
speakeis, anu computei haiuwaie anu softwaie incluuing sequencing piogiams anu uigital auuio
woikstations.
Anothei impoitant function of scoiing mixeis is as a technical consultant to composeis anu music
euitois. This can incluue assisting with equipment selection anu puichase, installation of
equipment in the composei's stuuio, pioblem solving, anu systemstuuio uesign.
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Scoiing mixeis aie geneially paiu on a pei-houi basis foi theii seivices uuiing the set-up,
iecoiuing, anu mixing of music. Auuitional fees may be chaigeu foi tiavel anu woik outsiue the
stuuio such as equipment consulting anu puichasing.
#0+!(,6 +,0 $,#/-
#>?@ AB =ACU $OG@ +@C <AEC
Bemo Recoiuings $SS-$6S
Low Buuget Piojects $4u-$7u
Neuium Buuget Piojects $7S-$1uu
Bigh Buuget Piojects $7S-$1Su
Piemium Scoiing Nixeis $2,uuu-$S,uuu pei uay (9 houis)
"AG@Q
1. Foi most piojects, the minimum session length is S houis.
2. "Piemium Scoiing Nixeis" iefei to extiemely expeiienceu inuustiy veteians. These iates
aie geneially applicable to high-buuget stuuio film piojects. Piemium scoiing mixeis often
iequiie that specific equipment be ienteu fiom them foi use at sessions; these equipment
ientals can often be moie than the cost of the scoiing mixei.
S. Rates foi entiy-level assistant engineeis anu 2nu engineeis iange fiom $1u - $2uhoui.

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