Uses of Computer Networks

Business B i A Applications li ti Home Applications Mobile Users Social Issues

OSI Model

Business Applications of Networks

Business Applications of Networks (2)

A network with two clients and one server.

The client-server model involves requests and replies.

Home Network Applications

Access to remote i A information f i Person-to-person communication Interactive entertainment Electronic commerce

Home Network Applications (2)

In peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and servers.

Home Network Applications (3)

Mobile Network Users

Some forms of e-commerce.

Combinations of wireless networks and mobile computing.

Network Hardware
Local Area Networks Metropolitan Area Networks Wide Area Networks Wireless Networks Home Networks Internetworks

Broadcast Networks
Types of transmission technology Broadcast B d t links li k p links Point-to-point

Broadcast Networks (2)

Local Area Networks

Classification of interconnected processors by scale.

Two broadcast networks (a) Bus (b) Ring

Metropolitan Area Networks

Wide Area Networks

A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.

Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet.

Wide Area Networks (2)

Wireless Networks
Categories i of f wireless i l networks: k y interconnection System Wireless LANs Wireless WANs

A stream of packets from sender to receiver.

Wireless Networks (2)

Wireless Networks (3)

(a) Bluetooth configuration (b) Wireless LAN

(a) Individual mobile computers (b) A flying LAN

Home Network Categories

Computers (desktop PC, PDA, shared peripherals Entertainment (TV, DVD, VCR, camera, stereo, MP3) Telecomm (telephone, cell phone, intercom, fax) Appliances (microwave, fridge, clock, furnace, airco) y( (utility y meter, burglar g alarm, babycam). y ) Telemetry

Network Software
Protocol Hierarchies Design Issues for the Layers Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services Service Primitives p of Services to Protocols The Relationship

Network Software
Protocol Hierarchies
3

Protocol Hierarchies (2)

Location A I like rabbits Location B J'aime bien les lapins 3 Message Philosopher

L: Dutch Ik vind konijnen leuk

Information for the remote translator

Translator

L: Dutch Ik vind konijnen leuk

Fax #--L: Dutch Ik vind konijnen leuk

Information for the remote secretary

Secretary

Fax #--L: Dutch Ik vind konijnen leuk

Layers, protocols, and interfaces.

The philosopher-translator-secretary architecture.

Protocol Hierarchies (3)

Design Issues for the Layers

Addressing Error Control Flow Control Multiplexing Routing

Example information flow supporting virtual communication in layer 5.

Connection-Oriented and Connectionless S i Services

Service Primitives

Six different types of service.

Five service primitives for implementing a simple connectionoriented service.

Service Primitives (2)

Services to Protocols Relationship

Packets sent in a simple client-server interaction on a connection-oriented network.

The relationship between a service and a protocol.

Reference Models
The OSI Reference Model The TCP/IP Reference Model A Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model

Reference Models

The OSI reference model.

Reference Models (2)

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a set of internationally recognized, non-proprietary standards for networking and for operating system involved in networking functions. functions

The TCP/IP reference model.

7 Layers
7. Application Layer 6. Presentation Layer 5. Session Layer p Layer y 4. Transport 3. Network Layer 2. Data Link Layer y Layer y 1. Physical

Tasks involved in sending letter

All People Seem To Need Data Processing

LAYER 7 The APPLICATION Layer

The top layer of the OSI model Provides a set of interfaces for sending and receiving i i applications li ti to t gain i access to t and d use network services, such as: networked file transfer transfer, message handling and database query processing The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.

LAYER 6 The PRESENTATION Layer

Manages data-format information for networked communications (th networks (the t k translator) t l t ) For outgoing messages, it converts data into a generic format for network transmission; ; for incoming g messages, g , it converts data from the generic network format to a format that the receiving application can understand This layer is also responsible for certain protocol conversions, conversions data encryption/decryption, or data compression/decompression A special software facility called a redirector operates at this layer to determine if a request is network related on not and forward network-related requests to an appropriate network resource The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression, and d encryption. i

LAYER 5 The SESSION Layer

Enables two networked resources to hold ongoing g g communications (called a session) across a network Applications on either end of the session are able to ex hange data f th for the duration d ti of f the th session i This layer is: R Responsible ibl f for i initiating, i i i maintaining i i i and d terminating i i sessions i Responsible for security and access control to session information (via session participant identification) Responsible for synchronization services, and for checkpoint services

LAYER 4 The TRANSPORT Layer

Manages g the transmission of data across a network Manages the flow of data between parties by segmenting long data streams into smaller data chunks (based on allowed packet size for a given transmission medium) Reassembles chunks into their original sequence at the receiving end Provides acknowledgements of successful transmissions and requests t resends d for f packets k t which hi h arrive i with ith errors The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another

LAYER 3 The NETWORK Layer

Handles addressing g messages g for delivery, y, as well as translating g logical network addresses and names into their physical counterparts Responsible R ibl for f deciding d idi how h to t route t transmissions t i i between b t computers This layer also handles the decisions needed to get data from one point to the next point along a network path This layer also handles packet switching and network congestion control The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host host.

LAYER 2 The DATA LINK Layer

Handles special p data frames (p (packets) ) between the Network layer and the Physical layer At the receiving end, this layer packages raw data from the physical layer into data frames for delivery to the Network layer At the sending end this layer handles conversion of data into raw formats that can be handled by the Physical Layer The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next

LAYER 1 The PHYSICAL Layer

Converts bits into electronic signals g for outgoing g g messages g Converts electronic signals into bits for incoming messages This layer y manages g the interface between the the computer p and the network medium (coax, twisted pair, etc.) This layer tells the driver software for the MAU (media attachment h unit, i ex. network k interface i f cards d (NICs, (NIC modems, d etc.)) what needs to be sent across the medium The bottom layer of the OSI model The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

Remember
A convenient aid for remembering the OSI layer names is to use the first letter of each word in the phrase: All People Seem To Need Data Processing