Dimension Reduction of a combined Accelerometer and Gyroscope Signals using Multisignal 1-D Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) at Decomposition

Level 4 as a Data Preprocessing Method.

Abstract: Primary aim is to diminish the combined Accelerometer and Gyroscope raw data collected from the real time Wireless Gait Analysis sensor (WGAS) designed for diagnosing balance disorders by retaining the important features. Data preprocessing methods are always necessary to remove noise, Inconsistencies in the raw data. Especially in using some distance based mining algorithms such as Neural Networks, classifiers etc. data has to be pre processed to speed up the algorithms. Often the data with huge dimensions slows down the classification algorithms which decrease the accuracy resulting in the inefficiency of the algorithms. Data reduction methods obtain a reduced representation of the original raw data that is much smaller yet producing the approximately same analysis results. Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) are powerful tool for Data reduction and the results of the analysis shows significant reduction in data of the signals with very low loss in the information by observing the Energy ratios and Number of Zero ratios for the decompositions Vs. threshold values at Decomposition level 4. And for performance evaluation Peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) compression Ratios (CR) are to be calculated. Introduction: The alternate method proposed to Discrete Fourier Transform in the recent years is the Discrete Wavelet Transform which is used in several applications now days1. The mathematical representation of the DWT is given by

( )

(1)

Where (n) is the Mother Wavelet for which infinite number of wavelets can be used for example in Daubechies wavelets mentioned by Osman and Malik2. The Mother wavelet should follow the orthogonality and orthonormality principals that is given by the equations

( ) ( )

(2) (3)

Sanjeev Chopra and Deeksha Gupta, Comparative analysis of Wavelet Transform and Wavelet Packet Transform for Image Compression at Decomposition Level 2,International conference on Information and Network Technology IPCSIT vol.4 (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore. 2 A. H. Osman and O. P. Malik , Transmission line distance protection based on wavelet transform, Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 19, pp. 515-523, 2004

The Descrete Wavelet Transform decomposition works on the principal of Subband coding scheme.The original signal is passed through a series of high pass filters to analyze high frequencies and passed through lowpass filters to analyze low frequencies3. The DWT analyze the signal with different frequency bands with different scale by decomposing the signal into approximations and detail informations. DWT has 2 functions to perform the process they are scaling function and wavelet function associated with lowpass and highpass filters respectively.Mathamatically filtering is the process of convolution with the signals and the impulse response of the filter.

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(4)

The decomposition of the signal in to different frequency bands is obtained by highpass filtering and lowpass filtering of the time domain signal.The original signal x[n] is first passed to halfband highpass filter g[n] and a lowpassfilter h[n].After filtering is done half samples are eliminated by following the Nyquist rule.Therefore the signal can be subsampled by 2 by discarding every other sample4.The one level filter outputs are given below after subsampling by 2.This consistitues one level of decomposition.In this way decompositions can be done for n levels.

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(5) (6)

So decomposition of the signal halfs the time resolution because only half samples are present in the complete signal and doubles the frequency resolution since the frequency band of the signal now spans only half the previous frequency band.This scheme is said to be subband coding scheme.The DWT of the signal is obtained by linking all the coefficients starting from the last level of decomposition.So DWT will have same number of coefficients as the original signals taken.But the frequency bands that are less important in the original signal will have very low amplitudes and that part of the DWT signal can be discarded without having much loss of the information.This allows for the data reduction. One main property of DWT is relation between the impulse responses of low pass and high pass filters and they are not independent to each other. The relation is given by

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(7)

Where L is the filter length, g[n] is high pass and h[n] is the low pass. The signal reconstruction at each level is given by the equation

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(8)

Shijo .M. Joseph,Firoz Shah A,and Babu Anto P, Comparing Speech Compression Using Waveform Coding and Parametric Coding, International Journal of Electronics Engineering,3(1),pp.35 -38,2001. 4 Y.T.Chan,Wavelet Basics,Kulwer Academic Publications,1995.

The most famous filters are the one developed by Daubechies and are known as Daubechies Wavelets5. Here I will be considering Daubechies 4 wavelet for the analysis so the order of the filter N=4 and the filters length 2N=8. Proposed Tasks to be performed for this Project: 1. 2. 3. 4. Descriptive Data Summarization (Statistical tables) Measure of dispersion of the data (Box plots) Analysis of DGI test data distributions (Q-Q plots) Dimensionality reduction A. Multi signal Wavelet packet Decomposition

Ten lectures on wavelets by I. Debauches, CBMS, SIAM, 61, 1994, 194-202