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Acceleration 1. Acceleration is the rate of velocity change. Acceleration is a vector quantity. 2. The SI unit is ms-2. 3. An object moving with a velocity that is decreasing is said to be experiencing deceleration or negative acceleration. Equation:-
Notes:
1. An object moves with a constant velocity if the magnitude and direction of the motion is always constant. 2. An object experiences changes in velocity if a. the magnitude of velocity changes b. the direction of the motion changes. 3. An object that experiences changes in velocity is said to have acceleration. 4. An object traveling with a constant acceleration, a, if the velocity changes at a constant rate.
4.
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Analysing Ticker Tape If the object moves quickly, the dots are far apart. If the object moves slowly, the dots are close to each other
or 0.02 s.
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s = distance from the 1st to the last dot. t = number of ticks x 0.02s (if frequency =50)
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Analysing Displacement-Time Graph In a Displacement-Time Graph, the gradient of the graph is equal to the velocity of motion.
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Inertia Inertia is the property of a body that tends to maintain its state of motion. Newton's First Law of Motion Newtons First Law states that every object continues in its state of rest or uniform speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. Mass and Inertia 1. The effect of inertia on an object is affected by the mass of the object. 2. The greater the mass, the greater the effect of inertia.
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Momentum and Total energy are conserved. Kinetic energy is not conserved.
Perfectly Inelastic Collision In a perfectly inelastic collision, the colliding objects attach together and move with a common speed, v.
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Newton's 2nd Law of Motion Newtons second law states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on the body and is in the same direction. F = ma Newton's 3rd Law of Motion Newton's third law of motion states that for every force, there is a reaction force with the same magnitude but in the opposite direction.
Example
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g = gravitational field strength F = gravitational force of object m = mass of the object Gravitational Field Strength vs Gravitational Acceleration Gravitational Field Strength Gravitational Acceleration Same symbol, g Same value (10 ms-2) on the surface of the earth When an object is at rest, g is the Earth's When considering a body falling freely, g is Gravitational Field Strength. the Gravitational Acceleration.
Weight The weight of an object is defined as the gravitational force acting on the object. SI unit: Newton (N)
Weight vs Mass Weight Measure of gravitational force on a body Dependent on the gravitational field strength Vector quantity Measured in the unit of Newton Mass Measure of quantity of matter in body Independent from the gravitational field strength Scalar quantity Measured in the unit of Kilogram (Kg)
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If an object is release from a high position: The initial velocity, u = 0. The acceleration of the object = gravitational acceleration = 10ms-2 (or 9.81 ms-2).
If an object is launched vertically upward: The velocity at the maximum height, v = 0. The deceleration of the object =gravitational acceleration = -10ms-2 (or -9.81 ms-2).
The displacement of the object when it reach The displacement of the object when it reach the ground the ground = the height of the original position, h = the height of the original position, h.
Lift
In Stationary When a man standing inside an elevator, there are two forces acting on him. a) His weight, which acting downward b) Normal reaction (R), acting in the opposite direction of weight. The reading of the balance is equal to the normal reaction.
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To Find the Resultant Force 1) Two Parallel Forces Forces acting in the same direction
The resultant force is in the same direction as the two forces. Resultant force, F=F1+F2
The resultant force is in the direction of the larger force. Resultant force,F=F2-F1
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Resolution of Forces 1. A force vector can be resolves into two components, which are perpendicular to each other: horizontal component, Fx vertical component, Fy
Vector Resolution for Inclined Plane For object on an inclined plane, usually you are asked to find the component of the weight parallel to the plane, F=mgsin perpendicular to the plane, R=mgcos
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Forces in Equilibrium 1. Forces are in equilibrium if the resulting force is zero. 2. If forces are in equilibrium, the sum of the force components in any direction is zero. Fx = 0 ; Fy = 0 Example of Forces in Equilibrium
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2. 3.
Work Done By a Force Which in the Same Direction with the Motion When the direction of force and motion are same, = 0o, therefore cos = 1 and
m = mass of the object g = gravitational acceleration (10 ms-2) h = height of the object from its original position In a Force-Distance graph, work done is equal to the area in between the graph and the horizontal axis. Energy 1. Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. 2. The SI unit of energy is the joule, J. It has the same unit as work. 3. Energy is a scalar quantity. 4. Work is done when energy is transformed from one form to another. For example, chemical energy in petrol is converted to heat energy which in turn operates the engine to enable it to move.
Kinetic Energy Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. m = mass of object v = speed of object
Gravitational Potential Energy Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored in an object as the result of its vertical position (i.e., height).
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Power Power is the rate at which work is done. The SI unit of power is Watt (W) or Joules per second (Js-1) Power can also be written as F = force v = velocity
Efficiency The efficiency of a device is defined as the percentage of the energy input that is transformed into useful energy.
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k = spring constant, Nm-1. x= extension, m A greater value of k shows that the spring is harder. The elastic limit of a spring is defined as the maximum force that can be applied to a spring such that the spring will be able to be restored to its original length when the force is removed. Force Constant and Stiffness of Spring 1. A larger value of k indicates a stiffer spring. 2. A steeper graph indicates a stiffer spring.
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System of Spring
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Elastic Potential Energy 1. Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in a spring when it is extended or compressed. 2. The elastic potential energy is a result of the work done to extend or compress the spring
Force-Extension Graph
3. For a graph of force against extension, the potential energy stored in the spring is equal to the area between the graph and x-axis
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