1.

Understand healthcare policy formation in an international context

Overview of the Australian health system Australia has a system of health care mainly financed by taxes subsidized medical services through a national universal health insurance system. Health services are managed by a federal system of government and delivered. By many public and private providers The Government of Australia also known as the Federal Government or State instead of the fund provides health services and subsidizes pharmaceuticals and residential care for the elderly nursing homes. The state and two local governments (hereinafter primarily States background of six years , with the financial support of the Community , and the management of public hospitals , mental health and health care in the community . private health professionals the most treatment based on medical and dental community , and there is a large private sector , including health insurance , hospitals and diagnostic industry . The system of health care concerns the ongoing negotiations between the governments of the Community and the Member States in a field with many public and private actors. An important principle underlying many health cares in Australia is universal access to quality health care regardless of ability to pay.

Overview of the German health system Germany has a universal, the multiple health care payers with two main types of health insurance, " insurance increase health law " ( Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung ), known as sickness funds and "private " (private Krankenversicherung ) .Compulsory insurance applies that is provided by the " private health insurance " common types for all members , non-profit organization including a certain level of income is paid jointly by the employer and employee contributions . The wages of the company are listed on the complex social corporatist negotiations between organized interest groups specified independently (e.g. medical associations) in the states (Lnder ) . The health insurance companies are responsible for delivering a wide range of guaranteed and may refuse membership or non discrimination on an actuarial basis . A small number of people with insurance officials financed by taxes or social security. People with incomes above the prescribed compulsory insurance may choose the health

insurance system , most do , or private insurance. Private health insurance for Extra insurance is available .

Q2. You have recently come across two newspaper articles on funding issues for the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK.

NHS is a very vast and complex organization. Most parts will be affected in some way but the great changes that makes the decisions and who create money. New organizations abolished And and liability management of most NHS budget will be delivered in April 2013, spends a few of these new local organizations and nationally. Local counselling is also given a greater role in the effects of long-term health services. In the paper, the NHS seem very different - but for the patient time with your family doctor or the hospital, you can little see visible difference. What is the role of government? Responsibility for the health law and public policy in the hands of Parliament, Secretary of State for Health, and the Department of Health National Services (NHS) provides health care, including hospitals and medical services and prescription drugs for all residents. The terms of the Law of Health and Social Care NHS 2012, responsibility for the day to day running of the NHS has delivered to the Department of Health and the Ministry of Health to a new non-governmental organization, the NHS Commissioning Board, later behalf of the NHS in England. Who plans and buys treatment for patients? The NHS in England is responsible for the NHS budget, monitoring the clinical introduction of the new group (CCG), and to ensure that the objectives of the mandate of the call Secretary of State for Health to meet the NHS, including both efficiency and health goals. CCG has been replaced by Primary Care Trusts with local purchasing organizations, health: the idea was that they should be clinically lead, but in spite of the clinical input has been confirmed, for example, other professionals, managers and accountants are increasingly health care is delivered to the Department of Health, local authorities, 2012 law requires them to set up a health and Wellbeing Boards to improve the coordination of local services, in particular the need to reduce inequalities in health.

2. Understand the social and cultural context of healthcare

Culturally competent health care systems that provide culturally and linguistically appropriate services to reduce racial and ethnic differences in health. When clients do not understand what their doctors tell them, and providers either do not speak the language of the customer, or are not sensitive to cultural differences, quality of health care can be compromised. Five of interventions to improve the cultural competence programs for health care systems to recruit and retain staff members who work , the use of interpreter services or bilingual providers to their customers know revised limited English , cultural competency training for health care providers using materials of linguistically and culturally appropriate health education and culturally specific healthcare settings. We were unable to determine the effectiveness of any of these operations, because they were too few comparative studies, or studies this review : customer satisfaction with care , improved health status , racial or ethnic inappropriate use of health services or treatment and recommended.

The Role of Culture in Health Care Culture and ethnicity to create a unique pattern of beliefs and ideas about what "health" or "disease" actually means, In turn, this belief pattern affects how symptoms are recognized for what they are given and how they are interpreted and affect how and when health care services are sought. Cultural differences recognition and interpretation of symptoms and use of health services has been a lot of literature.
Culturally Specific Healthcare Settings

Health services can be added, as well as language and cultural barriers of ethnic groups, especially for new immigrants are limited to the rules and the behavior of the majority of acculturation. Limited English language skills and the lack of ethnic match between staff and the customer can reduce or delay-oriented health care for this review was sought studies that evaluated the effectiveness of a culturally or ethnically specific clinics and services, located in the Community transaction took place.

Research Issues for Improving the Cultural Competence of Healthcare Systems

Working number of studies assessing classification can assess the effectiveness of measures to improve cultural competence in health care systems, highlighting the need for more and better research. Investigation to assess the efficacy of the intervention by the change of the structure and process of healthcare, this study is significant to examine the health and focus on what works best, where and to whom. Demonstrating the difference in the effectiveness of certain subgroups of clients can help tailor interventions for maximum impact. The idea that one size fits all is a cultural diversity Basic questions remain about the possibility of being criticized here to improve satisfaction with care, to reduce ethnic differences in the use and management and improve health comparative research, particularly in studies in which interventions to improve cultural competence compared with conventional treatment options. Assessment guidance not only to assess the change in knowledge and attitudes, but also services such as treatment and changes in health outcomes still plenty of unintended consequences and possible action check here.

3. Understand healthcare provisioning

In recent years, public agencies and non-governmental organizations have been exploring and adopting best practices in the delivery of Health and Human Services. In this configuration, the terms promising practices best practices and evidence-based practice is a common and often confusing, since there is no general consensus on what the best practices or promising practices. In this context, the term best practices and evidence-based practices are used. Evidencebased practices are the methods or techniques that have been documented by the results and the ability to play the key factors. Despite these challenges, the literature suggests that there is some common uses and practices identification. For example, the general working definition, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) practice is defined as one, at least prima facie evidence of the effectiveness of measures on a small scale or for which it is possible to information that is useful for decision-making in light of the scale of intervention and different population groups and environments. As the evidence for the efficacy , ability to function as an intervention to scale and to other populations and environments are key factors in the best practices of how the method or intervention to improve practice, it may take some time and

effort. The table below shows the process of a promising practice to achieve the status of validated best practices in research.

World Health Organizations In response to the resolution of the World Health Assembly 2002, World Health Organization (WHO) launched the World Alliance for Patient Safety in October 2004.Tavoitteena was to develop standards for patient safety and help Members of the United Nations to improve the safety of healthcare. Alliance aims to increase awareness and political commitment to improve the safety of care and facilitates the development of policies and practices of patient safety in all Member States of WHO each year, the Alliance offers a range of programs covering systemic and technical to improve patient safety issues worldwide. At the fifty- eighth World Health Assembly in May 2006, the Secretariat announced that the union met with patient safety in five of the six WHO regions, and 40 technical seminars in 18 countries. Since the launch of the Alliance in October 2004, significant progress was achieved in six areas: 1. The First Global Patient Safety Challenge, which for 2005-2006 (addressing health careassociated infection) developed the WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care. 2. A patient involvement group, Patients for Patient Safety, built networks of patients organizations from around the world, through regional workshops. 3. Patient safety taxonomy was developed to classify data on patient safety problems. 4. Prevalence studies conducted on patient harm in ten developing countries. 5. A WHO Collaborating Centre was established to develop and disseminate safety solutions. 6. The WHO Draft Guidelines on Adverse Event Reporting and Learning Systems.
Analyse practical barriers to provision of healthcare in a national context

The existing conceptual frameworks to help understand why people may or may not access to health care does not easily adapt to obstacles that caregivers barriers, which are based on existing models and literature review of the evidence, has been developed specifically for

caregivers, it provided the organizational framework for the revision of access to health care caregivers, and consists of five related: Professional features Service problems Linguistic or cultural issues Caregiver or care recipient characteristics Knowledge and understanding about things.

Barriers related to professional characteristics The main barriers identified in the literature review and consultation professional characteristics were: lack of recognition of the role of care knowledge of the needs and professional issues involved in uncertainty. The functions and limits; reactive instead of proactive approaches, prioritization a person who takes care of the expense of the nurse, professional models, conceptualizations of stereotypes or nurses who may not be able to their needs.

Barriers related to service issues Problems with Service, a literature review and consultation the following identifies consistently barriers: Health Care Consulting, Caregivers do not identify and or tag 'Records of Bath training nurses Questions Foul gate keeping functions the inflexible appointment systems, waiting times, traffic and car parking; costs. Barriers related to language or cultural issues Language and cultural barriers, the literature review to identify and Hearing: caregivers are unable to speak English; deficiencies translation and interpretation, racial prejudice and stereotypes; professionals ignorance of culture and religion. Barriers related to carer or care recipient characteristics The evidence indicates that the main obstacles related properties, behaviours and beliefs of carers and care recipients that was to prevent access to the health services, including: an approach for

caregivers to provide care and / or health promotion, caregivers, Asking for behaviour, personal beliefs and / or cultural and preferences; care recipients attitude.
4. Understand the role of public health and health promotion in the provision of healthcare services