NEW ZEALAND

Kristen Childers Weber State University Spring 2014

OVERVIEW

Why New Zealand? New Zealand Basics History Maori Culture New Zealand Religion Religious Holidays Food/Culture Festivals Staple Foods Meal Patterns Dietary Analysis Diet Changes Health Concerns Counseling New Zealander/Maori

WHY NEW ZEALAND?

WHY NEW ZEALAND?

NEW ZEALAND BASICS

Population: 4.47 million people (a little under twice the population of Utah) 16% Maori (700,000) Western food culture and multicultural cuisine Advanced economy

(Statistics New Zealand, 2014)

HISTORY

1000 CE Polynesian settlers (Maori) arrive in New Zealand Kai (Maori food) hunter-gatherers Late 18th Century British Europeans arrive (Pakeha) Dominantly Anglo-Saxon cuisine Introduced potatoes, pumpkin, wheat, and sugar 1840, February 6 th Treaty of Waitangi 1934 Waitangi Day officially commemorated 1974 Made a public holiday 1960s More Affordable Air Travel, Liberation of Immigration Laws Greater food diversity
(Haden, 2009)

MAORI

Hunter-gatherers: muttonbirds, shellfish, clams, vegetables, miro berries, fruits Puha (sow thistle) quintessential to Maori diet, regarded as weed by Europeans Whanau, or group, approach applied to growing, procurement, cooking, and eating of food Protected land for food maintenance Experienced at rationing and preserving ( Pataka) Food shortages Estimated life expectancy: 30 years

(Haden, 2009; Wham et al., 2012)

MAORI HANGI

Earth = giver of life From the soil came food, and now the food will be cooked beneath the Earth Many thermally active regions creating boiling water and steam

(Haden, 2009; New Zealand Tourism, 2014)

MAORI RELIGION

Spiritual, tribal society with many rituals Moku (tattoo) showed rank, status, and ferocity Cannibalism (Boyd Massacre, 1809) lore, vengeance, and strength (spirit power) Introduced to Christianity with arrival of the Europeans More civilized in health, hygience, and food habits

(Haden, 2009; Keane, 2013)

NEW ZEALAND RELIGION

55% Christian (Anglican, Catholic, Presbyterian) most non-practicing 33% No religion Religious diversity through immigration 2010 50,000 Hindus and Buddhists, 35,000 Muslims Religious Holidays: Christmas, Boxing Day, Easter

(Haden, 2009; Wilson, 2013)

EASTER

Lent Passion Week Popular foods: Hot cross buns and chocolate Easter eggs/bunnies Illegal for retail stores to be open on Good Friday and Easter Coca Cola Easter Show April 17-21st

(Swarbrick, 2012)

KIRIHIMETE (CHRISTMAS)

Summer Outdoor Activities Barbeques or picnics at the beach Special family occasion Women usually cook the large meal Always keep something in the tins for unexpected visitors Santa at the Beach Pohutukawa (New Zealand Christmas Tree)
(Clair et al., 2005; New Zealand Tourism, 2014; Swarbrick, 2012)

KIRIHIMETE (CHRISTMAS)

Special Foods: Christmas Pudding Pavlova Roast Vegetables Potatoes, Homemade Gravy

Fruitmince Pies, Strawberries, Blueberries, Raspberries, Boysenberries, Peas Seafood, lamb, chicken, turkey Wine, Beer

(New Zealand Tourism, 2014; Swarbrick, 2012)

BOXING DAY

December 26th Originally based on charity, 18 th/19th century tradition for master or mistress to give small gifts or food to their staff Now: extended Christmas afternoon Boxing Day Sales

(Suddath, 2014)

MAORI FOOD PRESENCE GROWTH

Maori food presence has been growing in recent years New Zealand considered a gastronomic nation professional kitchens New Zealand chefs held in high esteem Promote cross-cultural infusion of tastes and techniques Show interest in local produce Creates a growing level of awareness and knowledge for Kiwi people who are starting to demand good quality, organic fresh fruit and vegetables

(Haden, 2009)

MATARIKI (MAORI NEW YEARS)

Matariki constellation Pleiades tiny eyes or eyes of god Signifies the beginning of a new life cycle Predicts weather Celebrations Up to four weeks Stargazing, Kite Flying Sharing food is essential: Lamb, pork, kumara, purple taewa Honors and remembers Maori traditions
(Meredith, 2012; Williams, 2013)

MATARIKI (MAORI NEW YEARS)

http://www.newzealand.com/travel/app_templates/tvc/popup.cfm?TVCHea ding=Matariki:%20M%C4%81ori%20New%20Year&FlashFile=tnz_matariki2009.swf

KAWHIA KAI FESTIVAL

Started in 2004 First weekend in February in recognition of Waitangi Day Vision: Kawhia Kai, Kawhia Moana, Kawhia Tangata Kawhia of Abundant Food, The sea of Kawhia, Kawhia so populous Genuine celebration of traditional Maori Kai https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=5dEUSbhzakA
(Traditional Kawhia, 2014)

HOKITIKA WILDFOODS FESTIVAL

2nd Saturday in March Iconic, premiere special even New wild foods introduced each year 15,000 people Foods: Sheeps eyes, bug larvae, wild highland beef, currid hoki tikka, pesto ice cream, possum pie, worm sushi, etc.
(New Zealand Tourism, 2014)

STAPLE FOODS

Kumara (sweet potato) Kiwifruit Tamarillo (red/yellow subtropiccal fruit) Pavlova, Lamingtons (sponge cake) Chicken Roast Lamb Shepherds Pie Steak and Kidney Pudding Wine Processed foods
(Haden, 2009)

STAPLE FOODS

Fresh seafood

Tua Tua (fritters)

Pupu (spiral-shaped with cats eye), Kina (sea urchin/egg)
Toheroa (clam) Soup Prince of Whales Paua (mollusk) Bluff Oyster Whitebait

(Haden, 2009)

MEAL PATTERNS

3 meals per day Breakfast relatively quick

Toast w/Marmite (yeast extract spread), Fruit & Cereal w/Yogurt Occasional cooked breakfast on the weekends broiled bacon, poached egg, fruit salad, focaccia, French toast, etc.

(Haden, 2009)

MEAL PATTERNS

Lunch squeezed into the workday, eaten alone, or lingered over on special occasions
Sandwiches/bread-based snacks, noodle soups, barbeque chicken, dumplings, yum cha, sushi, dim sum

Dinner largest meal of the day, less time to cook, only a little time to eat
Pasta dishes, stir-fries, fish, fruit, vegetables 2008-09 Global financial crisis: cheaper meat cuts, mince, shepherds pie, meatloaf, meatballs

(Haden, 2009)

ONE DAY NEW ZEALAND DIET

Breakfast:
Weet Bix Ceral with Milk, Toast with Marmite Spread, Tea Shepherds Pie, Kiwi, Soda Lamb, Mashed potatoes, Taro, Peas and Carrots, Water Pavlova, Hokey Pokey Ice Cream, Yogurt

Lunch Dinner Snacks

(Vannoort, R.W. & Thomson, B.M..,2011)

CHANGES IN DIET

Omega 3: chia seeds, walnuts, flax seed vegetable oil Omega 6: salad dressing, walnuts, flax seed vegetable oil Folate: beans, spinach, fortified cereal Alpha Tocopheral: almonds, mineral fortified peanut butter Vitamin D: mushrooms, fish Iron: beef, chicken, clams

HEALTH CONCERNS

High Blood Pressure, Heart Disease

Na+ Intake in processed foods

Obesity, especially in low-income areas

Health Department Survey: 35% of population overweight, 28% obesity Maori Obesity: 44% Changes in policy (optimal foods exempt from saturated fat tax, demonstration, optimal foods in vouchers)

(Daley, 2013; Haden, 2009; Thomson, 2009; Utter et. al, 2013)

COUNSELING A KIWI

Low Context Culture Casual greeting simple handshake and a smile Do not be too forward or overly friendly Be on time or early Brief small talk is good Eye contact sincerity, openness Few feet of personal space Respect honesty, directness, and humor Reserved, especially with people they do not know
(Centers for Intercultural Learning, 2009; Hooker, 2008; Kwintessential, 2013)

COUNSELING MAORI

High context culture Formal Take time to develop rapport If speaking Maori, correctly pronounce words May shake hands and kiss (once) on the cheek or touch noses (Hongi) only if they initiate Holistic worldview may bring up broad range of topics to discuss Collective culture, expect family involvment

(Centers for Intercultural Learning, 2009; Hirini, 1997)

CONCLUSION

Why New Zealand? New Zealand Basics History Maori Culture New Zealand Religion Religious Holidays Food/Culture Festivals Staple Foods Meal Patterns Dietary Analysis Diet Changes Health Concerns Counseling New Zealander/Maori

REFERENCES
Centre for Intercultural Learning. (2009). Cultural information New Zealand. Foreign and International Affairs Canada . Retrieved from http://www.intercultures.ca/cil-cai/ci-ic-eng.asp?iso=nz. Clair, V., Hocking, C., Bunrayong, W., Vittayakorn, S., & Rattakorn, P. (2005). Older New Zealand women doing the work of Christmas: A recipe for identity formation. Sociological Review , 53(2), 332-350. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2005.00517.x Daley, C. (2013). Body shape and dieting: Obesity and health concerns. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/body-shape-and-dieting/page-4. Grant, C. C., Wall, C. R., Yates, R., & Crengle, S. (2010). Nutrition and indigenous health in New Zealand. Journal of Paediatrics & Child Health , 46(9), 479-482. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01842.x Haden, R. (2009). Food culture in the Pacific Islands . Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC. Hirini, Paul. (1997). Counselling Maori clients. New Zealand Journal of Psychology , 26(2), 13-18. Retrieved from http://www.psychology.org.nz/cms_show_download.php?id=745. Hooker, J. (2008). Cultural differences in business communication. Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University . Retrieved from http://ba.gsia.cmu.edu/jnh/businessCommunication.pdf. Keane, B. (2013). Traditional Mori religion: ng karakia a te Mori: Rituals and ceremonies. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/traditional-maorireligion-nga-karakia-a-te-maori/page-5. Kwintessential. (2013). New Zealand: Culture, etiquette, and customs. Kwintessential . Retrieved from http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/new-zealand.html. Marsden, S. & Holmes, J. (2014). Talking to the elderly in New Zealand residential care settings. Journal Of Pragmatics , 6417-34. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2014.01.006 Meredith, P. (2012). Matariki Mori New Year. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/matariki-maori-new-year.

REFERENCES
New Zealand Tourism. (2014). The Hokitika wildfoods festival. New Zealand Tourism Board: 100% New Zealand . Retrieved from http://www.newzealand.com/us/event/the-hokitika-wildfoods-festival/. New Zealand Tourism. (2014). Kirihimete: New Zealand Christmas experience. New Zealand Tourism Board: 100% New Zealand . Retrieved from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/en/media/features/four-seasons/summer_new-zealand-christmas-experience_feature.cfm. New Zealand Tourism. (2014). Maori hangi: A real taste of culture. New Zealand Tourism Board: 100% New Zealand . Retrieved from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/en/media/features/food-&-wine/maori-culture_maori-food_feature.cfm. Signal, L., Lanumata, T., Robinson, J., Tavila, A., Wilton, J., & Mhurchu, C. (2008). Perceptions of New Zealand nutrition labels by Maori, Pacific and low-income shoppers. Public Health Nutrition , 11(7), 706-713 Simpson, T. (2008). A distant feast: The origins of New Zealands cuisine. Auckland, New Zealand: Random House New Zealand. Statistics New Zealand. (2014). Top statistics. Statistics New Zealand: Tatauranga Aotearoa . Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/snapshots-of-nz/top-statistics.aspx.

Suddath, C. (2014). Everything you need to know about Boxing Day. Time.com , 1.
Swarbrick, N. (2012). Public holidays - Easter, Christmas and New Year. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/public-holidays/page-2. Thomson, B. (2009). Nutritional modelling: Distributions of salt intake from processed foods in New Zealand. British Journal of Nutrition , 102(5), 757765. doi:10.1017/S000711450928901X Traditional Maori. (2014). Kai fest history. Traditional Maori: Kawhia Kai Festival . Retrieved from http://www.kawhiakaifestival.co.nz/kai-festivalhistory.html. Utter, J., Denny, S., Robinson, E., Fleming, T., Ameratunga, S., & Grant, S. (2013). Family meals among New Zealand young people: Relationships with eating behaviors and body mass index. Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior , 45(1), 3-11. doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2012.04.010

Vannoort, R.W. & Thomson, B.M. (2011). 2009 New Zealand total diet study: Agricultural compound residues, selected contaminant and nu trient elements. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry . Retrieved from http://www.foodsafety.govt.nz/elibrary/industry/total-diet-study.pdf.
Wham, C., Maxted, E., Dyall, L., Teh, R., & Kerse, N. (2012). Korero te kai o te Rangatira : Nutritional wellbeing of Mori at the pinnacle of life. Nutrition & Dietetics , 69(3), 213-216. doi:10.1111/j.1747-0080.2012.01618.x Williams, J. (2013). Puaka and Matariki: The Maori new year. Journal of The Polynesian Society , 122(1), 7-19. Wilson, N., Nghiem, N., Ni Mhurchu, C., Eyles, H., Baker, M. G., & Blakely, T. (2013). Foods and dietary patterns that are healthy, low -cost, and environmentally sustainable: A case study of optimization modeling for New Zealand. Plos ONE, 8(3), 1-10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059648 Wilson, J. (2013). Society: Religion and the churches. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/society/page-7.