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TYPES OF EVAPORATORS
Natural circulation evaporators Forced circulation evaporators
ADVANTAGES
Very low head room requirements High heat transfer coefficient
DISADVANTAGE
Not suitable for viscous liquids
Long tubular heating element Incorporates tubes of diameter 25 50mm and 4 8m long Heating element projects into a vapor space Vapor outlet Top Liquor discharge Bottom Return pipe connecting the vapor space to the exchanger provides NATURAL CIRCULATION
Jacketed pans used in which condensing steam evaporates part of the solvent Pans are made of steel, copper, Aluminium Mild steel jacket may be welded to the pan Steam inlet top Product collector bottom Used only when small quantities are handled
EVAPORATOR ACCESSORIES
1. Condensers Two types: surface condensers: The vapor to be condensed and cooling medium SEPARATED BY METAL WALL contact condensers: They are MIXED directly 2. Vacuum pump/steam jet ejector PARALLEL CURRENT : non- condensed gases leave at the temperature of exit cooling water COUNTER CURRENT : non- condensed gases leave at the temperature of the entering cooling water WET CONDENSOR : non- condensed gases & Cooling water are removed by the same pump DRY : non- condensed gases & Cooling water are removed by the separate pump BAROMETRIC : Placed high enough so that water escapes from it by a barometric leg LOW LEVEL CONDENSER: water is removed by a pump.
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
EVAPORARTOR BODY : fabricated from mild steel ( less expensive) To PREVENT CORROSION : monel, inconel and stainless steel are used. TUBES : Copper, stainless steel. TUBE SHEETS : bronze, nickel clad steel or stainless steel