978-1-4673-2605-6/12/$31.

00 2012 IEEE
Design and Performance of Low Power Solar-PV
Energy Generating System with Zeta Converter








AbstractThis paper presents the design procedure and
performance of a solar-PV (photovoltaic) energy generating
system using an isolated zeta converter for meeting an energy
demand of rural households. The solar-PV generating system
consists of solar panels, a zeta dc-dc converter, a MPPT
(maximum power point tracking) controller, energy storage
system, VSI (voltage source inverter) and a filter. A feedback PID
(Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller is designed to
regulate the output voltage under disturbances at the consumer
loads. The system is designed and modelled in Matlab/Simulink
and the simulation results are presented to demonstrate its
performance in various atmospheric as well as consumer loads
condition.
Keywords-Stand-Alone Solar-PV Energy System, MPPT
Control, Multi-loop Control, Zeta Converter
I. INTRODUCTION
The fossil fuels based energy resources are diminishing and
their adverse affects on the environment are raising the need to
look for other sources of energy. Renewable energy sources are
achieving high attention as an energy alternative due to factors
like environment friendly and inexhaustible in nature. Among
many renewable energy sources solar-PV (photovoltaic) is
being widely used as small-scale applications and an isolated
energy generation [1]. Solar-PV energy system has many
advantages over other energy sources as it can convert the solar
radiations to electricity without any moving parts in the system
and it does not emit any harmful content to the atmosphere. It
initially produces the dc power which can further be converted
into ac power using a power converter. A low power solar-PV
energy system can be set up easily and usually has a low
maintenance and long life. The solar-PV system can be used in
rural areas where the grid supply is not available. It can be used
for many proposes such as water pumping, household
appliances, communication towers and for medical facilities.
The system cost and conversion efficiency are the factors that
influence the utilisation of these systems. The energy
generation of the solar-PV system is a function of the solar
radiation and the cell temperature. It has certain point on its
operating curve which gives maximum power output for a
specific radiation and temperature value. Thus a controller is
required to operate the PV system on maximum power point
and the efficiency and stability characteristics of the output
power of the solar-PV system rely upon the controller
performance [2-3]. However, there is a need to explore a
MPPT control methods which provides fast response and
reduced oscillations to compensate rapidly varying radiation
conditions. The power converters for low power solar energy
applications are still unexplored and efforts needed in
utilization and analysis of low power converters in solar-PV
system.
This paper presents a design methodology for a low power
solar-PV system along with its controllers. It constitutes a solar
panel, an isolated zeta converter, energy storage, dc-ac
converter and controllers. The modified P&O (Perturbation and
Observation) method is used with varying step size for MPPT
(Maximum Power Point Tracking) and a feedback regulator is
used with the dc-ac converter. The system is designed and
modelled in Matlab/Simulink to demonstrate its performance in
various states of input and load variations. In addition,
simulation results are presented for the improved power quality
at the consumer load end during various dynamic system
conditions.
II. SYSTEM TOPOLOGY AND SPECIFICATIONS
Fig.1 shows the topology of the solar-PV stand-alone energy
generating system. It consists of a solar-PV panel connected
with an isolated zeta converter through a MPPT controller.

Fig.1 System topology of stand-alone Solar-PV energy generating system
The solar-PV panel is taken as rated capacity of 1kW and the
output voltage produced by this is regulated through a MPPT
controller and is fed to the dc-dc converter. This system is
designed to feed average ac consumer loads of 350W for 24
hrs. The zeta converter compensates the variation in the PV
panel output voltage and boosts up this voltage to the constant
dc voltage of 360V.
Bhim Singh
Fellow, IEEE,
Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas
New Delhi-110016, India
bhimsinghiitd@gmail.com
A. L. Vyas
Instrument Design Development Centre,
IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas
New Delhi-110016, India
alvyas@iddc.iitd.ac.in
Neha Adhikari
Instrument Design Development Centre,
IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas
New Delhi-110016, India
nehaadhikari2008@gmail.com
III. CONTROL STRATEGY
A MPPT controller is used to extract the maximum power
from the solar-PV system in varying radiations and temperature
conditions [4]. The PWM control technique is used in the
single phase VSI with a PID controller for load voltage
regulation. The control strategy is presented as follows.
A. Control Strategy for MPPT
The solar-PV array has nonlinear characteristic and the
power output depends upon environmental conditions such as
cell temperature and solar radiation. It is observed that as the
operating voltage of the system increases the power output and
after a certain point it further increases in voltage which leads
to decrease in output power. Thus this point is known as
maximum power point. A control mechanism is required to
track this point and restricts the system to operate on it. The
perturbation and observation method is used for MPPT due to
its simplicity in design and improved response. This method
measures the power output and determines the increment or
decrement [5-6]. If the power is increased from the previous
value then it goes for increment else decrement a step. This
method has a complication as the obtained maximum power
point oscillates around it. The oscillation can be minimized by
reducing the step size but again it increases the response time
so here a variable step size is considered. Fig.2 shows the
flowchart of the variable step P&O algorithm.

Fig.2 Flowchart of the variable step P&O algorithm for MPPT
In this method, the step size is determined from the amount
of change in power due to change in the voltage. As the ratio of
change in power due to change in the voltage increases, the
step size for the duty ratio increases and on the contrary if this
ratio decreases then it leads to reduce the step size. This
method makes the controller robust against fast variations and
minimizes the oscillations in output of PV array. It also
provides fast response. The duty ratio of the isolated zeta
converter is continuously regulated through this MPPT
controller. Thus MPPT controller generates PWM pulses for
the power switch of the isolated zeta converter.
B. Control Strategy for VSI
A single phase VSI is adapted in this system for providing a
220V, 50Hz ac output to consumer loads and the function of
the feedback controller coupled with the VSI is being described
in this section. The aim of the controller is to regulate the
output voltage against the input and load disturbances and to
maintain the device current within the specified range [7]. It
consists of two control blocks, voltage and current regulators. It
takes the output voltage and an inductor current as feedback
signals for the voltage regulator and the current regulator. The
output voltage of the VSI is compared with the reference
voltage and error voltage signal is fed to a PID (proportional-
integral- derivative) controller, which generates a reference
signal for the current controller. The current controller
compares this reference signal with the measured inductor
current and a P (proportional) controller generates the signal
for the PWM generator. For the generation of switching
signals, a unipolar PWM method is used. The modulation
index of the VSI is changed by the PWM controller according
to the various disturbances. The inclusion of the current control
block provides fast response and has an advantage of limiting
the device current which accomplishes the system to perform
under highly nonlinear loads. The gain parameters of the
controller blocks need to be adjusted properly to ensure voltage
and current regulations in varying dynamics of the system.
The Ziegler Nichols step response method [8-9] is used here
for the tuning of gain parameters. The Ziegler Nichols have
presented mathematical formulas as shown in Eq. (1)-(4) for
tuning of gains, based on the step response of the system. It
presents the gain values as a function of the two parameters of
the process reaction curve. First parameter is the T
D
, delay time
that is the time required by the system to respond and the
second one is T
r
, response time, the time taken by the system to
obtain a stable response. These parameters sre obtained by
drafting a tangent on the response curve. For a PID controller
the gains are obtained as,
K
pPID
= 1.2 T
rv
T
dtv
(1)
T
iPID
=2T
dtv
(2)
T
dPID
=0.5T
dtv
(3)
where, K
pPID
is the proportional gain for the PID voltage
controller. T
iPID
is the integral time constant for the PID voltage
controller. T
dPID
is the derivative time constant for the PID
voltage controller. T
dtv
is the delay time of the system response.
T
rv
is the response time of the system response. The value
calculated through response curve for K
pPID
is 1.19, T
iPID
is
0.97 and T
dPID
is 1.23.
For tuning of the gain parameter of a P current controller, the
same step response method suggested by the Ziegler Nichols is

used. The proportional gain, K
pP
for the P controller can be
calculated as,
K
pP
= T
ri
T
dti
(4)
where, the T
ri
is the response time of the system for the
current controller, T
dti
is the delay time of the system response.
From Eq.(4), the value of K
pP
is calculated as 0.37.
IV. DESIGN AND MODELING
This section presents the design and modelling of the PV
panel, a dc-dc converter, a single phase VSI and an output
filter. The solar-PV system is configured for low power
applications which can be utilized as to supply the electricity in
rural households for lighting and other low power loads. The
design methodology and modeling for the system components
are presented as follows.
A. Modeling of PV Cell and Panel Selection
The solar-PV panel is modelled by a current source in
parallel with diode and a series resistance [10]. The resistance
(R
se
) in series represents the system resistance. The output
voltage of the solar-PV array (V
pv
) can be formulated as
follows,
V
pv
=( AKT q )ln
I
G
-I
pv
+I
s
I
s
-I
pv
R
se
(5)
where, A is the constant (Ideality factor), K is the Boltzman
constant (1.385 X 10
-23
N.m/K), T
c
is the cell temperature (in
K), q is the charge (1.6X 10
-19
C), I
G
is the light generated
current (A), I
pv
is the output current of the PV array (A), I
S
is
the diode saturation current (A).
The light generated current (I
G
) and the diode saturation
current (I
s
) is expressed as follows,
I
G
= |I
cs
+K
sc
(T
c
-298)] G (6)
I
s
=I
sr
(T
c
T
r
)
3
exp|qE
G
AK (1 T
r
- 1 T
C
)] (7)
where, I
cs
is the short circuit current of the cell (A), K
SC
is the
short circuit current temperature coefficient, G is the solar
radiations (W/m
2
), T
r
is the reference temperature (K), I
sr
is the
diode saturation current at reference temperature (A) and E
G
is
the band gap of silicon (eV). A solar-PV cell is modelled in
Matlab-Simulink using Eq. (5)-(7).
For modelling a 1 kW solar-PV system four panels of 250W
are connected together, for which open circuit voltage is 172.84
V, voltage at maximum power point is 142 V, current at
maximum power point is 7.04 A and short circuit current is
7.63 A. The simulated results for the model of solar-PV array
for different solar radiations are shown in Fig.3.

Fig.3 Characteristics of PV Array for the model for different solar radiations
B. Design of Isolated Zeta Converter
An isolated zeta converter is utilized in this system to
regulate the the output voltage of the PV array. It consists of a
transformer, two capacitors along with the primary and
secondary windings of the transformer and an inductor at the
output side [11]. The switching pulses are generated through a
PWM generator using MPPT controller. The input voltage for
the converter varies as the output of the PV array changes with
radiations. The turn ratio for the transformer (n) considering
the converter is calculated as [12],
n=
V
c
(1-D)
V
in
D
(8)
where, V
c
is the output voltage of the converter (360V), V
in

is the input voltage to the converter (V
in
=V
pv
=80-170V). D is
the duty ratio of the converter (0.4-0.9). The turn ratio is
calculated as 1:7 using Eq. (8).
The intermediate capacitor for the converter should be high
enough to reduce the ripple at the output side. It is designed as
[12],
C
im
=
V
c
D
Rf
s
V
cim
(9)
where, f
s
is the switching frequency of the converter (50kHz)
and V
cim
is the value of allowed ripple voltage through the
capacitor (0.5V). The value of intermediate capacitor is
calculated as 50F using Eq.(9).
The magnetizing inductance is considered in the converter
along with the primary winding of the transformer. The value
of magnetizing inductance for the converter should be enough
to maintain continuous current in the inductor and to maintain
the converter in the CCM (continuos conduction mode) [13-
14]. The value of magnetizing inductance (L
m
) is calculated as
follows,
L
m
=
V
in
f
s
I
Lm
(10)
where, L
i
is the value of ripple current allowed through the
inductance (0.1A). The L
m
is calculated as 5mH.
The output inductance of the converter is designed
considering that it must provide a filtering because of the
variation in the input voltage, which may cause high ripple in
the output inductor. The value of output inductor (L
o
) is
designed as follows,
L
0
=
V
c
(1-
mcx
)
f
s
I
L1
(11)
where, I
L0
is the ripple current allowed through the output
inductor (0.3A), D
max
is maximum duty ratio of the dc-dc
converter (0.9), The value of output inductor is calculated as
2.4 mH.
The output capacitance (C
o
) for the converter is responsible
for reducing the ripple in the output voltage and should be high
enough to maintain the dc link voltage for the battery and VSI.
It is designed as follows,
C
o
=
(1-D)V
c
8L
o
2
f
s
2
V
co
(12)
where, V
co
is the ripple voltage through the output
capacitor of the converter (0.5V). Its value is calculated as 100
F.
The zeta converter is connected in series with the PV panel
through input capacitor (C
i
). This minimizes the ripple current
through the PV panel and the value of C
i
is calculated as,
C
i
=
DI
pv
V
ci
f
sw(min)
(13)
where, V
ci
is the ripple voltage through the input capacitor
of the converter (0.5V), I
pv
is the current output of the solar-PV
array (2-7A )and f
sw
is the switching frequency of the converter
(50kHz). The value for input capacitor is calculated as 60 F.
The converter is designed using all these values of parameters
and is modelled in Simulink.
C. Selection Criteria of Battery Rating
The output power from the solar-PV system is fluctuating in
nature as it is a function of environmental conditions. It is
required to add a storage system with it to ensure the supply
during the low radiation time [15]. The consumer load on this
system is considered of 350W and the batteries are selected as
to store enough energy for feeding load up to 24 hrs. The total
Ah (Amp-hrs) capacity required for the battery can be
calculated as follows,
Capacity (AH)=
Load (W)*Time (hrs)
Battery Voltage (V)
(14)
The battery capacity for a 350W load and 24hrs storage with
voltage of 360V is calculated as, 21 Ah. After considering the
depth of discharge and battery efficiency the batteries for this
system are taken as 50 Ah. Thus 17 batteries of 24V, 50Ah are
considered in this system.
D. Single Phase VSI and Output Filter Design
The solar-PV panel generates the dc output power. A power
converter is required to convert this power for feeding ac
consumer loads. Thus a single phase VSI is used in this system
to convert the dc power into the sinusoidal ac output voltage.
An ac power is produced from the VSI by proper switching
signals to its switches [16-17]. These switching signals are
generated by a PWM controller. However the produced output
ac voltage contains harmonics. A low pass filter is used with
the VSI to reduce the harmonic content from its output and
provides a 220V, 50Hz supply. The switches of the VSI are
selected as per the rating of the load on the VSI. Here the
consumer load is considered to be 350W at 220V, 50 Hz. The
power factor is considered as 0.8, thus it needs 437.5 VA. Thus
the rating for the switches is taken as 600V, 16A to feed this
load and makes the system to withstand in nonlinear load
conditions.
An LCL filter is used in this system to maintain the power
quality at the load end. The value of inductor in the filter
should be high enough to filter the harmonics in the output
voltage. The filter inductance at the VSI side, L
f1
is calculated
as [18],
L
f1
=
V
Lf1
.
i
(f
si
)L
]1
(15)
where V
Lf1
is the voltage across the filter inductor, D
i
is the
duty tatio of the inverter switches, f
si
is the switching frequency
of the VSI (20kHz), I
Lf1
is the ripple current through the filter
inductance (0.5A). The value of filter inductance is calculated
as 2.25 mH using Eq.(15). The value of filter inductance at the
consumer load side L
f2
is taken as half of the L
f1
to achieve
better filter effect at the VSI side [19-20], thus L
f2
is calculated
as 1.2mH. The filter capacitor is calculated using the resonance
frequency of the filter. The filter resonance frequency should
be at least ten times higher of the cut off frequency and below
the half of switching frequency. The switching frequency of the
VSI is taken 20 kHz, so the resonance frequency is considered
as 2 kHz. Thus, the value of filter capacitance is calculated as
8.1 F.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The solar-PV system is designed with a zeta dc-dc converter
and variable step P&O MPPT method and modeled in
Matlab/Simulink. Performance of the system is studied under
various conditions as follows.
A. System Performance under Variable Loads
Fig.4 shows the performance of the system under a variable
load. The solar radiation (G) is considered under steady state
condition at 1000 W/m
2
and the consumer load is considered as
varying from 350 W to 100 W at 0.5s and again increased to
250W at 0.7s. As the load decreases at 0.5s, a decrease in the
output current (I
o
) is observed. The increment in the output
current is also seen as the load increases at 0.7s. These results
demonstrate that the feedback controller of the VSI is
performing satisfactorily because the output voltage of the VSI
(V
o
) remains constant in spite of load variations.

Fig.4 System performance under linear load variations
The output voltage of solar-PV array (V
pv
) and current (I
pv
)
is observed constant as the solar radiations are constant. The
output power of the solar array is obtained as 1kW and the
output voltage of the converter is remains same at 360V. Along
with the variation in the load there is a variation in the battery
charging current. The controller of VSI is performing well as
under the load variation the output voltage is observed
constant.
B. System Performance under Variation in Solar Radiation
The performance of the system is also studied under varying
solar radiations and the simulation results are presented in
Fig.5. The solar radiation is considered as 500 W/m
2
and at
0.5s to 0.7s it gradually increases to 1000 W/m
2
. It can be
observed that, as the solar radiation increases, the output power
of the solar-PV array is increased to 1000 W from 480W.
These results conforms the operation of the MPPT controller to
the variation in solar radiation. The operating point of the solar-
PV system should be changed to extract the maximum power
and the same is observed here as a variation in the PV array
voltage and current.

Fig.5 System performance under varying solar radiation
C. System Performance under Nonlinear Loads
Fig.6 shows the performance of the system under nonlinear
load conditions. A full bridge diode rectifier with the parallel
resistive load resistance and a parallel filter capacitor is taken
as a nonlinear load and the system performance is analyzed
with the radiation decreased to 500 W/m
2
from 800W/m
2
.

Fig.6 System performance at solar radiation variation under non-linear load
The system is found to be performing satisfactorily under
nonlinear load conditions as the voltage is regulated to a
constant value.
D. System Performance Analysis with Harmonic Spectra
The power quality issue is also studied under variety of loads
and the variation in the input conditions for the solar-PV array.
The harmonic spectra for the output voltage and current for the
linear load condition is shown in Fig.7. These results show that
the THDs (Total Harmonics Distortion) for the output voltage
and current are 1.27% and 2.14% respectively.

Fig.7 Harmonic spectra of output voltage and current under linear load
condition
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0
0.5
1
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 311.4, THD= 1.27%
M
a
g

(
%

o
f

F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
0.7 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75
-200
0
200
Time (s)
V
o
(
V
)
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0
1
2
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 1.09 , THD= 2.14%
M
a
g

(
%

o
f

F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
0.7 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75
-1
0
1
Time (s)
I
o
(
A
)
The harmonic spectra of the output ac voltage and load
current for the nonlinear load are shown in Fig.8. The THDs
for output voltage and current are 2.62% and 62.76%
respectively.

Fig.8 Harmonic spectra of output voltage and current under non-linear load
condition
These results demonstrate that the THD of the output voltage
obtained for linear and nonlinear loads are under specified limit
of 5%.
VI. CONCLUSION
A stand-alone solar-PV system using an isolated zeta
converter has been designed for feeding an average consumer
load of 350 W. The system has been modelled in
Matlab/Simulink and simulated results have been demonstrated
for the variation in solar radiation and the consumer loads. The
designed MPPT controller has been found working
satisfactorily. The feedback controller for the VSI has also
performed satisfactorily under load disturbances. The THD of
the output voltage in nonlinear load condition is found within
IEEE-519 standard limit of 5%. The results obtained validate
the designed system configuration with isolated Zeta converter
for low power applications.
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Performance of the PWM Voltage Source Inverter, IEEE Trans. on
Energy Conversion, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 649-654, Sep. 1999.

0.4 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45
-200
0
200
Time (s)
V
o
(
V
)
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0
1
2
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 311.8 , THD= 2.62%
M
a
g

(
%

o
f

F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25
-2
0
2
Time (s)
I
o
(
A
)
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0
20
40
60
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 3.1 , THD= 62.76%
M
a
g

(
%

o
f

F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)