1.

Typological nature of the English language and its impact on morphology, syntax and lexicology (including historical perspective)

Morphological typology:
Analytical language\Isolating language: function and type of the words defined by the word order, in a purely analytical language, one word equals a morpheme with a specific function, the words are invariable (i.e. no morphology for tense or I vs ME), the words are often monosyllabic. Example !ietnamese Synthetic language: uses a number of morphemes, each of them has a specific grammatical function (one of the morphemes is lexical, the rest inflectional or derivational) Incorporating language: combines a number of lexical morphemes into one word i.e. the word compounds that exist in every language but in case they are a prevailing feature, we are tal"ing about an incorporating language If the words are formed by a combination of a lexical and grammatical (derivational#inflectional morpheme), we are tal"ing about an agglutinating or an fusional language. Agglutinating language is made up of more clear$cut morphemes, ex. English Fusional language: one word consists of more unsegmentable morphemes ex. %panish, &'ech Every language is a mixture of the systems and shows more different typological features. (or example English is an analytical, agglutinating language with synthetic features. ANALYTICAL a) isolataing b) fusional c) agglutinating d) incorporating SYNTHETIC e) polysynthetic

English is an analytical, agglutinating language. *ne word consists of more clear$cut morphemes, and one affix refers to a specific category (tense, number etc.). +he word order is relatively fixed, and the word category and function depend on the word order. +here is an preference over monosyllabic words. &'ech is an inflectional\synthetic fusional language. ,ifferent grammatical categories and features are expressed by affixes where one of them refers to more features such as case, gender etc., morphemes are unsegmentable. +he words tend to be polysyllabic, word order is relatively free, the word category depends on morphology and partly on word order.

Synta :
&'ech doesn-t have a fixed category of determiners (.!el"y ten chlapec). *b/ect is equivalent to all &'ech cases. Existence of secondary ad/ectives tall city towers$vyso"e mests"e ve'e (in &'ech we must inflect the ad/ectives before the noun) 0ossessivness possessive pronoun in English is a central determiner .the my boo" vs. &'ech ta mo/e "niha1 your mother-s boo" . tvo/i mat"y "niha 23 &'ech tends to have only one thing in front of the noun 1 pupil-s boo" .'a"u "niha 23 in &'ech, collective ownership follows the noun, unique one preceeds ('a"ova "niha) 4dverbs54d/ectives in &'ech, gender is reflected on ad/ectives not on adverbs ("rasna srn"a be'ela velmi rychle), we can use ad/ as a postmodifier /ust in special cases li"e terminology ('aba 'elena) 0assivisation in &'ech there is no other copula for passive form than 6byt7 (,vere byly 'avreny) vs. ,vere se 'avrely$ the door closed 23 mediopassive, there is some "ind of rhematisation in &'ech but it isn-t used so often li"e in Engl.23 8an byl 'abit Mary vs. Mary 'abila 8ana 1 deagentisation is used similarily to English (8an byl 'abit) 1 in &'ech we can only passivi'e accusative, not any other case since we care about morphology, in English word order is the decisive factor %ub/ect It became dar". %etmelo se. !it is a for"al s#$ no s#$ 0risla 0rsi

%%s#$ represente& #y a #oun& "orphe"e

In &'ech, sub/ is represented by morphological inflection on other words (Eva vidi obra'e"), in English sub/ is represented by the word order (9e saw the picture).

+here is a boo" on the table. .there is a formal sbj a book is a semantic sbj, the formal subj changes the word order in Engl. I want him do it. *pen the door. vs.

;a stole /e "niha. in Czech, sbj is the rheme

&hci aby to udelal. ..no sbj. Of the sub.clause .*n byl udelen cena. nejde passivizovat

My brother was awarded a pri'e.

*tevri dvere. The t agent is represented b the verb ending

,efinition of the word category5function in &'ech by affixation, in English by word order 4nalytical English distinguishing < levels Modal#4uxiliary !erb 0redicative meaning =e are able to omit the modal auxiliary level and use a semi$ close in Engl., also

prepositional stranding and use of semi!clause are typical for Engl.language and do not exist in &'ech. English verb expresses only the grammatical meaning, &'ech verb has a very heavy semantic meaning (fused grammatical and semantic category of word). ;egation in &'ech, it-s a bound morpheme, it glues with the following word, in English it-s separate, the negative 6not7 has the scope over the subordinate clause !erbo$nominal complexes loo" forward > tesit se have fun > bavit se in Engl. It-s two elements, a complex whereas in &'ech it-s fused in one word. %tress and intonation in English allow us to avoid passivi'ation and expressing (%0

Le icology
English belongs to the Indo$European group of languages. English vocabulary was influenced by a number of language throughout the centuries. +he main influences were ?atin, ;orman (rench, and %"andinavian (borrowings from almost everyone who came on the islands). ?ater borrowings come from (rench, %panish, @erman, ,utch, Italian, 0ortuguese, Aiddish etc.

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Indo$ European languages

@ermanic

=est @ermanic 4nglo$(risian

Modern English

Historical perspecti'e
English evolved from a synthetic and highly inflectional language with a free word order into fixed word$order analytical language. +he stress was at the beginning of the words, and *ld English use& cases( para&ig"s( "ultiple negation( &eclension an& con$ugation. It gradually lost the old @ermanic inflection (for gender, plural, past tense) and started relying more and more on word order and periphrastic forms, the result of an overwhelming impact of (rench. +he importance of S)*)+ ,or& or&er comes from (rench as well as a frequent use of prepositions. +he loss of inflection went hand in had with the fixation of the word order and more frequent use of prepositions. 4lso the post$modifying genitive 6of7 is of (rench origin (Bde), as well as the usage of articles. +he sur'i'ing for"s of +l& English inflection are (or ;ouns %axon genitive and plurals. (or !erbs past tense and <rd person singular (from %"andinavian), *E also head a form for regular and irregular verbs > strong and wea" verbs *thers past tense and personal pronouns ob/ect case

*ld English C