1.

The review materials in this section are intended to provide background on some of the math, chemistry, and physics that will be useful in the course. You can work through these at your own pace before starting out, or simply refer back to specific sections as concepts that your are less familiar with come up in the course. Several parts of this section can also serve as a reference point throughout the course for topics such as Unit Conversions or Scientific Prefixes. A good place to start is by trying to work thorugh the Review Practice Problems in the next segment on your own, and then read the accompanying answers by clicking on the "Show Answer" button. If these problems are hard for you, or if you prefer a video taped walk through, the video immediately following works through the problems in more detail. The two following segments on Unit Conversions and Dimensional Analysis are set up the same way. These are followed by sections on Density, Concentration Notation, and a more in-depth study ofLogarithms. Last is a section on Chemistry Review, covering Bond Types, the Periodic table, andChemical Reactions.

1. BASIC GEOMETRY
(0 points) How would you calculate:

1. The area of a circle 2. The volume of a sphere 3. The volume of a cube

Consider your answers, then click the Show Answer box to compare.

Show Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field)

2. LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

(13 points possible)

log(100)=

log(10)=

log(1)=

log(1/10)=

log(1/100)=

log(105)=

log(10x)= ln(e)=

10log(x)= ln(300)=

log(x)=7
What is x?

ex=1
What is x?

e3.5=

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3. PERCENT
(2 points possible)

You decide to make gels using the gelling agent gellan (you will learn more about this later in the course). If you use 2.5 g gellan in 200g water, what is the percentage of gellan in the solution? 2% 12% 1.2% 5%

Dave Arnold (visiting chef in Week 2) decides to make a gel of cranberry juice made with the thickener agar. If the gel has a 1.5% concentration of agar, what is the total amount needed to make 300 g of gel? 2% 4.5g 45g 12g

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4. PH REVIEW
(10 points possible) What makes something acidic? A lower pH means something is more: Status: unsubmitted Lemon juice has a low pH Status: unsubmitted What is the formula for calculating pH from proton concentration? What is the standard unit of [H+]? (Check your answer in the solutions. How many molecules are there in a mole of molecules?

If the pH = 4.0 what is the H+ concentration?

If the pH = 5.0 what is the H+ concentration?

How many-fold more H+ ions are there at pH 4 than pH 5?

If the H+ concentration is 104.3, what is the pH?

If the H+ concentration is 105.3, what is the pH?

What is fold difference in H+ ions for H+ concentration of 104.3 vs 105.3?

How many H+ ions are there in a glass of pure water (~0.3L)?

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5. GRAPHING PRACTICE
(0 points) You measure the pH of 1 L of milk very carefully with a pH meter as vinegar is added, and get the following data.

Vinegar added pH

0 mL

6.5

1 mL

5.5

2.7 mL

5.1

7 mL

4.6

19 mL

4.2

50 mL

3.8

Plot pH vs. volume of vinegar added. Is this plot linear? Plot

[H+] vs. volume of vinegar added. Draw the best-fit line and calculate

its slope. What is the pH of the vinegar? (You will need to check your answers in the solutions as they cannot easily be entered here.) Show Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field)

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1. PRACTICE WITH UNIT CONVERSIONS

(2 points possible) The table below shows how the SI prefixes can be applied to describe fractions or multiples of a meter (m). (Most of these prefixes can be used with other units, but the Angstrom, , is used only for units of distance.)

109 m 106 m 103 m 1 m 101 m 102 m 103 m 106 m 109 m 1010 m 1 Gm 1 Mm 1 km 1 m 1 dm 1 cm 1 mm 1 m 1 nm 1

The easiest way to input numbers in edX, especially those followed by many zeros, is to use "E notation." (You may already use this notation when working with a graphing calculator.) A number that would be written "a x

10b" in scientific notation is written "aEb" in E notation. edX will also understand if you simply type out all the extra zeros. However, you cannot input numbers in scientific notation, with commas or full stops to indicate delineate multiples of 1000 (see below for example in U.S. notation), or with any additional text such as unit labels. You can try out correct and incorrect inputs in the questions below without penalty. If you normally use a comma as a decimal mark, be sure to use a full stop instead on edX (e.g., 1/2 = 0.5, not 0,5).

Your answer in scientific ntation Inputs edX understands Inputs edX doesn't understand 230000 2.3E5 230,000 2.3 x 105 230000 meters

2.3 x 105 meters

One molecule of table salt is approximately 8 Angstroms in diameter. What is this length in meters?

A typical soft drink bottle holds 355 cm3. What is the volume of the bottle in dm3 (liters)?

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2. CONVERSION FROM IMPERIAL UNITS TO METRIC/SI

(4 points possible) We will use metric/SI units as much as possible within the course, but to develop an intuition for the magnitude of these values, you should be able to

convert from the units used in the course to those you encounter on a daily basis. If you typically use imperial units (e.g. inches/feet/yards/miles, pounds, teaspoons/tablespoons/cups/fluid ounces, psi, degrees Fahrenheit, BTUs), this will require extra effort. A table of conversions is given below:

Imperial Units

SI Units

1 foot

0.305 meters

1 pound (mass)

0.45 kilograms

1 pound (force)

4.45 Newtons

1 cup

237 mL

1 pound per square inch (psi) 6895 Pascals

1 BTU or 779 foot-pounds

1055 Joules

Converting from degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius is more complicated:

Temperature in C59(Temperature in F32)

Even if you routinely use metric units, you may be less familiar with the Kelvin temperature scale:

Temperature in K=Temperature in C+273.15

If you encounter unfamiliar units in this course, please take the time to consult a conversion table (many can be found through Google) and convert

a few values you can easily visualize to get an idea for their scale. Try a few sample conversions below: A breadbox is 12 inches long (and about six inches wide and deep). What is this length in centimeters?

The worldwide average adult male weighs about 137 pounds. What is this weight in kilograms?

What is the volume of a gallon of milk in liters?

A typical ambient indoor temperature in summer is 75 Fahrenheit. What is this temperature in Kelvin?

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1. DENSITY
(3 points possible) "Which weighs more - a pound of feathers, or a pound of bricks?" This classic children's brainteaser takes advantage of a child's intuition that something about bricks makes them inherently "heavier" than feathers. The property that the child has recognized intuitively, but perhaps can't name, is

called density: it is the mass per unit volume, a quantity that differs from substance to substance. Bricks have a higher density than feathers: this is why, for example, a box full of bricks weighs more than a box full of feathers. Substances that are less dense than a given liquid/gas tend to float/rise. The following questions can help you practice using the concept of density, which we will use in the following lectures. One cup (237 mL) of a certain brand of olive oil weighs 216 grams. What is the density of olive oil in g/mL?

You have just bought a home deep fryer with a 3 L capacity. How many kg of oil would it take to fill the fryer?

The density of water is 1 g/mL. Will oil sink or float on water? Sink Float

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1. CONCENTRATION NOTATION
(6 points possible) Match the key words below to their definitions at right. Some definitions may be used more than once or not used at all. a. g/mL 1. A typical unit of concentration

2. A typical unit of molar molecular weight

b. 6.022 x 1023 mol1

3. A typical unit of density

c. M

4. Notation indicating "the concentration of water"

d. g/mol

5. Avogadro's number, NA

e. [H2O] f. 6.022 x 1023 mol1

6. Abbreviation for "mol/L"

Show Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field) Previous 1. In the Week 1 when discussing pH, as well as later in the course, you will need to understand and use logarithms. Use the following segment to review how and when to apply the different types of logarithms.

2. EXPONENTIALS, LOGARITHMS
(3 points possible) When multiplying b \cdot c , the number b is added to itself c times: b \cdot c = \underbrace{b + b + \cdots + b}_{c \textrm{ times}} Exponentiation works analogously, but in this case, a number b (called the base) is multiplied by itself ctimes. (The number c is often called the "power" or the "exponent"): b^c = \underbrace{b \cdot b \cdots \cdot b}_{c \textrm{ times}}

Just as in multiplication, the power c does not need to be a round number. However, the order of base and exponent cannot be switched as they can in multiplication: b \cdot c = c \cdot b \textrm{, but } b^c \neq c^b Just as you might think of division as the inverse of multiplication, taking a logarithm is the inverse of exponentiation. Just as every exponent has to have a defined base, so does every logarithm: the base is sometimes indicated with a subscript, as in \log_a (but see below for a description of common notations). Ifa^b = c , then \log_a(c) = b, and vice versa. Some commonly-used properties of exponents and logarithms are summarized below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. a^{b+c} = a^b \cdot a^c \left(a^b\right)^c = a^{b \cdot c} a^{-b} = \frac{1}{a^b} \log_a \left(b^c\right) = c \log_a (b) \log_a (b \cdot c) = \log_a(b) + \log_a(c) - \log_a \left( b\right) = \log_a \left( b^{-1} \right) = \log_a \left( \frac{1}{b} \right)

Try out a few practice problems involving exponents and logarithms:

10^x = 1000. What is x?

x^3 = 8. What is x?

10^{\log_{10}(5)} = ?

Show Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field)

3. LOG VS LN
(1 point possible) The pH scale of acidity, the decibel scale of sound intensity, the Richter scale of earthquake severity, and many others are based on the logarithm base 10, which we will abbreviate log10 or simply log for short. Later in the course, when studying phase transitions and heat transfer, you will also need to work with exponents of base e. We will abbreviate the associated natural logarithm as

loge or ln in this course, but be aware that some calculators/programs refer to the natural logarithm as log. When Ed types log(10) into his graphing calculator, the result it gives him is about 2.3. Which type of logarithm does his calculator's log() function
perform? Log base 10 Natural log

Show Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field) 4. FEYNMAN AND EXPONENTIALS In the following passage Nobel laureate Richard Feynman recounts how, using some simple mental math, he fooled his friends into thinking he was a human calculator. As they challenged him to calculate various exponents in base e, he quickly estimated the values using a few handy logarithms: "What happened was this: I happened to know three numbers ln10 (needed to convert numbers from base 10 to base e), which is 2.3026 (so I knew that e2.3 is very close to 10), and because of radioactivity (meanlife and half-life), I knew

ln2

which is .69315 (so I also knew that e0.7 is

nearly equal to 2). I also knew e1 = e, which is 2.71828. The first number they gave me was e3.3, which is e2.3 - ten - times e, or 27.18. While they were sweating about how I was doing it, I was correcting for the extra .0026 - 2.3026 is a little high.

I knew I couldn't do another one; that was sheer luck. But then the guy said e3 - that's e2.3 times e0.7 or ten times two. So I knew it was 20.something, and while they were worrying how I did it, I adjusted for the .693. Now I was sure I couldn't do another one, because the last one was again by sheer luck. But the guy said e1.4, which is e0.7 times itself. So all I had to do is fix up 4 a little bit! They never did figure out how I did it." Excerpt from Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!, by Richard Feynman. Norton, 1985.

5. FEYNMAN PRACTICE
(2 points possible) Try using Feynman's system to estimate the values of a few exponents of base e.

e7

e10

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1. CLASSICAL LETTERS PRIMER

(9 points possible) In this course, we will occasionally use Greek letters as symbols for variables and constants. This exercise is intended to familiarize you with those symbols. Don't worry about the descriptions of what these symbols are at this point, we will introduce their meanings as we go along. Match each Greek letter to its name and description. Instructions for typing these symbols on the forum are given in the solutions. a. 1. Rho, the symbol for density

2. Capital delta, indicates a difference in values

b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i.

3. One glyph of sigma, the symbol for stress

4. Lunate epsilon, the symbol for bond energy

5. another glyph of epsilon, the symbol for strain

6. Pi, a constant (3.14159)

7. Tau, a characteristic time (e.g. for relaxation or diffusion)

8. Eta, the symbol for viscosity

9. Mu, used to indicate 1/1,000,000th of a standard unit (e.g. microns or microseconds)

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1. ATOMS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE

(1 point possible) What is 12C (read: carbon-12)? One of many crystalline forms of carbon, formed under specific temperature and pressure conditions. amu. of carbon. Show Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field) An isotope of carbon weighing 12 An alloy A hydrocarbon molecule containing a 12-membered ring.

2. ATOMIC MASS
(1 point possible) In the following lecture, you will learn how to calculate a molecule's mass given the atomic mass of each element it contains. To use this information, you will need to know how to find an element's atomic mass on a periodic table. A sample excerpt from a periodic table is given below.

What is atomic mass of sodium (elemental symbol Na)?

Show Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field) 3. (3 points possible)

Chlorine (elemental symbol Cl) is found in table salt, stomach acid, some plastics, and propellants used in spray bottles. Look up chlorine in a periodic table: the free online table at WebElements is a good option. What is chlorine's atomic mass? Give your answer in amu (or Daltons).

How many protons does chlorine have? 17 18 18.5 35 35.5

How many neutrons does chlorine have? 17 18 18.5 35 35.5

The number varies between atoms

The number varies between atoms

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1. CHEMICAL REACTIONS: PRE-QUESTION

(10 points possible) Antacids relieve heartburn by partially neutralizing stomach acid. An unbalanced reaction of a typical antacid, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with stomach acid (HCl) is shown below:

aCaCO3(s)+bHCl(aq)KeqcCO2(g)+dH2O(l)+eCaCl2(aq)
What is indicated by the numerical subscripts? The number of moles of that molecule molecule The number of grams of that

The number of atoms of that type in a molecule

What is indicated by the subscripts in parentheses:(s), (g), (l), and (aq)?

The state of matter of the molecules redox state of the molecules

The color of the molecules

The

Which compounds in this reaction are products? CaCO3 and HCl What is CO2, H2O, and CaCl2

Keq ?

The ratio between the masses of products and reactants at equilibrium The ratio between the concentrations of products and reactants at equilibrium The rate of conversion of reactants to products Balance the chemical equation by finding the smallest possible whole number values of a through e. b: c: a:

d:

e:

True or false: If you mixed 10 grams of CaCO3 with a large amount of HCl, you would produce 10 grams of CaCl2. True False

Show Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field) Previous 1. In this segment, you will consider again the reaction of the antacid CaCO3 with the stomach acid HCl:

CaCO3(s)+2HCl(aq)KeqCO2(g)+H2O(l)+CaCl2(aq)Keq=[CO2][H2O][CaCl2][ CaCO3][HCl]2
2. STOMACH ACID I

(1 point possible) Because of the hydrochloric acid it contains, fluid in the stomach has a pH of approximately 2.5. What is the concentration of protons, [H+], in the stomach? Give your answer in moles per liter (M).

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3. STOMACH ACID II
(1 point possible) The estimated equilibrium constant the following is true? The reaction will proceed exceptionally quickly. converted into products. products. The reaction is effectively unidirectional: at equilibrium, almost all of the reactants will have The reaction is effectively unidirectional: at equilibrium, the vast majority of reactants will not have converted into At equilbrium, the ratio between the moles of products and moles of reactants will be approximately 1:1. Show Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field)

Keq for this reaction is 1022. Which of

4. STOMACH ACID III

(3 points possible) You take two antacid tablets containing 1 gram of CaCO3 total. (Most of the volume of the tablet is filler.) The molar molecular weight of CaCO3 is 100 g/mol. How many moles of CaCO3 are in your stomach?

Since you've just eaten, your stomach has approximately 500 mL of fluid in it. Assume the CaCO3 fully dissolves. What is the concentration of CaCO3 in your stomach in mol/L (M)?

Compare the concentrations of HCl and CaCO3 in your stomach. When they react, which reactant will be fully used up first? HCl CaCO3 They will be used up simultaneously

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5. STOMACH ACID IV
(2 points possible) How many moles of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) will be produced when the antacid and your stomach acid react?

Assume that a mole of carbon dioxide gas occupies 24.4 L of volume. What is the volume of gas, in mL, that will be produced in your stomach?

Show Answer(s)(for question(s) above - adjacent to each field)

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