Cheung 1 Maximilian Cheung Professor Leslie Wolcott ENC 1102 4 April 2014 Adolescent and Adulthood Smoking Initiation:

What is Occurring and What now? Even though advertisements against tobacco use are frequently broadcasted and a myriad of facts and research on the adverse effect of cigarette use has been well documented, an enormous amount of people still continue to smoke around the world. In the U.S. alone, [a]n estimated 42.1 million people, or 18.1% of all adults (aged 18 years or older)smoke cigarettes (Adult Cigarette Smoking in the United States: Current Estimates). Cigarette smoking also causes 480,000 deaths annually in the U.S. and 5 million deaths annually worldwide. Current trends indicate that this statistic will rise to 8 million deaths per year in 2030 worldwide (Fast Facts). Despite the decreases in current smokers over the years, these statistics show that cigarette smoking is still a substantial issue around the world. Research is now being done on other aspects of cigarette smoking besides its effect on health such as research on the social factors that influence individuals to start smoking in an to attempt to contribute to designing more preventative measures against smoking. This literature review takes you into the research being conducted on the factors which affect the onset of smoking in adolescence and adulthood in order to illustrate the influence of having a member of your immediate family who smokes cigarettes. An ample amount of studies indicate that peer influence or having at least 1 friend who smokes cigarettes was the strongest contributing factor in adolescent smoking (Almogbel et al., 2013; Broms et al., n.d.; Gunning et al., 2009) Adolescents were influenced more through a need

Cheung 2 for social acceptance rather than direct peer pressure (Alexander et al., 1999). Individuals are more susceptible to peer influence in this age group because of the importance they place on social acceptance. Cultural differences in adolescents can also influence the susceptibility to different social and psychological influences involving cigarette smoking (Dornelas, E et al., 2005; Griesler, PC, and DB Kandel, 1998). In certain cultures, adult cigarette use is still a cultural norm and in certain cases, cigarette use is encouraged by various friends and family members. In other cultures, cigarette use is not cultural norm, but as a result of the close knit aspect of a particular culture, having a family member who smokes has a more profound influence on adolescence smoking. By having a better understanding of different factors that contribute to the onset of smoking in adolescence and adulthood, more effective preventative measures can be developed to reduce the prevalence of current smokers. With health care providers encouraging cessation of smoking to parents who smoke, they are able to prevent increased risk of future smoking in their children. This also may assist in decreasing the prevalence of adolescent smoking overall. Another preventative tactic that can be established is to discourage adolescents from valuing social acceptance so highly in order to help in reducing future adolescent smokers as well. Familial influence can sometimes encourage or prevent cigarette smoking in adolescents. Research has shown that having parents with negative views on cigarette smoking can decrease the probability that the individual will start smoking. However, research also shows that having a member of the family who smokes can significantly increase the probability that the individual will start smoking through a variety of ways. In certain cases, family members were proven to

Cheung 3 directly influence smoking initiation by offering the adolescent their first cigarette and indirectly influence adolescents from merely asking them to occasionally light their cigarettes. Males tend to be more affected from predictors of cigarette smoking. Studies have shown that males are typically more exposed to predictors in certain settings. Cultural influences also play a part in this increased risk. In certain cultures, it is common for adult males to smoke in social settings. Males may just be more susceptible to certain psychological or social factors involving cigarette smoking as well. The research and history done on cigarette smoking is extensive and detailed. There is an abundant amount of information that is known about the health risks and predictors involved with cigarette smoking, while minimal research has been done on e-cigarette smoking. With ecigarettes increasing in popularity, more and more drug stores, grocery stores, truck stops and gas stations are beginning to sell e-cigarettes. Investigations on the health issues that arise from e-cigarette smoking have just recently started. But, barely any research has been conducted on the factors which affect the onset of e-cigarette smoking. With further research on e-cigarettes and the factors which influence e-cigarette smoking, more information on the physiological and psychological effects e-cigarettes cause can be gathered and misconceptions held by the public about e-cigarette smoking can be cleared up. Many believe e-cigarette smoking is healthier alternative to normal cigarette smoking and other forms of tobacco. But, e-cigarettes can potentially just be as hazardous to an individuals health. Proper prevention strategies can be developed to deter others from e-cigarette smoking as well.

Cheung 4

Cheung 5 Works Cited "Adult Cigarette Smoking in the United States: Current Estimates." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 14 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. Alexander, CS, et al. "Taking a First Puff: Cigarette Smoking Experiences Among Ethnically Diverse Adolescents." Ethnicity & Health 4.4 (1999): 245-257. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. Web. 16 Mar. 2014. Broms, U, et al. "Best Friend's and Family Members' Smoking Habits And Parental Divorce During Childhood Are Associated With Smoking In Adulthood." Nordic Studies On Alcohol And Drugs 29.5 (n.d.): 441-452. Social Sciences Citation Index. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. Dornelas, E, et al. "Ethnic Variation in Socioenvironmental Factors That Influence Adolescent Smoking." Journal Of Adolescent Health 36.3 (2005): 170-177. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. Web. 17 Mar. 2014. "Fast Facts." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 14 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. Griesler, PC, and DB Kandel. "Ethnic Differences In Correlates Of Adolescent Cigarette Smoking." Journal Of Adolescent Health 23.3 (1998): 167-180. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. Web. 18 Mar. 2014. Gunning, M, et al. "Concurrent Predictors of Cigarette and Alcohol Use Among U.S. And Russian Adolescents." Journal of Drug Education 39.4 (2009): 385-400. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.