MEC

511:

Thermodynamics and Fluids

Compulsory Text 2: Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 7th Edition; M. J.

Moran, H. N. Shapiro, D. D. Boettner and M. B. Bailey; Wiley, 2011. (Sold as a custom ebook
covering chapters 1-5. Students may purchase an access code through the Ryerson
Bookstore and then download a PDF le).

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Course Content
Chapters Sections Hours Thermodynamics-Topic, Description

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1.1-1.7

Introduction: Open, closed, isolated systems; property, state, and

process; extensive and intensive properties; SI and US systems of units;
pressure units; temperature measurement and units.

2.1-2.6

3.1-3.6,
3.8.1

First Law of Thermodynamics: Work, kinetic, and potential energy;

conservation of energy; power, evaluating work, polytropic processes;
energy balance; processes for closed systems; energy analysis of cycles;
power, refrigeration, and heat pump cycles.
Evaluating Properties - Vapours: Steam tables and properties; saturation
tables; superheat tables.

3.9-10,
3.12-13.1,
3.14.2, 3.15

Evaluating Properties Gases: Ideal gas law; internal energy, enthalpy,

and specific heats; ideal gas law and constant specific heats; polytropic gas
processes.

4.1-4.10

Control Volume Analysis Using Energy: conservation of mass;

conservation of energy; analyzing control volumes at steady state.

5.1-10

Second Law of Thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes;

internally reversible process; Second law and thermodynamic cycles;
power cycle, refrigeration and heat pump applications; Carnot cycle for
vapours and gases.
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Laboratory Sessions
Lab

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Title

Room

Measurement of Dynamic Viscosity.

KHE-31

The Venturi Flow Meter.

KHE-31

Steam Pressure/Temperature Relationship.

KHE27-29

Steam Quality Measurement.

KHE27-29

Chapter 1: Introductory Concepts and Denitions

1.1 Using Thermodynamics

1.2 Dening Systems
1.3 Describing Systems and Their Behavior
1.4 Measuring Mass, Length, Time, and Force
1.5 Two Measurable Properties: Specic Volume and Pressure
1.6 Measuring Temperature

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1.1 Using Thermodynamics

The word thermodynamics comes from the Greek words Therme (heat) and
dynamis (force) . The formal study of Thermodynamics began in the early
nineteenth century through consideration of motive power of heat.
Physics

Properties of matter

Thermodynamics in
Engineering Science

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Interaction of systems and their

environment

Engineers

to achieve improved designs and better performance

increase in the output of some desired product

a reduced input of a scarce resource
a reduction in total costs
a lesser environmental impact

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1.2 Dening Systems

In thermodynamics the term system is used to identify the subject of the
analysis. Once the system is dened and the relevant interactions with other
systems are identied, one or more physical laws or relations are applied.
Examples
study a quantity of matter contained within a closed, rigid-walled tank.
considering something such as a pipeline through which natural gas
ows.
Everything external to the system is considered to be part of the systems

surroundings.
The system is distinguished from its surroundings by a specied boundary,
which may be at rest or in motion.

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Type of Systems
Closed Systems

Control Volumes
control volume is a region of space
through which mass may ow

xed quantity of matter

isolated system
does not interact in any way with its
surroundings

The term control mass is sometimes used in place of closed system, and the

term open system is used interchangeably with control volume.

When the terms control mass and control volume are used, the system boundary
is often referred to as a control surface .
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1.3 Describing Systems and Their Behavior

MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC VIEWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
macroscopic approach

gross or overall behavior

microscopic approach

structure of matter

statistical thermodynamics

applications : lasers, plasmas, high-speed gas ows, chemical kinetics, very low
temperatures (cryogenics).
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PROPERTY, STATE, AND PROCESS

property

macroscopic characteristic of a system

mass, volume, energy, pressure, and temperature

The word state refers to the condition of a system as described by its properties.
A process is a transformation from one state to another.
A system is said to be at steady state if none of its properties changes with

time.

thermodynamic cycle is a sequence of processes that begins and ends at the same state.
At the conclusion of a cycle all properties have the same values
they had at the beginning.

For example, steam circulating through an electrical power plant executes a cycle.

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 A quantity is a property if its change in value between two states is independent

of the process.

EXTENSIVE AND INTENSIVE PROPERTIES

extensive

its value for an overall system is the sum of its values for
the parts into which the system is divided.

Examples are Mass, volume, energy.

Intensive

Their values are independent of the size or extent of a

system and may vary from place to place within the system
at any moment.

Specic volume, pressure, and temperature

PHASE AND PURE SUBSTANCE
phase

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a quantity of matter that is homogeneous throughout in both

chemical composition and physical structure.
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Homogeneity in physical structure means that the matter is all solid, or all liquid, or all
vapor (or equivalently all gas ).
A system can contain one or more phases.
For example, a system of liquid water and water vapor (steam) contains two phases.

pure substance

is one that is uniform and invariable in chemical composition.

For example, if liquid water and water vapor form a system with two phases, the
system can be regarded as a pure substance because each phase has the same
composition.

Equilibrium
balance of forces

balance of other inuences.

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mechanical, thermal, phase, and chemical

equilibrium.
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1.5 Two Measurable Properties: Specic Volume and Pressure

Specic volume

m
= lim ( )
V V" V

Density for a continuum

where V is the smallest volume for which a denite value of the ratio exists.

m=

dV
V

The specic volume v

is dened as the reciprocal of the density

1
v=

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! m3 $
# &
" kg %

This is the specic volume on mass basis

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 specic volume on a molar basis in terms of kmol(kilomole)

m
n=
M

n, the number of kilomoles of a substance

m, mass in kg
M, molecular weight in kg/kmol

To signal that a property is on a molar basis, a bar is used over its

symbol. Thus, v signies the volume per kmol. The units used for
v
are m3 /kmol.

v =M v

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Pressure

Fnormal
p = lim (
)
A A" A
1 pascal = 1 N m 2

1kpa = 10 3 N m 2
1bar =10 5 N m 2
1Mpa=10 6 N m 2
1 standard atmosphere ( 1 atm)= 1.01325 10 5 N m 2

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1.6 Measuring Temperature

To measure and to quantify the hotness and coolness of body we
use thermometers and temperature scale.
1.6.1 Thermal Equilibrium
When two systems with dierent temperatures reaches a condition in
which there is no thermal interaction between them then we have
Thermal equilibrium

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When a system undergoes a process while it enclosed by an adiabatic wall, it

experiences no thermal interaction with its surrounding. This process called
adiabatic process.
A process that occurs at constant temperature is an isothermal process.
zeroth law of thermodynamics when two bodies are in thermal equilibrium
with a third body, they are in thermal equilibrium with one another.

Thermometers
Any body with at least one measurable property that changes as its temperature
changes can be used as a thermometer. Such a property is called a thermometric
property.
liquid-in-glass thermometer

Kelvin Scale
Celsius Scale
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thermocouples

T ( oC ) = T ( K ) 273.15
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END OF CHAPTER 1

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