Name : Annisa Bias Cahya Nurani NIM : 105080100111026 Class : A (MSP)

Fishways
Fish undertake migrations for a number of reasons including to spawn, feed and seek refuge. These migrations are also essential to ensure the dispersal of species and maintain genetic fitness within fish communities. Fishways, also known as fish ladders or fish passes, are structures placed on or around constructed barriers (such as dams or weirs) to give fish the opportunity to migrate. The first written reports of fishways date to 17th century France, where bundles of branches were used to create steps in steep channels, allowing fish to bypass obstructions. Today, most fishways follow a similar basic concept, allowing fish to pass around the barrier by swimming through a series of gaps or slots that control the velocity (speed) of water. ach weir or dam on a river that is targeted for fishway construction represents a uni!ue situation. There are many aspects that need to be considered within the design of a fishway, The species diversity and si"e of the migrating fish community varies from site to site. Fishways are designed to cater for the physical characteristics and swimming abilities of the prevailing fish community. Typically, the smaller species of fish are weaker swimmers and are unable to negotiate the faster flows in a fishway that larger fish can. The hydraulic conditions within a fishway need to provide both enough depth for large fish whilst ensuring the velocity is suitable for smaller fish. Types of fishways #even types of fishways have been used or considered in $#% including &ool'type (enil )ock Trap and Transport *ock *amp +ypass el. 1. Pool-type fishway (includes vertical slot fishway) &ool'type fishways were the first type to be developed and consist of a series of interconnected pools bypassing an obstruction. ,any different types of pool fishways have been designed in -ustralia, however, the vertical'slot design is the only one which has proved effective with native fish.

2. Denil Fishway The denil fishway was developed in 1./. by a +elgian scientist, 0. (enil. This style of fishway uses a series of symmetrical close'spaced baffles in a channel to redirect the flow of water, allowing fish to swim around the barrier.

3. Loc Fishway )ock fishways operate by attracting fish through an entrance similar to that of a pool'type fishway, but instead of swimming up a channel the fish accumulate in a holding area at the base of the lock. This holding area is then sealed and filled with water to reach a level e!ual to the water upstream of the barrier. Fish are then able to swim out of the lock. To encourage fish to move through the various attraction and e1it phases of the lock cycle, a combination of attraction flows and crowding screens can be used.

!. Trap and transport fishways The trap'and'transport type of fishway involves attracting and trapping fish below a barrier and then physically transporting them over the barrier. The initial trapping is commonly done in a short section of pool'type fishway, with the fish usually being transported by road, rail or aerial car. The fishway at Tallowa (am is the only e1ample of a trap and transport fishway in $#%.

". #oc ra$p fishway )arge rocks and timbers are used to create pools and small falls that mimic natural structures. (ue to the length of channel needed for the ladder, such structures are most appropriate for relatively short barriers.

%. &ypass fishway +ypass fishways are low'gradient earthen or rocky channels that mimic the structure of natural streams and are often described as 2nature'like3 fishways. #ome flood bypass channels have been built or occur naturally, but no bypass fishways have yet been built in -ustralia. Their use is being considered by $#% (&4 because they may provide a cheaper alternative to the more technical fishway designs.

'. (el and elver fishways - number of other fishway types have been developed to provide fish passage in situations where the above fishways are inappropriate. These include the elver pass5 generally a small'diameter pipe or channel lined with materials such as coarse brushes that provide migrating 6uvenile eels with a damp, comple1 surface over which to wriggle (,itchell 1../7 8lay 1..9). -n elver pass is presently being designed for %arragamba (am.