Group e Project Report

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Build and Test of a Phase Change Thermal Energy
Storage Device

Group E
Conor Campbell - 200909601
Liam Moynihan - 200900089
Duncan Reid - 200901831
Callum Taylor 200906750

Supervised by Dr Nick Kelly
www.strathpcm.weebly.com

ABSTRACT

This paper documents the design and construction of a phase change material (PCM)
thermal store test rig designed to allow heat transfer properties of phase change materials
to be recorded and analysed. The test rig was used to compare the heat storage properties
of two organic fatty-acid PCMs possessing melting temperatures within a domestic range.
Attempts were made to increase the heat transfer rate of the heat exchanger module.
Addition of a fine steel matrix throughout both PCMs was shown to offer no measureable
improvement. The addition of graphite powder (as a nucleating agent) was demonstrated to
make no significant improvement in the system heat transfer rate however increases in the
PCMs latent heat of fusion were observed. Further research topics utilizing the test rig are
suggested.

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Table of Contents
........................................................................................................................................... 1
Build and Test of a Phase Change Thermal Energy Storage Device .......................... 1
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... 1
1. ..................................................................................................................... Introduction
4
2. .................................................................................... Projects Aims and Deliverables
5
2.1 Literature review .................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Design test rig. ....................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Design and plan experiments. .............................................................................. 5
2.4 Build test rig. .......................................................................................................... 5
2.5 Gain experimental results ..................................................................................... 5
2.6 Report findings. ...................................................................................................... 5
3. ......................................................................... Project Group and Team performance
6
4. ..................................................................................................... The Test rig and PCM
7
4.1 PCM Module ............................................................................................................ 7
4.2 Water System ......................................................................................................... 8
4.2.1 ............................................................................... Water storage and plumbing
8
4.2.2 ................................................................................................................... Pump
8
4.2.3 .................................................................................................................. Heater
8
4.3 Data Acquisition ..................................................................................................... 8
5 .............................................................................................................................. Budget
9
6 ........................................................................................................... Testing Procedure
10
6.1 PCM ................................................................................................................... 10
6.2 Steel wool ........................................................................................................... 10
6.3 Graphite powder ................................................................................................. 10
7 .................................................................................................. Results and Discussion
11
8 ............................................................................ Future Research and Considerations
20
9 ....................................................................................................................... Conclusion
21
10 References ............................................................................................................... 22
11 Appendices ............................................................................................................... 23
11.1 ...................................................................................................... Project Contract
23
11.2 ................................................................................................................ Work logs
Error! Bookmark not defined.
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11.3 ..................................................................................................................... Budget
73
11.4 ....................................................................................................... PCM properties
11.5 ...................................................................... Data on LM35 temperature sensors
73
11.6 ...................................................................................... Images of the working rig
75
11.7 .................................................................................................. Additional Results

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1. Introduction

Humans have exploited thermal energy storage for centuries. In ancient Persia, ice was
harvested from the Caucasus mountain range and used to cool drinks in summer (1)
however the principle of latent heat storage, the physical phenomena underpinning this
application of ice, was not fully revealed until Joseph Black conducted a series of
experiments using ice and water at Glasgow University in 1762 (2). Over the course of
the past two decades, the practical applications of phase change materials (PCMs)
ability to absorb and dispense a large amount of heat energy with no increase in
temperature as they change phase, have been fully realised. The reduction in energy
demand that can be achieved using this kind of application could serve as one of many
solutions (3) to the energy crisis currently facing the human race.

A promising and currently implemented application of this technology exists in the
building services industry. PCMs have been employed, as microcapsules impregnated
into wallboards and concrete, to absorb energy from their environment at periods of low
energy demand and discharge the same heat energy at peak energy demand (4).
Technologies like this compliment the idea of smart-grids and in the past decade
studies such as the NINES project, underway in the Energy Systems Research Unit
(ESRU) at the University of Strathclyde (5), have been developing the transmission
network management necessary to fully exploit the thermal storage capabilities of
PCMs. Using an Active Network Manager (ANM) to direct and store energy in Domestic
Energy Storage Collectors (DESC) this project is likely to go hand in hand with the
installation of PCM related technologies in homes and industrial facilities.
Despite the evident potential PCMs exhibit for increasing the energy efficiency of our
built environment, there are numerous physical requirements and difficulties associated
with the majority of such materials that require innovative solutions before PCM thermal
storage will attain its full potential. Many of these have been discussed in previous
reports and literature reviews associated with this project.
Selecting a PCM with an appropriate melting temperature (or temperature range) is key
to achieving the maximum heat storage possible. This paper addressed the use of PCMs
in conjunction with domestic temperature ranges (35C 60C). A high latent heat of
fusion is desirable however this is dependent on the physical properties of the PCM and
for the purposes of this experiment the melting temperature was the primary focus.
Another issue encountered due to the experimental set up of this investigation was the
solidification of the PCM at the heat transfer boundary in this case directly at the heat
exchanger fins. This creates a boundary between the heat exchanger and the still liquid
PCM, reducing the heat transfer coefficient of the system. Additions to the heat
exchanger module such as a thin metal matrix distributed through the PCM and
nucleating agents were experimentally tested in an effort to solve this issue and
increase the heat transfer rate from the PCM to the heat exchanger.

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2. Projects Aims and Deliverables

The initial outline of this project was to design, build and test a thermal energy
storage device that exploited the latent heat storage of phase change materials.
Further, more specific aims and deliverables were developed as a result of review of
previous research, group discussion and close liaising with project supervisor. The
most important of these was to increase the heat transfer coefficient of the system.
Attempts were also made to find some manner in which the solidification of PCM
around the heat exchanger, creating a barrier to heat transfer, could be avoided. The
inclusion of a nucleating agent and the extension of the heat exchanger were
attempted to overcome this issue.

2.1 Literature review
Collate literature on energy storage, phase change materials and heat
exchangers.
Assemble into categories and distribute between group members.
Compile findings and review.
2.2 Design test rig
Create plan incorporating all main components and their specifications.
Source all components within budget and including contingency for each
necessary component.
2.3 Design and plan experiments
Produce plan that incorporated all PCMs, flow rates and additives.
Devise solutions to remove and collect PMC from module.
Create schedule for supervision of test rig with maximum efficiency.
2.4 Build test rig
Order all parts.
Construct pipe work and PMC module.
Test pump and heater prior to tests with PCM.
Calibrate temperature sensors and electronics.
2.5 Gain experimental results
Follow experimental plan.
Supervise experiments at all times.
Log all results in excel and create graphs.
2.6 Report findings
Write and submit interim report.
Create website.
Write and submit final report.
Prepare and deliver presentation.

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3. Project Group and Team performance

The project group consisted of four final year mechanical engineering students.
Having undertaken individual dissertation projects in the penultimate year of study and
a previous group project in the third year alongside a number of additional modules in
the discipline, each member of the group possessed a good understanding of the
mechanical engineering discipline as well as a diverse range of individual skills and
attributes. These individual skills as well as a unified ethos of team work resulted in
the successful and efficient completion of the project.

Callum is very practically and mechanically minded, he tends to perceive via sensing,
is highly motivated and goal driven and likes to complete tasks efficiently. Callum took
a strong role in construction of the test rig and in setting up experiments. He has
strong completer-finished attributes.

Conor is the most intelligent member of the group who possesses excellent
computing skills and good perception. He took responsibility of computing and
theoretical based tasks including additional research in the theoretical background to
the project and in setting up and controlling the use of Lab View for data logging.

Duncan is a dominant, firm and organized character with excellent judgement skills
and was as such appointed project manager. He strived to appoint appropriate tasks
to each member within the group, always keeping the end result in mind, and in the
event of any debate about how a particular task should be handled within the group
attempted to evaluate every option before making a final decision.

Liam is an extrovert who tends to have a very objective outlook, practically minded
but methodical and intellectual. Liam took a broad role within the project, taking
minutes of meetings, ensuring component orders were complete as well as
undertaking a strong role in both theoretical and practical tasks and ensuring both
aspects came together seamlessly.

Despite each member of the group having their own responsibilities concerning the
project, it was outlined early on that an important aspect would be for each member
of the group to endeavour to upkeep communication with the other members. This
would result in all members having a good basic understanding of each aspect of the
project. In this way, unforeseen circumstances involving short or long term absence of
a group member would not significantly impact the group progress and project would
continue without issue.

Group members met on a weekly basis for a meeting at which recent progress was
discussed. Each member kept a log of personal findings and activity throughout the
week and this could be discussed and reviewed at the weekly meeting. Aside from the
formal weekly meeting, group members liaised daily, to work on research, planning,
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design, ordering, construction and testing. A log of milestones reached, work
completed and details of the completion of tasks and prescribed next steps from
throughout the duration of the project is presented in Section 11.2: Appendices. In
addition to discussion of progress and proceeding tasks, each group meeting included
a critical performance review of the previous week(s). Both individual and group
performance, along with strengths and weaknesses were identified and improvements
were suggested that could be addressed over the following weeks. All members felt
that the group worked efficiently together and at no point were there concerns about
raising issues. Having worked together in the past and having known-one another for
four years throughout university, communication amongst the group was excellent.
Reflection upon the first semester highlighted the groups need to improve
documentation of tasks, minute taking at meetings and detailed logging of work
completed. This was improved upon as the first semester proceeded and excellent
documentation of meetings and all work carried out was upheld throughout the
second semester. Construction of the test rig was completed early in semester 2 and
testing began as soon as was practicably possible. It was noted that better planning
was required for overseeing test runs. As these tests took up to 3 hours to run
(including set up) and so it was decided that only one member of the group was
required to be present to improve overall group efficiency. Initially significant overlap
between group members occurred and this was identified as inefficient practice so a
doodle poll was set up to determine when different group members were available to
run tests. A rota was established and testing proceeded. This maximized the time
during which the test rig was running and minimizing time spent in the lab overseeing
tests for each individual.
A great deal of trust was shared by members of the group. It is felt that this was a key
aspect behind the success of the project, allowing tasks to be performed
comprehensively by one individual specializing in a specific area. Group communication
resulted in great efficiency and was one of the driving factors behind the successful
completion of the project aims.
4. The Test rig and PCM
The experimental set up of this investigation consisted bulk volumes of PCM being
charged and discharged directly via a heat exchanger. The test rig was composed of
three main sections; the PCM module, water system and data acquisition. The
successful design and build of a working test rig was one of the key contracted
deliverables agreed upon for the project. The completed rig will be an asset to the
department, providing the opportunity for future research in this field and is thus a
valuable addition to the departments research capabilities.
4.1 PCM Module
The PCM module was constructed from high impact polycarbonate and had dimensions
of !!!" ! !!!"! ! !!!"! ! . This housed an aluminium annular-finned steel heat
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exchanger pipe that ran though its center, surrounded by PCM. The module was
constructed using araldite and sealed using silicon sealant. This allowed the box to be
completely sealed while permitting the easy removal of the lid, addition of steel wool
and graphite and changing of the PCM. Holes were bored along the top of the box
where temperature sensors were inserted and a single hole of diameter 2mm was
drilled at one end of the box to permit the escape of air as the PCM expanded on
melting.

4.2 Water System
4.2.1 Water storage and plumbing

The system is exposed to atmospheric pressure at the tank. A flexible hose leaves
the tank carrying water to the pump. A T-junction is located after the pump; one
pipe leads to the water heater and module, the other redirects water through a
bypass system, back to the atmospheric tank via a variable ball valve. This valve was
varied in accordance with the flow rate required through the system and was opened
to avoid over pressurizing the system or its components. The route towards the
water heater also contained a variable valve, which was operated inversely to that of
the bypass system valve. Beyond this existed the water heater before the module.
Water exiting the module flowed back to the water tank. This therefore acted as a
closed system during heating, allowing the water in the system to be gradually
heated to the required temperature. Cold water could then be added to the system if
necessary and some hot water slowly drained to maintain the desired temperature
however the thermostat normally prevented this being necessary. Upon discharge,
the system was an open loop system, the water tank being continuously filled from
cold mains and simultaneously drained to maintain a constant inlet temperature
despite the PCM discharging significant energy to the water in the system.
4.2.2 Pump
The selected pump was a Clarke TAM 10 a 330 watt centrifugal pump with a
variable flow rate and low minimum head height for operation.
4.2.3 Heater
The water heater used was a Redring Vortex 3kW water heater. This had
temperature and pressure cutoff switches installed and a 65
0
C thermostat fitted. This
meant that for significant pressure drops in the system which may result in cavitation
inside the heater or for temperatures above 65
o
C the heater would automatically
switch off before switching on again when appropriate operating conditions were
restored.

4.3 Data Acquisition

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Temperatures at both the inlet and outlet of the heat exchanger were required as well as
temperatures of the PCM along the length of the module. Given the project budget,
thermocouples and the equipment necessary to operate them were decided early on to
be too expensive. Some discussion with an electrical engineer proved invaluable. Having
seen a demonstration of a Texas Instruments LM35 Precision Centigrade temperature
sensor, the group opted to purchase these instead. These sensors are integrated-circuit
sensors, which output a voltage linearly relating to the given temperature in degrees
Celsius. LM35s are small in size, around 5mm cubed and cost only around 3.50 per
sensor. They have a quoted accuracy of !!!!"! and can operate between -55
0
C and
150
0
C. These temperature sensors, after some modification, were also capable of
operating within a liquid, which was essential.

Four temperature sensors were located at equal distances throughout the PCM. The first
and last were placed 2cm from the ends of the module. The module can be seen in
operation featuring the placement of temperature sensors in section 11.6: Appendices.

There were also two sensors located within the water flow at both inlet and outlet of the
heat exchanger. The sensors were soldered to electrical wire and wired through an Op-
Amp and power supply via a breadboard, Figure 17 - Appendices, to National Instruments
USB 6210 data logger. Labview was installed to a laptop accessible by the group and a
lab view project was programmed as shown in Figure 20 - Appendices. All temperature
readings were graphed in real time as they were gathered allowing the user to view the
progress of the test run and flag up any unusual occurrences as well as monitor PCM and
water temperature, ensuring they remain within a reasonable range. The data logged
was saved automatically and exported to excel for further evaluation. This is explained
further in section 7.
5 Budget

The allocated project budget was 400. The group remained within this budget during
successful completion of the project. A component-pricing plan was drawn up early on in the
project and this was altered as the design evolved. Careful planning was required to ensure
the project remained within budget as purchase of relatively expensive, but essential
hardware was required. One step that was taken to ensure the budget was closely followed
was the allocation of Liam to oversee and finalise all orders. This meant that although any
member of the group may research a specific part order, Liam double checked every order
and placed every order. This ensured no incorrect parts would be ordered and that no part
would be inadvertently ordered twice.

University resources were used where possible and the National Instruments USB-6210 data
logger was borrowed from the department which would have amounted to the entire
budget alone. Similarly copper piping, flexible hose, fittings, electrical wire and MDF base
board were acquired from the departmental store. A detailed version of the final budget is
included in the appendices.

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6 Testing Procedure

A standard procedure was developed to ensure consistency between tests. The test rig and
module were set-up as described in section 4.
6.1 PCM
As stated, two different PMCs were used. These were Dodecanoic (Lauric) acid and
Decanoic (Capric) acid. Both saturated fatty acids are found naturally in coconut oil.
Dodecanoic acid, herein after referred to as PCM1, is a medium carbon chain acid with
12 carbon molecules. Dodecanoic acid was selected as it possesses a melting point
range of 44-46
0
C whilst being safe to handle and has a long shelf life. Dodecanoic acid
is also very readily available and relatively inexpensive, largely due to its use in the
production of cosmetics and soap.
Decanoic acid PCM2 was selected for having a slightly lower melting temperature of
around 30
0
C. Decanoic acid is also readily available and inexpensive to purchase,
derived from Decanol and with a great number of applications from pharmaceutical to
perfumes. Initial experiments were performed with Dodecanoic acid. In order to
change PCM within the module the system was heated and the majority of PCM
poured out safely into a temporary container. The module with remaining PCM was
then submerged in water at a temperature greater than that of the PCM melting
temperature and then left to solidify. The produced a layer of PCM on top of the water
due to its low density, meaning the solidified PCM could be easily collected to be
reused again. This method was used to great benefit whilst separating PCM and steel
wool.
6.2 Steel wool
It was thought utilizing steel wool as a mesh throughout the PCM with a high heat
transfer coefficient thus allowing heat to more efficiently travel throughout the entire
volume of PCM causing the charging and discharging process to happen more quickly
and evenly throughout the PCM (6) (7) (8) as opposed to only solidifying or melting
slowly outward from the heat exchanger.
6.3 Graphite powder
Graphite powder was used in an attempt to induce nucleation sites for crystallization
of the PCM. (6) (9)Nucleation during crystallization is a somewhat stochastic
occurrence which is difficult to control (10)and it was hoped that finely dispersed
graphite powder would result in a number of pre-determined nucleation sites for which
crystal structures could grow from. 15 grams of graphite powder was finely dispersed
throughout the melted PCM and mixed well to form a colloid.

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7 Results and Discussion
Figure 1 displays an entire test run for PCM2 with steel wool, showing how the temperatures
of the PCM along the length of the heat exchanger varied with time. The temperatures of
the water at the heat exchanger inlet and outlet are also plotted against time. The water
was heated to a temperature above 60
o
C and the PCM was melted as quickly as possible.
Once the PCM was seen to have been entirely melted in the Perspex module, the hot water
in the system was replaced as quickly as possible with water from the cold mains supply of
relatively constant temperature. This cold water was then run through the system until the
PCM was seen to entirely solidify again. Figure 2 demonstrates this process in terms of the
temperatures at different locations throughout the system. It can be seen that on heating,
the PCM nearer the outlet of the heat exchanger heated and melted more quickly than that
at the inlet of the heat exchanger. For PCM2 the heating process generally took about 4000
seconds whilst for PCM1 the heating process generally took around 5500 seconds, as a
result of its higher melting temperature.

On cooling it can be seen that the PCM remains at its melting temperature for the most part
on solidification. This induces a temperature differential between the water at the inlet and
the outlet of the heat exchanger. It can be seen from Figure 1 that whilst the PCM remains
at a constant temperature upon solidification, the temperature differential between the
water at the inlet and the outlet of the heat exchanger reduces. This is evidence of heat
transfer being impaired due to the solidification of the PCM around the heat exchanger. The
liquid-solid solution of the PCM near the heat exchanger reduces convection heat transfer
from the PCM to the heat exchanger. This means that much of the heat stored upon melting
in the PCM cannot be efficiently imparted to the water inside the heat exchanger.

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Figure 1: PCM2 and water temperatures throughout an entire test

The first tests run were conducted on PCM1 without any graphite or steel wool added. Initial
testing was to determine the practicality of further testing based around the times to melt
and solidify again of the PCM. The number of tests that could feasibly be run was then
extrapolated from these first test results.

Following this stage of the testing steel wool was added to the PCM. Figure 2 displays the
discharge temperatures of PCM1 with and without steel wool. The discharge temperatures
were directly compared so as to determine the effect of the steel wool on counteracting the
heat transfer impairment induced by the PCM solidification around the heat exchanger.

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Figure 2: Discharge temperature comparisons for PCM1 with and without steel wool

Figure 2 displays that upon cooling the water temperatures remain largely unchanged. The
water temperature of the PCM without the steel wool is slightly higher, probably in
correspondence with the slightly higher water inlet temperature which could have been due
to warmer weather inducing a slightly warmer mains supply. The PCM with the steel wool in
it is however seen to solidify much more quickly than the PCM without steel wool in it. This
may in part be due to a reduction in the overall PCM volume to allow for the steel wool
rather than any change in the heat transfer properties of the system.

Figure 3 displays a comparison between the overall heat transfer coefficients U of the
system with and without steel wool inserted into the PCM. The overall heat transfer
coefficient from the PCM to the water through the heat exchanger was determined by first
using equation 1 to find the energy imparted to the water through the heat exchanger:

! ! !!
!
!! (1)

Where q is the energy in Watts, ! is the mass flow rate in kg/s (kept constantly at
2.5x10
-5
kg/s), !
!
is the specific heat capacity of water at 10
0
C (4184 J/k) and !! is the
magnitude of the temperature differential from the inlet to the outlet of the heat exchanger.
The overall heat transfer coefficient could then be found using equation 2:

! !
!
!!!
!"
(2)

Where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m
2
K), A is the heat exchanger surface
area and !!
!"
is the log mean temperature difference found using equation 3 for concentric
flow heat exchangers:
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!!
!"
!
!!
!
! !!
!
!"
!!
!
!!
!

Where !!
!
is the difference between the PCM and water outlet temperatures, and !!
!
is the
difference between the PCM and water inlet temperatures on charging, and vice-versa on
discharging.

Figure 3: Overall heat transfer coefficient plotted against time for PCM1 with and without steel wool
inserted
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I|gure 4: Cvera|| heat transfer coeff|c|ent on charg|ng for CM w|th and w|thout stee| woo|

Figure 3 shows that there is little impact on the overall heat transfer coefficient from
introducing the steel wool into the PCM. The marginal difference in time taken for U to
reduce is probably again due to differences in the mains temperature between the two tests.
This suggests that introducing steel wool is not an effective method for reducing impairment
to heat transfer induced by PCM solidification.

Figure 4 displays the overall heat transfer comparisons on charging. It can clearly be noted
that PCM1 charges more quickly and that the heat transfer through the system increases
more quickly without the steel wool, further suggesting the steel wool is ineffective.

Figure 5 displays the results for testing on PCM2 in terms of discharge temperatures when
compared to PCM1. It clearly displays that PCM2 takes much longer to solidify than PCM1.
Due to the higher melting temperature of PCM 1 the temperature differential between the
water inlet and outlets is higher than that for PCM2, but PCM2 maintains the differential for
longer as it takes much longer to solidify.

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Figure 5: Temperature comparison between PCM1 and PCM2 upon solidification

Figure 6: Comparison between overall heat transfer coefficients for PCMs 1&2 upon solidification

Figure 6 displays the overall heat transfer coefficient of the two different PCMS upon
solidification. It clearly displays that it takes longer for the heat transfer to be impaired for
PCM2 as it takes much longer for it to solidify.

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Comparisons were also made for PCM2 with steel wool inserted. Figure 9 displays the
discharge temperatures for PCM2 with and without steel wool. Figure 8 displays the overall
heat transfer coefficients upon discharge and figure 7 upon charging. Once again it can
clearly be seen that while the PCM solidifies more quickly with steel wool, the heat transfer
during solidification and charging is almost equally impaired.

I|gure 7: Stee| woo| heat transfer compar|sons for CM2

Figure 8: Overall heat transfer coefficients for PCM2 with and without Steel Wool

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Figure 6: PCM2 Temperature comparisons with and without steel wool on solidification

The final tests carried out were with the graphite inserted into PCM1. Figure 12 displays the
temperatures upon solidification whilst Figure 10 displays the overall heat transfer
coefficients upon solidification and Figure 11 shows them during charging.

Figure 10: Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient for PCM1 With and Without Graphite
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I|gure 11: neat 1ransfer Compar|sons for CM1 w|th and w|thout graph|te

Figure12 : Discharge Temperature Comparisons for PCM1 With and Without Graphite

It is shown in these two graphs that in fact graphite further impairs the heat transfer from
the PCM to the water by a substantial amount. This would emphatically suggest that the
solidification at the heat exchanger is not counteracted in terms of heat transfer by adding
graphite to the PCM. Furthermore it can clearly be seen that the overall transfer coefficient
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is on average much less upon charging. This would further suggest that the graphite impairs
rather than enhances the overall heat transfer coefficient of the system.

Table 1 displays the measured latent heat of fusion for each of the experiments run. It
demonstrates that with the steel wool the latent heat of fusion is largely unchanged in the
PCM. However the graphite is seen to give the PCM a higher latent heat of fusion value.

1ab|e 1

8 Future Research and Considerations

Minimal research of a similar nature has been conducted in the past using PCM materials
such as the two fatty acids used. Given the nature of this experimental work and how young
the field is there are a number of future considerations and further work which may be
carried out using the research form this report as a basis. Given further time and resources
there were a number of experiments the group would have wished to undertake.
Do the tested PCMs deteriorate in their energy storage capabilities over many runs?
This experiment would be valuable in determining the long term viability of using
specific PCMs however given the length of time taken for each test run, this would be
an on going area of research for some significant time period.
Testing a wider variety of phase change materials
Given access to a plentiful hot water source, or the ability to wire a high powered
heater, to the order of around 12kW into the mains electrical supply the water flow
regime through the heat exchanger may have been tested. The flow rate available
through the 3kW heater used was not significant enough to test the effects of
turbulent flow, however this would be valid research for the future.
Additional methods for improving the overall heat transfer co-efficient within the PCM
are required. The test procedure as developed within this paper provides a consistent
and accurate test and can be used to validate the improvements in energy capture
and release for potential methods of improving heat transfer throughout.

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9 Conclusion

In conclusion, the desired outcome of this project - to design a latent thermal storage
test rig incorporating a PCM and to carry out testing on that PCM was achieved.
Early tests were used as a fact finding task in recording the time and temperatures
required for PCMs to melt and solidify, as little information exists on this. This resulted
in the acquisition of a valuable perspective on the practicalities of testing and using
PCMs for latent thermal storage and allowed for informed testing to then be carried
out on two distinct PCMs. The use of graphite and steel wool in improving the heat
transfer from a PCM upon solidification was investigated in two different PCMs. It was
found that steel wool had little effect on the heat transfer properties of the PCM, and
that graphite in fact impaired the heat transfer further. Despite these being negative
findings, they are valuable in terms of the progression of research into the area of
latent thermal storage and provide a platform from which further testing can be
planned and carried out within the department.

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""
10 References

1. HISTORY OF THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE. Morofsky, E. Quebec : Springer, 2007,
Thermal Energy Storage for Sustainable Energy Consumption , pp. 3-22.
2. Joseph Black and Latent Heat. Williams, Richard. 4, April 2012, American Physical
Society Monthly Journal, Vol. 21.
3. Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current
Technologies. Pacala, S., Socolow, R. 2004, Science.
4. Khudhair, A.M., Farid, M.M. A review on Energy Conservation in Building
Applications with Thermal Storage by Latent Heat using Phase Change Materials. Chemical
and Materials Engineering, University of Auckland. Auckland : Pergamon, 2003.
5. Clarke, J. Smart Grid Case Study: The NINES Project. Glasgow : s.n., 2013.
6. Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer
analysis and applications. B Zalba, J M Marin, L F Cabeza, H Mehling. s.l. : Elsevier,
2003, Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 23, pp. 251-283.
7. Enhancing the thermal responce of latent heat storage systems. Bugaje, I.M. 1997,
Journal of Energy Research, Vol. 21, pp. 759-766.
8. Proportioning compositesfor efficient TSWs. Knowler, T. 1983, Solar Energy 31, pp.
319-326.
9. Solar energy storage using phase change materials. M Kenisarin, K Mahkamov.
2007, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11, pp. 1913-1965.
10. Phase change materials, a model system to study nucleation processes . Bong-Sub
Lee, Geoffrey W. Burr, Robert M. Shelby, Simone Raoux, Charles T. Rettner,
Stephanie N. Bogle, Kristof Darmawikarta, Tian Tony Li, Stephen G. Bishop, and
John R. Abelson. San Jose : s.n., 2010.
11. Texas Instruments. LM35 Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensors. [Online]
1999. http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm35.pdf.
12. Joseph Black and Latent Heat Disappearing heat and the dog that did not bark.
Black, Joseph. 4, April 2012, American Physical Society Monthly Journal, Vol. 21.

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
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"#
11 Appendices
11.1 Project Contract

Set out in this contract are the required conditions and necessary inputs from
both project supervisor(s) and group members associated with this project.
______________________________________________________________

It shall be the responsibility of the group members to adequately research the project
topic and to collectively decide on a suitable design for up to 4 small-scale thermal phase
change stores that fall within the assigned budget of 400. The design of the prototype
store(s) shall be influenced by the experimental variables, constants and desired results,
which shall be outlined by group members at the earliest possible stage during the project
lifetime.

Group members shall seek to set out at the earliest stage possible, interdependencies
between tasks in the project lifetime and outline potential hazards - where delays may
occur. These possible hazards shall be added to the project Gantt chart at an appropriate
stage and plans to manage such an event shall be outlined to reduce its impact on the
project progression.

An experimental phase shall be carried out by the group members to return results
regarding the effectiveness of the prototype store as a source of heat. The ultimate aim of
this experimental phase shall be to significantly contribute to the departments research of
phase change material thermal storage technology.

It shall be the responsibility of the supervisor(s) to provide adequate laboratory space
for group members and experimental rig during the build and experimental phases of the
project. Facilities and/or equipment to supply and control the temperature of water shall be
provided by the department.

An interim report shall be delivered by the group at the end of week 9 (or equivalent) in
semester 1 and shall give detail of work to date and current project progress in comparison
with plans set out in the statement of purpose.

The project group shall deliver a final project report by the end of week 9 (or equivalent)
in semester 2. This report shall summarise the primary objectives undertaken, the
experimental results and the successes of the project work in the context of the Statement
of Purpose.

After the completion of the project (date tbc; around weeks 11-12) the group shall
deliver a presentation to outline project achievements and results

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99"7 ;-6< +-=>

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Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering
5
th
Year Group
Project
Build and Test of a Phase
Change Thermal Energy Storage
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 14/10/13
Task/Location; Group Meeting
Details of Progress; (Discussion in case of meeting)
Discussion of project aim what real world applications may this type of energy storage
have (domestic, industrial) may decide experimental set up
Temperature Range to be selected probably domestic for relative ease and safety.
PCM materials Paraffin, fatty acids, salt hydrates
Desirable qualities; high latent heat of fusion
Small volume change on melting/solidifying
High thermal conductivity
Availability of PCM materials? Suppliers and cost.
Heat Exchanger type.
Design of experimental rig
Design of experimental procedure
Inclusion of nucleating agent or thermally conducting matrix?

Future Consideration;
To speak with Chris Cameron about Lab space with hot water/drain resources
Meeting with Dr Kelly on Wednesday
Further research of current research and useful PCMs for domestic applications based
on thermo-physical properties.

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

"&

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 15/10/13
Task/Location; Group Meeting DR CC
DR and CC meeting to discuss key points of Project Contract revise content already
typed and edit format.
Assignment of various responsibilities to team and department.
Discussion of final goal and objectives thermal transfer coefficient, heat transfer rate.
Look into perspex body for heat exchanger or transparent section
To speak to Gerard Johnson (AMRL Lab superintendent) about measurement of
thermo-physical properties in solid and liquid states.
Project statement and contract due Friday (18
th
)

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

"'

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 16/10/13
Task/Location; Group Meeting with Dr Kelly
Details of Progress; (Discussion in case of meeting)
Would be desirable to see phase change in action transparent panel or heat
exchanger body to allow visual documentation of phase change
Perspex possible solution polycarbonate may have better strength. Thickness?
Solidifying PCM will prevent heat transfer to heat exchanger different thermal
conductivities?
CC uploaded complete first draft of Gantt Chart.

LM researching suppliers of Perspex for transparent section or body of H.E
To speak to Gerard Johnson (AMRL Lab superintendent) about measurement of
thermo-physical properties in solid and liquid states.
Group to further discuss temperature measurement method thermocouples!??
Project statement and contract due Friday (18
th
)

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

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Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 23/10/13
Details of Progress; (Discussion Topics in case of meeting)
Decision gates to address as follows (after discussion at project management class);
Consideration of heat exchanger design rectangular/cylindrical, materials and
necessary material thermo-physical properties (low conductivity, insulating), insulation
required separately.
Number of PCMs to consider for experimental purposes limit to 3?
Key PCM properties still require final decision from previous literature however should
have high thermal conductivity, high latent heat, correct melting temperature range, non-
toxic, cheap.
Focus may come onto cost of PCM given group budget and constraints with size of heat
exchanger.
Thermocouples for temperature readings 2 x recording inlet and outlet temperature of
heat exchanger and X to record internal temperature of PCM material.
Desired outcomes of experimental values heat transfer coefficient of system, thermal
capacity of storage device, thermal conductivity of PCM - ???
Temperature range should be in range of 30C - 60C testing of hot water from tap
source in labs to be confirmed when Chris Cameron assigns space.
Nucleating Agent to be selected group considering materials.
Sand/Graphite/Glass/Plastic.
Speak (again) with Chris Cameron about Lab space with hot water/drain resources
Test lab hot water supply duration at temperature X

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789:

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Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 24/10/13
Task/Location; Research
LM contacted Poth Hille to inquire about paraffin waxes costs, melting points, other
relevant properties and delivery times etc.
DR using thermometer at own flat to acquire some readings of hot water usage in the
home sink, shower, taps etc.

PCM properties Which are available for purchase in volumes required?
Lab space
Heating or Hot water facilities?

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

#+

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 25/10/13
LM spoke to Chris Cameron with regards to Lab Space Chris very non-committal over
space for group suggested construct of portable experimental rig.
Nucleating agents still under discussion graphite powder seems most promising
option.
Group continuing with design of experimental procedure charging and discharching of
PCM and how to measure heat stored from PCM.
Measure of heat exchange rate or total heat stored.
Flow chart of all necessary modules/components devised CT to work on.

Group to formulate design idea and construct basic system layout pipework schematic
and tech drawings of heat exchanger.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

#*

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 28/10/13
Task/Location; Group Meeting Andersonian
Lib.
Discussion of Exchanger design and how to incorporate portability into design as per
request of Chris Cameron with respect to hot/cold water requirements
Size of heat exchanger decision that cost per volume of PCM will dictate size of heat
exchanger. DR performing volume calculations
Number of thermocouples necessary n how many within module and two for reading
inlet and outlet temp.

Group to consult departmental staff and lab supervisor about possibility of having
thermocouple equipment reserved for group cost constraints as thermocouple data
loggers .
Full Literature Review Compilation

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789:

#"

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 30/10/13
Task/Location; Group work
LM completed and uploaded literature review bullet points comprising the main
problems already encountered using phase change materials for thermal storage.
Chris Cameron contacted about lab space no answer yet.
DR recording temperature of shower/sink/appliance water temp at own flat to gain idea
of domestic water temperature water range. 37 40 degrees.

Group to consult departmental staff and lab supervisor about possibility of having
thermocouple equipment reserved for group cost constraints as thermocouple data
loggers .
Design of heat exchanger to be decided.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

##

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 05/11/13
Lib.
Design of rig still under consideration.
Further review of existing literature and research.

Plumbing system to supply hot water hot water supply itself require more
consideration.
Paraffin wax suppliers to be located
Prices of PCMs cost desirable factor.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

#$

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 06/11/13
Task/Location; Group Meeting & with Dr
Kelly
Discussion of design/procedure with Dr Kelly keen for final design to be in place
before any items ordered. Possibility of orientating module vertically to record results of
this. Analytical or numerical analysis of the liquid/solid boundary layer position within the
PCM very briefly discussed.
Idea of module design formed where pump/heater/piping and appropriate valves form
one supply module and thermocouples and drain form outlet and measurement
module. To aid with advancement of work while heat exchanger module itself is under
discussion.
Discharging procedure under review and discussed with Dr Kelly option to either
circulate cold water as open loop or closed loop.
Paraffin wax suppliers found and prices compared.
Investigation of Fatty Acids as second phase change material physical properties in
accordance with require temp range.
Continued compilation of literature review.
CT drawn up flow chart of all components required in system from hot and cold water
supply to mixing valve, pump and HE module.
Thermocouples to be sourced from department.
Parts list based on Supply and outlet/measurement modules to be compiled.
Mixing chamber and hot water source require final decision still awaiting answer from
Chris Cameron as to availability of hot water supply as this may impact design heavily.

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

#%

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 08/11/13
Lib.
Attaching components to board (MDF, chipboard?) for purposes of portability discussed
and problems/solutions with this design outlined no decision yet.
Discharging procedure still under review and discussed with Dr Kelly option to either
circulate cold water as open loop or closed loop.
Continued compilation of literature review new material located concerning use of fatty
acids and promising temperature range for domestic applications.

Thermocouples to be sourced from department.
Parts list/Bill of materials to be compiled based on Supply and outlet/measurement
modules to be compiled. LM to look into and finalise.

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

#&

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 12/11/13
Lib.
Ideal schematic including all components and parts required now finalised by group.
Plans in place to ensure any changes in project direction can be rectified without great
loss of time.
LM finalised first draft of bill of materials.
Includes items for purchase and items available from MAE store budget constraints.
CT sourced pump from outside company. To be tested once acquired correct flow rate
etc.
Interim report draft now final sections assigned to group members to work on.

Acquire and test pump from CTs contact.
DR to inquire with Margaret Stack about spare pumps in M6.
Suppliers for components to be found and contacted this and next week as preliminary
investigation.

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

#'

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 13/11/13
Task/Location; Delegation of Lit review
Papers to be included in Literature review divided up between members of group:
DR - "Review of Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials and
Applications" by Sharma, "Phase transition temperature ranges and storage density
of Paraffin wax phase change materials" by He, Martin, Setterwell. And "Heat
Transfer During Phase Change of Paraffin Wax Stored in Spherical Shells" by
Ettouney.

LM - 'reveiw of materials,heat ransfer and phase change problem formulation by
Agyenim, Hewi etc. And 'An overview of PCM and their implication on power
demand' by Rousse, Salah and Lassue. Reveiw on thermal energy storage with
phase change, materials heat ransfer analysis and application by Zalba, Main,
Cabeza anf Mehlin. High - temp phase change materials for thermal energy storage
by Kenisarin Solar Energy sorage using PCM by Kenisari and Mahkamov.

CT - to cover all papers relating to use of PCMs in building services
applications. Wall board impregnation, solar arrays etc.

CC Looking into H.E designs and literature regarding different types of H.E
surfaces and bodies.

LM set out group of categories for lit review - Reasons PCM storage is useful? Reason
for use etc, PCM background, Experimental info, PCM material additives etc, PCM
container design, Heat exchanger design, Previous results/useful insights, Other.
LM and DR looking for appropriate water vessel in department.

Interim Report Due 22
nd
Nov.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

#(

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 15/11/13
Lib.
On going discussion of design of H.E module. Other aspects of Rig decided still
awaiting decision regarding hot water supply from Chris Cameron which may affect
mixing chamber/heating requirements.
Bill of Materials being developed.
DR/LM trip to household retailer to see components necessary for plumbed water
system and prices within budget.
CC continuing H.E research.
CT in contact about pump.
DR/LM looking into types of PCM available which fall into category of correct melting
temperature, good thermo-physical properties and low cost.
Group discussing option of only investigating Fatty Acids as less research in this field
and paraffin wax has higher melting temperature.

Thermocouples to be sourced from department John Redgate to be found and
consulted. (budget constraint - thermocouple equipment.)
To make decision on Paraffin or not.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

#)

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 18/11/13
Task/Location; Group Working on Assignd
tasks.
Group now received Annular Aluminium Finned, Steel bodied Heat Exchanged off cuts
from Dr Kelly through Turnbull and Scott will form basis of experiments most likely
however is long enough for 1 (maybe 2) H.E modules.
Acquiring second and third H.E parts now looking unlikely as outwith budget and no
reply from Companies DR contacted.
DR researching further fatty acids. In contact with Peter Halling of Chemistry Dept.
Lauric Acid (Dodecanoic acid) Identified as good PCM to conduct first series of
experiments on. Others (eladaic, tristearin, myristic) not suitable due to cost/hazard etc.
Size of Exchanger module likely to be impacted by cost of fatty acid per volume Lauric
Acid derived from coconut oil relatively cheap per kg.
nd
Nov.
DR to inquire about pump in M6 with M Stack and look into supplier of Lauric acid.

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

$+

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 19/11/13
Task/Location; Lit review
Literature review now under editing.
Pump unavailable from M Stack now to check if pump from CT works. Pump within
budget to be identified by CC (supplier etc) as contingency in case pump from CT non-
functional.
Group considering various options as contingency plans for water heating if James Weir
hot water source does not prove to have sufficient temperature to melt PCM.
CC looking at inline heaters and immersion heaters as contingency plan against hot
water supply and mixing chamber.

nd
Nov.
LM looking to find supplier of Graphite powder nucleating agent.
LM looking at finding steel wool will ask Jim in MAE stores.

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

$*

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 20/11/13
Task/Location; Group Meeting w/ Dr Kelly
Group discussing project progress with Dr Kelly.
Perspex box design based on H.E received is good option and bill of materials not
missing anything at this point. In line heater or bath with immersion heater at this point
good back ups in case of insufficient hot water supply.
Advised to look further into heating and discharging and consider pushing Chris
Cameron for answer RE; lab space or simply ordering components necessary and store
in department.
H.E already with Jim in Stores.

Dr Kelly now seen flow chart/schematic of whole system to be drawn up showing all
components and necessary connections.
DR to look into fatty acid and talk further with Peter Halling about 2
nd
Acid.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

$"

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 21/11/13
Task/Location; Interim Report
Completed flow chart included in interim report.
CC fully developed Gantt chart for inclusion in report and has noted that not much
research into types of H.E surfaces has been carried out.
Report now broadly finished. DR to edit for submission to Dr Kelly on 22
nd
.

Group to research possible sources of other H.E
DR to find out more about 2
nd
and possible 3
rd
fatty acid.
Dr Kellys suggestion of Buoyancy effects to be taken into consideration and designs
to allow H.E module to be rotated through 90 deg.

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

$#

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 22/11/13
Task/Location; Interim Report
Report now Submitted to Kelly.
Still to be sent to McLaren.
LM looking at budget and considering lead times on ordering contingency items. CT
Group to research possible sources of other H.E
Submit Interim to McLaren. See 21
st
for technical considerations.
SEE Previous week Further Considerations for on-going tasks.

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

$$

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 26/11/13
Task/Location; Group Meeting Livi Tower &
sourcing
Group decision on interview slot for week 12.
Discussion of discharging and heating processes open loop system for discharge
seems best option with thermostat at inlet and outlet of H.E.
Sourcing of water-vessel as contingency if Hot/cold supply from mains not possible.
LM/DR now meeting with Chris Cameron again to discuss Lab Space components
arriving and require space and storage. Also details of hot water and drainage are
crucial.
Chris Cameron suggested Tea Urn to heat water with perhaps alteration to thermostat
looks to be good solution.
DR/LM Met with John Redgate (JR) To ask about thermostats. JR suggests using
instead small voltage differential temperature sensors. Cheap/robust and easily set up
with Labview. JR showed set up on Labview and advised as to data logging methods
and equipment.
Info of temp sensors taken to other group members. Decision to use LM35 CAZ.
LM/DR acquired NI USB6210 data logger along with copper and flex piping and fittings
from Jim in MAE stores.
LM ordered Perspex for preliminary prototype build of H.E module.

To run idea of tea urn past Dr Kelly.
Build H.E Module when Perspex arrives.
PCMs and suppliers.

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

$%

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 27/11/13
Task/Location; Group Meeting (Lib)
LM/DR passing on all information about lab view and temp sensors to group.
CC taking on responsibility of working with Lab View.
Discussion of pump (contingency) and CT to acquire and test pump from contact.
Electrical components identified by LM and buying graphite powder as nucleating agent
today.

CT Pump.
CC to get James Gillespie to install Labview on Laptop or acquire department laptop
for use in temp sensing.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

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Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 29/11/13
Task/Location; Group work
CT received pump from contact. Worked on in lab. Requires electrical attention from JR.
Will be available some time next week.
CC identified contingency pump, supplier and tech specs. Ready for order should pump
from CT contact be insufficient. LM has lead time.
Perspex arrived and received by LM for prototype build of first H.E module with shorter
length of annular heat exchanger.

DR LM to sort ordering of temp sensors once number required confirmed.
CT to find JR and ask about Pump control and wiring.
CC finding out about Labview and getting laptop or copy of software.
First Box to be built as soon as lab space assigned.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

$'

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 03/12/13
Task/Location; Group Work/Purchasing
LM and DR ordered temp sensors x10 including spares.
No word on labspace still awaiting contact from Chris Cameron.
No word from JR about pump. CT to track down and find.
Group has discussed in depth contingency system if lab space is unavailable.
Closed system using water storage vessel alongside rig attached to portable board
which can be installed in any space having water supply and drainage.
LM and DR sourced cheap and appropriate MDF board from homeware store. Can be
bought as and when required as components are all received.
Test pump with supervision of JR from CTs contact.
Preparation of presentation for week 12.
Begin assembly of items and plumbing system as soon as lab space is acquired.

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

$(

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 04/12/13
Task/Location; Lab Space Acquisition.
Chris Cameron Emailed now regarding Lab Space.
Group now losing time based on Gantt chart set out due to lack of space to start build.
DR/CC looking into Lab View in mean time and set up of temp recording system with
consultation of JR (when available)

Interim Report to be sent to McLaren on 5
th
(tomorrow)
JR to advise on pump when available.
CC/DR to sort out Labview and temp sensor equipment.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

$)

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 06/12/13
Task/Location; Group Meeting (Lib)
Group discussing project progress and future concerns.
Temp sensing set up now very close to being sorted out with help from JR and looking
to get all necessary components. Data logger from Jim in stores. Power supply to be
borrowed from JR (as advised during first meeting with LM DR) and other small wiring
components to be ordered.
Flexible and copper piping can be sourced from Jim in stores off cuts and spares to
save some cost in budget given pump and heater are more expensive.
No word yet on lab space group will speak with Kelly.

Small electrical connection components to be ordered.
Preparation for Interview on 9
th
with members of faculty.
CC to prepare CREO drawing of H.E to see if numerical study of heat transfer is
possible.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

%+

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 09/12/13
Task/Location; Group Work/Separate Tasks.
Group presentation to members of Faculty (1440).
Group meeting afterwards to discuss performance and continue with assigned work
regarding research and sourcing.
Group now waiting on Lab Space to begin build. Main focus on developing lab
view knowledge and set up of temperature sensing equipment in the mean time.
DR found supplier through Jim of PCM Lauric Acid. Sigma Aldrich.

Build H.E Module when lab space assigned.
LM to order PCM when suitable having been passed information from DR and rest of
group in Agreement.

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

%*

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 12/12/13
Task/Location; Group Meeting & Design
reconsideration
CC looking into developing CREO parametric model of H.E for possible modelling of
heat exchange.
This not included in project scope however with no lab space assigned, thought of as
potentially useful by group for verification.
Dr Kelly not keen on idea of tea urn or similar vessel believes in line heater or
immersion heater is better idea. LM CC going back to check contingency.
Design Change now probably necessary regarding mixing chamber and water
supply.
Kelly also emailing Chris Cameron & Dr McLaren RE; Lab space as group require action
on this front.

CT Pump.
CC to get James Gillespie to install Labview on Laptop or acquire department laptop
for use in temp sensing.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

%"

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 13/12/13
Task/Location; Purchasing (Build)
Temperature sensors arrived at MAE email received by LM.
To be picked up after holidays.

First Box to be built as soon as lab space assigned.
CT (with DR) Pump control and wiring.
CC finding out about Labview and getting laptop or copy of software.

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

%#

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 22/01/14
Task/Location; Lab work/Group Meeting
Group now have access to lab space with hot and cold water source and drainage.
Also necessary tools for build of rig.
LM collected temp sensors from MAE stores and wire necessary for circuitry.
Preliminary plan carried out now that alteration of design was necessary to include inline
heater.
CC researching lab view and consulting James Gillespie about software and JR about
programming. Group can use department laptop with lab view if necessary for now to
build lab view circuit. Look at getting installed on CC laptop.
LM DR CC Looking into types and necessary specifications of inline heater before
committing to supplier.
LM CT sourced MDF board necessary to mount all of test rig from JW building
contractors (scrap).

Test pump from CTs contact with supervision of JR.
Temp sensors to be calibrated CC DR looking at.
Circuitry set up for Temp Sensors to have final go ahead from JR.
Flow meter from dept?

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

%$

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 23/01/14
Task/Location; Lab Work
DR & LM soldering 2 x temp sensors and waterproofing using araldite as prototype for
insertion into water to check seal.
CT acquired flexible food-grade piping for necessary attachment to cold water source
and flexible sections of rig. ID = 25mm for attachment to H.E pipe body.
CT finished build of 1
st
prototype H.E.
Length shorter than final planned H.E (L = 30cm). Filled with water and pumped hot
water from tap source to check heating rate and structural sturdiness of araldite and
silicone at elevated temperatures.
LM ordered more Perspex from same supplier and at larger dimensions.
CC and LM looking into possible flow meter from department to record flow through
system dynamically.

Temp sensors to be tested using equipment borrowed temporarily from JR and advice
on circuitry to be sought.
Second H.E box to be made and fitted to experimental section of H.E
Flow meter?
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

%%

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 24/01/14
Task/Location; Lab work Build.
CT brought pump into lab. Tried running using basic set up of piping and water basin but
no success.
CT looked into hardware no problems.
JR to consulted on Pump circuitry.

CC developing lab view circuit expected Monday 27th completion.
To find JR and ask for advice on pump wiring if problem new pump to be ordered by
LM and collected at nearest possible opportunity.
Now awaiting Perspex and PCM from suppliers.

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

%&

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 27/01/14
Task/Location; Lab work/Group Meeting
Group meeting to discuss process of charging and discharging how recorded results
might be used to verify thermal heat transfer coefficient of system and what
expectations are from using steel wool as thermal matrix and graphite crystals as
nucleating agent.
Perspex not received yet. DR looking into alternative options contingency.
LM contacting supplier of Perspex to find out about order.
LM ordered PCM1 Lauric Acid (Dodecanoic Acid) from Sigma Aldrich.
CT looking at pump.
Lab view circuit design now finalised and JR advised on necessary components CC to
follow up.
Water Vessel to be found and used as main water source for closed loop charging?

Alternate to Perspex.
2
nd
PCM to be ordered.
Temp sensors to be prepared soldered and araldited.

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

%'

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 28/01/14
DR soldering remaining temperature sensors and using araldite to seal.
LM CT acquiring copper piping and necessary elbow junctions and ball valves for seal.
Cutting to size and placing on board in system layout.
DR spoken to workshop technicians and acquired off cuts of polycarbonate high
strength sheet (5mm thck) as replacement for Perspex if necessary.

Perspex order. If not Polycarbonate to be cut on bandsaw (technician).

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

%(

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 29/01/14
LM and CC buying and collecting inline heater.
CC LM consulting JR about temp sensor circuit and components necessary to achieve
best signal.
Temp sensors not giving great signal jumpy. DR CC to address.
JR recommends perhaps more advanced circuit with signal boost or conversion of
signal required and possibly different data logger.

No Perspex received.
Temp sensor circuit. CC to investigate this week and speak further with JR on subject.
Pump function?
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

%)

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 30/01/14
No word on Perspex order from supplier LM now looking to cancel order and
polycarbonate offcuts being cut by technician on request of DR.
Piping and valves connected to inline heater and set out in place for module to be
attached. Return system constructed and trusses to raise module from board cut and
shaped CT DR LM.
CT checked pump with JR and wiring is unfixable so new pump to be ordered.
Supplier and brand already identified.
CT to construct new H.E module.
New pump to be ordered contingency now in action. LM will advise and speak with
Jim in MAE store.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

&+

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 31/01/14
LM ordered new pump lead time one week (quoted) could be more.
CT DR revising and finalising details of joins of H.E module for final build.
LM succeeded in cancelling Perspex order and having cost refunded.
CT DR LM continuing looking at build of plumbing system.
DR painting MDF board using paint from MAE store to protect from water damage when
plumbing system attached.

CT to construct new H.E module.
Pump to be collected and fitted to system and water circulation to be tested.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

&*

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 03/02/14
Task/Location; Lab work
JR advising CC DR on circuitry of LM35 temp sensors using own equipment and NI
USB6210 module to record air temperatures.
DR looking at planned means of incorporating temp sensors into lid of H.E module.
Require araldite/silicone sealant from MAE store.

Circuitry components to be ordered and assembled.
Power supply for circuitry to be taken from JR offered use of one belonging to
department.

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

&"

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 04/02/14
CC acquired copy of Lab view on personal laptop from James Gillespie.
All files transferred and lab view ready to record from temp sensor circuit.
LM ordered all electrical equipment necessary for circuit (op amps, DC converter etc)
CT constructing final H.E module using polycarbonate from MAE technician offcuts to
be glued and dried by Friday (latest).

H.E module final construction.
Temp sensors (all prepd) to be incorporated into H.E module lid.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

&#

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 05/02/14
LM and CC buying and collecting inline heater.
PCM1 Lauric acid now collected from stores and stored in group locker - awaiting use.
LM and DR incorporating temp sensors into lid of H.E module silicone sealant to hold
and seal. Drilled holes and sensors set at same depth into module.
Module to be glued and set.
Heater to be tested and run through entire cycle on/off (heating and off).

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

&$

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 07/02/14
Electrical components arrived.
LM collected electrical components from store and beginning construction of temp
sensor circuitry with JRs advice.
H.E Module constructed by CT and left to set.
Technician has advised having contingency plan for box as araldite can deteriorate in
temperatures above 50 degC.
DR to consider and look into solution.
Temp sensors to be calibrated using Lab view.
DR to consider contingency plan for H.E Module.
2
nd
PCM required.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

&%

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 10/02/14
Pump received
LM DR CT incorporated pump into system and now running water through system
heated and into prototype module to see how heat is transferred to water in H.E
Module.

DR commencing build of spare H.E module on advice from technicians that araldite
can suffer in integrity from heat.
Technician cut more spare polycarbonate sheet and edges to be sanded to create
smooth edge (band saw leaves edges not entirely true)
LM testing small amounts of PCM1 in small receptacle for melting temperature. Appears
to melt around 47 degC. Will observe range of melting while in H.E most likely.

CC DR to calibrate temperature sensors.
Spare H.E module to be completed held as contingency.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

&&

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 12/02/14
DR CC calibrating temperature sensors using ice and water at ambient room
temperature to form straight line relation to 100 degC based on voltage increase in Lab
view.
CT LM finalising Rig.
Module now fixed using jubilee clips and pump running.
Return System tested and flow rates measured.
Temperature of water from closed system vessel measured using analogue
thermometer.

Potential problem with heater thermostat. Turning off heater at 50 degC and switching
back on after cooling takes place.

Is thermostat a problem? JR advised that new ones can be attached easily.

Some leaks to be addressed with repositioning of jubilee clips around plumbing circuit.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

&'

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 13/02/14
Task/Location; Lab Meeting w/ Dr Kelly
Now temp sensors calibrated ready to be imbedded in lid of H.E module.
Lab view and circuit also finalised and ready to record results.
2
nd
PCM identified by DR as possible comparison Dodecanoic Acid 36 degC melting
temp.

PCM 1 to be melted into unit and run through entire phase of melting/solidifying.
Steel wool to be sourced by LM for thermal matrix in PCM after first phase of testing.
PCM2 to be ordered.

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

&(

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 14/02/14
DR and LM finished some construction of 2
nd
contingency box and sealed temperature
sensors into box lid with silicone and araldite.
Temperature sensors embedded in flexible pipe at water inlet and outlet points.
Rig now functional and ready for testing next week.

Testing to commence.
Second heat exchanger box to be sealed using silicone by DR and have ends drilled.
DR drawing up schedule of times each member of group available for supervision of
testing rig. Only requires one person to supervise.

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

&)

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 17/02/14
Task/Location; Testing Phase.
PCM 1 melted into module (powder to liquid)
Safety concerns about toxicity taken into account and planning considered for
disposal of PCM after testing.
Problems encountered with Heater. Turning off due to thermostat cut out at 50 degC.
Thermostat not high enough.
Replacement thermostats identified and ordered through MAE store.

Thermostat to be replaced 65 / 70 deg.C limit?
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

'+

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 18/02/14
DR finalising 2
nd
H.E module.
2
nd
PCM ordered through MAE store.
Gerard Johnson of AMRL notified and safety concerns addresses acrylic gloves to be
worn and lab coats. PCM2 decanoic acid mildly corrosive and possibly toxic.
Thermostat to be replaced
Safe disposal of both PCMS and how to remove from H.E module.
DR to address.

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

'*

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 20/02/14 28/02/14
Task/Location; Experimental Phase
Testing Schedule as per group decision to be followed

PCM1 melted into module successfully.
Problems with thermostat rectified by replacement 65 degC temp limit rarely now
reached.
Temperature sensors working well.
Schedule of work to divide monitoring of work divided between group members drawn
up
PCM2 arrived 27
th
Feb.
PCM 1 tested at various flow rates no great effect.
PCM1 tested with wool by 25
th
Feb.
DR devised way to use water bath and cooling to separate PCM from H.E module
without release to environment safety.

PCM2 yet to be tested.
Steel wool possible reaction with fatty acid during heating auto-oxidation?
To address in report. May be more severe for PCM2.
Final report drafted LM CT DR and results being compiled from PCM1 testing by CC.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

'"

Mechanical and
5
th
Year Group
Project
Device
Conor Campbell (CC)
Liam Moynihan (LM)
Duncan Reid (DR)
Callum Taylor (CT)
Date: 03/03/14 14/03/14
Task/Location; Experimental Phase & report
Compilation.
Testing Schedule as per group decision being followed

Module deteriorated as per advice from lab tech. Leaking was rectified at first with
silicone sealant and then by replacing box before filling with PCM2.
Dr Kelly visiting lab on 5
th
March pleased with progress. Hopeful that Steel wool may
produce some results.
5
th
7
th
PCM1 steel wool tests concluded after problems of leaking with first module
cost 4 days. PCM2 fully tested with no additives.
10
th
- 11
th
PCM2 fully tested with steel wool. Results recorded.
Noted discolouration of PCM such that auto-oxidation likely to have occurred.
13
th
14
th
; PCM1 put back in module. Tested with Graphite additive.
Report (due 21
st
) and Results now to be drawn up over two weeks before deadline and
presentation to be compiled.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

'#
11.3 Budget

Figure 7: Final component expenditure

11.4 Data on LM35 temperature sensors

Data as provided by Texas Instruments: (11)
FEATURES DESCRIPTION
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit 2 Calibrated Directly in Celsius
(Centigrade)
Linear + 10 mV/C Scale Factor temperature sensors, with an output voltage linearly
proportional to the Centigrade temperature. Thus the
0.5C Ensured Accuracy (at +25C) LM35 has an advantage over linear temperature
Rated for Full !55C to +150C Range sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is
not
Suitable for Remote Applications required to subtract a large constant voltage from
the output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The
Low Cost Due to Wafer-Level Trimming LM35 does not require any external
calibration or
Operates from 4 to 30 V trimming to provide typical accuracies of "C at
Less than 60-A Current Drain room temperature and #C over a full !55C to
+150C temperature range. Low cost is assured by
Low Self-Heating, 0.08C in Still Air trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The
low
Nonlinearity Only "C Typical output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent
Low Impedance Output, 0.1 $ for 1 mA

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

'$
Load calibration of the LM35 make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially
easy. The device is used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies.
As the LM35 draws only 60 A from the supply, it has very low self-heating of less than
0.1Cin still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a !55Cto +150C temperature
range, while the LM35C is rated for a !40C to +110C range (!10 with improved
accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO transistor packages,
while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92
transistor package. The LM35Dis also available in an 8-lead surface-mount small
outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

I|gure 8: LM3S w|r|ng
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

'%
11.5 Images & Schematic of the Rig

I|gure 9: I|ow d|agram represent|ng the test r|g c|rcu|t conf|gurat|on dur|ng CM charg|ng and d|scharg|ng
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

'&

I|gure 10: Var|ab|e 8a|| va|ves to restr|ct f|ow |nto the heat|ng and modu|e sect|on of the c|rcu|t a||ow|ng water
to bypass d|rect|y to the water supp|y or dra|n.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

''

I|gure 11: 1emperature sensor p|acement - Cne sensor at heat exchanger, one at out|et and 4 throughout the modu|e,
embedded w|th|n the CM. A|| sensors w|red to NI6210 data |ogger v|a DC]DC converter through Cp Amp mounted on
breadboards |n order to prov|de a readab|e s|gna| to the data |ogger.
I|gure 12: 1emperature sensor w|r|ng was ara||d|ted at sensor body to a||ow sensors to be embedded |n CM.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

'(

I|gure 14:Labv|ew was |nsta||ed and used to mon|tor the temperature sensors where a ||ve read|ng cou|d be
watched.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

')

Figure 15: Labview circuit used to acquire data and record from the data logger

I|gure 16: (Io||ow|ng age)
Left co|umn of |mages shows the ent|re modu|e conta|n|ng CM2 on a me|t|ng and re-so||d|f|cat|on cyc|e Wh||st the
r|ght hand co|umn of |mages shows a c|ose up of CM1 me|t|ng and beg|nn|ng to re-so||d|fy. It |s espec|a||y apparent |n the
c|ose up that the CM tends to so||d|fy d|rect|y surround|ng the heat exchanger before work|ng outwards. 1h|s be|ng
detr|menta| as the so||d phase CM has a |ow therma| conduct|v|ty, thus conduct|ng heat poor|y to the outer CM. It was
hoped that |ntroduct|on of stee| woo| and graph|te wou|d |mprove th|s |ssue as d|scussed w|th|n the body of the report.
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

(+

!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

11.6 Gantt Chart

Ongoing 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Planned
Completed
Completed Late
Semester 1
Commencing
Week
23-Sep 30-Sep 07-Oct 14-Oct 21-Oct 28-Oct 04-Nov 11-Nov 18-Nov 25-Nov 02-Dec 09-Dec 16-Dec 23-Dec 30-Dec 06-Jan 13-Jan
Group Member 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Project Introduction - first group meeting, first meeting with
Dr Kelly All
Identify potential research areas All
Literature review All
Identify group roles All
Attend Management sessions and identify key management
tasks to be carried out for duration of project All
Project aim & definition All
Project contract DR, CC
Statement of Purpose LM, CT
Identify key PCM material properties for experiments in
terms of budget and space constraints DR, LM
Preliminary test rig design specification All
Preliminary test rig design specification (Flow Chart) LM
Design experiments and experimental procedure All
Identify potential nucleating agents and potential ways in
which to enhance overall heat transfer All
Final test rig Design All
Design temp sensor circuits CC
Design Piping CT, LM, DR
Design PCM module DR
Identify required materials for test rig final design All
Speak to John Redgate about Temp Sensors/Labview LM,DR, CC
Identify suitable PCMs for experiments in terms of price and
properties All
Investigate water temperatures from mains in Labs LM,DR,CC
Form contingency plan for water temperature if it is too low
(in-line heater, closed system etc.) CC
Source Temp Sensors LM,DR
Source Pump CT
Source Perspex LM
Source PCMs DR
Source in-line heater CC
Source backup pump in case CT pump doesn't work (not
designed for our purposes) CC
Source Graphite Powder LM
Source Steel Wool LM
Obtain NI-USB6210 from Jim Doherty DR
Source copper&flexible pipe CT
Source electrical components for temp sensors CC
Source plumbing components (flow valve, piping elbows and
joints etc.) CT, LM
Identify how long materials will take to arrive and form
contingency plans for unexpected problems with delivery
etc. All
Organise Labs etc. to facilitate rig All
Contingency Design if permanent lab space is unavailable All
Source MDF and container for water in closed system
(contingency design) All
Build Test Rig All
Order Temp Sensors (inc. delivery time) LM,DR
Order Perspex (inc. delivery time) LM
Order PCMs LM,DR
Interim Report (due end of week 9) All
Literature research All
!" !$%&'())* +" ,-./01$/* 2" 3(04* !" 5$.)-6
789:

"#

Semester 2
Commencing
Week
20-Jan 27-Jan 03-Feb 10-Feb 17-Feb 24-Feb 02-Mar 09-Mar 16-Mar 23-Mar 30-Mar 06-Apr 13-Apr 20-Apr 27-Apr 04-May 11-May
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Build Test Rig All
Buy and collect graphite LM
Collect piping and plumbing components from stores All
Order Perspex (overrun due to supplier error) LM
Order Electronic parts for temp sensor circuits (op amps
etc., inc. delivery time)
Buy and collect in-line heater LM,CC
Source and order alternative to perspex due to failure on
part of supplier (inc. delivery time) LM
Test CT sourced Pump (John Redgate Required - available 1
week later) CT
If CT pump doesn't work order clarke TAM105 (inc. delivery
time) CC
Solder Temp Sensors LM,DR
Build temp sensor circuits (Lab view) CC,LM
set up labview model for recording measurements CC,DR
Build piping system CT,LM
Build PCM module CT,DR
Calibrate Temp Sensors CC,DR
Melt and insert PCM1 into module LM,DR
PCM1 Testing All
PCM1 Steel Wool Testing All
Melt and insert PCM2 into module CT,CC
PCM2 Testing All
PCM2 Steel Wool Testing All
Melt and insert PCM1 back into module LM,DR
PCM1 Graphite Testing (PCM2 not in suitable condition for
testing) All
Collation and interpretation of results
Final Report All

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