Physics is often described as the study of matter and energy. Physics is a way of trying to answer those questions.

how did the universe begin? how and of what is it made? how does it change? what rules govern its behavior? Observation, reason and experiment make up what is Physics! Physics is often described as the study of matter and energy. It is concerned with how matter and energy relate to each other, and how they affect each other over time and through space. Physicists ask thefundamental questions how did the universe begin? how and of what is it made? how does it change? what rules govern its behavior? Physicists may be roughly divided into two camps: experimental physicists and theoretical physicists. Experimental physicists design and run careful investigations on a broad range of phenomena in nature, often under conditions which are atypical of our everyday lives. They may, for example, investigate what happens to the electrical properties of materials at temperatures very near absolute zero (460 degrees Fahrenheit) or measure the characteristics of energy emitted by very hot gases. Theoretical physicists propose and develop models and theories to explain mathematically the results of experimental observations. Experiment and theory therefore have a broad overlap. Accordingly, an experimental physicist remains keenly aware of the current theoretical work in his or her field, while the theoretical physicist must know the experimenter's results and the context in which the results need be interpreted. It is also useful to distinguish classical physics and modern physics. Classical physics has its origins approximately four hundred years ago in the studies of Galileo and Newton on mechanics, and similarly, in the work of Ampere, Faraday, Maxwell and Oersted one hundred fifty years ago in the fields of electricity and magnetism. This physics handles objects which are neither too large nor too small, which move at relatively slow speeds (at least compared to the speed of light: 186,000 miles per second!). The emergence of modern physics at the beginning of the twentieth century was marked by three achievements. The first, in 1905, was Einstein's brilliant model of light as a stream of particles (photons). The second, which followed a few months later, was his revolutionary theory of relativity which described objects moving at speeds close to the speed of light. The third breakthrough came in 1910 with Rutherford's discovery of the nucleus of the atom.Rutherford's work was followed by Bohr's model of the atom, which in turn stimulated the work of de Broglie, Heisenberg, Schroedinger, Born, Pauli, Dirac and others on the quantum theory. The avalanche of exciting discoveries in modern physics continues today. Given these distinctions within the field of physics experimental and theoretical, classical and modern it is useful to further subdivide physics into various disciplines, including astrophysics, atomic and molecular physics, biophysics, solid state physics, optical and laser physics, fluid and plasma physics, nuclear physics, and particle physics. Below you can find references to recent representative articles from Scientific American on major branches of physics. These articles detail specific examples of current research in each particular field. Besides Scientific American, other sources for general articles on current research in physics include Discover magazine and the Science Times section of each Tuesday's New York Times.

His idea of a heliocentric [sun-centered] universe was a mental breakthrough A beautiful idea; ugly details Sticks with the circular orbits of planets, some say he was obsessed with circles Gives new knowledge, planetary distances Most importantly, initiated further progress in Astronomy and Physics On the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies 1543 Nicholas Copernicus
Galileo Galilie (1564-1642)

was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism.

An Italian Astronomer and Physicist performed fundamental observations, experiments, and mathematical analyses in astronomy and physics; discovered mountains and craters on the moon, the phases of Venus, and the four largest satellites of Jupiter: Io, Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede Galileo Galilie (1564-1642) Slide11: Galileo Galilie (1564-1642) Galileos work on projectiles Galileos famous telescope Galileo Galilie (1564-1642) : Galileo Galilie (1564-1642)
It was on this page that Galileo first noted an observation of the moons of Jupiter. This observation upset the notion that all celestial bodies must revolve around the Earth. Galileo published a full description inSidereus Nuncius in March 1610

KEPLER 1609 Kepler publishes Astronomica Nova

Contains first two planetary laws 1) Planets travel around the sun not in circles but in elliptical orbits with sun at a focus 2) Speed is not uniform: law of equal areas 1619 Kepler publishes Harmonia Mundi Principal findings: A. the Third Law of Planetary Motion: the square of the period is proportional to the cube of the radius

B. Celestial music is created by the planets as they move along their orbits at varying speeds

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630): Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion In 1605 he announced The First Law: Planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus. Prior to this in 1602, Kepler found from trying to calculate the position of the Earth in its orbit that as it sweeps out an area defined by the Sun and the orbital path of the Earth that: The radius vector describes equal areas in equal times. (The Second Law) On May 15, 1618 he discovered The Third Law: The squares of the periodic times are to each other as the cubes of the mean distances. Kepler can truly be called the founder of celestial mechanics. A German Physicist Johannes Kepler (1571-1630): Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Verification of Keplers Laws by precise instruments in outer space today. The depth of his rigorous experimental work in the late 16th century shows the curiosity to unveil the hidden secrets of the universe! Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727): Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Further generalisation led Newton to the law of universal gravitation:- ... all matter attracts all other matter with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. An English Mathematician and Physicist Astronomy after the Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation: Astronomy after the Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation Newtons Laws applied to motion of the celestial bodies. Some wobbl ing observed in the case of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus. For Jupiter and Saturn all was well But, Uranus was weird! Newtons Laws seemed unable to account for its motion A completely well established truth was being falsified under the very eyes of those who believed in it as a divine truth Was there a different equation for Uranus?

Benjamin Franklin (17061790) the first American physicist; characterized two kinds of electric charge, which he named positive and negative American Statesman and Inventor If you would not be forgotten as soon as you are dead & rotten, either write things worth reading, or do things worth the writing. Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin (17061790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United Sates. A noted polymath Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, musician, inventor, satirist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove a carriage odometer , and the glass armonica. He facilitated many civic organizations, including a fire department and a university.
Coulomb's law states that the magnitude of the Electrostatics force of interaction between two point charges is directly proportional to the scalar multiplication of the magnitudes of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distances between them.

If the two charges have the same sign, the electrostatic force between them is repulsive; if they have different sign, the force between them is attractive. The scalar and vector forms of the mathematical equation are

and
Slide22: Charles Augustin De Coulomb (1736-1806) experiments on elasticity, electricity, and magnetism; established experimentally nature of the force between two charges F = q1q2/40r2 A French Physicist

Andre` Marie Ampere (1775-1836): Andre` Marie Ampere (1775-1836) The father of electrodynamics A French Physicist Ampre made important contributions to the theory of Electricity and magnetism. His theory became fundamental for 19th century developments.

Michael Faraday, FRS (22 September 1791 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include those of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.
Michael Faraday (1791-1867) English bookbinder who became interested in electricity. discovered electromagnetic induction and devised first electrical transformer One of his most important contributions to physics was his development of the concept of a field to describe magnetic and electric forces in 1845. He first suggested that current produces an electric "tension" which produces an "electrotonic state," or polarization of matter molecules, and is responsible for transmitting the electric force. After further experimentation, he abandoned the concept of electrotonic forces in favor of "lines of force." He maintained that these lines could be made visible in a magnet using iron filings.

Maxwell's equations demonstrate that electricity, magnetism and light are all manifestations of the same phenomenon, namely the electromagnetic field.
propounded the theory of electromagnetism; developed the kinetic theory of gases : propounded the theory of electromagnetism; developed the kinetic theory of gases In London, around 1862, Maxwell calculated that the speed of propagation of an electromagnetic field is approximately that of the speed of light. He proposed that the phenomenon of light is therefore an electromagnetic phenomenon. Maxwell wrote the truly remarkable words:- We can scarcely avoid the conclusion that light consists in the transverse undulations of the same medium which is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena. James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) A Scottish Physicist Slide28: When the Edinburgh paper, the Courant, reported the result it noted that:- Professor Maxwell is already acknowledged to be one of the most remarkable men known to the scientific world. James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) Maxwells Equations: Maxwells Equations The Differential form The Integral form And God said, And there was Light!

Albert A. Michelson Edward Morley: Albert A. Michelson Edward Morley Albert A. Michelson (1852-1931) The Nobel Prize in Physics-1907 German-born American They devised an interferometer and used it to try to measure Earth's absolute motion; precisely measured speed of light Morley, Edward (1838-1923) A US Physicist who collaborated with Michelson The Michelson-Morley experiment, one of the most important and famous experiments in the history of physics, was performed in 1887 at what is now Case Western Reserve University, and is considered to be the first strong evidence against the theory of a luminiferous aether. The Michelson Morley Experiment: The Michelson Morley Experiment The Michelson Morley Experiment: The result of the experiments showed no such shifts (null result). The change in the path difference of the beams by one wave length <=> a shift of one fringe. The Michelson Morley Experiment The most famous failed experiment: The most famous failed experiment

It have a explication Yes Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1853-1928):

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1853-1928) Introduced Lorentz transformation equations of special relativity; advanced ideas of relativistic length contraction and relativistic mass increase; contributed to the theory of electromagnetism In 1895, Lorentz concluded that the "null" result obtained by Michelson and Morley was caused by a effect of contraction made by the ether on their apparatus and introduced the length contraction equation where L is the contracted length, L0 is the rest length, v is the velocity of the frame of reference, and c is the speed of light. A Dutch Theoretical Physicist

Quantum mechanics (QM also known as quantum physics, or quantum theory) is a branch of physics dealing with physical phenomena at microscopic scales, where the action is on the order of the Planck constant. The Planck constant was first described as theproportionality constant between the energy (E) of a photon and the frequency () of its associated electromagnetic wave. This relation between the energy and frequency is called the Planck relation:

http://www.nevis.columbia.edu/~phypharm/intro/intro.html http://espanol.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090417082331AAxwOLH
The Black Body Problem: The Black Body Problem During the studies of Thermodynamics in the 18th century, a new concept was introduced into Physics, that of the radiation emitted by heated objects. Two experimental observations Temperature of the black body is directly proportional to the intensity of the emitted radiation (Stephan Boltzmann Law) The higher the temperature, the shorter the wavelength of the most intense part of the spectrum (Weins Law) But no one could explain the function R(,T) quantitaively, and suggest an equation that could fit all data! Max Karl Planck (1858-1947) : Max Karl Planck (1858-1947) formulated the quantum theory; explained wavelength distribution of blackbody radiation Solved the famous Black Body Problem and gave the magical function which agreed remarkably with the Black Body Experimental Curves A German Theoretical Physicist The Nobel Prize in Physics -1918 The Problems in Physics in 1905: The Problems in Physics in 1905 The null result of the Michelson Morley Experiment Paradox of the constancy of the speed of light The unexplainable Photoelectric effect Maxwells Equations versus Newtonian Mechanics No physical understanding and interpretation of Lorentz Transformations Albert Einstein (1879-1955): Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Einstein contributed more than any other scientist to the modern vision of physical reality. His special and general theories of relativity are still regarded as the most satisfactory model of the large-scale universe that we have. Born in Ulm, Germany in 1879, Albert Einstein is still considered one of the greatest scientific and mathematical geniuses in history. In 1905, at the age of 26, he set forth his theory of relativity which discards the concept of time and space as absolute entities, and views them as relative to moving frames of reference. At the same time, he postulated light quanta or photons, comparable to energy quanta, and on these based his explanation of the photoelectric effect. A German born US Theoretical Physicist The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921

Slide40: Albert Einstein (1879-1955) A German born US Theoretical Physicist The Nobel Prize in Physics - 1921 In 1911, he asserted the equivalence of gravitation and inertia. In 1916, he completed the mathematical formulation of his general theory of relativity, which included gravitation as a determiner of curvature of space-time continuum and represented gravitation as a field rather than a force. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize for his contributions to theoretical physics, especially for his work on the photoelectric effect. In 1950, he presented his unified field theory, which attempts to explain gravitation, electromagnetism, and subatomic phenomena in one set of laws. He completed its mathematical formulation in 1953, just two years before his death in 1955 at the age of 76.

The Special Theory of Relativity: The Special Theory of Relativity The laws of physics take the same form in all inertial frames. In any inertial frame, the velocity of light c is the same whether the light is emitted by a body at rest or by a body in uniform motion. The Photoelectric Effect: The Photoelectric Effect Slide43: Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Einsteins Legacy: Einsteins Legacy Such incredible accomplishments for one individual! Yet, Einstein wrote in an essay entitled, SELF PORTRAIT, "For the most part, I do the thing which my own nature drives me to do. It is embarrassing to earn so much respect and love f or it. Schopenhauers saying A man can do as he will, but not will as he will, an inspiration to Einstein since his youth, seemed to express the basis of his humility. So what was the nature, the will, of the man himself? Einsteins Legacy: Einsteins Legacy A hundred times every day I remind myself that my inner and outer life depend on the labours of other men, living and dead, and that I must exert myself in order to give in the same measure as I have received The most incomprehensible fact about the universe is that it is comprehensible The search for truth is more precious than its possession Before God we are all equally wise - equally foolish Albert Einstein

La fsica es lo que nos hace sentir orgullosos de ser seres humanos. Como una especie tan insignificantemente pequea es capaz de comprender los fenmenos que los rodea. Entender el comienzo del universo, es extraordinario solo pensarlo. Yo me siento muy orgullosa de lo que el ser humano ha hecho en colaboracin al conocimiento, cuya recompensa no es ms que eso "conocimiento." Solo deseara que todas las personas entendieran lo importante que son, y las puertas que la fsica les abre, un universo extraordinario donde lo imposible es posible. Physics is what makes us proud to be human beings. As a species as negligibly small is able to understand the phenomena around them. Understanding the early universe, the thought is extraordinary. I feel very proud of what the man has done in collaboration to knowledge, whose reward is not more than that "knowledge." I just wish that everyone would understand how important they are, and the doors it opens physics, an extraordinary world where the impossible is possible.

Physics has progressed but human nature has not. There will undoubtedly be lively debate as to which laboratory gets the new second. Conclusion
La fsica en su intento de describir los fenmenos naturales con exactitud y veracidad ha llegado a lmites impensables, nuestro conocimiento actual abarca desde la descripcin de partculas fundamentales microscpicas, el nacimiento de las estrellas en el universo e incluso el conocer con una gran probabilidad lo que aconteci los primeros instantes del nacimiento de nuestro universo, por citar unos pocos conocimientos.

Physics in his attempt to describe natural phenomena accurately and truthfully has reached unimaginable limits, our current knowledge ranges from microscopic description of fundamental particles, the birth of stars in the universe and even to know what a great chance came the first moments of the birth of our universe, to name a few skills.